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Francese R, Peila C, Donalisio M, Lamberti C, Cirrincione S, Colombi N, Tonetto P, Cavallarin L, Bertino E, Moro GE, Coscia A, Lembo D. Viruses and Human Milk: Transmission or Protection? Adv Nutr 2023; 14:1389-1415. [PMID: 37604306 PMCID: PMC10721544 DOI: 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Human milk (HM) is considered the best source of nutrition for infant growth and health. This nourishment is unique and changes constantly during lactation to adapt to the physiological needs of the developing infant. It is also recognized as a potential route of transmission of some viral pathogens although the presence of a virus in HM rarely leads to a disease in an infant. This intriguing paradox can be explained by considering the intrinsic antiviral properties of HM. In this comprehensive and schematically presented review, we have described what viruses have been detected in HM so far and what their potential transmission risk through breastfeeding is. We have provided a description of all the antiviral compounds of HM, along with an analysis of their demonstrated and hypothesized mechanisms of action. Finally, we have also analyzed the impact of HM pasteurization and storage methods on the detection and transmission of viruses, and on the antiviral compounds of HM. We have highlighted that there is currently a deep knowledge on the potential transmission of viral pathogens through breastfeeding and on the antiviral properties of HM. The current evidence suggests that, in most cases, it is unnecessarily to deprive an infant of this high-quality nourishment and that the continuation of breastfeeding is in the best interest of the infant and the mother.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachele Francese
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Chiara Peila
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Manuela Donalisio
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Colombi
- Biblioteca Federata di Medicina "Ferdinando Rossi", University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Institute of the Science of Food Production - National Research Council, Grugliasco, TO, Italy
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Guido E Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks (AIBLUD), Milan, Italy.
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
| | - David Lembo
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Antiviral Research, University of Turin, Orbassano (TO), Italy.
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Hulsbosch LP, Nyklíček I, Boekhorst MG, Potharst ES, Pop VJ. Breastfeeding continuation is associated with trait mindfulness but not with trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms. Midwifery 2023; 124:103770. [PMID: 37419008 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2023.103770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The WHO recommends breastfeeding for at least six months as breastfeeding has many benefits for both infant and mother. The association of breastfeeding continuation with trait mindfulness during pregnancy and trajectories of postpartum depressive symptoms has not been examined yet. The current study aimed to assess this association using cox regression analysis. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The current research is part of a large longitudinal prospective cohort study following women from 12 weeks of pregnancy onwards in the South-East part of the Netherlands. MEASUREMENTS A total of 698 participants filled out the Three Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form (TFMQ-SF) at 22 weeks of pregnancy and completed both the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) and questions on breastfeeding continuation one week, six weeks, four months, and eight months postpartum. Breastfeeding continuation was defined as exclusive breastfeeding or both breastfeeding and formula. The assessment eight months postpartum was used as a proxy for the WHO recommendation to continue breastfeeding for at least six months. FINDINGS Two trajectories (classes) of EPDS scores were determined using growth mixture modeling: 1) low stable (N = 631, 90.4%), and 2) increasing (N = 67, 9.6%). Cox regression analysis showed that the trait mindfulness facet non-reacting was significantly and inversely associated with the risk of breastfeeding discontinuation (HR = 0.96, 95% CI [0.94, 0.99], p = .002), while no significant association was found for belonging to the increasing EPDS class versus belonging to the low stable class (p = .735), adjusted for confounders. KEY CONCLUSIONS This study is the first to show that higher trait mindfulness non-reacting scores, but not persistently low levels of postpartum depressive symptoms, increase the likelihood of breastfeeding continuation. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Improving non-reacting in perinatal women by meditation practice as part of a mindfulness-based intervention may lead to better breastfeeding continuation outcomes. Several mindfulness-based programs may be suitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lianne P Hulsbosch
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands.
| | - Ivan Nyklíček
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Myrthe Gbm Boekhorst
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
| | - Eva S Potharst
- UvA minds, academic outpatient (child and adolescent) treatment center of the University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Victor Jm Pop
- Center of Research in Psychological and Somatic disorders (CoRPS), Department of Medical and Clinical Psychology, Tilburg University, Tilburg, the Netherlands
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Badewy R, Azarpazhooh A, Tenenbaum H, Connor KL, Lai JY, Sgro M, Bazinet RP, Fine N, Watson E, Sun C, Saha S, Glogauer M. The Association between Maternal Oral Inflammation and Neutrophil Phenotypes and Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids Composition in Human Milk: A Prospective Cohort Study. Cells 2022; 11:cells11244110. [PMID: 36552874 PMCID: PMC9777263 DOI: 10.3390/cells11244110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective cohort study aimed to investigate the impact of maternal oral inflammation on human milk composition including neutrophil counts, activation state (based on cluster of differentiation (CD) markers expression), and fatty acid levels. Fifty mothers were recruited from St. Michael's hospital, Toronto, and followed up from 2-4 weeks until 4 months postpartum. Oral rinse and human milk samples were collected at both timepoints. Oral polymorphonuclear neutrophils (oPMNs) within the rinses were quantified using flow cytometry and the participants' oral health state was categorized into three groups (i.e., healthy, moderate, and severe) based on the oPMNs counts. Fatty acids were identified and quantified using a gas chromatography-flame ionization detector (GC-FID). Compared to mothers with a healthy oral health state, mothers with moderate to severe oral inflammation had a statistically significant decrease in the expression of CD64 biomarker, an increase in the expression of CD14 biomarker on human milk neutrophils and a decrease in the levels of eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n-3) in their human milk at follow-up compared to baseline. This study demonstrates for the first time that maternal oral inflammation can affect human milk composition. The mechanism by which these alterations can affect infant health outcomes in the long term critically needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Badewy
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Amir Azarpazhooh
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Howard Tenenbaum
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Department of Dentistry, Centre for Advanced Dental Research and Care, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Kristin L. Connor
- Department of Health Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Jim Yuan Lai
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Michael Sgro
- Department of Pediatrics, St. Michael’s Hospital, Unity Health Toronto, Toronto, ON M5B 1W8, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Richard P. Bazinet
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Noah Fine
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Erin Watson
- Department of Dental Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
| | - Chunxiang Sun
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Sourav Saha
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
| | - Michael Glogauer
- Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Matrix Dynamics Group, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5G 1X3, Canada
- Department of Dental Oncology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, Toronto, ON M5G 2C1, Canada
- Correspondence:
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Dang DX, Li CJ, Li SH, Fan XY, Xu W, Cui Y, Li D. Ultra-early weaning alters growth performance, hematology parameters, and fecal microbiota in piglets with same genetic background. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:990905. [PMID: 36406459 PMCID: PMC9666885 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.990905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Piglets with the same genetic background were used to investigate the effects of different lengths of suckling period on growth performance, hematology parameters, and fecal microbiota. All piglets were born by a sow (Landrace×Yorkshire). On day 14 postpartum, a total of 16 piglets [Duroc×(Landrace×Yorkshire)] with a similar initial body weight (2.48 ± 0.25 kg) were randomly assigned into two groups with four replicates per group, two pigs per replicate pen (one barrow and one gilt). On day 14 of age, experiment started, piglets from the first group were weaned (14W), whereas the others continued to receive milk until day 28 of age (28W). The experiment completed on day 70 of age, last 56 days. Growth performance parameters including body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and growth rate and hematology parameters including immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM), albumin, globulin, and total protein were measured in this study. Additionally, a technique of 16S rRNA gene sequencing was used to analyze fecal microbiota for revealing how the changes in the lengths of suckling period on intestinal microbiota. We found that ultra-early weaning impaired growth performance of piglets, whose worse body weight, average daily gain, feed intake, feed efficiency, and growth rate were observed in 14W group at all measured timepoints in comparison with those in 28W group (P < 0.05). Moreover, higher contents of serum IgA (P = 0.028), IgG (P = 0.041), and IgM (P = 0.047), as well as lower contents of serum albumin (P = 0.002), albumin-to-globulin ratio (P = 0.003), and total protein (P = 0.004), were observed in 14W group in comparison with those in 28W group on day 28 of age, but not on day 70 of age. High-throughput pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA indicated that the intestinal microbiota richness in 14W group was lower than that in 28W group (P < 0.05); moreover, in comparison with 28W group at all sampling timepoints, fecal microbiota in 14W group showed more beneficial bacteria and fewer pathogenic bacteria (P < 0.05). Therefore, we considered that ultra-early weaning had positive effects on immune status and fecal microbiota composition in piglets, but negative effects on growth performance and fecal microbiota abundance.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China,Department of Animal Resource and Science, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Cheng Ji Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, South Korea
| | - Shi Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Xin Yan Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Weiguo Xu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Yan Cui
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China
| | - Desheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou, China,*Correspondence: Desheng Li,
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Rey-Mariño A, Francino MP. Nutrition, Gut Microbiota, and Allergy Development in Infants. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14204316. [PMID: 36297000 PMCID: PMC9609088 DOI: 10.3390/nu14204316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of gut microbiota development in infants is currently being challenged by numerous factors associated with the contemporary lifestyle, including diet. A thorough understanding of all aspects of microbiota development will be necessary for engineering strategies that can modulate it in a beneficial direction. The long-term consequences for human development and health of alterations in the succession pattern that forms the gut microbiota are just beginning to be explored and require much further investigation. Nevertheless, it is clear that gut microbiota development in infancy bears strong associations with the risk for allergic disease. A useful understanding of microbial succession in the gut of infants needs to reveal not only changes in taxonomic composition but also the development of functional capacities through time and how these are related to diet and various environmental factors. Metagenomic and metatranscriptomic studies have started to produce insights into the trends of functional repertoire and gene expression change within the first year after birth. This understanding is critical as during this period the most substantial development of the gut microbiota takes place and the relations between gut microbes and host immunity are established. However, further research needs to focus on the impact of diet on these changes and on how diet can be used to counteract the challenges posed by modern lifestyles to microbiota development and reduce the risk of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Rey-Mariño
- Genomics and Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain
| | - M. Pilar Francino
- Genomics and Health Department, Foundation for the Promotion of Health and Biomedical Research of the Valencia Region (FISABIO), 46020 València, Spain
- CIBER en Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), 28001 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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Li Y, Chi C, Li C, Song J, Song Z, Wang W, Sun J. Efficacy of Donated Milk in Early Nutrition of Preterm Infants: A Meta-Analysis. Nutrients 2022; 14:1724. [PMID: 35565692 PMCID: PMC9105142 DOI: 10.3390/nu14091724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of many complications, which is a main public health problem worldwide with social and economic consequences. Human milk from breast feeding has been proved to be the optimal nutrition strategy for preterm infants when available. However, the lack of human milk from mothers makes formula widely used in clinical practice. In recent years, donated breast milk has gained popularity as an alternative choice which can provide human milk oligosaccharides and other bioactive substances. Objective: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate the nutritional effects of donated breast milk on preterm infants compared with formula. Method: In the present study, we searched Medline, Web of Science, Embase, clinicaltrials.gov, the China national knowledge infrastructure, and the Cochrane central register of controlled trials for candidate randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Results: A total of 1390 patients were enrolled in 11 RCTs and meta-analysis results showed that donated breast milk is also more advantageous in reducing the incidence of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC, RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.48 to 0.93, p = 0.02), reducing the duration of parenteral nutrition (MD = −2.39, 95% CI = −3.66 to −1.13, p = 0.0002) and the time of full enteral feeding (MD = −0.33, 95% CI = −3.23 to 2.57, p = 0.0002). In comparison, formula significantly promotes the growth of premature infants, including their weight gain (MD = −3.45, 95% CI = −3.68 to −3.21, p < 0.00001), head growth (MD = −0.07, 95% CI = −0.08 to −0.06, p < 0.00001) and body length (MD = −0.13, 95% CI = −0.15 to −0.11, p < 0.00001), and reduces the time it takes for premature infants to regain birth weight (MD = 6.60, 95% CI = 6.11 to 7.08, p < 0.00001. Conclusion: Compared with formula, donated breast milk could significantly reduce the incidence of NEC, the duration of parenteral nutrition, and the time of full enteral feeding. Adding fortifiers in donated milk could make it as effective as formula in promoting the physical growth of premature infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Li
- School of Nursing, Weifang Medical University, Weifang 261042, China;
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (C.C.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Cheng Chi
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (C.C.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Cheng Li
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (C.C.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Junyan Song
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (C.C.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Zanmin Song
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
| | - Wenjun Wang
- School of Nursing, Jining Medical University, Jining 272067, China; (C.C.); (C.L.); (J.S.)
| | - Jing Sun
- School of Medicine and Dentistry, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia;
- Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4215, Australia
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7
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Newton DA, Baatz JE, Chetta KE, Walker PW, Washington RO, Shary JR, Wagner CL. Maternal Vitamin D Status Correlates to Leukocyte Antigenic Responses in Breastfeeding Infants. Nutrients 2022; 14:1266. [PMID: 35334923 PMCID: PMC8952362 DOI: 10.3390/nu14061266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
It is unknown if vitamin D (vitD) sufficiency in breastfeeding mothers can lead to physiological outcomes for their children that are discernible from infant vitD sufficiency per se. In a 3-month, randomized vitD supplementation study of mothers and their exclusively breastfeeding infants, the effects of maternal vitD sufficiency were determined on infant plasma concentrations of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (i.e., vitD status) and 11 cytokines. An inverse correlation was seen between maternal vitD status and infant plasma TNF concentration (r = −0.27; p < 0.05). Infant whole blood was also subjected to in vitro antigenic stimulation. TNF, IFNγ, IL-4, IL-13, and TGFβ1 responses by infant leukocytes were significantly higher if mothers were vitD sufficient but were not as closely correlated to infants’ own vitD status. Conversely, IL-10 and IL-12 responses after antigenic challenge were more correlated to infant vitD status. These data are consistent with vitD-mediated changes in breast milk composition providing immunological signaling to breastfeeding infants and indicate differential physiological effects of direct-infant versus maternal vitD supplementation. Thus, consistent with many previous studies that focused on the importance of vitD sufficiency during pregnancy, maintenance of maternal sufficiency likely continues to affect the health of breastfed infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danforth A. Newton
- Department of Pediatrics/Neonatology, Shawn Jenkins Children’s Hospital, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC 29425, USA; (J.E.B.); (K.E.C.); (P.W.W.); (R.O.W.); (J.R.S.); (C.L.W.)
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Wallenborn JT, Gunier RB, Pappas DJ, Chevrier J, Eskenazi B. Breastmilk, Stool, and Meconium: Bacterial Communities in South Africa. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2022; 83:246-251. [PMID: 33885917 PMCID: PMC8531170 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-021-01758-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Human milk optimizes gut microbial richness and diversity, and is critical for proper immune development. Research has shown differing microbial composition based on geographic location, providing evidence that diverse biospecimen data is needed when studying human bacterial communities. Yet, limited research describes human milk and infant gut microbial communities in Africa. Our study uses breastmilk, stool, and meconium samples from a South African birth cohort to describe the microbial diversity, identify distinct taxonomic units, and determine correlations between bacterial abundance in breastmilk and stool samples. Mother-infant dyads (N = 20) were identified from a longitudinal birth cohort in the Vhembe district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Breastmilk, meconium, and stool samples were analyzed using 16S ribosomal RNA sequencing of the V4-V5 gene region using the MiSeq platform for identification and relative quantification of bacterial taxa. A non-metric multidimensional scaling using Bray-Curtis distances of sample Z-scores showed that meconium, stool, and breastmilk microbial communities are distinct with varying genus. Breastmilk was mostly comprised of Streptococcus, Staphylococcus, Veillonella, and Corynebacterium. Stool samples showed the highest levels of Bifidobacterium, Faecalibacterium, Bacteroides, and Streptococcus. Alpha diversity measures found that stool samples have the highest Shannon index score compared to breastmilk and meconium. The abundance of Bifidobacterium (r = 0.57), Blautia (r = 0.59), and Haemophilus (r = 0.69) was correlated (p < 0.1) between breastmilk and stool samples. Despite the importance of breastmilk in seeding the infant gut microbiome, we found evidence of distinct bacterial communities between breastmilk and stool samples from South African mother-infant dyads.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn T Wallenborn
- Maternal and Child Health Program, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 1995 University Ave, Suite 265, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA.
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
| | - Robert B Gunier
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Derek J Pappas
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, Genomics Sequencing Laboratory, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jonathan Chevrier
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brenda Eskenazi
- Center for Environmental Research and Children's Health, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
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9
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Wallenborn JT, Vonaesch P. OUP accepted manuscript. Gastroenterol Rep (Oxf) 2022; 10:goac010. [PMID: 35419206 PMCID: PMC8996373 DOI: 10.1093/gastro/goac010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiota plays a crucial role in health and changes in its composition are linked with major global human diseases. Fully understanding what shapes the human intestinal microbiota composition and knowing ways of modulating the composition are critical for promotion of life-course health, combating diseases, and reducing global health disparities. We aim to provide a foundation for understanding what shapes the human intestinal microbiota on an individual and global scale, and how interventions could utilize this information to promote life-course health and reduce global health disparities. We briefly review experiences within the first 1,000 days of life and how long-term exposures to environmental elements or geographic specific cultures have lasting impacts on the intestinal microbiota. We also discuss major public health threats linked to the intestinal microbiota, including antimicrobial resistance and disappearing microbial diversity due to globalization. In order to promote global health, we argue that the interplay of the larger ecosystem with intestinal microbiota research should be utilized for future research and urge for global efforts to conserve microbial diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordyn T Wallenborn
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland
- University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Pascale Vonaesch
- Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, Bâtiment Biophore Campus UNIL-Sorge, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Corresponding author. Department of Fundamental Microbiology, University of Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland. Tel: +41-21-692-5600;
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Insuasti‐Cruz E, Suárez‐Jaramillo V, Mena Urresta KA, Pila‐Varela KO, Fiallos‐Ayala X, Dahoumane SA, Alexis F. Natural Biomaterials from Biodiversity for Healthcare Applications. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 11:e2101389. [PMID: 34643331 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202101389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Natural biomaterials originating during the growth cycles of all living organisms have been used for many applications. They span from bioinert to bioactive materials including bioinspired ones. As they exhibit an increasing degree of sophistication, natural biomaterials have proven suitable to address the needs of the healthcare sector. Here the different natural healthcare biomaterials, their biodiversity sources, properties, and promising healthcare applications are reviewed. The variability of their properties as a result of considered species and their habitat is also discussed. Finally, some limitations of natural biomaterials are discussed and possible future developments are provided as more natural biomaterials are yet to be discovered and studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erick Insuasti‐Cruz
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering Yachay Tech University Urcuquí 100119 Ecuador
| | | | | | - Kevin O. Pila‐Varela
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering Yachay Tech University Urcuquí 100119 Ecuador
| | - Xiomira Fiallos‐Ayala
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering Yachay Tech University Urcuquí 100119 Ecuador
| | - Si Amar Dahoumane
- Department of Chemical Engineering Polytech Montreal Montreal Quebec H3C 3A7 Canada
- Center for Advances in Water and Air Quality (CAWAQ) Lamar University Beaumont TX 77710 USA
| | - Frank Alexis
- School of Biological Sciences & Engineering Yachay Tech University Urcuquí 100119 Ecuador
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Fang Y, Lian Y, Yang Z, Duan Y, He Y. Associations between Feeding Patterns and Infant Health in China: A Propensity Score Matching Approach. Nutrients 2021; 13:4518. [PMID: 34960071 PMCID: PMC8706916 DOI: 10.3390/nu13124518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breastmilk is the optimal food for infants. Feeding pattern is closely related to physical development and health during infancy. Understanding the associations between feeding patterns and health status can inform related policy interventions and advocacy in China. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between infant feeding patterns and health status in China infants. The China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance 2013 was a national-representative cross-sectional study performed particularly for children aged 0-5 years. A total of 3974 infants aged under 1 year were included in the analysis, of whom 1082 (27.2%) made up the formula feeding group, and 2892 (72.8%) made up the breastfeeding group. The associations between feeding patterns and physical development and health were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. Among breastfeeding and formula feeding infants aged 9-11 months old, weight-for-age z score was 1.1 ± 1.1 and 0.9 ± 1.3, respectively, and weight-for-length z score was 1.0 ± 1.3 and 0.7 ± 1.4, respectively. Hemoglobin in 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-11 months old breastfeeding infants was 121.4 ± 15.2 g/L, 117.1 ± 13.0 g/L, 113. 9 ± 11.9 g/L, and 114.4 ± 14.0 g/L, while in 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, and 9-11 months formula feeding infants was 116.3 ± 14.8 g/L, 120.4 ± 11.3 g/L, 119.8 ± 11.2 g/L, and 120.0 ± 11.5 g/L, respectively. Breastfeeding was associated with lower risk of respiratory disease (OR: 0.79; 95% CI: 0.64, 0.99) and diarrhea (OR: 0.75; 95% CI: 0.57, 0.98). Breastfeeding could slightly improve infant physical development, and had a protective effect on the diarrheal and respiratory diseases. Infants aged 3-11 months who were breastfeeding showed lower hemoglobin than that of formula-fed infants and thus should increase intake of iron rich complementary foods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Yuna He
- Key Laboratory of Trace Element Nutrition of National Health and Family Planning Commission, National Institute for Nutrition and Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 29 Nanwei Road, Xicheng District, Beijing 100050, China; (Y.F.); (Y.L.); (Z.Y.); (Y.D.)
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12
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Patel D, Newell M, Goruk S, Richard C, Field CJ. Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Docosahexaenoic Acid and Arachidonic Acid Supplementation in the Suckling and the Post-weaning Diet Influences the Immune System Development of T Helper Type-2 Bias Brown Norway Rat Offspring. Front Nutr 2021; 8:769293. [PMID: 34790691 PMCID: PMC8592062 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2021.769293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Dietary long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) such as arachidonic acid (ARA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) play an important role in the development of the infant immune system. The role of LCPUFA in the T helper type 2 (Th2) biased immune system is unknown. We aimed to understand the effect of feeding LCPUFA during suckling and post-weaning on immune system development in Th2 bias Brown Norway rat offspring. Methods: Brown Norway dams were randomly assigned to nutritionally adequate maternal diet throughout the suckling period (0–3 weeks), namely, control diet (0% ARA, 0% DHA; n= 8) or ARA + DHA (0.45% ARA, 0.8% DHA; n = 10). At 3 weeks, offspring from each maternal diet group were randomized to either a control (0% ARA, 0% DHA; n = 19) or ARA+DHA post-weaning (0.5% ARA, 0.5% DHA; n = 18) diet. At 8 weeks, offspring were killed, and tissues were collected for immune cell function and fatty acid composition analyses. Results: ARA + DHA maternal diet resulted in higher (p < 0.05) DHA composition in breast milk (4×) without changing ARA levels. This resulted in more mature adaptive immune cells in spleen [T regulatory (Treg) cells and B cells], mesenteric lymph nodes (MLN, lower CD45RA+), and Peyer's patches (PP; higher IgG+, B cells) in the ARA+DHA group offspring at 8 weeks. ARA+DHA post-weaning diet (3–8 weeks) resulted in 2 × higher DHA in splenocyte phospholipids compared to control. This also resulted in higher Th1 cytokines, ~50% higher TNF-α and IFNγ, by PMAi stimulated splenocytes ex vivo, with no differences in Th2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10) compared to controls. Conclusion: Feeding dams a diet higher in DHA during the suckling period resulted in adaptive immune cell maturation in offspring at 8 weeks. Providing ARA and DHA during the post-weaning period in a Th2 biased Brown Norway offspring model may support Th1 biased immune response development, which could be associated with a lower risk of developing atopic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhruvesh Patel
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Marnie Newell
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Susan Goruk
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Catherine J Field
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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Osteopontin Levels in Human Milk Are Related to Maternal Nutrition and Infant Health and Growth. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13082670. [PMID: 34444830 PMCID: PMC8402120 DOI: 10.3390/nu13082670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Osteopontin (OPN) is a glycosylated phosphoprotein found in human tissues and body fluids. OPN in breast milk is thought to play a major role in growth and immune system development in early infancy. Here, we investigated maternal factors that may affect concentrations of OPN in breast milk, and the possible associated consequences for the health of neonates. Methods: General characteristics, health status, dietary patterns, and anthropometric measurements of 85 mothers and their babies were recorded antenatally and during postnatal follow-up. Results: The mean concentration of OPN in breast milk was 137.1 ± 56.8 mg/L. Maternal factors including smoking, BMI, birth route, pregnancy weight gain, and energy intake during lactation were associated with OPN levels (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were determined between body weight, length, and head circumference, respectively, and OPN levels after one (r = 0.442, p = < 0.001; r = −0.284, p = < 0.001; r = −0.392, p = < 0.001) and three months (r = 0.501, p = < 0.001; r = −0.450, p = < 0.001; r = −0.498, p = < 0.001) of lactation. A negative relation between fever-related infant hospitalizations from 0–3 months and breast milk OPN levels (r = −0.599, p < 0.001) was identified. Conclusions: OPN concentrations in breast milk differ depending on maternal factors, and these differences can affect the growth and immune system functions of infants. OPN supplementation in infant formula feed may have benefits and should be further investigated.
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Breastfeeding intention and trait mindfulness during pregnancy. Midwifery 2021; 101:103064. [PMID: 34161916 DOI: 10.1016/j.midw.2021.103064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Breastfeeding has been associated with many health benefits for both infant and mother. Trait mindfulness during pregnancy may have a beneficial impact on breastfeeding intention. The current study aimed to examine whether trait mindfulness during pregnancy was associated with antenatal breastfeeding intention. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS The current study is part of a large prospective population-based cohort study among pregnant women in the south of the Netherlands. MEASUREMENTS A subsample of participants completed the Three Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire-Short Form at 22 weeks of pregnancy and a question on their breastfeeding intention at 32 weeks of pregnancy (N=790). Moreover, the Edinburgh Depression Scale and Tilburg Pregnancy Distress scale were completed at 32 weeks of pregnancy to assess levels of distress. FINDINGS Univariate analyses showed that women with breastfeeding intention during pregnancy had significantly higher scores on the mindfulness facet non-reacting (p<.001, medium effect size) and significantly lower scores on acting with awareness (p=.035, small effect size). A subsequent multiple logistic regression analysis showed that only non-reacting remained significantly associated with antenatal breastfeeding intention (OR=1.09, 95% CI [1.03, 1.15], p=.001), after controlling for confounders. Women who eventually initiated breastfeeding had significantly higher non-reacting scores (p<.001, small to medium effect size). KEY CONCLUSIONS The mindfulness facet non-reacting was found to be associated with antenatal breastfeeding intention. More research is needed to confirm our results, since the current study is one of the first assessing the possible relation of trait mindfulness during pregnancy and breastfeeding intention. IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE Mindfulness-based programs during pregnancy could be helpful in improving non-reacting in pregnant women, which may enhance breastfeeding intention and ultimately the initiation of breastfeeding.
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Oliveira LB, Andrade FM, Cabral PHD, Caldeira AP. Elaboration and psychometric analysis of a questionnaire to evaluate the knowledge of community health workers about breastfeeding. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE SAÚDE MATERNO INFANTIL 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-93042021000200012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Objectives: to develop and analyze the psychometric properties of a questionnaire to assess community health workers’ knowledge on breastfeeding. Methods: this is a methodological study for the development of an instrument and analysis of validity and reliability. For the elaboration of items and identification of dimensions, a literature review was conducted. The items were submitted to the evaluation of a committee of judges, for apparent and content analysis. Construct validation was conducted through hypothesis test, with the participation of 282 community health workers and 19 pediatricians and obstetric nurses. For analysis and comparison of scores, the Mann-Whitney U test was used, assuming a significance level of 5%. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha coefficient and temporal consistency of the instrument was assessed using test-retest and Kappa analysis. Results: the final instrument presented a favorable opinion from the committee of judges. The hypothesis test showed that the questionnaire has discriminatory power to assess professionals with a higher level of knowledge (p<0.001). The Kappa test revealed that 63% of the items showed substantive to almost perfect agreement. The 32-item questionnaire showed a Cronbach's alpha of 0.794. Conclusion: the instrument developed was valid and reliable, allowing effective measurement of community health workers’ knowledge on breastfeeding.
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Grases-Pintó B, Abril-Gil M, Torres-Castro P, Castell M, Rodríguez-Lagunas MJ, Pérez-Cano FJ, Franch À. Rat Milk and Plasma Immunological Profile throughout Lactation. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13041257. [PMID: 33920419 PMCID: PMC8070501 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The composition of bioactive factors with immune activity in human breast milk is widely studied. However, the knowledge on rat milk immune factors during the whole lactation period is still scarce. This study aimed to analyze rat breast milk’s immunoglobulin (Ig) content and some critical adipokines and growth factors throughout the lactation period, and to assess relationships with corresponding plasma levels. During lactation, milk concentration of the transforming growth factor (TGF)-β2 and -β3 showed a punctual increase in the first week, whereas adiponectin and leptin remained stable. In the second period of lactation (d14–21), despite the increase in the milk epidermal growth factor (EGF), a decrease in fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) was detected at day 21. Milk IgA concentration had a progressive increase during lactation, while no significant changes were found in IgM and IgG. Regarding plasma levels, a decrease in all studied adipokines was observed in the second period of lactation, with the exception of IgA and TGF-β1, which reached their highest values at the end of the study. A positive correlation in IgM, IgG, and adipokine concentration was detected between milk and plasma compartments. In summary, the changes in the pattern of these bioactive compounds in rat milk and plasma and their relationships during lactation are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blanca Grases-Pintó
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Mar Abril-Gil
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Paulina Torres-Castro
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Margarida Castell
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y la Nutrición (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - María J. Rodríguez-Lagunas
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
| | - Francisco J. Pérez-Cano
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-934-024-505
| | - Àngels Franch
- Physiology Section, Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, University of Barcelona (UB), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; (B.G.-P.); (M.A.-G.); (P.T.-C.); (M.C.); (M.J.R.-L.); (À.F.)
- Nutrition and Food Safety Research Institute (INSA·UB), 08921 Santa Coloma de Gramenet, Spain
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17
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Silva FLD, Silva MDC, Holanda GCRD, Coutinho EDM, Montenegro SML, Morais CNLD, Souza VMOD. Suckling by Schistosoma mansoni-infected mothers restored IgG2a and TGF-β production, but not IL-6 and delayed-type hypersensitivity in IL-12/IL-23-deficient mice. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e0744-2020. [PMID: 33759926 PMCID: PMC8008840 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0744-2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Suckling by schistosomotic mice improves anti-ovalbumin (OA) antibody production, while delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) remains unaffected. This property of milk from schistosomotic mice was investigated in IL-12/IL-23-deficient mice (IL-12p40KO). METHODS We compared anti-OA DTH, IgG2a and cytokines in wild-type and IL-12p40KO mice suckled by infected (SIM) or non-infected (CONTROL) mothers. RESULTS SIM mice showed similar intensity and eosinophils in the DTH, which was abolished in IL-12p40KO and IL-12p40KO-SIM mice. In IL-12p40KO-SIM, IgG2a and TGF-β levels were higher, but IL-6 levels were lower. CONCLUSIONS Milk from schistosomotic mothers may evoke IgG2a without eliciting DTH in IL-12/IL-23 deficiencies, by changing TGF-β/IL-6 levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Leticia da Silva
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria da Conceição Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Setor de Imunologia, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | - Eridan de Medeiros Coutinho
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Silvia Maria Lucena Montenegro
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Instituto Aggeu Magalhães, Laboratório de Imunopatologia e Biologia Molecular, Recife, PE, Brasil
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Gaglione R, Pizzo E, Notomista E, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Arciello A. Host Defence Cryptides from Human Apolipoproteins: Applications in Medicinal Chemistry. Curr Top Med Chem 2021; 20:1324-1337. [PMID: 32338222 DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200427091454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Several eukaryotic proteins with defined physiological roles may act as precursors of cryptic bioactive peptides released upon protein cleavage by the host and/or bacterial proteases. Based on this, the term "cryptome" has been used to define the unique portion of the proteome encompassing proteins with the ability to generate bioactive peptides (cryptides) and proteins (crypteins) upon proteolytic cleavage. Hence, the cryptome represents a source of peptides with potential pharmacological interest. Among eukaryotic precursor proteins, human apolipoproteins play an important role, since promising bioactive peptides have been identified and characterized from apolipoproteins E, B, and A-I sequences. Human apolipoproteins derived peptides have been shown to exhibit antibacterial, anti-biofilm, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, anti-atherogenic, antioxidant, or anticancer activities in in vitro assays and, in some cases, also in in vivo experiments on animal models. The most interesting Host Defence Peptides (HDPs) identified thus far in human apolipoproteins are described here with a focus on their biological activities applicable to biomedicine. Altogether, reported evidence clearly indicates that cryptic peptides represent promising templates for the generation of new drugs and therapeutics against infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Gaglione
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Elio Pizzo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Eugenio Notomista
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, and Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Angela Arciello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, 80126 Naples, Italy.,Istituto Nazionale di Biostrutture e Biosistemi (INBB), 00136 Rome, Italy
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Al-Kuraishy HM, Al-Gareeb AI, Atanu FO, El-Zamkan MA, Diab HM, Ahmed AS, Al-Maiahy TJ, Obaidullah AJ, Alshehri S, Ghoniem MM, Batiha GE. Maternal Transmission of SARS-CoV-2: Safety of Breastfeeding in Infants Born to Infected Mothers. Front Pediatr 2021; 9:738263. [PMID: 34956971 PMCID: PMC8696119 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2021.738263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a recent epidemic disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome virus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). In pregnancy, SARS-Cov-2 infection creates additional alarm due to concerns regarding the potential for transmission from the mother to the baby during both the antenatal and postpartum times. In general, breastfeeding is seldom disallowed because of infection of the mother. However, there are few exceptions with regards to certain infectious organisms with established transmission evidence from mother to infant and the link of infection of a newborn with significant morbidity and mortality. It is confirmed that pregnant women can become infected with SARS-CoV-2, although the debate on the possible vertical transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy is still open. In this regard, the literature is still poor. On the contrary, the information on the safety of breastfeeding even during infections seems reassuring when the mother takes the necessary precautions. However, there are still answered questions regarding the precautions to be taken during breastfeeding by COVID-19 patients. This paper reviews the existing answers to these and many other questions. This review therefore presents a summary of the present-day understanding of infection with SARS-CoV-2 and discusses the answers around the maternal transmission of COVID-19 and the potential threat of breastfeeding to babies born to infected pregnant mothers. In conclusion, intrauterine transmission of SARS-CoV-2 infection is less likely to occur during pregnancy. Most studies suggest that COVID-19 is not transmitted through breast milk. Correspondingly, COVID-19-infected neonates might acquire the infection via the respiratory route because of the postnatal contact with the mother rather than during the prenatal period. International organizations encourage breastfeeding regardless of the COVID-19 status of the mother or child as long as proper hygienic and safety measures are adhered to so as to minimize the chance of infant infection by droplets and direct contact with the infected mother. Pasteurized donor human milk or infant formula as supplemental feeding can be quite beneficial in the case of mother-infant separation till breastfeeding is safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayder M Al-Kuraishy
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ali I Al-Gareeb
- Department of Clinical Pharmacology and Medicine, College of Medicine, AL-Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Francis O Atanu
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Kogi State University, Anyigba, Nigeria
| | - Mona A El-Zamkan
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Hassan M Diab
- Department of Animal and Poultry Health and Environment, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Ahmed S Ahmed
- Department of Food Hygiene and Control (Milk Hygiene), Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, Egypt
| | - Thabat J Al-Maiahy
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, College of Medicine, Mustansiriyah University, Baghdad, Iraq
| | - Ahmad J Obaidullah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sultan Alshehri
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed M Ghoniem
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Ad Diriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Gaber E Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
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20
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Li N, Xie Q, Chen Q, Evivie SE, Liu D, Dong J, Huo G, Li B. Cow, Goat, and Mare Milk Diets Differentially Modulated the Immune System and Gut Microbiota of Mice Colonized by Healthy Infant Feces. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:15345-15357. [PMID: 33300339 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c06039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on the possible alternative supplements to breastmilk are gaining research interests. Although milk from cow, goat, and mare is nutritious, its effects on the relationship between the immune system, metabolites, and gut microbiota remain unclear. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the effects of cow, goat, and mare milk on the immune system, metabolites, and gut microbiota of mice colonized by healthy infant feces using human milk as a standard. We examined the serum biochemistry parameters, immunity indicators, T cells, gut microbiota abundance, and metabolites. Results showed that the impact of human milk on alanine transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, total protein, globulin, and glucose values was different from the cow, goat, and mare milk types. The effects of mare milk on the percentage of CD4+ T, Th1, Th2, Th17, and Treg cells, and the levels of IL-2, IL-4, sIgA, and d-lactic acid in the serum of the human microbiota-associated mice were comparable to those of human milk. Also, bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis revealed that human milk enriched the relative abundance of Akkermansia and Bacteroides, cow milk increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, goat milk increased the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella, and mare milk improved the relative abundance of Klebsiella. Besides, mare milk was similar to human milk in the concentration of the metabolites we analyzed. Our findings suggest that mare milk can positively modulate the gut microbiota and immunity status of infants and thus could be a possible replacement for human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Qinggang Xie
- Heilongjiang Feihe Dairy Company LTD., Qiqihaer 164800, China
| | - Qingxue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Smith Etareri Evivie
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
- Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Benin, Benin City 300001, Nigeria
| | - Deyu Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Jiahuan Dong
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Guicheng Huo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Bailiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
- Food College, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
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21
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Wan Y, Jiang J, Lu M, Tong W, Zhou R, Li J, Yuan J, Wang F, Li D. Human milk microbiota development during lactation and its relation to maternal geographic location and gestational hypertensive status. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1438-1449. [PMID: 32543266 PMCID: PMC7524296 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1760711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria in human milk could directly seed the infant intestinal microbiota, while information about how milk microbiota develops during lactation and how geographic location, gestational hypertensive status, and maternal age influence this process is limited. Here, we collected human milk samples from mothers of term infants at the first day, 2 weeks, and 6 weeks postpartum from 117 longitudinally followed-up mothers (age: 28.7 ± 3.6 y) recruited from three cities in China. We found that milk microbial diversity and richness were the highest in colostrum but gradually decreased over lactation. Microbial composition changed across lactation and exhibited more discrete compositional patterns in 2-week and 6-week milk samples compared with colostrum samples. At phylum level, the abundance of Proteobacteria increased during lactation, while Firmicutes showed the opposite trend. At genus level, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas, and Lactobacillus were predominant in colostrum samples and showed distinct variations across lactation. Maternal geographic location was significantly associated with the milk microbiota development and the abundance of predominant genus. In addition, milk from mothers with gestational prehypertension had a different and less diverse microbial community at genus level in early lactation times, and contained less Lactobacillus in the 2-week milk samples than those from normotensive mothers. Findings of our study outlined the human milk microbial diversity and community development over lactation, and underscored the importance of maternal geographic locations and gestational hypertensive status on milk microbiota, which might have important implications in the establishment of the infant intestinal microbiota via breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China,Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Jiajing Jiang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengqing Lu
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wenfeng Tong
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Renke Zhou
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiaomei Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jihong Yuan
- No. 1 Department of Nutrition, Chinese People’s Liberation Army General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fenglei Wang
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, USA
| | - Duo Li
- Institute of Nutrition and Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China,CONTACT Duo Li Institute of Nutrition & Health, Qingdao University, 308 Ningxia Road, Qingdao266071, China
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22
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Abstract
Mother's own human milk is the best nutrition for infants, especially preterm very-low-birth-weight (VLBW) (≤1,500 g) infants, because of its immune-modulatory constituents that strengthen the infant's host defense, provide protection against infections, and decrease the risk of necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC). When mother's own milk is unavailable or insufficient, donor human milk is considered the best alternative, especially for preterm VLBW infants. However, to assure biological safety, donor milk must be pasteurized. This results in partial or complete inactivation of some of the immunomodulatory constituents of human milk, which confer host defense. This review summarizes the current evidence regarding the effects of pasteurization on the different immunological constituents of donor milk, and their clinical significance, especially in relation to prevention of NEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arieh Riskin
- Department of Neonatology, Bnai Zion Medical Center, Rappaport Faculty of Medicine, Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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23
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Ahmed KY, Page A, Arora A, Ogbo FA. Associations between infant and young child feeding practices and acute respiratory infection and diarrhoea in Ethiopia: A propensity score matching approach. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230978. [PMID: 32236145 PMCID: PMC7112197 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory infection (ARI) and diarrhoea are the leading causes of childhood morbidity and mortality in Ethiopia. Understanding the associations between infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and ARI and diarrhoea can inform IYCF policy interventions and advocacy in Ethiopia. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between IYCF practices and ARI and diarrhoea in Ethiopian children. METHODS This study used the Ethiopia Demographic and Health Survey (EDHS) data for the years 2000 (n = 3680), 2005 (n = 3528), 2011 (n = 4037), and 2016 (n = 3861). The association between IYCF practices and (i) ARI and (ii) diarrhoea were investigated using propensity score matching and multivariable logistic regression models. The IYCF practices include early initiation of breastfeeding, exclusive breastfeeding (EBF), predominant breastfeeding, introduction of complementary foods, continued breastfeeding at two years and bottle feeding. RESULTS Infants and young children who were breastfed within 1-hour of birth and those who were exclusively breastfed had a lower prevalence of ARI. Infants who were exclusively and predominantly breastfed had a lower prevalence of diarrhoea. Early initiation of breastfeeding (Odds ratio [OR]: 0.81; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.72, 0.92) and EBF (OR: 0.65; 95% CI: 0.51, 0.83) were associated with lower risk of ARI. Bottle-fed children had higher odds of ARI (OR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.10, 1.68). Early initiation of breastfeeding and EBF were associated with lower odds of diarrhoea (OR: 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79, 0.94 for Early initiation of breastfeeding and OR: 0.51; 95% CI: 0.39, 0.65 for EBF). Infants who were predominantly breastfed were less likely to experience diarrhoea (OR: 0.69; 95% CI: 0.53, 0.89). CONCLUSION The recommended best practices for preventing ARI and diarrhoeal diseases in infants and young children namely: the early initiation of breastfeeding, EBF and avoidance of bottle feeding should be institutionalized and scale-up in Ethiopia as part of implementation science approach to cover the know-do-gaps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kedir Y. Ahmed
- College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Samara University, Samara, Ethiopia
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Page
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
| | - Amit Arora
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- School of Science and Health, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- Oral Health Services, Sydney Local Health District and Sydney Dental Hospital, NSW Health, Sydney, Australia
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Felix Akpojene Ogbo
- Translational Health Research Institute, Western Sydney University, Campbelltown, NSW, Australia
- General Practice Unit, Prescot Specialist Medical Centre Makurdi, Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria
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24
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de Holanda GCR, de Lima IL, Scapin SMN, Silva MDC, Sales IRF, Granjeiro JM, da Silva RA, de Souza VMO, de Lima Filho JL. Whey milk proteomics from Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice reveals proteins involved in immunomodulation of the offspring. Parasitol Res 2020; 119:1607-1617. [PMID: 32133541 DOI: 10.1007/s00436-020-06643-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Milk from schistosomotic mothers can modulate the immune response of their offspring. However, its characterization and potential of modulating immunity has not yet been fully elucidated. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate whey proteins from the milk of Schistosoma mansoni-infected mice in order to identify the fractions which can act as potential immunomodulatory tools. For this, we did a mass spectrometry (nanoUPLC-MSE) analysis to characterize the proteomic profile of milk from infected (MIM) and non-infected mice (MNIM). It was possible to identify 29 differentially expressed proteins: 15 were only found in MIM, 10 only found in MNIM, and 4 were downregulated in MIM group. Gene Ontology (GO), pathway enrichment analysis, and protein-protein interaction (PPI) analyses indicated differentially expressed proteins linked to biological processes and pathways in MIM group such as the following: fructose 1,6-biphosphate metabolic and glycolytic processes, glucose metabolism, and neutrophil degranulation pathways. The downregulated and unique proteins identified in MNIM group were involved in the positive regulation of B cell activation and receptor signaling pathway, in the innate immune response, complement activation, and phagocytosis. The present findings revealed a protein profile that may be involved in the activation and deactivation of the offspring's immune system in the long term, conferring a protective character due to the previous contact with milk from infected mothers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Calixto Ribeiro de Holanda
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Iasmim Lopes de Lima
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Sandra Mara Naressi Scapin
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida - DIMAV, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Maria da Conceição Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - José Mauro Granjeiro
- Diretoria de Metrologia Aplicada às Ciências da Vida - DIMAV, Instituto Nacional de Metrologia, Qualidade e Tecnologia - INMETRO, Duque de Caxias, RJ, Brazil
| | - Roberto Afonso da Silva
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Valdenia Maria Oliveira de Souza
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil.
| | - José Luiz de Lima Filho
- Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami (LIKA), Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Av. Moraes Rego, 1235 - Cidade Universitária, Recife, Pernambuco, 50670-901, Brazil
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25
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Holanda GCRD, Souto FO, Silva MDC, Lorena VMBD, Costa VMA, Albuquerque MCPDA, Souza VMOD, Lima Filho JLD. Gestation and breastfeeding in schistosomotic mice differentially alters the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) in adult offspring. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2020; 114:e190366. [PMID: 32022099 PMCID: PMC7012583 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760190366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Breastfeeding or gestation in schistosomotic mothers can cause long-term
alterations in the immune response of offspring. OBJECTIVES Evaluate the expression of histone deacetylases (HDACs) (all classes), the
production of cytokines by T and B lymphocytes and macrophages, and the
frequency of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+-cells in adult
offspring born and/or suckled by schistosomotic mothers. METHODS We harvested splenocytes from offspring born to (BIM), suckled by (SIM), or
born to/suckled by (BSIM) schistosomotic mothers and animals from
noninfected mothers (Control) at seven-weeks old and cultured them
with/without Concanavalin A. HDAC expression was evaluated by real-time
quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR), and cytokines and membrane
markers were evaluated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS). FINDINGS Compared to Control, BIM mice showed increased expression of HDAC9 and
frequency of CD4+IL-10+-cells. The SIM group had
increased expression of HDAC1, HDAC2, HDAC6, HDAC7, HDAC10, Sirt2, Sirt5,
Sirt6, and Sirt7. The BSIM group only had increased HDAC10 expression. The
SIM and BSIM groups exhibited decreased frequencies of
CD4+IL-4+-cells and
CD4+CD25+FoxP3+-cells, along with a
higher frequency of CD14+IL-10+-cells and an increase
in CD45R/B220+IL-10+-cells. The BSIM group also showed
a high frequency of CD4+IL10+-cells. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Breastfeeding induced the expression of HDACs from various classes involved
in reducing inflammatory responses. However, gestation enhanced the
expression of a single HDAC and breastfeeding or gestation appears to favour
multiple IL-10-dependent pathways, but not cells with a regulatory
phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabrício Oliveira Souto
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - Maria da Conceição Silva
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | | | | | | | | | - José Luiz de Lima Filho
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Laboratório de Imunopatologia Keizo Asami, Recife, PE, Brasil
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26
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Neonatal Microbiome and Its Relationship to Necrotizing Enterocolitis: A Review of the Science. J Perinat Neonatal Nurs 2020; 34:276-282. [PMID: 32697548 DOI: 10.1097/jpn.0000000000000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) occurs in many premature infants hospitalized in the neonatal intensive care unit. About 3% to 15% of very low-weight premature infants develop NEC, with an estimated 30% mortality rate for the cases requiring surgery. Currently, there is no known pathogenesis for NEC in the patient's populations. However, one of the most widely accepted hypotheses is having an abnormal fetal gut microbiome. The purpose of this review is to discuss some current methods of dysbiosis in the neonatal microbiome, such as maternal health, breastfeeding, and delivery method, and then to connect these to the occurrence of NEC in the infant and finally discuss some possibilities for limiting the occurrence of NEC in the future.
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27
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Mirza AH, Kaur S, Nielsen LB, Størling J, Yarani R, Roursgaard M, Mathiesen ER, Damm P, Svare J, Mortensen HB, Pociot F. Breast Milk-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Enriched in Exosomes From Mothers With Type 1 Diabetes Contain Aberrant Levels of microRNAs. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2543. [PMID: 31708933 PMCID: PMC6823203 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The breast milk plays a crucial role in shaping the initial intestinal microbiota and mucosal immunity of the infant. Interestingly, breastfeeding has proven to be protective against the early onset of immune-mediated diseases including type 1 diabetes. Studies have shown that exosomes from human breast milk are enriched in immune-modulating miRNAs suggesting that exosomal miRNAs (exomiRs) transferred to the infant could play a critical role in the development of the infant's immune system. We extracted exomiRs from breast milk of 52 lactating mothers (26 mothers with type 1 diabetes and 26 healthy mothers), to identify any differences in the exomiR content between the two groups. Small RNA-sequencing was performed to identify known and novel miRNAs in both groups. A total of 631 exomiRs were detected by small RNA sequencing including immune-related miRNAs such as hsa-let-7c, hsa-miR-21, hsa-miR-34a, hsa-miR-146b, and hsa-miR-200b. In addition, ~200 novel miRNAs were identified in both type 1 diabetes and control samples. Among the known miRNAs, nine exomiR's were found differentially expressed in mothers with type 1 diabetes compared to healthy mothers. The highly up-regulated miRNAs, hsa-miR-4497, and hsa-miR-3178, increased lipopolysaccharide-induced expression and secretion of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) in human monocytes. The up-regulated miRNA target genes were significantly enriched for longevity-regulating pathways and FoxO signaling. Our findings suggest a role of breast milk-derived exomiRs in modulating the infant's immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aashiq H Mirza
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Simranjeet Kaur
- Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Lotte B Nielsen
- Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Joachim Størling
- Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Reza Yarani
- Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
| | - Martin Roursgaard
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Institute of Public Health, CSS, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Elisabeth R Mathiesen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Damm
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Center for Pregnant Women With Diabetes, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Obstetrics, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Svare
- Department of Obstetrics, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Henrik B Mortensen
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Flemming Pociot
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Pediatrics E, Copenhagen Diabetes Research Center (CPH-DIRECT), Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.,Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Gentofte, Denmark
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28
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Erliana UD, Fly AD. The Function and Alteration of Immunological Properties in Human Milk of Obese Mothers. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11061284. [PMID: 31174304 PMCID: PMC6627488 DOI: 10.3390/nu11061284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Maternal obesity is associated with metabolic changes in mothers and higher risk of obesity in the offspring. Obesity in breastfeeding mothers appears to influence human milk production as well as the quality of human milk. Maternal obesity is associated with alteration of immunological factors concentrations in the human milk, such as C-reactive protein (CRP), leptin, IL-6, insulin, TNF-Alpha, ghrelin, adiponectin, and obestatin. Human milk is considered a first choice for infant nutrition due to the complete profile of macro nutrients, micro nutrients, and immunological properties. It is essential to understand how maternal obesity influences immunological properties of human milk because alterations could impact the nutrition status and health of the infant. This review summarizes the literature regarding the impact of maternal obesity on the concentration of particular immunological properties in the human milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ummu D Erliana
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
| | - Alyce D Fly
- Indiana University Bloomington School of Public Health, Bloomington, IN 47405, USA.
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29
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Enhancement of immune maturation in suckling rats by leptin and adiponectin supplementation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1786. [PMID: 30742004 PMCID: PMC6370875 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-38418-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Leptin and adiponectin, adipokines present in breast milk, have shown immunomodulatory properties. The current study aimed to ascertain whether a nutritional supplementation with leptin or adiponectin in neonatal rats was able to influence the maturation of the systemic immune response in early life. To achieve this, suckling Wistar rats were supplemented with either leptin (0.7 μg/kg/day) or adiponectin (35 μg/kg/day) during the whole suckling period. Plasmatic immunoglobulins were quantified, and spleen lymphocyte composition and their ability to proliferate and release cytokines were evaluated during (day 14) and at the end (day 21) of the suckling period. Rats fed with either adipokine showed higher plasma IgM and IgG1 concentrations and adiponectin supplementation also increased IgG2a at both studied days (P < 0.05). With regard to the lymphocyte composition, both adipokine supplementations increased T cell proportion and both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets after two weeks of supplementation (P < 0.05). Moreover, only leptin administration increased NK and NKT cell proportions at the end of the suckling period. Finally, both adipokines influenced the cytokine secretion pattern by splenocytes. In conclusion, these results suggest that leptin and adiponectin play a role in the maturation of the systemic immune response during the suckling period.
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30
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Schaub R, Badiou S, Viljoen J, Dujols P, Bolloré K, Van de Perre P, Newell ML, Bland R, Nagot N, Tuaillon E. The immune response to sub-clinical mastitis is impaired in HIV-infected women. J Transl Med 2018; 16:296. [PMID: 30359283 PMCID: PMC6202806 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1667-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Subclinical mastitis (SCM) is relatively common in lactating women and may be associated with HIV shedding in breast milk. The potential association between HIV infection and breast milk immunologic factors and immune response to SCM needs to be addressed. Methods In this cross-sectional study, SCM (Na/K ratio > 1) was tested in 165 mature breast milk samples collected from 40 HIV-infected women who didn’t transmit HIV to their child by breastfeeding and 43 HIV-uninfected women enrolled in an interventional cohort in South-Africa (Vertical Transmission Study). The level of 33 immune markers related to Th1/Th2 related response, inflammation and bacterial exposure were compared in ART-naive HIV-infected versus HIV-uninfected women. The associations between HIV infection and SCM on the concentration of immune factors were tested separately by Wilcoxon rank-sum test and corrected for false discovery rate. To control for potential confounder effects and take into account the clustering of breast milk samples from a single woman, multivariate mixed linear models adjusted on child age at the time of sampling were performed for each immune factor. Results Subclinical mastitis was detected in 15 (37.5%) HIV-infected women and 10 (23.3%) HIV-uninfected women. In the absence of SCM, the breast milk levels of IP-10 and MIG were higher and IL1-RA lower in HIV-infected women than in HIV-uninfected women (respectively p < 0.001, p = 0.001, p = 0.045). In HIV-uninfected women, SCM was characterized by a robust immune response with higher concentrations of a broad panel of Th1 and inflammatory related immune markers than in samples without SCM. By contrast, in HIV-infected women a limited number of immune markers were increased and lower increases were observed in samples with SCM than without SCM. Conclusion HIV infection in ART-naïve women was associated with elevated breast milk levels of IP-10 and MIG, which areTh1-related cytokines induced by IFN-γ. During SCM, a lower and narrower immune response was observed in HIV-infected than HIV-uninfected women, suggesting that HIV infection affects the capacity of the mammary gland to respond to SCM. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12967-018-1667-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roxane Schaub
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France. .,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France. .,CIC AG/Inserm 1424, Centre Hospitalier de Cayenne, Av. des flamboyants, BP 6006, 97 306, Cayenne CEDEX, French Guiana, France.
| | - Stéphanie Badiou
- Département de Biochimie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Johannes Viljoen
- Department of Medical Virology, University of Pretoria and NHLS, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Pierre Dujols
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Karine Bolloré
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Van de Perre
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Marie-Louise Newell
- Institute for Developmental Science, Human Development and Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Ruth Bland
- Africa Centre for Health and Population studies, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa.,School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa.,Royal Hospital for Children, Institute of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Nicolas Nagot
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département d'Information Médicale, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Edouard Tuaillon
- Pathogenesis and Control of Chronic Infections, INSERM, EFS, Université Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France.,Département de Bactériologie-Virologie, CHU de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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31
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Cakebread J, Hodgkinson A, Wallace O, Callaghan M, Hurford D, Wieliczko R, Harris P, Haigh B. Bovine milk derived skimmed milk powder and whey protein concentrate modulates Citrobacter rodentium shedding in the mouse intestinal tract. PeerJ 2018; 6:e5359. [PMID: 30065896 PMCID: PMC6065463 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skimmed milk powder (SMP) and whey protein concentrate (WPC) were manufactured from fresh milk collected from cows producing high or low Immunoglobulin (Ig) A levels in their milk. In addition commercial products were purchased for use as diluent or control treatments. A murine enteric disease model (Citrobacter rodentium) was used to assess whether delivery of selected bioactive molecules (IgA, IgG, Lactoferrin (Lf)) or formulation delivery matrix (SMP, WPC) affected faecal shedding of bacteria in C. rodentium infected mice. In trial one, faecal pellets collected from mice fed SMP containing IgA (0.007-0.35 mg/mL), IgG (0.28-0.58 mg/mL) and Lf (0.03-0.1 mg/mL) contained fewer C. rodentium (cfu) compared to control mice fed water (day 8, p < 0.04, analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Fisher's unprotected least significant difference (ULSD)). In trial two, WPC containing IgA (0.35-1.66 mg/mL), IgG (0.58-2.36 mg/mL) and Lf (0.02-0.45 mg/mL) did not affect C. rodentium shedding, but SMP again reduced faecal C. rodentium levels (day 12, p < 0.04, ANOVA followed by Fisher's ULSD). No C. rodentium was detected in sham phosphate-buffered saline inoculated mice. Mice fed a commercial WPC shed significantly greater numbers of C. rodentium over 4 consecutive days (Fishers ULSD test), compared to control mice fed water. These data indicate that SMP, but not WPC, modulates faecal shedding in C. rodentium-infected mice and may impact progression of C. rodentium infection independently of selected bioactive concentration. This suggests that food matrix can impact biological effects of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Cakebread
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Alison Hodgkinson
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Olivia Wallace
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Megan Callaghan
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Daralyn Hurford
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Robert Wieliczko
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Paul Harris
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - Brendan Haigh
- Dairy Foods Team, Food & Bio-based Products, AgResearch, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Miraka Limited, Taupo, New Zealand
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Kettunen S, Lantto U, Koivunen P, Tapiainen T, Uhari M, Renko M. Risk factors for periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome: a case-control study. Eur J Pediatr 2018; 177:1201-1206. [PMID: 29799086 DOI: 10.1007/s00431-018-3175-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The etiology and pathogenesis of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome are unclear. We performed a case-control study to evaluate potential environmental or lifestyle factors associated with PFAPA morbidity. We enrolled 119 patients with PFAPA syndrome who had undergone tonsillectomy in Oulu University Hospital between 1987 and 2007. We recruited 230 controls, matched for sex, birth date, and place from the database of the Population Register Center of Finland. All the patients and controls completed a questionnaire regarding exposure to environmental triggers during early childhood. Maternal smoking was more common among PFAPA syndrome patients than controls (23 vs. 14%; P = 0.005). PFAPA patients had lower breastfeeding rates than controls (94 vs. 99%; P = 0.006). No other environmental factors were associated with PFAPA syndrome, except having an aquarium at home (P = 0.007). The patient group also used natural or herbal medicines more often than the controls (P = 0.01). CONCLUSION Maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding, known risk factors for common childhood infections, were more common in patients with PFAPA syndrome than in matched controls. Environmental factors may be important in the pathogenesis of PFAPA syndrome and should be evaluated in future studies. What is Known: • The pathogenesis and genetics of periodic fever, aphthous stomatitis, pharyngitis, and adenitis (PFAPA) syndrome remain unsolved. • PFAPA syndrome has been shown to cluster in families. What is New: • Maternal smoking and lack of breastfeeding are more common in patients with PFAPA syndrome than in the controls. • Environmental risk factors may be important in the pathogenesis of the syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sallamaaria Kettunen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, University of Oulu, BOX 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Ulla Lantto
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, University of Oulu, BOX 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Koivunen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Terhi Tapiainen
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, University of Oulu, BOX 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Matti Uhari
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, University of Oulu, BOX 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland.,Department of Children and Adolescents, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Marjo Renko
- PEDEGO Research Unit, Medical Research Centre, University of Oulu, BOX 5000, FI-90014, Oulu, Finland. .,Tampere Centre for Child Health Research, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland.
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Iavarone F, Desiderio C, Vitali A, Messana I, Martelli C, Castagnola M, Cabras T. Cryptides: latent peptides everywhere. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2018; 53:246-263. [PMID: 29564928 DOI: 10.1080/10409238.2018.1447543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Proteomic surveys with top-down platforms are today revealing thousands of naturally occurring fragments of bigger proteins. Some of them have not functional meaning because they derive from pathways responsible for protein degradation, but many have specific functions, often completely different from that one of the parent proteins. These peptides encrypted in the protein sequence are nowadays called cryptides. They are frequent in the animal and plant kingdoms and represent a new interesting -omic field of investigation. To point out how much widespread is their presence, we describe here the most studied cryptides from very common sources such as serum albumin, immunoglobulins, hemoglobin, and from saliva and milk proteins. Given its vastness, it is unfeasible to cover the topic exhaustively, therefore only several selected examples of cryptides from other sources are thereafter reported. Demanding is the development of new -omic platforms for the functional screening of new cryptides, which could provide suggestion for peptides and peptido-mimetics with variegate fields of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Iavarone
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica , Roma , Italy
| | - Claudia Desiderio
- b Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , Roma , Italy
| | - Alberto Vitali
- b Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , Roma , Italy
| | - Irene Messana
- b Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , Roma , Italy
| | - Claudia Martelli
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica , Roma , Italy
| | - Massimo Castagnola
- a Istituto di Biochimica e Biochimica Clinica, Università Cattolica , Roma , Italy.,b Istituto di Chimica del Riconoscimento Molecolare, CNR , Roma , Italy
| | - Tiziana Cabras
- c Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e dell'Ambiente , Università di Cagliari , Cagliari , Italy
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Elwenspoek MMC, Hengesch X, Leenen FAD, Schritz A, Sias K, Schaan VK, Mériaux SB, Schmitz S, Bonnemberger F, Schächinger H, Vögele C, Turner JD, Muller CP. Proinflammatory T Cell Status Associated with Early Life Adversity. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 199:4046-4055. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1701082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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35
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Vieira Borba V, Sharif K, Shoenfeld Y. Breastfeeding and autoimmunity: Programing health from the beginning. Am J Reprod Immunol 2017; 79. [PMID: 29083070 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is not only a completely adapted nutrition source for the newborn but also an impressive array of immune-active molecules that afford protection against infections and shape mucosal immune responses. Decisive imprinting events might be modulated during the first months of life with potential health long-term effects, enhancing the importance of breastfeeding as a major influence on the immune system correct development and modifying disease susceptibility. The aim of this review was to clarify the link between breastfeeding and autoimmune diseases, inquiring the related mechanisms, based on data available in the literature. Being breastfed was associated with a lower incidence of diabetes, celiac disease, multiple sclerosis and asthma, explained by the protection against early infections, anti-inflammatory properties, antigen-specific tolerance induction, and regulation of infant's microbiome. The protective role of human milk in idiopathic juvenile arthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and inflammatory bowel diseases remains controversial. On the other hand, the breastfeeding mother faces a health-challenging period in life. High levels of prolactin may lead either to the development of autoimmune diseases in susceptible mothers or exacerbations of current immune-mediated disorders. These features raise the question if mothers with autoimmune diseases, mainly systemic lupus erythematosus, should avoid breastfeeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Vieira Borba
- Department 'A' of Internal Medicine, Coimbra University Hospital Centre, Coimbra, Portugal.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.,Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel
| | - Kassem Sharif
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Department 'B' of Internal Medicine, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Yehuda Shoenfeld
- Zabludowicz Center for Autoimmune Diseases, Sheba Medical Center, Tel-Hashomer, Israel.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
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36
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Calderón Díaz JA, Boyle LA, Diana A, Leonard FC, Moriarty JP, McElroy MC, McGettrick S, Kelliher D, García Manzanilla E. Early life indicators predict mortality, illness, reduced welfare and carcass characteristics in finisher pigs. Prev Vet Med 2017; 146:94-102. [PMID: 28992933 DOI: 10.1016/j.prevetmed.2017.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate associations between early life indicators, lactation management factors and subsequent mortality, health, welfare and carcass traits of offspring. A total of 1016 pigs from a batch born during one week were used. During lactation, number of liveborn piglets, stillborn and mummies, sow parity, number of times cross-fostered, weaning age, birth and weaning body weight (BW) were collected. Mortality was recorded throughout the offspring production cycle. Prior to slaughter, pigs were scored for lameness (1=non-lame to 3=severely lame). At slaughter, tail lesions were scored (0=no lesion to 4=severe lesion) and cold carcass weight (CCW), lean meat%, presence of pericarditis and heart condemnations were recorded. Additionally, lungs were scored for pleurisy (0=no lesions to 4=severely extended lesions) and enzootic pneumonia (EP) like lesions. There was an increased risk of lameness prior to slaughter for pigs born to first parity sows (P<0.05) compared with pigs born to older sows. Sow parity was a source of variation for cold carcass weight (P<0.05) and lean meat% (P<0.05). Pigs born in litters with more liveborn pigs were at greater risk of death and to be lame prior to slaughter (P<0.05). Pigs that were cross-fostered once were 11.69 times, and those that were cross-fostered ≥2 times were 7.28, times more likely to die compared with pigs that were not cross-fostered (P<0.05). Further, pigs that were cross-fostered once were at greater risk of pericarditis and heart condemnations compared with pigs that were not cross-fostered (P<0.05). Pigs with a birth BW of <0.95kg were at higher mortality risk throughout the production cycle. There was an increased risk of lameness, pleurisy, pericarditis and heart condemnations (P<0.05) for pigs with lower weaning weights. Additionally, heavier pigs at weaning also had higher carcass weights (P<0.05). There was an increased risk of lameness for pigs weaned at a younger age (P<0.05). Males were 2.27 times less likely to receive a score of zero for tail biting compared with female pigs. Results from this study highlight the complex relationship between management, performance and disease in pigs. They confirm that special attention should be given to lighter weight pigs and pigs born to first parity sows and that cross-fostering should be minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Adriana Calderón Díaz
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; Department of Animal Behaviour and Welfare, Institute of Genetics and Animal Breeding, Polish Academy of Sciences, Jastrzębiec, Magdalenka, Poland.
| | - Laura Ann Boyle
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
| | - Alessia Diana
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland; School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - John Patrick Moriarty
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Máire Catríona McElroy
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Shane McGettrick
- Central Veterinary Research Laboratory, Department of Agriculture, Food and the Marine Laboratories, Backweston, Celbridge, Co. Kildare, Ireland
| | - Denis Kelliher
- Kelliher Veterinary Ltd., Cliff Road, Castlegregory, Co. Kerry, Ireland
| | - Edgar García Manzanilla
- Pig Development Department, Teagasc Animal and Grassland Research and Innovation Centre, Moorepark, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Ireland
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Immune activation in lactating dams alters sucklings' brain cytokines and produces non-overlapping behavioral deficits in adult female and male offspring: A novel neurodevelopmental model of sex-specific psychopathology. Brain Behav Immun 2017; 63:35-49. [PMID: 28189716 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2017.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Early immune activation (IA) in rodents, prenatal through the mother or early postnatal directly to the neonate, is widely used to produce behavioral endophenotypes relevant to schizophrenia and depression. Given that maternal immune response plays a crucial role in the deleterious effects of prenatal IA, and lactation is a critical vehicle of immunological support to the neonate, we predicted that immune activation of the lactating dam will produce long-term abnormalities in the sucklings. Nursing dams were injected on postnatal day 4 with the viral mimic poly-I:C (4mg/kg) or saline. Cytokine assessment was performed in dams' plasma and milk 2h, and in the sucklings' hippocampus, 6h and 24h following poly-I:C injection. Male and female sucklings were assessed in adulthood for: a) performance on behavioral tasks measuring constructs considered relevant to schizophrenia (selective attention and executive control) and depression (despair and anhedonia); b) response to relevant pharmacological treatments; c) brain structural changes. Maternal poly-I:C injection caused cytokine alterations in the dams' plasma and milk, as well as in the sucklings' hippocampus. Lactational poly-I:C exposure led to sex-dimorphic (non-overlapping) behavioral abnormalities in the adult offspring, with male but not female offspring exhibiting attentional and executive function abnormalities (manifested in persistent latent inhibition and slow reversal) and hypodopaminergia, and female but not male offspring exhibiting despair and anhedonia (manifested in increased immobility in the forced swim test and reduced saccharine preference) and hyperdopaminergia, mimicking the known sex-bias in schizophrenia and depression. The behavioral double-dissociation predicted distinct pharmacological profiles, recapitulating the pharmacology of negative/cognitive symptoms and depression. In-vivo imaging revealed hippocampal and striatal volume reductions in both sexes, as found in both disorders. This is the first evidence for the emergence of long-term behavioral and brain abnormalities after lactational exposure to an inflammatory agent, supporting a causal link between early immune activation and disrupted neuropsychodevelopment. That such exposure produces schizophrenia- or depression-like phenotype depending on sex, resonates with notions that risk factors are transdiagnostic, and that sex is a susceptibility factor for neurodevelopmental psychopathologies.
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38
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Lund-Blix NA, Dydensborg Sander S, Størdal K, Nybo Andersen AM, Rønningen KS, Joner G, Skrivarhaug T, Njølstad PR, Husby S, Stene LC. Infant Feeding and Risk of Type 1 Diabetes in Two Large Scandinavian Birth Cohorts. Diabetes Care 2017; 40:920-927. [PMID: 28487451 PMCID: PMC5481976 DOI: 10.2337/dc17-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our aim was to study the relation between the duration of full and any breastfeeding and risk of type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS We included two population-based cohorts of children followed from birth (1996-2009) to 2014 (Denmark) or 2015 (Norway). We analyzed data from a total of 155,392 children participating in the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort Study (MoBa) and the Danish National Birth Cohort (DNBC). Parents reported infant dietary practices when their child was 6 and 18 months old. The outcome was clinical type 1 diabetes, ascertained from nationwide childhood diabetes registries. Hazard ratios (HRs) were estimated using Cox regression. RESULTS Type 1 diabetes was identified in 504 children during follow-up, and the incidence of type 1 diabetes per 100,000 person-years was 30.5 in the Norwegian cohort and 23.5 in the Danish cohort. Children who were never breastfed had a twofold increased risk of type 1 diabetes compared with those who were breastfed (HR 2.29 [95% CI 1.14-4.61] for no breastfeeding vs. any breastfeeding for ≥12 months). Among those who were breastfed, however, the incidence of type 1 diabetes was independent of duration of both full breastfeeding (HR per month 0.99 [95% CI 0.97-1.01]) and any breastfeeding (0.97 [0.92-1.03]). CONCLUSIONS Suggestive evidence supports the contention that breastfeeding reduces the risk of type 1 diabetes. Among those who were breastfed, however, no evidence indicated that prolonging full or any breastfeeding was associated with a reduced risk of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolai A Lund-Blix
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway .,Department of Nutrition, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Ketil Størdal
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Anne-Marie Nybo Andersen
- Section of Social Medicine, Department of Public Health, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kjersti S Rønningen
- Department of Pediatric Research, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Joner
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.,Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torild Skrivarhaug
- Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Department of Pediatrics, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steffen Husby
- Hans Christian Andersen Children's Hospital, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lars C Stene
- Division of Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Abstract
The immune system of preterm infants is immature, placing them at increased risk for serious immune-related complications. Human milk provides a variety of immune protective and immune maturation factors that are beneficial to the preterm infant's poorly developed immune system. The most studied immune components in human milk include antimicrobial proteins, maternal leukocytes, immunoglobulins, cytokines and chemokines, oligosaccharides, gangliosides, nucleotides, and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids. There is growing evidence that these components contribute to the lower incidence of immune-related conditions in the preterm infant. Therefore, provision of these components in human milk, donor milk, or formula may provide immunologic benefits.
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40
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Matsui-Yatsuhashi H, Furuyashiki T, Takata H, Ishida M, Takumi H, Kakutani R, Kamasaka H, Nagao S, Hirose J, Kuriki T. Qualitative and Quantitative Analyses of Glycogen in Human Milk. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:1314-1319. [PMID: 28156103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.6b03644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Identification as well as a detailed analysis of glycogen in human milk has not been shown yet. The present study confirmed that glycogen is contained in human milk by qualitative and quantitative analyses. High-performance anion exchange chromatography (HPAEC) and high-performance size exclusion chromatography with a multiangle laser light scattering detector (HPSEC-MALLS) were used for qualitative analysis of glycogen in human milk. Quantitative analysis was carried out by using samples obtained from the individual milks. The result revealed that the concentration of human milk glycogen varied depending on the mother's condition-such as the period postpartum and inflammation. The amounts of glycogen in human milk collected at 0 and 1-2 months postpartum were higher than in milk collected at 3-14 months postpartum. In the milk from mothers with severe mastitis, the concentration of glycogen was about 40 times higher than that in normal milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroko Matsui-Yatsuhashi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Furuyashiki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroki Takata
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Miyuki Ishida
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroko Takumi
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Ryo Kakutani
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kamasaka
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
| | - Saeko Nagao
- Nagao Maternity Hospital , Terado-cho, Muko-shi, Kyoto 617-0002, Japan
| | - Junko Hirose
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, School of Human Cultures, University of Shiga Prefecture , 2500 Hassaka-cho, Hikone-shi, Shiga 522-8533, Japan
| | - Takashi Kuriki
- Institute of Health Sciences, Ezaki Glico Company, Ltd. , 4-6-5 Utajima, Nishiyodogawa-ku, Osaka 555-8502, Japan
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Sutin AR, Stephan Y, Terracciano A. Breastfeeding and Adult Personality. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2016; 30:484-491. [PMID: 28966441 DOI: 10.1002/per.2030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits are implicated in long-term health-risk behaviors and outcomes. Less research has addressed how early-life experiences are associated with individual differences in these traits in adulthood. We examine whether having been breastfed is associated with adult personality and well-being in the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health. At Wave 1, caregivers reported whether the target child had been breastfed. At Wave 4, participants (N=13,113; 53% female; Mage=28.98) completed measures of psychological functioning. We tested for mean-level differences in the traits by breastfeeding status (yes/no) and by the duration of breastfeeding, controlling for basic demographic factors and early-life factors that could confound the breastfeeding-personality association (e.g., mother education). Participants who had been breastfed scored lower in neuroticism, anxiety, and hostility and higher in openness and optimism than those not breastfed. A curvilinear relation suggested that neuroticism was lowest for those breastfed for 9-12 months and highest for those either breastfed for >24 months or exclusively bottle-fed. Breastfeeding was unrelated to conscientiousness or state psychological functioning. This research suggests long-term psychological benefits to breastfeeding and indicates that early life experiences are associated with traits that are consequential for adult health.
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Palmeira P, Carneiro-Sampaio M. Immunology of breast milk. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2016; 62:584-593. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.62.06.584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Summary In the critical phase of immunological immaturity of the newborn, particularly for the immune system of mucous membranes, infants receive large amounts of bioactive components through colostrum and breast milk. Colostrum is the most potent natural immune booster known to science. Breastfeeding protects infants against infections mainly via secretory IgA (SIgA) antibodies, but also via other various bioactive factors. It is striking that the defense factors of human milk function without causing inflammation; some components are even anti-inflammatory. Protection against infections has been well evidenced during lactation against, e.g., acute and prolonged diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, including otitis media, urinary tract infection, neonatal septicemia, and necrotizing enterocolitis. The milk’s immunity content changes over time. In the early stages of lactation, IgA, anti-inflammatory factors and, more likely, immunologically active cells provide additional support for the immature immune system of the neonate. After this period, breast milk continues to adapt extraordinarily to the infant’s ontogeny and needs regarding immune protection and nutrition. The need to encourage breastfeeding is therefore justifiable, at least during the first 6 months of life, when the infant’s secretory IgA production is insignificant.
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43
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Simpson MR, Rø ADB, Grimstad Ø, Johnsen R, Storrø O, Øien T. Atopic dermatitis prevention in children following maternal probiotic supplementation does not appear to be mediated by breast milk TSLP or TGF-β. Clin Transl Allergy 2016; 6:27. [PMID: 27453775 PMCID: PMC4957279 DOI: 10.1186/s13601-016-0119-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Probiotics in Prevention of Allergy among Children in Trondheim (ProPACT) study, a randomised, placebo controlled trial, demonstrated that maternal supplementation with probiotic milk reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis (AD) in infancy. The mechanisms behind this effect are incompletely understood and breast milk cytokines have been postulated as possible mediating factors. In this study we aimed to assess whether breast milk TLSP and TGF-β are affected by a maternal probiotic supplementation regime, and their contribution to the preventive effect of this regime on AD in the offspring. Methods TSLP and TGF-β isoforms (TGF-β1, TGF-β2 and TGF-β3) were measured using ELISA and multiplex assays, respectively, in breast milk samples collected at 10 days and 3 months postpartum from women participating in the ProPACT trial (n = 259). The natural indirect and direct effects of maternal probiotics on AD, due to changes in breast milk cytokines, were estimated using causal mediation techniques. Results Probiotic supplementation tend to lead to high levels of breast milk TSLP at 10 days postpartum (p = 0.062), but this change did not contribute to the prevention of AD according to the mediation analysis. Probiotics had no apparent effect on TSLP at 3 months or TGF-βs at either time points. Thus, these are unlikely to be mediators of the effect of maternal probiotics on AD in offspring. Conclusions Whilst maternal probiotic supplementation resulted in higher breast milk concentrations of TLSP at 10 days postpartum, this does not appear to be a mechanism for prevention of AD by maternal probiotics. Trial registration The original trial protocol is registered in ClinicalTrials.gov (identifier NCT00159523)
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie Rae Simpson
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; Det medisinske fakultet, Instiutt for samfunnsmedisin, MTFS, NTNU, Postboks 8905, 7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Anne Dorthea Bjerkenes Rø
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway ; Department of Immunology and Transfusion Medicine, St Olavs Hospital, Trondheim University Hospital, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Øystein Grimstad
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of North Norway, Tromsö, Norway
| | - Roar Johnsen
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ola Storrø
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Torbjørn Øien
- Department of Public Health and General Practice, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
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DiLauro S, Unger S, Stone D, O’Connor DL. Human Milk for Ill and Medically Compromised Infants. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2016; 40:768-82. [DOI: 10.1177/0148607116629676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara DiLauro
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon Unger
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
- Department of Paediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
| | - Debbie Stone
- Department of Clinical Dietetics, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
- Rogers Hixon Ontario Human Milk Bank, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Canada
| | - Deborah L. O’Connor
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- The Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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Richard C, Lewis ED, Field CJ. Evidence for the essentiality of arachidonic and docosahexaenoic acid in the postnatal maternal and infant diet for the development of the infant’s immune system early in life. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2016; 41:461-75. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2015-0660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially the balance between arachidonic (AA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids are known to have important immunomodulatory roles during the postnatal period when the immune system is rapidly developing. AA and DHA are required in infant formula in many countries but are optional in North America. The rationale for adding these LCPUFA to full-term formula is based on their presence in breast milk and randomized controlled studies that suggest improved cognitive function in preterm infants, but results are more variable in full-term infants. Recently, the European Food Safety Authority has proposed, based on a lack of functional evidence, that AA is not required in infant formula for full-term infants during the first year of life but DHA should remain mandatory. The purpose of this review is to review the evidence from epidemiological and intervention studies regarding the essentiality of AA and DHA in the postnatal infant and maternal diet (breast-feeding) for the immune system development early in life. Although studies support the essentiality of DHA for the immune system development, more research is needed to rule out the essentiality of AA. Nevertheless, intervention studies have demonstrated improvement in many markers of immune function in infants fed formula supplemented with AA and DHA compared with unsupplemented formula, which appears to consistently result in beneficial health outcomes including reduction in the risk of developing allergic and atopic disease early in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Richard
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Erin D. Lewis
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Catherine J. Field
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
- Department of Agricultural Food and Nutritional Science, 4-126A Li Ka Shing Center for Health Research Innovation, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
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Bergman NJ. Neuroprotective Core Measures 1–7: Neuroprotection of Skin-to-Skin Contact (SSC). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1053/j.nainr.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Response on Pneumococcal Vaccine in Preterm Infants After Neutral and Acidic Oligosaccharides Supplementation. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2015; 34:976-82. [PMID: 26153784 DOI: 10.1097/inf.0000000000000766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Supplementation of oligosaccharides in premature infants was shown to influence the immune system. We determined the effect of combined short-chain galacto-oligosaccharides (scGOS), long-chain fructo-oligosaccharides (lcFOS) and pectin-derived acidic oligosaccharides (pAOS) on antibody concentrations after pneumococcal conjugate vaccination in very preterm infants. METHODS Very preterm infants with gestational age <32 weeks and/or birth weight <1500 g were randomized to receive enteral supplementation with scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS or placebo between days 3 and 30 of life. Blood samples were collected at birth, 5 and 12 months of age and compared with term samples from a Dutch cross-sectional population-based serosurveillance study. IgG antibody levels to pneumococcal capsular polysaccharides were determined by multiplex immunoassay. RESULTS In total, 113 preterm infants were included with similar baseline and nutritional characteristics in both groups. After 3 primary pneumococcal vaccinations, the scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS-group had lower GMC antibody concentrations (µg/mL; serotype 4: 1.53, 6B:0.25, 9V: 1.19, 14: 2.39, 18C: 1.88, 19F: 7.42, 23F: 0.72) than the placebo group (serotype 4: 3.29, 6B: 0.79, 9V:2.64, 14: 4.52, 18C: 3.13, 19F: 14.64, 23F: 1.88; all P < 0.05), but comparable with those in the term control group (serotype 4: 0.97, 6B: 0.32, 9V: 1.67, 14: 3.24, 18C: 2.03, 19F: 5.06, 23F: 0.59; all P > 0.05). After the booster vaccination at 11 months, antibody levels were no longer different between the two preterm groups. CONCLUSION Enteral supplementation of scGOS/lcFOS/pAOS has a regulatory effect on the response to conjugated polysaccharide pneumococcal vaccine with normalization of the enhanced responses in preterm infants toward levels similar to healthy term infants.
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The Role of Gluten in Celiac Disease and Type 1 Diabetes. Nutrients 2015; 7:7143-62. [PMID: 26343710 PMCID: PMC4586524 DOI: 10.3390/nu7095329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Celiac disease (CD) and type 1 diabetes (T1D) are autoimmune conditions in which dietary gluten has been proven or suggested to play a pathogenic role. In CD; gluten is established as the instigator of autoimmunity; the autoimmune process is halted by removing gluten from the diet; which allows for resolution of celiac autoimmune enteropathy and subsequent normalization of serological markers of the disease. However; an analogous causative agent has not yet been identified for T1D. Nevertheless; the role of dietary gluten in development of T1D and the potentially beneficial effect of removing gluten from the diet of patients with T1D are still debated. In this review; we discuss the comorbid occurrence of CD and T1D and explore current evidences for the specific role of gluten in both conditions; specifically focusing on current evidence on the effect of gluten on the immune system and the gut microbiota.
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Berents TL, Rønnevig J, Søyland E, Gaustad P, Nylander G, Løland BF. Topical treatment with fresh human milk versus emollient on atopic eczema spots in young children: a small, randomized, split body, controlled, blinded pilot study. BMC DERMATOLOGY 2015; 15:7. [PMID: 25935520 PMCID: PMC4424556 DOI: 10.1186/s12895-015-0027-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 04/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background Public health nurses report on effects of fresh human milk as treatment for conjunctivitis, rhinitis and atopic eczema (AE), the latter being highly prevalent in early childhood. Emollients and topical corticosteroids are first line treatment of AE. As many caregivers have steroid phobia, alternative treatment options for mild AE are of interest. The aim of this small pilot study was to assess the potential effects and risks of applying fresh human milk locally on eczema spots in children with AE. Methods This was a split body, controlled, randomized and physician blinded pilot study, of children with AE with two similar contralateral eczema spots having a mother breastfeeding the child or a sibling. Fresh expressed milk and emollient was applied on the intervention spot and emollient alone on the control area, three times a day for four weeks. The severity and area of the eczema spots was evaluated weekly, and samples from milk and the spots were analysed weekly with respect to bacterial colonisation. Results Of nine patients included, six completed the study. Mean age at inclusion was 18.5 months. The spots examined were localized on the arms, legs or cheeks. The spots were similar in severity, but differed in area. In one patient the eczema ceased after inclusion. In four patients both control and intervention areas increased during the intervention. The relative change in eczema area compared to baseline showed less increase in the intervention spots in two patients, whereas the opposite was observed in three. In four children Staphylococcus aureus was found in their eczema once or more. In three of the 28 human milk samples, Staphylococcus aureus, alfa haemolytic streptococci or coagulase negative staphylococci were detected. Staphylococcus aureus was found once both in human milk and in the eczema spots, no clinical signs of infection were however observed. No secondary infection due to milk application was detected. Conclusion In this small pilot study, no effect was found on eczema spots treated with topical application of fresh human milk. (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier, NCT02381028).
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Løvold Berents
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Jørgen Rønnevig
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Dermatology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Elisabeth Søyland
- Department of Research, Education and Innovation, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Peter Gaustad
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway. .,Department of Microbiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gro Nylander
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Breastfeeding, Womens and Children´s Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Beate Fossum Løland
- Norwegian National Advisory Unit on Breastfeeding, Womens and Children´s Division, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
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Abstract
The immune system in early life goes through rapid and radical changes. Early life is also the period with the highest risk of infections. The foetal immune system is programmed to coexist with foreign antigenic influences in utero, and postnatally to rapidly develop a functional system capable of distinguishing helpful microbes from harmful pathogens. Both host genetics and environmental influences shape this dramatic transition and direct the trajectory of the developing immune system into early childhood and beyond. Given the malleability of the immune system in early life, interventions aimed at modulating this trajectory thus have the potential to translate into considerable reductions in infectious disease burden with immediate as well as long-lasting benefit. However, an improved understanding of the underlying molecular drivers of early life immunity is prerequisite to optimise such interventions and transform the window of early life vulnerability into one of opportunity.
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