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Baguma JK, Mukasa SB, Ochwo-Ssemakula M, Nuwamanya E, Iragaba P, Wembabazi E, Kanaabi M, Hyde PT, Setter TL, Alicai T, Yada B, Esuma W, Baguma Y, Kawuki RS. Assessment of Cassava Pollen Viability and Ovule Fertilizability under Red-Light, 6-Benzyl Adenine, and Silver Thiosulphate Treatments. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1988. [PMID: 39065515 PMCID: PMC11280604 DOI: 10.3390/plants13141988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024]
Abstract
Understanding pollen and ovule fertility as factors influencing fruit and seed set is important in cassava breeding. Extended daylength with red light (RL) and plant growth regulators (PGRs) have been used to induce flowering and fruit set in cassava without any reference to effects on pollen viability or ovule fertilizability. This study investigated the effects of field-applied RL and PGR on pollen viability and ovule fertilizability. Panels of cassava genotypes with early or moderate flowering responses were used. RL was administered from dusk to dawn. Two PGRs, 6-benzyl adenine (BA), a cytokinin and silver thiosulphate (STS), an anti-ethylene, were applied. Pollen viability was assessed based on pollen grain diameter, in vitro stainability, in vivo germinability, ovule fertilizability, and ploidy level. Treating flowers with RL increased the pollen diameter from 145.6 in control to 148.5 µm in RL, 78.5 to 93.0% in stainability, and 52.0 to 56.9% in ovule fertilizability in treated female flowers. The fruit set also increased from 51.5 in control to 71.8% in RL-treated female flowers. The seed set followed a similar trend. The ploidy level of pollen from RL-treated flowers increased slightly and was positively correlated with pollen diameter (R2 = 0.09 *), ovule fertilization (R2 = 0.20 *), fruit set (R2 = 0.59 *), and seed set (R2 = 0.60 *). Treating flowers with PGR did not affect pollen diameter but increased stainability from 78.5% in control to 82.1%, ovule fertilizability from 42.9 to 64.9%, and fruit set from 23.2 to 51.9% in PGR-treated female flowers. Combined BA + STS application caused the highest ovule fertilizability, fruit, and seed set efficiency. These results show that RL and PGR treatments increase pollen viability and ovule fertilizability. This is important for planning pollination strategies in cassava breeding programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julius K. Baguma
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (S.B.M.); (M.O.-S.); (E.N.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
| | - Settumba B. Mukasa
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (S.B.M.); (M.O.-S.); (E.N.)
| | - Mildred Ochwo-Ssemakula
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (S.B.M.); (M.O.-S.); (E.N.)
| | - Ephraim Nuwamanya
- School of Agricultural Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala P.O. Box 7062, Uganda; (S.B.M.); (M.O.-S.); (E.N.)
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
| | - Paula Iragaba
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
| | - Enoch Wembabazi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
| | - Michael Kanaabi
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
| | - Peter T. Hyde
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (P.T.H.); (T.L.S.)
| | - Tim L. Setter
- Soil and Crop Sciences, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA; (P.T.H.); (T.L.S.)
| | - Titus Alicai
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Secretariat, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Benard Yada
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Secretariat, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Williams Esuma
- National Crops Resources Research Institute (NaCRRI), Namulonge, Kampala P.O. Box 7084, Uganda; (P.I.); (E.W.); (M.K.); (T.A.); (B.Y.); (W.E.)
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Secretariat, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
| | - Yona Baguma
- National Agricultural Research Organization (NARO) Secretariat, Entebbe P.O. Box 295, Uganda;
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Camarero MC, Briegas B, Corbacho J, Labrador J, Román ÁC, Verde A, Gallardo M, Gomez-Jimenez MC. Variations in Fruit Ploidy Level and Cell Size between Small- and Large-Fruited Olive Cultivars during Fruit Ontogeny. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:990. [PMID: 38611519 PMCID: PMC11013306 DOI: 10.3390/plants13070990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Olive (Olea europaea L.) is one of the major oil fruit tree crops worldwide. However, the mechanisms underlying olive fruit growth remain poorly understood. Here, we examine questions regarding the interaction of endoreduplication, cell division, and cell expansion with olive fruit growth in relation to the final fruit size by measuring fruit diameter, pericarp thickness, cell area, and ploidy level during fruit ontogeny in three olive cultivars with different fruit sizes. The results demonstrate that differences in the fruit size are related to the maximum growth rate between olive cultivars during early fruit growth, about 50 days post-anthesis (DPA). Differences in fruit weight between olive cultivars were found from 35 DPA, while the distinctive fruit shape became detectable from 21 DPA, even though the increase in pericarp thickness became detectable from 7 DPA in the three cultivars. During early fruit growth, intense mitotic activity appeared during the first 21 DPA in the fruit, whereas the highest cell expansion rates occurred from 28 to 42 DPA during this phase, suggesting that olive fruit cell number is determined from 28 DPA in the three cultivars. Moreover, olive fruit of the large-fruited cultivars was enlarged due to relatively higher cell division and expansion rates compared with the small-fruited cultivar. The ploidy level of olive fruit pericarp between early and late growth was different, but similar among olive cultivars, revealing that ploidy levels are not associated with cell size, in terms of different 8C levels during olive fruit growth. In the three olive cultivars, the maximum endoreduplication level (8C) occurred just before strong cell expansion during early fruit growth in fruit pericarp, whereas the cell expansion during late fruit growth occurred without preceding endoreduplication. We conclude that the basis for fruit size differences between olive cultivars is determined mainly by different cell division and expansion rates during the early fruit growth phase. These data provide new findings on the contribution of fruit ploidy and cell size to fruit size in olive and ultimately on the control of olive fruit development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C. Camarero
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Beatriz Briegas
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Jorge Corbacho
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Juana Labrador
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Ángel-Carlos Román
- Department of Molecular Biology, Biochemistry and Genetics, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
| | - Antía Verde
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Mercedes Gallardo
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende s/n, 36310 Vigo, Spain
| | - Maria C. Gomez-Jimenez
- Laboratory of Plant Physiology, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda de Elvas s/n, 06006 Badajoz, Spain
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Burda I, Li CB, Clark FK, Roeder AHK. Robust organ size in Arabidopsis is primarily governed by cell growth rather than cell division patterns. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.11.11.566685. [PMID: 38014347 PMCID: PMC10680605 DOI: 10.1101/2023.11.11.566685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Organ sizes and shapes are highly reproducible, or robust, within a species and individuals. Arabidopsis thaliana sepals, which are the leaf-like organs that enclose flower buds, have consistent size and shape, which indicates robust development. Counterintuitively, variability in cell growth rate over time and between cells facilitates robust development because cumulative cell growth averages to a uniform rate. Here we investigate how sepal morphogenesis is robust to changes in cell division but not robust to changes in cell growth variability. We live image and quantitatively compare the development of sepals with increased or decreased cell division rate ( lgo mutant and LGO overexpression, respectively), a mutant with altered cell growth variability ( ftsh4 ), and double mutants combining these. We find that robustness is preserved when cell division rate changes because there is no change in the spatial pattern of growth. Meanwhile when robustness is lost in ftsh4 mutants, cell growth accumulates unevenly, and cells have disorganized growth directions. Thus, we demonstrate in vivo that both cell growth rate and direction average in robust development, preserving robustness despite changes in cell division. Summary statement Robust sepal development is preserved despite changes in cell division rate and is characterized by spatiotemporal averaging of heterogeneity in cell growth rate and direction.
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Xue B, Zhang C, Wang Y, Liu L, Wang W, Schiefelbein J, Yu F, An L. HECT-type ubiquitin ligase KAKTUS mediates the proteasome-dependent degradation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor KRP2 during trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 116:871-886. [PMID: 37565606 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
SUMMARYTrichome development is a fascinating model to elaborate the plant cell differentiation and growth processes. A wealth of information has pointed to the contributions of the components associated with cell cycle control and ubiquitin/26S proteasome system (UPS) to trichome morphogenesis, but how these two pathways are connected remains obscure. Here, we report that HECT‐type ubiquitin ligase KAKTUS (KAK) targets the cyclin‐dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor KRP2 (for kip‐related protein 2) for proteasome‐dependent degradation during trichome branching in Arabidopsis. We show that over‐expression of KRP2 promotes trichome branching and endoreduplication which is similar to kak loss of function mutants. KAK directly interacts with KRP2 and mediates KRP2 degradation. Mutation of KAK results in the accumulation of steady‐state KRP2. Consistently, in kak pKRP2:KRP2‐GFP plants, the trichome branching is further induced compared with the single mutant. Taken together, our studies bridge the cell cycle control and UPS pathways during trichome development and underscore the importance of post‐translational control in epidermal differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoyong Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Chi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Wenjia Wang
- CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - John Schiefelbein
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Fei Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
| | - Lijun An
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Area and College of Life Sciences, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi, 712100, China
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Hong L, Rusnak B, Ko CS, Xu S, He X, Qiu D, Kang SE, Pruneda-Paz JL, Roeder AHK. Enhancer activation via TCP and HD-ZIP and repression by Dof transcription factors mediate giant cell-specific expression. THE PLANT CELL 2023; 35:2349-2368. [PMID: 36814410 PMCID: PMC10226562 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koad054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Proper cell-type identity relies on highly coordinated regulation of gene expression. Regulatory elements such as enhancers can produce cell type-specific expression patterns, but the mechanisms underlying specificity are not well understood. We previously identified an enhancer region capable of driving specific expression in giant cells, which are large, highly endoreduplicated cells in the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal epidermis. In this study, we use the giant cell enhancer as a model to understand the regulatory logic that promotes cell type-specific expression. Our dissection of the enhancer revealed that giant cell specificity is mediated primarily through the combination of two activators and one repressor. HD-ZIP and TCP transcription factors are involved in the activation of expression throughout the epidermis. High expression of HD-ZIP transcription factor genes in giant cells promoted higher expression driven by the enhancer in giant cells. Dof transcription factors repressed the activity of the enhancer such that only giant cells maintained enhancer activity. Thus, our data are consistent with a conceptual model whereby cell type-specific expression emerges from the combined activities of three transcription factor families activating and repressing expression in epidermal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Byron Rusnak
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Clint S Ko
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Shouling Xu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xi He
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dengying Qiu
- Institute of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences, Key Laboratory of Nuclear Agricultural Sciences of Ministry of Agriculture and Zhejiang Province, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - S Earl Kang
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Jose L Pruneda-Paz
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Wos G, Macková L, Kubíková K, Kolář F. Ploidy and local environment drive intraspecific variation in endoreduplication in Arabidopsis arenosa. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF BOTANY 2022; 109:259-271. [PMID: 35137947 DOI: 10.1002/ajb2.1818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Revised: 09/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
PREMISE Endoreduplication, nonheritable duplication of a nuclear genome, is widespread in plants and plays a role in developmental processes related to cell differentiation. However, neither ecological nor cytological factors influencing intraspecific variation in endoreduplication are fully understood. METHODS We cultivated plants covering the range-wide natural diversity of diploid and tetraploid populations of Arabidopsis arenosa in common conditions to investigate the effect of original ploidy level on endoreduplication. We also raised plants from several foothill and alpine populations from different lineages and of both ploidies to test for the effect of elevation. We determined the endoreduplication level in leaves of young plants by flow cytometry. Using RNA-seq data available for our populations, we analyzed gene expression analysis in individuals that differed in endoreduplication level. RESULTS We found intraspecific variation in endoreduplication that was mainly driven by the original ploidy level of populations, with significantly higher endoreduplication in diploids. An effect of elevation was also found within each ploidy, yet its direction exhibited rather regional-specific patterns. Transcriptomic analysis comparing individuals with high vs. low endopolyploidy revealed a majority of differentially expressed genes related to the stress and hormone response and to modifications especially in the cell wall and in chloroplasts. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the general assumption of higher potential of low-ploidy organisms to undergo endoreduplication and suggest that endoreduplication is further integrated within the stress response pathways for a fine-tune adjustment of the endoreduplication process to their local environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Wos
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Macková
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kateřina Kubíková
- Department of Zoology, Charles University, Viničná 7, 12845 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Kolář
- Department of Botany, Charles University, Benátská 2, 12801 Prague, Czech Republic
- Institute of Botany of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Zámek 1, CZ-252 43 Průhonice, Czech Republic
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2D morphometric analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana nuclei reveals characteristic profiles of different cell types and accessions. Chromosome Res 2021; 30:5-24. [PMID: 34665365 PMCID: PMC8942920 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-021-09673-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Functional changes of cells upon developmental switches and in response to environmental cues are often reflected in nuclear phenotypes, showing distinctive chromatin states corresponding to transcriptional changes. Such characteristic nuclear shapes have been microscopically monitored and can be quantified after differential staining of euchromatin and heterochromatin domains. Here, we examined several nuclear parameters (size, DNA content, DNA density, chromatin compaction, relative heterochromatin fraction (RHF), and number of chromocenters) in relation to spatial distribution of genes and transposon elements (TEs), using standard 2D fluorescence microscopy. We provide nuclear profiles for different cell types and different accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana. A variable, yet significant, fraction of TEs was found outside chromocenters in all cell types, except for guard cells. The latter cell type features nuclei with the highest level of chromatin compaction, while their chromocenters seem to contain gene-rich regions. The highest number of parameter correlations was found in the accession Cvi, whereas Ler showed only few correlations. This may point at differences in phenotype robustness between accessions. The significantly high association of NOR chromocenters in accessions Ws and Cvi corresponds to their low RHF level.
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Martín-Esquinas A, Hernández-Apaolaza L. Rice responses to silicon addition at different Fe status and growth pH. Evaluation of ploidy changes. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2021; 163:296-307. [PMID: 33892228 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2021.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been described in rice that Si only plays a physical barrier that does not allow Fe to enter cell apoplast, causing Fe deficiency responses even under Fe sufficiency growth conditions. Most of the conclusions were attained at acidic pH, but rice is also grown at calcareous conditions, which especially induce Fe deficiency in the plants. In this study, we assay the effect of Si in rice suffering both Fe deficiency and sufficiency in hydroponics at two pHs (5.5 and 7.5). Plant biometric parameters, ROS concentration, enzymatic activities, and total phenolic compounds, as well as ploidy levels, have been determined. In general, both pHs promoted similar rice responses under Fe sufficiency and deficiency status, but at pH 7.5, stress was favored. Flow cytometry studies revealed that Fe deficiency increased the percentage of cells in higher ploidy levels. Moreover, under this Fe status, Si addition enhanced this effect. This increase contributed to maintaining chloroplast structure which may have preserved antioxidant activities, and fortified cell walls, diminishing Fe uptake. The first is considered a beneficial effect as plants presented acceptable SPAD values, well chloroplast structure, and qualitatively high fluorescence observed by confocal microscopy, even under Fe deficiency. But contributes to intensify the Fe shortage, by decreasing apoplast Fe pools. In summary, Si addition to rice plants may not only behave as an apoplastic barrier but may also protect plant chloroplast and alter the plant endoreplication cycle, giving a memory effect to cope with present and future stresses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Martín-Esquinas
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lourdes Hernández-Apaolaza
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Av. Francisco Tomás y Valiente 7, 28049, Madrid, Spain.
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9
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Roeder AHK. Arabidopsis sepals: A model system for the emergent process of morphogenesis. QUANTITATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 2:e14. [PMID: 36798428 PMCID: PMC9931181 DOI: 10.1017/qpb.2021.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
During development, Arabidopsis thaliana sepal primordium cells grow, divide and interact with their neighbours, giving rise to a sepal with the correct size, shape and form. Arabidopsis sepals have proven to be a good system for elucidating the emergent processes driving morphogenesis due to their simplicity, their accessibility for imaging and manipulation, and their reproducible development. Sepals undergo a basipetal gradient of growth, with cessation of cell division, slow growth and maturation starting at the tip of the sepal and progressing to the base. In this review, I discuss five recent examples of processes during sepal morphogenesis that yield emergent properties: robust size, tapered tip shape, laminar shape, scattered giant cells and complex gene expression patterns. In each case, experiments examining the dynamics of sepal development led to the hypotheses of local rules. In each example, a computational model was used to demonstrate that these local rules are sufficient to give rise to the emergent properties of morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H. K. Roeder
- Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science and Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA
- Author for correspondence: Adrienne H. K. Roeder, E-mail:
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10
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Hernández-Apaolaza L, Escribano L, Zamarreño ÁM, García-Mina JM, Cano C, Carrasco-Gil S. Root Silicon Addition Induces Fe Deficiency in Cucumber Plants, but Facilitates Their Recovery After Fe Resupply. A Comparison With Si Foliar Sprays. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:580552. [PMID: 33424881 PMCID: PMC7793930 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.580552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Silicon has not been cataloged as an essential element for higher plants. However, it has shown beneficial effects on many crops, especially under abiotic and biotic stresses. Silicon fertilization was evaluated for the first time on plants exposed to fluctuations in an Fe regime (Fe sufficiency followed by Fe deficiency and, in turn, by Fe resupply). Root and foliar Si applications were compared using cucumber plants that were hydroponically grown in a growth chamber under different Fe nutritional statuses and Si applied either to the roots or to the shoots. The SPAD index, Fe, and Mn concentration, ROS, total phenolic compounds, MDA concentration, phytohormone balance, and cell cycle were determined. The results obtained showed that the addition of Si to the roots induced an Fe shortage in plants grown under optimal or deficient Fe nutritional conditions, but this was not observed when Si was applied to the leaves. Plant recovery following Fe resupply was more effective in the Si-treated plants than in the untreated plants. A relationship between the ROS concentration, hormonal balance, and cell cycle under different Fe regimes and in the presence or absence of Si was also studied. The contribution of Si to this signaling pathway appears to be related more to the induction of Fe deficiency, than to any direct biochemical or metabolic processes. However, these roles could not be completely ruled out because several hormone differences could only be explained by the addition of Si.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura Escribano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángel Mª Zamarreño
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sciences School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Mª García-Mina
- Department of Environmental Biology, Sciences School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Carlos Cano
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Sandra Carrasco-Gil
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry and Food Science, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Measurement of Arabidopsis thaliana Nuclear Size and Shape. Methods Mol Biol 2020. [PMID: 32088892 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-0179-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
Abstract
Gene expression is tightly linked to the position of genes in the nucleus. Genomic regions associated with the nuclear envelope are usually repressed, including the heterochromatin carrying chromocenters. The shape and size of nuclei varies within tissues in plants and is dependent on proteins associated with the nuclear envelope. Here, we describe a protocol to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana nuclei and measure their size and morphology. Using this method, novel components regulating the nuclear envelope and chromatin association can be identified and analyzed.
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Torres-Silva G, Matos EM, Correia LF, Fortini EA, Soares WS, Batista DS, Otoni CG, Azevedo AA, Viccini LF, Koehler AD, Resende SV, Specht CD, Otoni WC. Anatomy, Flow Cytometry, and X-Ray Tomography Reveal Tissue Organization and Ploidy Distribution in Long-Term In Vitro Cultures of Melocactus Species. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:1314. [PMID: 32983203 PMCID: PMC7488924 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.01314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Cacti have a highly specialized stem that enables survival during extended dry periods. Despite the ornamental value of cacti and the fact that stems represent the main source of explants in tissue culture, there are no studies on their morpho-anatomical and cytological characteristics in Melocactus. The present study seeks to address the occurrence of cells with mixed ploidy level in cacti tissues. Specifically, we aim to understand how Melocactus stem tissue is organized, how mixoploidy is distributed when present, and whether detected patterns of ploidy change after long periods of in vitro culture. To analyze tissue organization, Melocactus glaucescens and Melocactus paucispinus plants that had been germinated and cultivated in vitro were analyzed for stem structure using toluidine blue, Xylidine Ponceau, Periodic Acid Schiff, ruthenium red, and acid floroglucin. To investigate patterns of ploidy, apical, medial, and basal zones of the stem, as well as, periphery, cortex, and stele (vascular tissue and pith) regions of the stem and root apexes from four- and ten-year old cultured in vitro were analyzed by flow cytometry. X-ray micro-computed tomography (XRµCT) was performed with fragments of stems from both species. The scarcity of support elements (i.e., sclereids and fibers) indicates that epidermis, hypodermis, and wide-band tracheids present in cortical vascular bundles and stele, as well as water stored in aquifer parenchyma cells along the cortex, provide mechanical support to the stem. Parenchyma cells increase in volume with a four-fold increase in ploidy. M. glaucescens and M. paucispinus exhibit the same pattern of cell ploidy irrespective of topophysical region or age, but there is a marked difference in ploidy between the stem periphery (epidermis and hypodermis), cortex, stele, and roots. Mixoploidy in Melocactus is not related to the age of the culture, but is a developmental trait, whereby endocycles promote cell differentiation to accumulate valuable water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Torres-Silva
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Elyabe Monteiro Matos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Ludmila Freitas Correia
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Evandro Alexandre Fortini
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Wellington Santos Soares
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | - Diego Silva Batista
- Department of Agriculture, Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Bananeiras, Brazil
| | - Caio Gomide Otoni
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | - Lyderson Facio Viccini
- Laboratory of Genetics and Biotechnology, Department of Biology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Andréa Dias Koehler
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
| | | | - Chelsea Dvorak Specht
- Plant Biology Section, School of Integrative Plant Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Chelsea Dvorak Specht, ; Wagner Campos Otoni,
| | - Wagner Campos Otoni
- Laboratory of Plant Tissue Culture II—BIOAGRO, Plant Biology Department, Federal University of Viçosa (UFV), Viçosa, Brazil
- *Correspondence: Chelsea Dvorak Specht, ; Wagner Campos Otoni,
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Hoshino R, Yoshida Y, Tsukaya H. Multiple steps of leaf thickening during sun-leaf formation in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2019; 100:738-753. [PMID: 31350790 PMCID: PMC6900135 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.14467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant morphological and physiological traits exhibit plasticity in response to light intensity. Leaf thickness is enhanced under high light (HL) conditions compared with low light (LL) conditions through increases in both cell number and size in the dorsoventral direction; however, the regulation of such phenotypic plasticity in leaf thickness (namely, sun- or shade-leaf formation) during the developmental process remains largely unclear. By modifying observation techniques for tiny leaf primordia in Arabidopsis thaliana, we analysed sun- and shade-leaf development in a time-course manner and found that the process of leaf thickening can be divided into early and late phases. In the early phase, anisotropic cell elongation and periclinal cell division on the adaxial side of mesophyll tissue occurred under the HL conditions used, which resulted in the dorsoventral growth of sun leaves. Anisotropic cell elongation in the palisade tissue is triggered by blue-light irradiation. We discovered that anisotropic cell elongation processes before or after periclinal cell division were differentially regulated independent of or dependent upon signalling through blue-light receptors. In contrast, during the late phase, isotropic cell expansion associated with the endocycle, which determined the final leaf thickness, occurred irrespective of the light conditions. Sucrose production was high under HL conditions, and we found that sucrose promoted isotropic cell expansion and the endocycle even under LL conditions. Our analyses based on this method of time-course observation addressed the developmental framework of sun- and shade-leaf formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rina Hoshino
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Yuki Yoshida
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological SciencesGraduate School of ScienceThe University of TokyoBunkyo‐kuTokyo113‐0033Japan
- Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living SystemsNational Institutes of Natural SciencesOkazakiAichi444‐8787Japan
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14
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Horinouchi Y, Yamaguchi M, Chibana H, Togashi T. Nuclear behavior and roles indicate that Codiolum phase is a sporophyte in Monostroma angicava (Ulotrichales, Ulvophyceae). JOURNAL OF PHYCOLOGY 2019; 55:534-542. [PMID: 30715731 DOI: 10.1111/jpy.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The life-cycle system of Ulotrichales, a major order of Ulvophyceae, remains controversial because it is unclear whether the Codiolum phase, a characteristic unicellular diploid generation in ulotrichalean algae, is a zygote or a sporophyte. This controversy inhibits the understanding of the diversified life cycles in Ulvophyceae. To distinguish between zygotes and sporophytes, we have to examine not only whether diploid generations function as sporophytes, but also whether mitosis occurs before meiosis in diploid generations. However, the nuclear behavior in the Codiolum phases is largely unknown, probably because no suitable methods are available. Using fluorescent microscopy with ethidium bromide and transmission electron microscopy of cell-wall-dissected specimens, we report the nuclear behavior in the Codiolum phases of an ulotrichalean alga with a representative life cycle, Monostroma angicava. Each vegetative Codiolum phase had a single polyploid nucleus due to endoreduplication, a type of mitosis without nuclear division. During zoosporogenesis, the nucleus had a structure that would be a meiosis-specific complex. We quantitatively showed that Codiolum phases grew extremely large and produced numerous zoospores. Our results suggest that an event comparable to mitosis occurs before meiosis in the Codiolum phase of M. angicava. This nuclear behavior and the functions (growth and zoospore production abilities) correspond to those of sporophytes. Therefore, the life-cycle system of M. angicava is a heteromorphic haplo-diplontic cycle. This system appears to be widely adopted among other ulotrichalean algae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Horinouchi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, 299-5502, Japan
| | - Masashi Yamaguchi
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Hiroji Chibana
- Medical Mycology Research Center, Chiba University, Chiba, 260-8673, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Togashi
- Marine Biosystems Research Center, Chiba University, Kamogawa, 299-5502, Japan
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Genetic and molecular analysis of trichome development in Arabis alpina. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:12078-12083. [PMID: 31123146 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1819440116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic and molecular analysis of trichome development in Arabidopsis thaliana has generated a detailed knowledge about the underlying regulatory genes and networks. However, how rapidly these mechanisms diverge during evolution is unknown. To address this problem, we used an unbiased forward genetic approach to identify most genes involved in trichome development in the related crucifer species Arabis alpina In general, we found most trichome mutant classes known in A. thaliana We identified orthologous genes of the relevant A. thaliana genes by sequence similarity and synteny and sequenced candidate genes in the A. alpina mutants. While in most cases we found a highly similar gene-phenotype relationship as known from Arabidopsis, there were also striking differences in the regulation of trichome patterning, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Our analysis of trichome patterning suggests that the formation of two classes of trichomes is regulated differentially by the homeodomain transcription factor AaGL2 Moreover, we show that overexpression of the GL3 basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor in A. alpina leads to the opposite phenotype as described in A. thaliana Mathematical modeling helps to explain how this nonintuitive behavior can be explained by different ratios of GL3 and GL1 in the two species.
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16
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Kotak J, Saisana M, Gegas V, Pechlivani N, Kaldis A, Papoutsoglou P, Makris A, Burns J, Kendig AL, Sheikh M, Kuschner CE, Whitney G, Caiola H, Doonan JH, Vlachonasios KE, McCain ER, Hark AT. The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the transcriptional coactivator ADA2b affect leaf development and trichome morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. PLANTA 2018; 248:613-628. [PMID: 29846775 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-018-2923-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and associated transcriptional coactivator ADA2b are required to couple endoreduplication and trichome branching. Mutation of ADA2b also disrupts the relationship between ploidy and leaf cell size. Dynamic chromatin structure has been established as a general mechanism by which gene function is temporally and spatially regulated, but specific chromatin modifier function is less well understood. To address this question, we have investigated the role of the histone acetyltransferase GCN5 and the associated coactivator ADA2b in developmental events in Arabidopsis thaliana. Arabidopsis plants with T-DNA insertions in GCN5 (also known as HAG1) or ADA2b (also known as PROPORZ1) display pleiotropic phenotypes including dwarfism and floral defects affecting fertility. We undertook a detailed characterization of gcn5 and ada2b phenotypic effects in rosette leaves and trichomes to establish a role for epigenetic control in these developmental processes. ADA2b and GCN5 play specific roles in leaf tissue, affecting cell growth and division in rosette leaves often in complex and even opposite directions. Leaves of gcn5 plants display overall reduced ploidy levels, while ada2b-1 leaves show increased ploidy. Endoreduplication leading to increased ploidy is also known to contribute to normal trichome morphogenesis. We demonstrate that gcn5 and ada2b mutants display alterations in the number and patterning of trichome branches, with ada2b-1 and gcn5-1 trichomes being significantly less branched, while gcn5-6 trichomes show increased branching. Elongation of the trichome stalk and branches also vary in different mutant backgrounds, with stalk length having an inverse relationship with branch number. Taken together, our data indicate that, in Arabidopsis, leaves and trichomes ADA2b and GCN5 are required to couple nuclear content with cell growth and morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna Kotak
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
- Molecular Biology, Cell Biology, and Biochemistry Department, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Marina Saisana
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vasilis Gegas
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
- Limagrain UK Ltd, Joseph Nickerson Research Centre, Rothwell, Market Rasen, Lincolnshire, UK
| | - Nikoletta Pechlivani
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kaldis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Panagiotis Papoutsoglou
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Makris
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Julia Burns
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | | | - Minnah Sheikh
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | | | | | - Hanna Caiola
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA
| | - John H Doonan
- National Plant Phenomics Centre, Aberystwyth University, Aberystwyth, UK
| | | | | | - Amy T Hark
- Biology Department, Muhlenberg College, Allentown, PA, USA.
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17
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Bateman RM, Guy JJ, Rudall PJ, Leitch IJ, Pellicer J, Leitch AR. Evolutionary and functional potential of ploidy increase within individual plants: somatic ploidy mapping of the complex labellum of sexually deceptive bee orchids. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2018; 122:133-150. [PMID: 29672665 PMCID: PMC6025197 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcy048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Background and Aims Recent tissue-level observations made indirectly via flow cytometry suggest that endoreplication (duplication of the nuclear genome within the nuclear envelope in the absence of subsequent cell division) is widespread within the plant kingdom. Here, we also directly observe ploidy variation among cells within individual petals, relating size of nucleus to cell micromorphology and (more speculatively) to function. Methods We compared the labella (specialized pollinator-attracting petals) of two European orchid genera: Dactylorhiza has a known predisposition to organismal polyploidy, whereas Ophrys exhibits exceptionally complex epidermal patterning that aids pseudocopulatory pollination. Confocal microscopy using multiple staining techniques allowed us to observe directly both the sizes and the internal structures of individual nuclei across each labellum, while flow cytometry was used to test for progressively partial endoreplication. Key Results In Dactylorhiza, endoreplication was comparatively infrequent, reached only low levels, and appeared randomly located across the labellum, whereas in Ophrys endoreplication was commonplace, being most frequent in large peripheral trichomes. Endoreplicated nuclei reflected both endomitosis and endocycling, the latter reaching the third round of genome doubling (16C) to generate polytene nuclei. All Ophrys individuals studied exhibited progressively partial endoreplication. Conclusions Comparison of the two genera failed to demonstrate the hypothesized pattern of frequent polyploid speciation in genera showing extensive endoreplication. Endoreplication in Ophrys appears more strongly positively correlated with cell size/complexity than with cell location or secretory role. Epigenetic control of gene overexpression by localized induction of endoreplication within individual plant organs may represent a significant component of a plant's developmental programme, contributing substantially to organ plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica J Guy
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Paula J Rudall
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Ilia J Leitch
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Jaume Pellicer
- Jodrell Laboratory, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Richmond, UK
| | - Andrew R Leitch
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
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18
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Hong L, Dumond M, Zhu M, Tsugawa S, Li CB, Boudaoud A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK. Heterogeneity and Robustness in Plant Morphogenesis: From Cells to Organs. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 69:469-495. [PMID: 29505739 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-042817-040517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Development is remarkably reproducible, producing organs with the same size, shape, and function repeatedly from individual to individual. For example, every flower on the Antirrhinum stalk has the same snapping dragon mouth. This reproducibility has allowed taxonomists to classify plants and animals according to their morphology. Yet these reproducible organs are composed of highly variable cells. For example, neighboring cells grow at different rates in Arabidopsis leaves, sepals, and shoot apical meristems. This cellular variability occurs in normal, wild-type organisms, indicating that cellular heterogeneity (or diversity in a characteristic such as growth rate) is either actively maintained or, at a minimum, not entirely suppressed. In fact, cellular heterogeneity can contribute to producing invariant organs. Here, we focus on how plant organs are reproducibly created during development from these highly variable cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Mathilde Dumond
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
- Current affiliation: Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, 4058 Basel, Switzerland;
| | - Mingyuan Zhu
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
| | - Satoru Tsugawa
- Theoretical Biology Laboratory, RIKEN, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan;
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of Mathematics, Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden;
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, INRA, CNRS, 69364 Lyon CEDEX 07, France; , ,
| | - Adrienne H K Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology and Section of Plant Biology, School of Integrative Plant Science; Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA; , ,
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The Circadian Clock Sets the Time of DNA Replication Licensing to Regulate Growth in Arabidopsis. Dev Cell 2018; 45:101-113.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2018.02.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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20
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Pasternak T, Haser T, Falk T, Ronneberger O, Palme K, Otten L. A 3D digital atlas of the Nicotiana tabacum root tip and its use to investigate changes in the root apical meristem induced by the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2017; 92:31-42. [PMID: 28670824 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.13631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Using the intrinsic Root Coordinate System (iRoCS) Toolbox, a digital atlas at cellular resolution has been constructed for Nicotiana tabacum roots. Mitotic cells and cells labeled for DNA replication with 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) were mapped. The results demonstrate that iRoCS analysis can be applied to roots that are thicker than those of Arabidopsis thaliana without histological sectioning. A three-dimensional (3-D) analysis of the root tip showed that tobacco roots undergo several irregular periclinal and tangential divisions. Irrespective of cell type, rapid cell elongation starts at the same distance from the quiescent center, however, boundaries between cell proliferation and transition domains are cell-type specific. The data support the existence of a transition domain in tobacco roots. Cell endoreduplication starts in the transition domain and continues into the elongation zone. The tobacco root map was subsequently used to analyse root organization changes caused by the inducible expression of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene. In tobacco roots that express the 6b gene, the root apical meristem was shorter and radial cell growth was reduced, but the mitotic and DNA replication indexes were not affected. The epidermis of 6b-expressing roots produced less files and underwent abnormal periclinal divisions. The periclinal division leading to mature endodermis and cortex3 cell files was delayed. These findings define additional targets for future studies on the mode of action of the Agrobacterium 6b oncogene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taras Pasternak
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Haser
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Falk
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olaf Ronneberger
- Institute of Computer Science, University of Freiburg, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Palme
- Institute of Biology II, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Centre for Biological Systems Analysis (ZBSA), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Léon Otten
- Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Phenotypic Plasticity, Institut de Biologie Moléculaire des Plantes, Rue du Général Zimmer 12, 67084, Strasbourg, France
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21
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Humplík JF, Bergougnoux V, Van Volkenburgh E. To Stimulate or Inhibit? That Is the Question for the Function of Abscisic Acid. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2017; 22:830-841. [PMID: 28843765 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2017.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/26/2017] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Physiologically, abscisic acid (ABA) is believed to be a general inhibitor of plant growth, including during the crucial early development of seedlings. However, this view contradicts many reports of stimulatory effects of ABA that, so far, have not been considered in the debate concerning ABA's function in plant development. To address this apparent contradiction, we propose a hypothetical mechanism to explain how ABA might contribute to the promotion of cell expansion. We wish to overturn conventional views on ABA's role during juvenile plant development and put forward the idea that, as for other phytohormones, the role of ABA is determined by dose and sensitivity and ranges from stimulatory to inhibitory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Humplík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Institute of Experimental Botany Czech Academy of Sciences and Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; These authors contributed equally to the work.
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; These authors contributed equally to the work
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22
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Characterization of Arabidopsis thaliana regrowth patterns suggests a trade-off between undamaged fitness and damage tolerance. Oecologia 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s00442-017-3897-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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23
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Tsugawa S, Hervieux N, Hamant O, Boudaoud A, Smith RS, Li CB, Komatsuzaki T. Extracting Subcellular Fibrillar Alignment with Error Estimation: Application to Microtubules. Biophys J 2017; 110:1836-1844. [PMID: 27119643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2016.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The order and orientation of cortical microtubule (CMT) arrays and their dynamics play an essential role in plant morphogenesis. To extract detailed CMT alignment structures in an objective, local, and accurate way, we propose an error-based extraction method that applies to general fluorescence intensity data on three-dimensional cell surfaces. Building on previous techniques to quantify alignments, our method can determine the statistical error for specific local regions, or the minimal scales of local regions for a desired accuracy goal. After validating our method with synthetic images with known alignments, we demonstrate the ability of our method to quantify subcellular CMT alignments on images with microtubules marked with green fluorescent protein in various cell types. Our method could also be applied to detect alignment structures in other fibrillar elements, such as actin filaments, cellulose, and collagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Tsugawa
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan
| | - Nathan Hervieux
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Oliver Hamant
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Arezki Boudaoud
- Plant Reproduction and Development Lab., INRA, CNRS, ENS Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and Genetics, Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research, Cologne, Germany
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan.
| | - Tamiki Komatsuzaki
- Research Institute for Electronic Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 001-0020 Japan.
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Poulet A, Duc C, Voisin M, Desset S, Tutois S, Vanrobays E, Benoit M, Evans DE, Probst AV, Tatout C. The LINC complex contributes to heterochromatin organisation and transcriptional gene silencing in plants. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:590-601. [PMID: 28049722 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.194712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Accepted: 12/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex is an evolutionarily well-conserved protein bridge connecting the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments across the nuclear membrane. While recent data support its function in nuclear morphology and meiosis, its involvement in chromatin organisation has not been studied in plants. Here, 3D imaging methods have been used to investigate nuclear morphology and chromatin organisation in interphase nuclei of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana in which heterochromatin clusters in conspicuous chromatin domains called chromocentres. Chromocentres form a repressive chromatin environment contributing to transcriptional silencing of repeated sequences, a general mechanism needed for genome stability. Quantitative measurements of the 3D position of chromocentres indicate their close proximity to the nuclear periphery but that their position varies with nuclear volume and can be altered in specific mutants affecting the LINC complex. Finally, we propose that the plant LINC complex contributes to proper heterochromatin organisation and positioning at the nuclear periphery, since its alteration is associated with the release of transcriptional silencing as well as decompaction of heterochromatic sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Poulet
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Céline Duc
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Maxime Voisin
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sophie Desset
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sylvie Tutois
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Emmanuel Vanrobays
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Matthias Benoit
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford OX3 0BP, UK
| | - David E Evans
- Sainsbury Laboratory Cambridge, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1LR, UK
| | - Aline V Probst
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Tatout
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Inserm, GReD, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Abstract
Cells of a given type maintain a characteristic cell size to function efficiently in their ecological or organismal context. They achieve this through the regulation of growth rates or by actively sensing size and coupling this signal to cell division. We focus this review on potential size-sensing mechanisms, including geometric, external cue, and titration mechanisms. Mechanisms that titrate proteins against DNA are of particular interest because they are consistent with the robust correlation of DNA content and cell size. We review the literature, which suggests that titration mechanisms may underlie cell-size sensing in Xenopus embryos, budding yeast, and Escherichia coli, whereas alternative mechanisms may function in fission yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda A Amodeo
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Jan M Skotheim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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Zhang Y, Wen C, Liu S, Zheng L, Shen B, Tao Y. Shade avoidance 6 encodes an Arabidopsis flap endonuclease required for maintenance of genome integrity and development. Nucleic Acids Res 2015; 44:1271-84. [PMID: 26721386 PMCID: PMC4756833 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkv1474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Flap endonuclease-1 (FEN1) belongs to the Rad2 family of structure-specific nucleases. It is required for several DNA metabolic pathways, including DNA replication and DNA damage repair. Here, we have identified a shade avoidance mutant, sav6, which reduces the mRNA splicing efficiency of SAV6. We have demonstrated that SAV6 is an FEN1 homologue that shows double-flap endonuclease and gap-dependent endonuclease activity, but lacks exonuclease activity. sav6 mutants are hypersensitive to DNA damage induced by ultraviolet (UV)-C radiation and reagents that induce double-stranded DNA breaks, but exhibit normal responses to chemicals that block DNA replication. Signalling components that respond to DNA damage are constitutively activated in sav6 mutants. These data indicate that SAV6 is required for DNA damage repair and the maintenance of genome integrity. Mutant sav6 plants also show reduced root apical meristem (RAM) size and defective quiescent centre (QC) development. The expression of SMR7, a cell cycle regulatory gene, and ERF115 and PSK5, regulators of QC division, is increased in sav6 mutants. Their constitutive induction is likely due to the elevated DNA damage responses in sav6 and may lead to defects in the development of the RAM and QC. Therefore, SAV6 assures proper root development through maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yijuan Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Chunhong Wen
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Songbai Liu
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China Suzhou Health College, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Biotechnology for Laboratory Medicine, Suzhou, 215009, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Binghui Shen
- Department of Cancer Genetics and Epigenetics, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Yi Tao
- School of Life Sciences, Xiamen Plant Genetics Key Laboratory, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China State Key Laboratory of Cellular Stress Biology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
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27
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López-Fernández MP, Burrieza HP, Rizzo AJ, Martínez-Tosar LJ, Maldonado S. Cellular and molecular aspects of quinoa leaf senescence. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 238:178-187. [PMID: 26259186 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/02/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
During leaf senescence, degradation of chloroplasts precede to changes in nuclei and other cytoplasmic organelles, RuBisCO stability is progressively lost, grana lose their structure, plastidial DNA becomes distorted and degraded, the number of plastoglobuli increases and abundant senescence-associated vesicles containing electronically dense particles emerge from chloroplasts pouring their content into the central vacuole. This study examines quinoa leaf tissues during development and senescence using a range of well-established markers of programmed cell death (PCD), including: morphological changes in nuclei and chloroplasts, degradation of RuBisCO, changes in chlorophyll content, DNA degradation, variations in ploidy levels, and changes in nuclease profiles. TUNEL reaction and DNA electrophoresis demonstrated that DNA fragmentation in nuclei occurs at early senescence, which correlates with induction of specific nucleases. During senescence, metabolic activity is high and nuclei endoreduplicate, peaking at 4C. At this time, TEM images showed some healthy nuclei with condensed chromatin and nucleoli. We have found that DNA fragmentation, induction of senescence-associated nucleases and endoreduplication take place during leaf senescence. This provides a starting point for further research aiming to identify key genes involved in the senescence of quinoa leaves.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Paula López-Fernández
- IBBEA (Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas). Argentina; DBBE (Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental), FCEN (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Hernán Pablo Burrieza
- IBBEA (Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas). Argentina; DBBE (Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental), FCEN (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Axel Joel Rizzo
- DBBE (Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental), FCEN (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Argentina
| | - Leandro Julián Martínez-Tosar
- IBBEA (Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas). Argentina
| | - Sara Maldonado
- IBBEA (Instituto de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental y Aplicada), CONICET (Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas Técnicas). Argentina; DBBE (Departamento de Biodiversidad y Biología Experimental), FCEN (Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales), UBA (Universidad de Buenos Aires), Int. Güiraldes 2160, Ciudad Universitaria, C1428EGA, Argentina.
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28
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Chiang MH, Shen HL, Cheng WH. Genetic analyses of the interaction between abscisic acid and gibberellins in the control of leaf development in Arabidopsis thaliana. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 236:260-271. [PMID: 26025539 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2015.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Although abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) play pivotal roles in many physiological processes in plants, their interaction in the control of leaf growth remains elusive. In this study, genetic analyses of ABA and GA interplay in leaf growth were performed in Arabidopsis thaliana. The results indicate that for the ABA and GA interaction, leaf growth of both the aba2/ga20ox1 and aba2/GA20ox1 plants, which were derived from the crosses of aba2×ga20ox1 and aba2×GA20ox1 overexpressor, respectively, exhibits partially additive effects but is similar to the aba2 mutant. Consistently, the transcriptome analysis suggests that a substantial proportion (45-65%) of the gene expression profile of aba2/ga20ox1 and aba2/GA20ox1 plants overlap and share a pattern similar to the aba2 mutant. Thus, these data suggest that ABA deficiency dominates leaf growth regardless of GA levels. Moreover, the gene ontology (GO) analysis indicates gene enrichment in the categories of hormone response, developmental and metabolic processes, and cell wall organization in these three genotypes. Leaf developmental genes are also involved in the ABA-GA interaction. Collectively, these data support that the genetic relationship of ABA and GA interaction involves multiple coordinated pathways rather than a simple linear pathway for the regulation of leaf growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Hau Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hwei-Ling Shen
- Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Hsing Cheng
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan; Institute of Plant and Microbial Biology, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.
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29
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Sliwinska E, Mathur J, Bewley JD. On the relationship between endoreduplication and collet hair initiation and tip growth, as determined using six Arabidopsis thaliana root-hair mutants. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:3285-3295. [PMID: 25873686 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A positive correlation between nuclear DNA content and cell size, as postulated by the karyoplasmic theory, has been confirmed in many plant tissues. However, there is also evidence suggesting that there are exceptions. While in previous reports the cell size:ploidy relationship was studied in intact tissues containing cells of different sizes, here simultaneously developing single cells of collet hairs were used to study endoreduplication in Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that produce hairs of variable size and morphology. Endoreduplication in the root and collet zones of six different root-hair mutants was analysed before and after collet hair development using flow cytometry and confocal microscopy. Additionally, the changes in nuclear size (ploidy), shape, and movement in developing collet hairs of a hybrid between Arabidopsis transgenic line NLS-GFP-GUS and the rhd3 (root hair defective3) mutant were followed using time-lapse confocal microscopy. In this hybrid endoreduplication in the collet hairs was disturbed. However, based on the analyses of all mutants, no correlation was found between hair length and the ploidy of the cells in the collet and root regions. The results indicate that the karyoplasmic ratio is maintained at the beginning of collet-hair development, but tip growth proceeds in a DNA-amount-independent manner. The final size of a collet hair appears to be dependent more on genetic modifiers governing general cell physiology than on its DNA content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elwira Sliwinska
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Cytometry, Department of Plant Genetics, Physiology and Biotechnology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Kaliskiego Ave. 7, 85-789 Bydgoszcz, Poland Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jaideep Mathur
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - J Derek Bewley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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30
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Scholes DR, Paige KN. Plasticity in ploidy: a generalized response to stress. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 20:165-175. [PMID: 25534217 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Endoreduplication, the replication of the genome without mitosis, leads to an increase in the cellular ploidy of an organism over its lifetime, a condition termed 'endopolyploidy'. Endopolyploidy is thought to play significant roles in physiology and development through cellular, metabolic, and genetic effects. While the occurrence of endopolyploidy has been observed widely across taxa, studies have only recently begun to characterize and manipulate endopolyploidy with a focus on its ecological and evolutionary importance. No compilation of these examples implicating endoreduplication as a generalized response to stress has thus far been made, despite the growing evidence supporting this notion. We review here the recent literature of stress-induced endopolyploidy and suggest that plants employ endoreduplication as an adaptive, plastic response to mitigate the effects of stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Scholes
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Ken N Paige
- School of Integrative Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 515 Morrill Hall, 505 South Goodwin Avenue, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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31
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Humplík JF, Bergougnoux V, Jandová M, Šimura J, Pěnčík A, Tomanec O, Rolčík J, Novák O, Fellner M. Endogenous abscisic acid promotes hypocotyl growth and affects endoreduplication during dark-induced growth in tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117793. [PMID: 25695830 PMCID: PMC4334974 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Dark-induced growth (skotomorphogenesis) is primarily characterized by rapid elongation of the hypocotyl. We have studied the role of abscisic acid (ABA) during the development of young tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. We observed that ABA deficiency caused a reduction in hypocotyl growth at the level of cell elongation and that the growth in ABA-deficient plants could be improved by treatment with exogenous ABA, through which the plants show a concentration dependent response. In addition, ABA accumulated in dark-grown tomato seedlings that grew rapidly, whereas seedlings grown under blue light exhibited low growth rates and accumulated less ABA. We demonstrated that ABA promotes DNA endoreduplication by enhancing the expression of the genes encoding inhibitors of cyclin-dependent kinases SlKRP1 and SlKRP3 and by reducing cytokinin levels. These data were supported by the expression analysis of the genes which encode enzymes involved in ABA and CK metabolism. Our results show that ABA is essential for the process of hypocotyl elongation and that appropriate control of the endogenous level of ABA is required in order to drive the growth of etiolated seedlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan F Humplík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Véronique Bergougnoux
- Department of Molecular Biology, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Jandová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Šimura
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Pěnčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Tomanec
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacký University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Rolčík
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Fellner
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators & Department of Chemical Biology and Genetics, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Faculty of Science, Palacký University & Institute of Experimental Botany ASCR, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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32
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Tatout C, Evans DE, Vanrobays E, Probst AV, Graumann K. The plant LINC complex at the nuclear envelope. Chromosome Res 2015; 22:241-52. [PMID: 24801343 DOI: 10.1007/s10577-014-9419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Significant advances in understanding the plant nuclear envelope have been made over the past few years; indeed, knowledge of the protein network at the nuclear envelope is rapidly growing. One such network, the linker of nucleoskeleton and cytoskeleton (LINC) complex, is known in animals to connect chromatin to the cytoskeleton through the nuclear envelope. The LINC complex is made of Sad1/Unc84 (SUN) and Klarsicht/Anc1/Syne1 homology (KASH) proteins which have been recently characterized in plants. SUN proteins are located within the inner nuclear membrane, while the KASH proteins are included into the outer nuclear membrane. SUN and KASH domains interact and bridge the two nuclear membranes. In Arabidopsis, KASH proteins also interact with the tryptophan-proline-proline (WPP) domain-interacting tail-anchored protein 1 (WIT1), associated with the nuclear pore complex and with myosin XI-i which directly interacts with the actin cytoskeleton. Although evidence for a plant LINC complex connecting the nucleus to the cytoskeleton is growing, its interaction with chromatin is still unknown, but knowledge gained from animal models strongly suggests its existence in plants. Possible functions of the plant LINC complex in cell division, nuclear shape, and chromatin organization are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christophe Tatout
- Genetic reproduction and Development (GReD), UMR CNRS 6293 - Clermont Université - INSERM U 1103, 24 avenue des Landais, BP80026, 63171, Aubière CEDEX, France,
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33
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Ederli L, Dawe A, Pasqualini S, Quaglia M, Xiong L, Gehring C. Arabidopsis flower specific defense gene expression patterns affect resistance to pathogens. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2015; 6:79. [PMID: 25750645 PMCID: PMC4335275 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2015.00079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
We investigated whether the Arabidopsis flower evolved protective measures to increase reproductive success. Firstly, analyses of available transcriptome data show that the most highly expressed transcripts in the closed sepal (stage 12) are enriched in genes with roles in responses to chemical stimuli and cellular metabolic processes. At stage 15, there is enrichment in transcripts with a role in responses to biotic stimuli. Comparative analyses between the sepal and petal in the open flower mark an over-representation of transcripts with a role in responses to stress and catalytic activity. Secondly, the content of the biotic defense-associated phytohormone salicylic acid (SA) in sepals and petals is significantly higher than in leaves. To understand whether the high levels of stress responsive transcripts and the higher SA content affect defense, wild-type plants (Col-0) and transgenic plants defective in SA accumulation (nahG) were challenged with the biotrophic fungus Golovinomyces cichoracearum, the causal agent of powdery mildew, and the necrotrophic fungus Botrytis cinerea. NahG leaves were more sensitive than those of Col-0, suggesting that in leaves SA has a role in the defense against biotrophs. In contrast, sepals and petals of both genotypes were resistant to G. cichoracearum, indicating that in the flower, resistance to the biotrophic pathogen is not critically dependent on SA, but likely dependent on the up-regulation of stress-responsive genes. Since sepals and petals of both genotypes are equally susceptible to B. cinerea, we conclude that neither stress-response genes nor increased SA accumulation offers protection against the necrotrophic pathogen. These results are interpreted in the light of the distinctive role of the flower and we propose that in the early stages, the sepal may act as a chemical defense barrier of the developing reproductive structures against biotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ederli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Adam Dawe
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Stefania Pasqualini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Mara Quaglia
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Environmental Sciences, University of PerugiaPerugia, Italy
| | - Liming Xiong
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
| | - Chris Gehring
- Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia
- *Correspondence: Chris Gehring, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia e-mail:
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Külahoglu C, Denton AK, Sommer M, Maß J, Schliesky S, Wrobel TJ, Berckmans B, Gongora-Castillo E, Buell CR, Simon R, De Veylder L, Bräutigam A, Weber APM. Comparative transcriptome atlases reveal altered gene expression modules between two Cleomaceae C3 and C4 plant species. THE PLANT CELL 2014; 26:3243-60. [PMID: 25122153 PMCID: PMC4371828 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.114.123752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/06/2014] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
C(4) photosynthesis outperforms the ancestral C(3) state in a wide range of natural and agro-ecosystems by affording higher water-use and nitrogen-use efficiencies. It therefore represents a prime target for engineering novel, high-yielding crops by introducing the trait into C(3) backgrounds. However, the genetic architecture of C(4) photosynthesis remains largely unknown. To define the divergence in gene expression modules between C(3) and C(4) photosynthesis during leaf ontogeny, we generated comprehensive transcriptome atlases of two Cleomaceae species, Gynandropsis gynandra (C(4)) and Tarenaya hassleriana (C(3)), by RNA sequencing. Overall, the gene expression profiles appear remarkably similar between the C(3) and C(4) species. We found that known C(4) genes were recruited to photosynthesis from different expression domains in C(3), including typical housekeeping gene expression patterns in various tissues as well as individual heterotrophic tissues. Furthermore, we identified a structure-related module recruited from the C(3) root. Comparison of gene expression patterns with anatomy during leaf ontogeny provided insight into genetic features of Kranz anatomy. Altered expression of developmental factors and cell cycle genes is associated with a higher degree of endoreduplication in enlarged C(4) bundle sheath cells. A delay in mesophyll differentiation apparent both in the leaf anatomy and the transcriptome allows for extended vein formation in the C(4) leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Canan Külahoglu
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Alisandra K Denton
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Manuel Sommer
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Janina Maß
- Institute of Informatics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Simon Schliesky
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas J Wrobel
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Barbara Berckmans
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Elsa Gongora-Castillo
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - C Robin Buell
- Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824
| | - Rüdiger Simon
- Institute of Developmental Genetics, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Lieven De Veylder
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B-9052 Gent, Belgium Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B-9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Andrea Bräutigam
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas P M Weber
- Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Cluster of Excellence on Plant Sciences, Heinrich-Heine-University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
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Pierre J, Teulat B, Juchaux M, Mabilleau G, Demilly D, Dürr C. Cellular changes during Medicago truncatula hypocotyl growth depend on temperature and genotype. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 217-218:18-26. [PMID: 24467892 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Revised: 11/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hypocotyl growth is a key characteristic for plant emergence, influenced by environmental conditions, particularly temperature, and varying among genotypes. Cellular changes in Medicago truncatula hypocotyl were characterized to study the impact of the environment on heterotrophic growth and analyze differences between genotypes. The number and length of epidermal cells, ploidy levels, and sugar contents were measured in hypocotyls grown in the dark at 20 °C and 10 °C using two genotypes with contrasting maximum hypocotyl length. Hypocotyl elongation in the dark was due to cell elongation and not to an increase in cell number. A marked increase in cell ploidy level was observed just after germination and until mid elongation of the hypocotyl under all treatments. Larger ploidy levels were also observed in the genotype with the shorter hypocotyl and in cold conditions, but they were associated with larger cells. The increase in ploidy level and in cell volume was concomitant with a marked increase in glucose and fructose contents in the hypocotyl. Finally, differences in hypocotyl length were mainly due to different number of epidermal cells in the seed embryo, shown as a key characteristic of genotypic differences, whereas temperature during hypocotyl growth affected cell volume.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johann Pierre
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Béatrice Teulat
- Agrocampus-Ouest, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 16 Boulevard Lavoisier, 49045 Angers, France
| | - Marjorie Juchaux
- Université Angers, SFR QUASAV, 42, rue Georges Morel, BP 60057, 49071 Beaucouzé cedex, France
| | - Guillaume Mabilleau
- Université d'Angers, Service Commun d'Imageries et d'Analyses Microscopiques, 4 Rue Larrey, 49933 Angers Cedex 09, France
| | - Didier Demilly
- GEVES, SNES, Rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé Cedex, France
| | - Carolyne Dürr
- INRA, UMR 1345 IRHS, SFR QUASAV, 42 rue Georges Morel, 49071 Beaucouzé, France.
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YAMASAKI S, MURAKAMI Y. Continuous UV-B Irradiation Induces Endoreduplication and Trichome Formation in Cotyledons, and Reduces Epidermal Cell Division and Expansion in the First Leaves of Pumpkin Seedlings (Cucurbita maxima Duch.^|^times;C. moschata Duch.). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.2525/ecb.52.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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Hayashi K, Hasegawa J, Matsunaga S. The boundary of the meristematic and elongation zones in roots: endoreduplication precedes rapid cell expansion. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2723. [PMID: 24121463 PMCID: PMC3796303 DOI: 10.1038/srep02723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Plant roots consist of a meristematic zone of mitotic cells and an elongation zone of rapidly expanding cells, in which DNA replication often occurs without cell division, a process known as endoreduplication. The duration of the cell cycle and DNA replication, as measured by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxy-uridine (EdU) incorporation, differed between the two regions (17 h in the meristematic zone, 30 h in the elongation zone). Two distinct subnuclear patterns of EdU signals, whole and speckled, marked nuclei undergoing DNA replication at early and late S phase, respectively. The boundary region between the meristematic and elongation zones was analysed by a combination of DNA replication imaging and optical estimation of the amount of DNA in each nucleus (C-value). We found a boundary cell with 4C nuclei exhibiting the whole pattern of EdU signals. Analyses of cells in the boundary region revealed that endoreduplication precedes rapid cell elongation in roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohma Hayashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Junko Hasegawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
| | - Sachihiro Matsunaga
- Department of Applied Biological Science Faculty of Science and Technology Tokyo University of Science 2641 Yamazaki, Noda, Chiba 278-8510, Japan
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Takahashi N, Kajihara T, Okamura C, Kim Y, Katagiri Y, Okushima Y, Matsunaga S, Hwang I, Umeda M. Cytokinins Control Endocycle Onset by Promoting the Expression of an APC/C Activator in Arabidopsis Roots. Curr Biol 2013; 23:1812-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2013.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Revised: 06/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Atif RM, Boulisset F, Conreux C, Thompson R, Ochatt SJ. In vitro auxin treatment promotes cell division and delays endoreduplication in developing seeds of the model legume species Medicago truncatula. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2013; 148:549-559. [PMID: 23163902 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-3054.2012.01719.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 10/09/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The role of auxins in the morphogenesis of immature seeds of Medicago truncatula was studied, focusing on the transition from the embryo cell division phase to seed maturation. We analyzed seed development in vitro, by flow cytometry, and through the determination of the kinetics of seed fresh weight and size. Thus, seeds were harvested at 8, 10 and 12 days after pollination and cultured in vitro on a medium either without auxin or supplemented with indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) at 1 mg l(-1). All parameters studied were determined every 2 days from the start of in vitro culture. The results showed that both auxins increased the weight and size of seeds with NAA having a stronger effect than IBA. We further demonstrated that the auxin treatments modulate the transition between mitotic cycles and endocycles in M. truncatula developing seed by favoring sustained cell divisions while simultaneously prolonging endoreduplication, which is known to be the cytogenetical imprint of the transition from the cell division phase to the storage protein accumulation phase during seed development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana M Atif
- INRA CR de Dijon, UMR1347 Agroécologie, BP 86510, F-21065, Dijon Cedex, France
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Schrader A, Welter B, Hulskamp M, Hoecker U, Uhrig JF. MIDGET connects COP1-dependent development with endoreduplication in Arabidopsis thaliana. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 75:67-79. [PMID: 23573936 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Revised: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/07/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, loss of CONSTITUTIVE PHOTOMORPHOGENIC 1 (COP1) function leads to constitutive photomorphogenesis in the dark associated with inhibition of endoreduplication in the hypocotyl, and a post-germination growth arrest. MIDGET (MID), a component of the TOPOISOMERASE VI (TOPOVI) complex, is essential for endoreduplication and genome integrity in A. thaliana. Here we show that MID and COP1 interact in vitro and in vivo through the amino terminus of COP1. We further demonstrate that MID supports sub-nuclear accumulation of COP1. The MID protein is not degraded in a COP1-dependent fashion in darkness, and the phenotypes of single and double mutants prove that MID is not a target of COP1 but rather a necessary factor for proper COP1 activity with respect to both, control of COP1-dependent morphogenesis and regulation of endoreduplication. Our data provide evidence for a functional connection between COP1 and the TOPOVI in plants linking COP1-dependent development with the regulation of endoreduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Schrader
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute III, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Koeln, Germany
| | - Bastian Welter
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute III, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Koeln, Germany
| | - Martin Hulskamp
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute III, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Koeln, Germany
| | - Ute Hoecker
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute II, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Koeln, Germany
| | - Joachim F Uhrig
- University of Cologne, Botanical Institute III, Zuelpicher Str. 47b, 50674, Koeln, Germany
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Tanaka Y, Nose T, Jikumaru Y, Kamiya Y. ABA inhibits entry into stomatal-lineage development in Arabidopsis leaves. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 74:448-57. [PMID: 23373882 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The number and density of stomata are controlled by endogenous and environmental factors. Despite recent advances in our understanding of stomatal development, mechanisms which prevent stomatal-lineage entry remain unclear. Here, we propose that abscisic acid (ABA), a phytohormone known to induce stomatal closure, limits initiation of stomatal development and induces enlargement of pavement cells in Arabidopsis cotyledons. An ABA-deficient aba2-2 mutant had an increased number/proportion of stomata within a smaller cotyledon, as well as reduced expansion of pavement cells. This tendency was reversed after ABA application or in an ABA over-accumulating cyp707a1cyp707a3 doublemutant. Our time course analysis revealed that aba2-2 shows prolonged formation of meristemoids and guard mother cells, both precursors of stoma. This finding is in accordance with prolonged gene expression of SPCH and MUTE, master regulators for stomatal formation, indicating that ABA acts upstream of these genes. Only aba2-2 mute, but not aba2-2 spch double mutant showed additive phenotypes and displayed inhibition of pavement cell enlargement with increased meristemoid number, indicating that ABA action on pavement cell expansion requires the presence of stomatal-lineage cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Tanaka
- RIKEN Plant Science Center, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
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Jégu T, Latrasse D, Delarue M, Mazubert C, Bourge M, Hudik E, Blanchet S, Soler MN, Charon C, De Veylder L, Raynaud C, Bergounioux C, Benhamed M. Multiple functions of Kip-related protein5 connect endoreduplication and cell elongation. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 161:1694-705. [PMID: 23426196 PMCID: PMC3613449 DOI: 10.1104/pp.112.212357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in our knowledge regarding the cell cycle inhibitor of the Kip-related protein (KRP) family in plants, less is known about the coordination of endoreduplication and cell differentiation. In animals, the role of cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitors as multifunctional factors coordinating cell cycle regulation and cell differentiation is well documented and involves not only the inhibition of CDK/cyclin complexes but also other mechanisms, among them the regulation of transcription. Interestingly, several plant KRPs have a punctuated distribution in the nucleus, suggesting that they are associated with heterochromatin. Here, one of these chromatin-bound KRPs, KRP5, has been studied in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana). KRP5 is expressed in endoreduplicating cells, and loss of KRP5 function decreases endoreduplication, indicating that KRP5 is a positive regulator of endoreduplication. This regulation relies on several mechanisms: in addition to its role in cyclin/CDK kinase inhibition previously described, chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing data combined with transcript quantification provide evidence that KRP5 regulates the transcription of genes involved in cell wall organization. Furthermore, KRP5 overexpression increases chromocenter decondensation and endoreduplication in the Arabidopsis trithorax-related protein5 (atxr5) atxr6 double mutant, which is deficient for the deposition of heterochromatin marks. Hence, KRP5 could bind chromatin to coordinately control endoreduplication and chromatin structure and allow the expression of genes required for cell elongation.
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Marshall WF, Young KD, Swaffer M, Wood E, Nurse P, Kimura A, Frankel J, Wallingford J, Walbot V, Qu X, Roeder AHK. What determines cell size? BMC Biol 2012; 10:101. [PMID: 23241366 PMCID: PMC3522064 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-10-101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Wallace F Marshall
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Center for Systems and Synthetic Biology, University of California, San Francisco, 600 16th St, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevin D Young
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA
| | - Matthew Swaffer
- Cell Cycle Lab, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Elizabeth Wood
- Cell Cycle Lab, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - Paul Nurse
- Cell Cycle Lab, Cancer Research UK, London Research Institute, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London, WC2A 3LY, UK
- Laboratory of Yeast Genetics and Biology, The Rockeller University, 1230 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA
- The Francis Crick Institute, Euston Road 215, London, NW1 2BE, UK
| | - Akatsuki Kimura
- Cell Architecture Laboratory, Structural Biology Center, National Institute of Genetics, Yata 1111, Mishima, Shizuoka 411-8540, Japan
| | - Joseph Frankel
- Department of Biology, University of Iowa, 129 E. Jefferson Street, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - John Wallingford
- HHMI & Molecular Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA
| | - Virginia Walbot
- Virginia WalbotDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 72205, USA
| | - Xian Qu
- Xian Qu, Cornell University, 244 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Adrienne HK Roeder
- Cornell University, 239 Weill Hall, 526 Campus Rd, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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Roeder AHK, Cunha A, Ohno CK, Meyerowitz EM. Cell cycle regulates cell type in the Arabidopsis sepal. Development 2012; 139:4416-27. [PMID: 23095885 DOI: 10.1242/dev.082925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The formation of cellular patterns during development requires the coordination of cell division with cell identity specification. This coordination is essential in patterning the highly elongated giant cells, which are interspersed between small cells, in the outer epidermis of the Arabidopsis thaliana sepal. Giant cells undergo endocycles, replicating their DNA without dividing, whereas small cells divide mitotically. We show that distinct enhancers are expressed in giant cells and small cells, indicating that these cell types have different identities as well as different sizes. We find that members of the epidermal specification pathway, DEFECTIVE KERNEL1 (DEK1), MERISTEM LAYER1 (ATML1), Arabidopsis CRINKLY4 (ACR4) and HOMEODOMAIN GLABROUS11 (HDG11), control the identity of giant cells. Giant cell identity is established upstream of cell cycle regulation. Conversely, endoreduplication represses small cell identity. These results show not only that cell type affects cell cycle regulation, but also that changes in the cell cycle can regulate cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienne H K Roeder
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA 91125 USA.
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Bergougnoux V, Zalabák D, Jandová M, Novák O, Wiese-Klinkenberg A, Fellner M. Effect of blue light on endogenous isopentenyladenine and endoreduplication during photomorphogenesis and de-etiolation of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) seedlings. PLoS One 2012; 7:e45255. [PMID: 23049779 PMCID: PMC3458014 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0045255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 08/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the most important factor influencing plant growth and development all through their life cycle. One of the well-known light-regulated processes is de-etiolation, i.e. the switch from skotomorphogenesis to photomorphogenesis. The hormones cytokinins (CKs) play an important role during the establishment of photomorphogenesis as exogenous CKs induced photomorphogenesis of dark-grown seedlings. Most of the studies are conducted on the plant model Arabidopsis, but no or few information are available for important crop species, such as tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). In our study, we analyzed for the first time the endogenous CKs content in tomato hypocotyls during skotomorphogenesis, photomorphogenesis and de-etiolation. For this purpose, two tomato genotypes were used: cv. Rutgers (wild-type; WT) and its corresponding mutant (7B-1) affected in its responses to blue light (BL). Using physiological and molecular approaches, we identified that the skotomorphogenesis is characterized by an endoreduplication-mediated cell expansion, which is inhibited upon BL exposure as seen by the accumulation of trancripts encoding CycD3, key regulators of the cell cycle. Our study showed for the first time that iP (isopentenyladenine) is the CK accumulated in the tomato hypocotyl upon BL exposure, suggesting its specific role in photomorphogenesis. This result was supported by physiological experiments and gene expression data. We propose a common model to explain the role and the relationship between CKs, namely iP, and endoreduplication during de-etiolation and photomorphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Véronique Bergougnoux
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (VB); (MF)
| | - David Zalabák
- Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacky University, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Michaela Jandová
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Science, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Novák
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Anika Wiese-Klinkenberg
- Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, IBG-2: Plant Sciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, Jülich, Germany
| | - Martin Fellner
- Laboratory of Growth Regulators, Faculty of Science, Palacky University and Institute of Experimental Botany A.S ČR v.v.i., Olomouc, Czech Republic
- * E-mail: (VB); (MF)
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Biron-Shental T, Fejgin MD, Sifakis S, Liberman M, Antsaklis A, Amiel A. Endoreduplication in cervical trophoblast cells from normal pregnancies. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 25:2625-8. [PMID: 22877079 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.717999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Fetal cells represented by extravillous trophoblasts (EVT) obtained from the cervix by a minimally invasive procedure are important for prenatal diagnosis in early pregnancies. Endoreduplication is a duplication of chromosomes without mitosis, leading to polyploidy that might represent increased cellular metabolic activity. In this study, we estimated the normal prevalence of polyploid trophoblasts exfoliated to the cervix between 5 and 13 weeks of gestation. METHODS Cervical samples were obtained by cytobrush, between 5 and 13 weeks of gestation from 36 randomly selected, singleton pregnancies. FISH was done with X, Y and two 21 probes. RESULTS We diagnosed 21 pregnancies with female and 15 pregnancies with male fetal karyotypes. A mean of 15.2 (0.02%) tetraploid cells were found in pregnancies with a female fetus and a mean of 2.0 (0.003%) tetraploid cells were found in pregnancies with a male fetus. The tetraploid cells (endoreduplicated trophoblasts) were two to three times larger than the normal cells usually seen in the cervix. CONCLUSIONS Extravillus trophoblasts tend to form endoreduplication to the ploidy level of 4c-8c of DNA. Those cells may represent a typical phenomenon in the growing placenta. Extravillus trophoblasts from female fetuses tend to form higher rates of endoreduplication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tal Biron-Shental
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Meir Medical Center, Kfar Saba, Israel
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Elsner J, Michalski M, Kwiatkowska D. Spatiotemporal variation of leaf epidermal cell growth: a quantitative analysis of Arabidopsis thaliana wild-type and triple cyclinD3 mutant plants. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2012; 109:897-910. [PMID: 22307569 PMCID: PMC3310487 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcs005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/16/2011] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The epidermis of an expanding dicot leaf is a mosaic of cells differing in identity, size and differentiation stage. Here hypotheses are tested that in such a cell mosaic growth is heterogeneous and changes with time, and that this heterogeneity is not dependent on the cell cycle regulation per se. METHODS Shape, size and growth of individual cells were followed with the aid of sequential replicas in expanding leaves of wild-type Arabidopsis thaliana and triple cyclinD3 mutant plants, and combined with ploidy estimation using epi-fluorescence microscopy. KEY RESULTS Relative growth rates in area of individual epidermal cells or small cell groups differ several fold from those of adjacent cells, and change in time. This spatial and temporal variation is not related to the size of either the cell or the nucleus. Shape changes and growth within an individual cell are also heterogeneous: anticlinal wall waviness appears at different times in different wall portions; portions of the cell periphery in contact with different neighbours grow with different rates. This variation is not related to cell growth anisotropy. The heterogeneity is typical for both the wild type and cycD3. CONCLUSIONS Growth of leaf epidermis exhibits spatiotemporal variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Elsner
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
| | - Marek Michalski
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, Jordana 19, 41-808 Zabrze, Poland
| | - Dorota Kwiatkowska
- Department of Biophysics and Morphogenesis of Plants, University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 28, 40-032 Katowice, Poland
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Su'udi M, Cha JY, Jung MH, Ermawati N, Han CD, Kim MG, Woo YM, Son D. Potential role of the rice OsCCS52A gene in endoreduplication. PLANTA 2012; 235:387-397. [PMID: 21927949 DOI: 10.1007/s00425-011-1515-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In eukaryotes, the cell cycle consists of four distinct phases: G1, S, G2 and M. In certain condition, the cells skip M-phase and undergo endoreduplication. Endoreduplication, occurring during a modified cell cycle, duplicates the entire genome without being followed by M-phase. A cycle of endoreduplication is common in most of the differentiated cells of plant vegetative tissues and it occurs extensively in cereal endosperm cells. Endoreduplication occurs when CDK/Cyclin complex low or inactive caused by ubiquitin-mediated degradation by APC and their activators. In this study, rice cell cycle switch 52 A (OsCCS52A), an APC activator, is functionally characterized using the reverse genetic approach. In rice, OsCCS52A is highly expressed in seedlings, flowers, immature panicles and 15 DAP kernels. Localization studies revealed that OsCCS52A is a nuclear protein. OsCCS52A interacts with OsCdc16 in yeast. In addition, overexpression of OsCCS52A inhibits mitotic cell division and induces endoreduplication and cell elongation in fission yeast. The homozygous mutant exhibits dwarfism and smaller seeds. Further analysis demonstrated that endoreduplication cycles in the endosperm of mutant seeds were disturbed, evidenced by reduced nuclear and cell sizes. Taken together, these results suggest that OsCCS52A is involved in maintaining normal seed size formation by mediating the exit from mitotic cell division to enter the endoreduplication cycles in rice endosperm.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Anaphase-Promoting Complex-Cyclosome
- Cell Cycle Proteins/genetics
- Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Enlargement
- Cell Nucleus/genetics
- Cell Nucleus/metabolism
- Cell Size
- Cloning, Molecular
- Crops, Agricultural/genetics
- Crops, Agricultural/growth & development
- Crops, Agricultural/metabolism
- Endosperm/genetics
- Endosperm/growth & development
- Endosperm/metabolism
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Mitosis
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Open Reading Frames
- Oryza/genetics
- Oryza/growth & development
- Oryza/metabolism
- Plant Components, Aerial/genetics
- Plant Components, Aerial/growth & development
- Plant Components, Aerial/metabolism
- Plant Proteins/genetics
- Plant Proteins/metabolism
- Plant Roots/genetics
- Plant Roots/metabolism
- Pollination
- RNA, Plant/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces/genetics
- Schizosaccharomyces/metabolism
- Seedlings/genetics
- Seedlings/growth & development
- Seedlings/metabolism
- Transformation, Genetic
- Two-Hybrid System Techniques
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/genetics
- Ubiquitin-Protein Ligase Complexes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukhamad Su'udi
- Division of Applied Life Science, BK21 Program, Plant Molecular Biology and Biotechnology Research Center, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 660-701, Republic of Korea
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Jimenez AG, Kinsey ST. Nuclear DNA content variation associated with muscle fiber hypertrophic growth in fishes. J Comp Physiol B 2011; 182:531-40. [DOI: 10.1007/s00360-011-0635-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 12/06/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Massonnet C, Tisné S, Radziejwoski A, Vile D, De Veylder L, Dauzat M, Granier C. New insights into the control of endoreduplication: endoreduplication could be driven by organ growth in Arabidopsis leaves. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 157:2044-55. [PMID: 22010109 PMCID: PMC3327192 DOI: 10.1104/pp.111.179382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Enormous progress has been achieved understanding the molecular mechanisms regulating endoreduplication. By contrast, how this process is coordinated with the cell cycle or cell expansion and contributes to overall growth in multicellular systems remains unclear. A holistic approach was used here to give insight into the functional links between endoreduplication, cell division, cell expansion, and whole growth in the Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf. Correlative analyses, quantitative genetics, and structural equation modeling were applied to a large data set issued from the multiscale phenotyping of 200 genotypes, including both genetically modified lines and recombinant inbred lines. All results support the conclusion that endoreduplication in leaf cells could be controlled by leaf growth itself. More generally, leaf growth could act as a "hub" that drives cell division, cell expansion, and endoreduplication in parallel. In many cases, this strategy allows compensations that stabilize leaf area even when one of the underlying cellular processes is limiting.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Christine Granier
- Laboratoire d’Ecophysiologie des Plantes sous Stress Environnementaux UMR 759, INRA/SUPAGRO, F–34060 Montpellier cedex 1, France (C.M., S.T., D.V., M.D., C.G.); Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.R., L.D.V.); and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Ghent University, B–9052 Ghent, Belgium (A.R., L.D.V.)
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