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Chamberlin KW, Yuan Y, Li C, Luo Z, Reeves M, Kucharska-Newton A, Pinto JM, Ma J, Simonsick EM, Chen H. Olfactory Impairment and the Risk of Major Adverse Cardiovascular Outcomes in Older Adults. J Am Heart Assoc 2024; 13:e033320. [PMID: 38847146 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.033320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Olfactory impairment is common in older adults and may be associated with adverse cardiovascular health; however, empirical evidence is sparse. We examined olfaction in relation to the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke, and congestive heart failure (CHF). METHODS AND RESULTS This study included 2537 older adults (aged 75.6±2.8 years) from the Health ABC (Health, Aging, and Body Composition) study with olfaction assessed by the 12-item Brief Smell Identification Test in 1999 to 2000, defined as poor (score ≤8), moderate (9-10), or good (11-12). The outcomes were incident CHD, stroke, and CHF. During up to a 12-year follow-up, 353 incident CHD, 258 stroke, and 477 CHF events were identified. Olfaction was statistically significantly associated with incident CHF, but not with CHD or stroke. After adjusting for demographics, risk factors, and biomarkers of CHF, the cause-specific hazard ratio (HR) of CHF was 1.32 (95% CI, 1.05-1.66) for moderate and 1.28 (95% CI, 1.01-1.64) for poor olfaction. These associations were robust in preplanned subgroup analyses by age, sex, race, and prevalent CHD/stroke. While the subgroup results were not statistically significantly different, the association of olfaction with CHF appeared to be evident among participants who reported very good to excellent health (HR, 1.47 [95% CI, 1.01-2.14] for moderate; and 1.76 [95% CI, 1.20-2.58] for poor olfaction), but not among those with fair to poor self-reported health (HR, 1.04 [95% CI, 0.64-1.70] for moderate; and 0.92 [95% CI, 0.58-1.47] for poor olfaction). CONCLUSIONS In community-dwelling older adults, a single olfaction test was associated with a long-term risk for incident CHF, particularly among those reporting very good to excellent health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keran W Chamberlin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
| | - Yaqun Yuan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
| | - Chenxi Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
| | - Zhehui Luo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
| | - Mathew Reeves
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
| | - Anna Kucharska-Newton
- Department of Epidemiology Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Chapel Hill NC
| | - Jayant M Pinto
- Section of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery The University of Chicago Medicine and Biological Sciences Chicago IL
| | - Jiantao Ma
- Division of Nutrition Epidemiology and Data Science, Gerald J. and Dorothy R. Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy Tufts University Boston MA
| | - Eleanor M Simonsick
- Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program of the National Institutes of Health National Institute on Aging Bethesda MD
| | - Honglei Chen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College of Human Medicine Michigan State University East Lansing MI
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Tremblay C, Aslam S, Walker JE, Lorenzini I, Intorcia AJ, Arce RA, Choudhury P, Adler CH, Shill HA, Driver-Dunckley E, Mehta S, Piras IS, Belden CM, Atri A, Beach TG, Serrano GE. RNA sequencing of olfactory bulb in Parkinson's disease reveals gene alterations associated with olfactory dysfunction. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 196:106514. [PMID: 38663633 PMCID: PMC11132317 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
The olfactory bulb is involved early in the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD), which is consistent with the early onset of olfactory dysfunction. Identifying the molecular mechanisms through which PD affects the olfactory bulb could lead to a better understanding of the pathophysiology and etiology of olfactory dysfunction in PD. We specifically aimed to assess gene expression changes, affected pathways and co-expression network by whole transcriptomic profiling of the olfactory bulb in subjects with clinicopathologically defined PD. Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on frozen human olfactory bulbs of 20 PD and 20 controls without dementia or any other neurodegenerative disorder, from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative disorders and the Brain and Body Donation Program. Differential expression analysis (19 PD vs 19 controls) revealed 2164 significantly differentially expressed genes (1090 upregulated and 1074 downregulated) in PD. Pathways enriched in downregulated genes included oxidative phosphorylation, olfactory transduction, metabolic pathways, and neurotransmitters synapses while immune and inflammatory responses as well as cellular death related pathways were enriched within upregulated genes. An overrepresentation of microglial and astrocyte-related genes was observed amongst upregulated genes, and excitatory neuron-related genes were overrepresented amongst downregulated genes. Co-expression network analysis revealed significant modules highly correlated with PD and olfactory dysfunction that were found to be involved in the MAPK signaling pathway, cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, cholinergic synapse, and metabolic pathways. LAIR1 (leukocyte associated immunoglobulin like receptor 1) and PPARA (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor alpha) were identified as hub genes with a high discriminative power between PD and controls reinforcing an important role of neuroinflammation in the olfactory bulb of PD subjects. Olfactory identification test score positively correlated with expression of genes coding for G-coupled protein, glutamatergic, GABAergic, and cholinergic receptor proteins and negatively correlated with genes for proteins expressed in glial olfactory ensheathing cells. In conclusion, this study reveals gene alterations associated with neuroinflammation, neurotransmitter dysfunction, and disruptions of factors involved in the initiation of olfactory transduction signaling that may be involved in PD-related olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sidra Aslam
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Charles H Adler
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Holly A Shill
- Department of Neurology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Erika Driver-Dunckley
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Shyamal Mehta
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic Arizona, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Ignazio S Piras
- Neurogenomics Division, Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | - Alireza Atri
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute, Sun City, AZ, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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3
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Verma AK, Lowery S, Lin LC, Duraisami E, Lloréns JEA, Qiu Q, Hefti M, Yu CR, Albers MW, Perlman S. Persistent Neurological Deficits in Mouse PASC Reveal Antiviral Drug Limitations. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.02.596989. [PMID: 38895239 PMCID: PMC11185538 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.02.596989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Post-Acute Sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC) encompasses persistent neurological symptoms, including olfactory and autonomic dysfunction. Here, we report chronic neurological dysfunction in mice infected with a virulent mouse-adapted SARS-CoV-2 that does not infect the brain. Long after recovery from nasal infection, we observed loss of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression in olfactory bulb glomeruli and neurotransmitter levels in the substantia nigra (SN) persisted. Vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons in these brain areas was accompanied by increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines and neurobehavioral changes. RNAseq analysis unveiled persistent microglia activation, as found in human neurodegenerative diseases. Early treatment with antivirals (nirmatrelvir and molnupiravir) reduced virus titers and lung inflammation but failed to prevent neurological abnormalities, as observed in patients. Together these results show that chronic deficiencies in neuronal function in SARS-CoV-2-infected mice are not directly linked to ongoing olfactory epithelium dysfunction. Rather, they bear similarity with neurodegenerative disease, the vulnerability of which is exacerbated by chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Kumar Verma
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Shea Lowery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - Li-Chin Lin
- Iowa Neuroscience Institute, University of Iowa, IA, USA 52242
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | | | | | - Qiang Qiu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Marco Hefti
- Department of Pathology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
| | - C. Ron Yu
- Stowers Institute for Medical Research, Kansas City, MO 64110
| | - Mark W. Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Stanley Perlman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242
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4
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Sanna F, Castelli MP, Mostallino R, Loy F, Masala C. Correlations between Gustatory, Olfactory, Cognitive Function, and Age in Healthy Women. Nutrients 2024; 16:1731. [PMID: 38892664 PMCID: PMC11175123 DOI: 10.3390/nu16111731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Aging is a progressive physiological degeneration associated with a decline in chemosensory processes and cognitive abilities and a reduction in synaptic plasticity. The biological bases of ageing are still not completely understood, and many theories have been proposed. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of age-related changes affecting the chemosensory function (gustatory and olfactory) and general cognitive abilities and their potential associations in women. To this aim, 319 women (the age ranging from 18 to 92 years) were recruited and divided into four different age groups: 18-34 years, 35-49 years, 50-64 years, and ≥65 years. Our results confirmed that in women, gustatory, olfactory, and cognitive functions decline, though in a different manner during aging. Olfactory and cognitive function showed a slight decline along the first three age classes, with a dramatic decrease after age 65 years, while gustatory function decreased more gradually. Olfactory and gustatory deficits may have a high degree of predictivity for general cognitive function as well as for specific cognitive subdomains such as visuospatial/executive abilities, language, memory, and attention. Our study highlighted the importance of using chemosensory assessments for the early diagnosis of cognitive decline and for the development of appropriate personalized risk prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrizio Sanna
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria, SP 8 Monserrato, 09042 Cagliari, Italy; (M.P.C.); (R.M.); (F.L.); (C.M.)
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5
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Loughnane M, Tischler V, Khalid Saifeldeen R, Kontaris E. Aging and Olfactory Training: A Scoping Review. Innov Aging 2024; 8:igae044. [PMID: 38881614 PMCID: PMC11176978 DOI: 10.1093/geroni/igae044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Decreased olfactory function commonly occurs alongside the aging process. Research suggests olfactory training (OT) has the potential to improve olfactory and cognitive function in individuals with and without olfactory dysfunction. The degree to which these benefits extend into older age and among those with cognitive impairment (i.e., people with dementia and mild cognitive impairment) is less clear. The purpose of the current review was to investigate the extent to which OT affects olfactory function, cognition, and well-being among older people. Research Design and Methods A scoping review of the literature was conducted in PubMed, Embase, EbscoHost, and SCOPUS. Articles were considered eligible for original research studies with human populations, included adults aged 55 and older, performed any type of OT, and included a form of olfactory testing. The data from the included studies were synthesized and presented narratively. Results A total of 23 studies were included. The results suggest that OT provides multiple benefits to older adults, including those with cognitive impairment. Particularly, OT was associated with measurable changes in olfactory function, improved cognitive function, specifically semantic verbal fluency and working memory, reduced depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline. Discussion and Implications The findings suggest that benefits from OT extend beyond changes in olfactory function and include improved cognitive function, amelioration of depressive symptoms, and protection from cognitive decline. Future research is needed across specific participant groups, including those with differentiated types of dementia, to investigate the olfactory and cognitive benefits of OT.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Emily Kontaris
- Health and Well-Being Centre of Excellence, Givaudan UK Limited, Ashford, UK
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6
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Renzetti S, van Thriel C, Lucchini RG, Smith DR, Peli M, Borgese L, Cirelli P, Bilo F, Patrono A, Cagna G, Rechtman E, Idili S, Ongaro E, Calza S, Rota M, Wright RO, Claus Henn B, Horton MK, Placidi D. A multi-environmental source approach to explore associations between metals exposure and olfactory identification among school-age children residing in northern Italy. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2024:10.1038/s41370-024-00687-6. [PMID: 38802534 DOI: 10.1038/s41370-024-00687-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 05/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Metal exposures can adversely impact olfactory function. Few studies have examined this association in children. Further, metal exposure occurs as a mixture, yet previous studies of metal-associated olfactory dysfunction only examined individual metals. Preventing olfactory dysfunctions can improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases with long-term health implications. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the association between exposure to a mixture of 12 metals measured in environmental sources and olfactory function among children and adolescents residing in the industrialized province of Brescia, Italy. METHODS We enrolled 130 children between 6 and 13 years old (51.5% females) and used the "Sniffin' Sticks" test to measure olfactory performance in identifying smells. We used a portable X-ray fluorescence instrument to determine concentrations of metals (arsenic (As), calcium, cadmium (Cd), chromium, copper, iron, manganese, lead (Pb), antimony, titanium, vanadium and zinc) in outdoor and indoor deposited dust and soil samples collected from participants' households. We used an extension of weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression to test the association between exposure to metal mixtures in multiple environmental media and olfactory function adjusting for age, sex, socio-economic status, intelligence quotient and parents' smoking status. RESULTS A higher multi-source mixture was significantly associated with a reduced Sniffin' Sticks identification score (β = -0.228; 95% CI -0.433, -0.020). Indoor dust concentrations of Pb, Cd and As provided the strongest contributions to this association (13.8%, 13.3% and 10.1%, respectively). The metal mixture in indoor dust contributed more (for 8 metals out of 12) to the association between metals and olfactory function compared to soil or outdoor dust. IMPACT STATEMENT Among a mixture of 12 metals measured in three different environmental sources (soil, outdoor and indoor dust), we identified Pb, Cd and As measured in indoor dust as the main contributors to reduced olfactory function in children and adolescents residing in an industrialized area. Exposure to indoor pollution can be effectively reduced through individual and public health interventions allowing to prevent the deterioration of olfactory functions. Moreover, the identification of the factors that can deteriorate olfactory functions can be a helpful instrument to improve quality of life and prevent neurodegenerative diseases as long-term health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Renzetti
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy.
| | - Christoph van Thriel
- Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Neurotoxicology and Chemosensation, TU Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Roberto G Lucchini
- Department of Biochemical, Biomedical and Neurosciences, Università degli Studi di Modena e Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Donald R Smith
- Department of Microbiology and Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Marco Peli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Architectural Engineering and Mathematics, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Laura Borgese
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Cirelli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Fabjola Bilo
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Patrono
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Cagna
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elza Rechtman
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefania Idili
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elisa Ongaro
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefano Calza
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Matteo Rota
- Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Robert O Wright
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Birgit Claus Henn
- Department of Environmental Health, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Megan K Horton
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Donatella Placidi
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialties, Radiological Sciences and Public Health, Università degli Studi di Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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Bratman GN, Bembibre C, Daily GC, Doty RL, Hummel T, Jacobs LF, Kahn PH, Lashus C, Majid A, Miller JD, Oleszkiewicz A, Olvera-Alvarez H, Parma V, Riederer AM, Sieber NL, Williams J, Xiao J, Yu CP, Spengler JD. Nature and human well-being: The olfactory pathway. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadn3028. [PMID: 38748806 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adn3028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024]
Abstract
The world is undergoing massive atmospheric and ecological change, driving unprecedented challenges to human well-being. Olfaction is a key sensory system through which these impacts occur. The sense of smell influences quality of and satisfaction with life, emotion, emotion regulation, cognitive function, social interactions, dietary choices, stress, and depressive symptoms. Exposures via the olfactory pathway can also lead to (anti-)inflammatory outcomes. Increased understanding is needed regarding the ways in which odorants generated by nature (i.e., natural olfactory environments) affect human well-being. With perspectives from a range of health, social, and natural sciences, we provide an overview of this unique sensory system, four consensus statements regarding olfaction and the environment, and a conceptual framework that integrates the olfactory pathway into an understanding of the effects of natural environments on human well-being. We then discuss how this framework can contribute to better accounting of the impacts of policy and land-use decision-making on natural olfactory environments and, in turn, on planetary health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Bratman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Cecilia Bembibre
- Institute for Sustainable Heritage, University College London, London, UK
| | - Gretchen C Daily
- Natural Capital Project, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Woods Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology: Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Lucia F Jacobs
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Peter H Kahn
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Connor Lashus
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Asifa Majid
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Anna Oleszkiewicz
- Interdisciplinary Center Smell and Taste, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Institute of Psychology, University of Wroclaw, Wrocław, Poland
| | | | | | - Anne M Riederer
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA
| | - Nancy Long Sieber
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jonathan Williams
- Air Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128 Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jieling Xiao
- College of Architecture, Birmingham City University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Chia-Pin Yu
- School of Forestry and Resource Conservation, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
- The Experimental Forest, College of Bio-Resources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - John D Spengler
- T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Harvard University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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8
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Eckert MA, Benitez A, Soler ZM, Dubno JR, Schlosser RJ. Gray matter and episodic memory associations with olfaction in middle-aged to older adults. Int Forum Allergy Rhinol 2024; 14:961-971. [PMID: 37897207 PMCID: PMC11045322 DOI: 10.1002/alr.23290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related declines in olfaction contribute to low quality of life and appear to occur with declines in cognitive function, including diminished episodic memory. We tested the hypothesis that low gray matter volume within cortical regions that support olfaction and episodic memory can explain age-related differences in olfactory and episodic memory functions. METHODS T1-weighted images, Sniffin' Sticks olfactory measures, and the NIH Toolbox-Cognition Battery were administered to 131 middle-aged to older adults (50-86 years; 66% female). Correlation was used to examine the associations between these measures. A network-based image processing approach was then used to examine the degree to which spatial patterns of gray matter variance were related to the olfactory and cognitive measures. Structural equation modeling was used to characterize the relative specificity of olfactory, cognitive, gray matter, and aging associations. RESULTS Olfactory threshold, discrimination, and identification exhibited small to medium effect size associations with episodic memory performance (rs = 0.27-0.42, ps < 0.002). Gray matter volume within medial temporal and orbitofrontal cortex was also related to olfactory (discrimination and identification) and episodic memory function (rs = 0.21-0.36, ps < 0.019). Age and episodic memory explained the same variance in olfaction that was explained by the medial temporal and orbitofrontal pattern of gray matter volume. CONCLUSIONS The results of this cross-sectional study suggest that identifying mechanisms contributing to differences in medial temporal and orbitofrontal cortex will advance our understanding of co-morbid olfactory and cognitive declines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark A. Eckert
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | | | - Zachary M. Soler
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Judy R. Dubno
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
| | - Rodney J. Schlosser
- Department of Otolaryngology – Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South Carolina
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9
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Salmon MK, Cohen WG, Hu F, Aydin A, Coskun AK, Schilsky M, Doty RL. Taste and smell function in Wilson's disease. J Neurol Sci 2024; 459:122949. [PMID: 38493734 DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2024.122949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Wilson's disease (WD) is a metabolic disorder associated with abnormal copper metabolism that results in hepatic, psychiatric, and neurologic symptoms. No investigation of taste function has been made in patients with WD, although olfactory dysfunction has been evaluated. METHODS Quantitative taste and smell test scores of 29 WD patients were compared to those of 790 healthy controls. Taste was measured using the 53-item Waterless Empirical Taste Test (WETT®) and smell using the 40-item revised University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (R-UPSIT®). Multiple linear regression analysis controlled for age and sex. RESULTS Average WETT® scores did not differ meaningfully between WD and control subjects (respective medians & IQRs = 32 [28-42] & 34 [27-41]); linear regression coefficient = 1.19, 95% CI [-0.81, 3.19], p = 0.242). In contrast, WD was associated with significantly reduced olfactory function [respective median (IQR) R-UPSIT® scores = 35 (33-37) vs. 37 (35-38); adjusted linear regression coefficient = -1.59, 95% CI [-2.34, -0.833]; p < 0.001)]. Neither olfaction nor taste were influenced by WD symptom subtype [23 (79.3%) were hepatic-predominant; 6 (20.7%) neurologic predominant]; R-UPSIT®, p = 0.774; WETT®, p = 0.912). No effects of primary medication or years since diagnosis (R-UPSIT®, p = 0.147; WETT®, p = 0.935) were found. Weak correlations were present between R-UPSIT® and WETT® scores for both control (r=0.187, p < 0.0001) and WD (r=0.237) subjects, although the latter correlation did not reach the 0.05 α level (p = 0.084). CONCLUSION Although WD negatively impacts smell function, taste is spared. Research is needed to understand the pathophysiologic mechanisms responsible for this divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandy K Salmon
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William G Cohen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fengling Hu
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Adem Aydin
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Ayse K Coskun
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Michael Schilsky
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Yale University Medical Center, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Richard L Doty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Smell and Taste Center, Department of Otorhinolaryngology- Head and Neck Surgery, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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10
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Kovalová M, Gottfriedová N, Mrázková E, Janout V, Janoutová J. Cognitive impairment, neurodegenerative disorders, and olfactory impairment: A literature review. OTOLARYNGOLOGIA POLSKA 2024; 78:1-17. [PMID: 38623856 DOI: 10.5604/01.3001.0053.6158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
<br><b>Introduction:</b> The early detection and diagnosis of dementia are of key importance in treatment, slowing disease progression, or suppressing symptoms. The possible role of changes in the sense of smell is considered with regard to potential markers for early detection of Alzheimer's disease (AD).</br> <br><b>Materials and methods:</b> A literature search was conducted using the electronic databases PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science between May 30, 2022 and August 2, 2022. The term "dementia" was searched with keyword combinations related to olfaction.</br> <br><b>Results:</b> A total of 1,288 records were identified through the database search. Of these articles, 49 were ultimately included in the analysis. The results showed the potential role of changes in the sense of smell as potential biomarkers for early detection of AD. Multiple studies have shown that olfactory impairment may be observed in patients with AD, PD, MCI, or other types of dementia. Even though smell tests are able to detect olfactory loss caused by neurodegenerative diseases, they cannot reliably distinguish between certain diseases.</br> <br><b>Conclusions:</b> In individuals with cognitive impairment or neurodegenerative diseases, olfactory assessment has repeatedly been reported to be used for early diagnosis, but not for differential diagnosis.</br>.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Kovalová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Nikol Gottfriedová
- Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Eva Mrázková
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Janout
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Janoutová
- Center for Research and Science, Faculty of Health Sciences, Palacký University Olomouc, Czech Republic
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11
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Wang J, Li H, Wang C, Li D, Zhang Y, Shen M, Xu X, Wu T. Effect of Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide on olfaction in rotenone-induced Parkinson's rats. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1367973. [PMID: 38685946 PMCID: PMC11057415 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1367973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's disease. Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is an important nonmotor feature of PD. Dl-3-n-Butylphthalide (NBP) is a synthetic compound isolated from Apium graveolens seeds. The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of NBP on olfaction in rotenone-induced Parkinson's rats to explore the mechanism and pathway of OD in PD. Methods The PD model was established using rotenone-induced SD rats, divided into blank control, model, and treatment groups. A sham group was also established, with 10 rats in each group. The treatment group was given NBP (1 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 100 mg/kg, dissolved in soybean oil) intragastrically for 28 days. Meanwhile, the control group rats were given intra-gastrically soybean oil. After behavioral testing, all rats were executed, and brain tissue was obtained. Proteomics and Proteomic quantification techniques (prm) quantification were used to detect proteomic changes in rat brain tissues. Results Compared with the control group, the model group showed significant differences in behavioral tests, and this difference was reduced after treatment. Proteomics results showed that after treatment with high-dose NBP, there were 42 differentially expressed proteins compared with the model group. Additionally, the olfactory marker (P08523) showed a significant upregulation difference. We then selected 22 target proteins for PRM quantification and quantified 17 of them. Among them, the olfactory marker protein was at least twofold upregulated in the RTH group compared to the model group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - He Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Third Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Canran Wang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Dayong Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Meichan Shen
- The First Clinical Medical College, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
- Geriatrics Department, Yuncheng County Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Heze, China
| | - Xiangdong Xu
- Third Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
| | - Tong Wu
- Third Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, China
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12
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Wang R, Lian T, He M, Guo P, Yu S, Zuo L, Hu Y, Zhang W. Clinical features and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction in patients with Parkinson disease. J Neurol 2024; 271:1959-1972. [PMID: 38151574 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12122-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to investigate clinical features, influencing factors and neurobiochemical mechanisms of olfactory dysfunction (OD) in Parkinson disease (PD). Total 39 patients were divided into the PD with OD (PD-OD) and PD with no OD (PD-nOD) groups according to overall olfactory function, including threshold, discrimination and identification, assessed by Sniffin' Sticks test. Motor function and non-motor symptoms were rated by multiple scales. Dopamine, acetylcholine, norepinephrine and 5-hydroxytryptamine levels in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were measured. We found that the PD-OD group showed significantly lower score of Montreal Cognitive Assessment Scale, higher scores of rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire and Epworth Sleepiness Scale than the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was independently associated with the scores of overall olfactory function and discrimination (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF from the PD-OD group was significantly lower than that from the PD-nOD group (p < 0.05). Dopamine and acetylcholine levels in CSF were significantly and positively correlated with the scores of overall olfactory function, threshold, discrimination and identification in PD patients (p < 0.05). RBD Screening Questionnaire score was significantly and negatively correlated with acetylcholine level in CSF in PD patients with poor olfactory detection (p < 0.05). This investigation reveals that PD-OD is associated with cognitive impairment, probable RBD and excessive daytime sleepiness. PD-OD is correlated with the decreased levels of dopamine and acetylcholine in CSF. RBD is an independent influencing factor of overall olfactory function and discrimination, and the decreased acetylcholine level in CSF may be the common neurobiochemical basis of RBD and OD in PD patients.
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Grants
- 2016YFC1306000 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 2016YFC1306300 National Key Research and Development Program of China
- 81970992 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81571229 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 81071015 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 30770745 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 82201639 National Natural Science Foundation of China
- 2022-2-2048 Capital's Funds for Health Improvement and Research (CFH)
- kz201610025030 Key Technology R&D Program of Beijing Municipal Education Commission
- 4161004 Key Project of Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- 7082032 Natural Science Foundation of Beijing, China
- JJ2018-48 Project of Scientific and Technological Development of Traditional Chinese Medicine in Beijing
- Z121107001012161 Capital Clinical Characteristic Application Research
- 2009-3-26 High Level Technical Personnel Training Project of Beijing Health System, China
- BIBD-PXM2013_014226_07_000084 Project of Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders
- 20071D0300400076 Excellent Personnel Training Project of Beijing, China
- IDHT20140514 Project of Construction of Innovative Teams and Teacher Career Development for Universities and Colleges Under Beijing Municipality
- JING-15-2 Beijing Healthcare Research Project, China
- 2015-JL-PT-X04 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 10JL49 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- 14JL15 Basic-Clinical Research Cooperation Funding of Capital Medical University, China
- PYZ2018077 Natural Science Foundation of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- 2019-028 Science and Technology Development Fund of Beijing Rehabilitation Hospital, Capital Medical University
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruidan Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Tenghong Lian
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Mingyue He
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Peng Guo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Shuyang Yu
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Lijun Zuo
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Yang Hu
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center for Cognitive Neurology, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- China National Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100070, China.
- Center of Parkinson's Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 100053, China.
- Beijing Key Laboratory on Parkinson Disease, Beijing Institute for Brain Disorders, Beijing, 10053, China.
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13
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Lachén-Montes M, Cartas-Cejudo P, Cortés A, Anaya-Cubero E, Peral E, Ausín K, Díaz-Peña R, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Involvement of Glucosamine 6 Phosphate Isomerase 2 (GNPDA2) Overproduction in β-Amyloid- and Tau P301L-Driven Pathomechanisms. Biomolecules 2024; 14:394. [PMID: 38672412 PMCID: PMC11048700 DOI: 10.3390/biom14040394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative olfactory disorder affecting millions of people worldwide. Alterations in the hexosamine- or glucose-related pathways have been described through AD progression. Specifically, an alteration in glucosamine 6 phosphate isomerase 2 (GNPDA2) protein levels has been observed in olfactory areas of AD subjects. However, the biological role of GNPDA2 in neurodegeneration remains unknown. Using mass spectrometry, multiple GNPDA2 interactors were identified in human nasal epithelial cells (NECs) mainly involved in intraciliary transport. Moreover, GNPDA2 overexpression induced an increment in NEC proliferation rates, accompanied by transcriptomic alterations in Type II interferon signaling or cellular stress responses. In contrast, the presence of beta-amyloid or mutated Tau-P301L in GNPDA2-overexpressing NECs induced a slowdown in the proliferative capacity in parallel with a disruption in protein processing. The proteomic characterization of Tau-P301L transgenic zebrafish embryos demonstrated that GNPDA2 overexpression interfered with collagen biosynthesis and RNA/protein processing, without inducing additional changes in axonal outgrowth defects or neuronal cell death. In humans, a significant increase in serum GNPDA2 levels was observed across multiple neurological proteinopathies (AD, Lewy body dementia, progressive supranuclear palsy, mixed dementia and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis) (n = 215). These data shed new light on GNPDA2-dependent mechanisms associated with the neurodegenerative process beyond the hexosamine route.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain; (M.L.-M.); (P.C.-C.); (A.C.); (E.A.-C.); (E.P.); (K.A.); (R.D.-P.); (J.F.-I.)
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14
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Wei S, Xu T, Sang N, Yue H, Chen Y, Jiang T, Jiang T, Yin D. Mixed Metal Components in PM 2.5 Contribute to Chemokine Receptor CCR5-Mediated Neuroinflammation and Neuropathological Changes in the Mouse Olfactory Bulb. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:4914-4925. [PMID: 38436231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, can invade the central nervous system (CNS) via the olfactory pathway to induce neurotoxicity. The olfactory bulb (OB) is the key component integrating immunoprotection and olfaction processing and is necessarily involved in the relevant CNS health outcomes. Here we show that a microglial chemokine receptor, CCR5, is the target of environmentally relevant PM2.5 in the OB to trigger neuroinflammation and then neuropathological injuries. Mechanistically, PM2.5-induced CCR5 upregulation results in the pro-inflammatory paradigm of microglial activation, which subsequently activates TLR4-NF-κB neuroinflammation signaling and induces neuropathological changes that are closely related to neurodegenerative disorders (e.g., Aβ deposition and disruption of the blood-brain barrier). We specifically highlight that manganese and lead in PM2.5 are the main contributors to CCR5-mediated microglial activation and neuroinflammation in synergy with aluminum. Our results uncover a possible pathway of PM2.5-induced neuroinflammation and identify the principal neurotoxic components, which can provide new insight into efficiently diminishing the adverse health effects of PM2.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Key Laboratory, Changshu No.2 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Nan Sang
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Huifeng Yue
- College of Environment and Resource, Research Center of Environment and Health, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yawen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Postdoctoral Research Station of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Sensory Neuro-Ethology Team, 59 Bd Pinel, Bron 69500, France
| | - Tingwang Jiang
- Department of Key Laboratory, Changshu No.2 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
- Department of Key Laboratory, Changshu No.2 People's Hospital, Changshu 215500, China
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15
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Zheng H, Gu C, Yang H. Identification of disease-specific bio-markers through network-based analysis of gene co-expression: A case study on Alzheimer's disease. Heliyon 2024; 10:e27070. [PMID: 38468964 PMCID: PMC10926071 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e27070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding biomarker genes for complex diseases attracts persistent attention due to its application in clinics. In this paper, we propose a network-based method to obtain a set of biomarker genes. The key idea is to construct a gene co-expression network among sensitive genes and cluster the genes into different modules. For each module, we can identify its representative, i.e., the gene with the largest connectivity and the smallest average shortest path length to other genes within the module. We believe these representative genes could serve as a new set of potential biomarkers for diseases. As a typical example, we investigated Alzheimer's disease, obtaining a total of 16 potential representative genes, three of which belong to the non-transcriptome. A total of 11 out of these genes are found in literature from different perspectives and methods. The incipient groups were classified into two different subtypes using machine learning algorithms. We subjected the two subtypes to Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis with healthy groups and moderate groups, respectively. The two sub-type groups were involved in two different biological processes, demonstrating the validity of this approach. This method is disease-specific and independent; hence, it can be extended to classify other kinds of complex diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hexiang Zheng
- Department of Systems Science, Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Changgui Gu
- Department of Systems Science, Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
| | - Huijie Yang
- Department of Systems Science, Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200093, China
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16
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Gu Y, Zhang J, Zhao X, Nie W, Xu X, Liu M, Zhang X. Olfactory dysfunction and its related molecular mechanisms in Parkinson's disease. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:583-590. [PMID: 37721288 PMCID: PMC10581567 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.380875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Changes in olfactory function are considered to be early biomarkers of Parkinson's disease. Olfactory dysfunction is one of the earliest non-motor features of Parkinson's disease, appearing in about 90% of patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease, and can often predate the diagnosis by years. Therefore, olfactory dysfunction should be considered a reliable marker of the disease. However, the mechanisms responsible for olfactory dysfunction are currently unknown. In this article, we clearly explain the pathology and medical definition of olfactory function as a biomarker for early-stage Parkinson's disease. On the basis of the findings of clinical olfactory function tests and animal model experiments as well as neurotransmitter expression levels, we further characterize the relationship between olfactory dysfunction and neurodegenerative diseases as well as the molecular mechanisms underlying olfactory dysfunction in the pathology of early-stage Parkinson's disease. The findings highlighted in this review suggest that olfactory dysfunction is an important biomarker for preclinical-stage Parkinson's disease. Therefore, therapeutic drugs targeting non-motor symptoms such as olfactory dysfunction in the early stage of Parkinson's disease may prevent or delay dopaminergic neurodegeneration and reduce motor symptoms, highlighting the potential of identifying effective targets for treating Parkinson's disease by inhibiting the deterioration of olfactory dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Gu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jiaying Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinru Zhao
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wenyuan Nie
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaole Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Mingxuan Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu Province, China
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17
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Marrie RA, Maxwell CJ, Rotstein DL, Tsai CC, Tremlett H. Prodromes in demyelinating disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson disease, and Alzheimer's dementia. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2024; 180:125-140. [PMID: 37567819 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurol.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
A prodrome is an early set of symptoms, which indicates the onset of a disease; these symptoms are often non-specific. Prodromal phases are now recognized in multiple central nervous system diseases. The depth of understanding of the prodromal phase varies across diseases, being more nascent for multiple sclerosis for example, than for Parkinson disease or Alzheimer's disease. Key challenges when identifying the prodromal phase of a disease include the lack of specificity of prodromal symptoms, and consequent need for accessible and informative biomarkers. Further, heterogeneity of the prodromal phase may be influenced by age, sex, genetics and other poorly understood factors. Nonetheless, recognition that an individual is in the prodromal phase of disease offers the opportunity for earlier diagnosis and with it the opportunity for earlier intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Marrie
- Departments of Internal Medicine and Community Health Sciences, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max-Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
| | - C J Maxwell
- Schools of Pharmacy and Public Health Sciences, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; ICES, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - D L Rotstein
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 6, Queen's Park Crescent West, 3rd floor, M5S 3H2 Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Saint-Michael's Hospital, 30, Bond Street, M5B 1W8 Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - C-C Tsai
- Faculty of Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - H Tremlett
- Faculty of Medicine (Neurology), University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
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18
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Papastrat KM, Lis CA, Caprioli D, Pickard H, Puche AC, Ramsey LA, Venniro M. Social odor choice buffers drug craving. Neuropsychopharmacology 2024; 49:731-739. [PMID: 38129664 PMCID: PMC10876954 DOI: 10.1038/s41386-023-01778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Social interactions are rewarding and protective against substance use disorders, but it is unclear which specific aspect of the complex sensory social experience drives these effects. Here, we investigated the role of olfactory sensory experience on social interaction, social preference over cocaine, and cocaine craving in rats. First, we conducted bulbectomy on both male and female rats to evaluate the necessity of olfactory system experience on the acquisition and maintenance of volitional social interaction. Next, we assessed the effect of bulbectomy on rats given a choice between social interaction and cocaine. Finally, we evaluated the influence of olfactory sensory experience by training rats on volitional partner-associated odors, assessing their preference for partner odors over cocaine to achieve voluntary abstinence and assessing its effect on the incubation of cocaine craving. Bulbectomy impaired operant social interaction without affecting food and cocaine self-administration. Rats with intact olfactory systems preferred social interaction over cocaine, while rats with impaired olfactory sense showed a preference for cocaine. Providing access to a partner odor in a choice procedure led to cocaine abstinence, preventing incubation of cocaine craving, in contrast to forced abstinence or non-contingent exposure to cocaine and partner odors. Our data suggests the olfactory sensory experience is necessary and sufficient for volitional social reward. Furthermore, the active preference for partner odors over cocaine buffers drug craving. Based on these findings, translational research should explore the use of social sensory-based treatments utilizing odor-focused foundations for individuals with substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly M Papastrat
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Cody A Lis
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniele Caprioli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Santa Lucia Foundation (IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia), Rome, Italy
| | - Hanna Pickard
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Philosophy & Berman Institute of Bioethics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Adam C Puche
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | | | - Marco Venniro
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Program in Neuroscience, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA.
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19
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Jacobson PT, Vilarello BJ, Tervo JP, Waring NA, Gudis DA, Goldberg TE, Devanand DP, Overdevest JB. Associations between olfactory dysfunction and cognition: a scoping review. J Neurol 2024; 271:1170-1203. [PMID: 38217708 PMCID: PMC11144520 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-023-12057-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Strong evidence suggests that olfactory dysfunction (OD) can predict additional neurocognitive decline in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. However, research exploring olfaction and cognition in younger populations is limited. The aim of this review is to evaluate cognitive changes among non-elderly adults with non-COVID-19-related OD. METHODS We performed a structured comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Ovid Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library in developing this scoping review. The primary outcome of interest was the association between OD and cognitive functioning in adults less than 60 years of age. RESULTS We identified 2878 studies for title and abstract review, with 167 undergoing full text review, and 54 selected for data extraction. Of these, 34 studies reported on populations of individuals restricted to the ages of 18-60, whereas the remaining 20 studies included a more heterogeneous population with the majority of individuals in this target age range in addition to some above the age of 60. The etiologies for smell loss among the included studies were neuropsychiatric disorders (37%), idiopathic cause (25%), type 2 diabetes (7%), trauma (5%), infection (4%), intellectual disability (4%), and other (18%). Some studies reported numerous associations and at times mixed, resulting in a total number of associations greater than the included number of 54 studies. Overall, 21/54 studies demonstrated a positive association between olfaction and cognition, 7/54 demonstrated no association, 25/54 reported mixed results, and only 1/54 demonstrated a negative association. CONCLUSION Most studies demonstrate a positive correlation between OD and cognition, but the data are mixed with associations less robust in this young adult population compared to elderly adults. Despite the heterogeneity in study populations and outcomes, this scoping review serves as a starting point for further investigation on this topic. Notably, as many studies in this review involved disorders that may have confounding effects on both olfaction and cognition, future research should control for these confounders and incorporate non-elderly individuals with non-psychiatric causes of smell loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia T Jacobson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Brandon J Vilarello
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeremy P Tervo
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Nicholas A Waring
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - David A Gudis
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
| | - Terry E Goldberg
- Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - D P Devanand
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jonathan B Overdevest
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, New York-Presbyterian/Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, NY, USA.
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Yamakado H, Takahashi R. Experimental Animal Models of Prodromal Parkinson's Disease. JOURNAL OF PARKINSON'S DISEASE 2024:JPD230393. [PMID: 38427504 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-230393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
There is an estimated 35-45% loss of striatal dopamine at the time of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease (PD), and cases clinically diagnosed in the early stages may already be pathologically in advanced stages. Recent large-scale clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies (DMT) also suggest the necessity of targeting patients at earlier stages of the disease. From this perspective, the prodromal phase of PD is currently the focus of attention, emphasizing the need for a prodromal mouse model that accurately reflects the pathophysiology, along with early biomarkers. To establish prodromal animal model of PD with high face validity that reflects the disease state, the model must possess high construct validity that accurately incorporates clinical and pathological features in the prodromal phase. Furthermore, as a preclinical model of DMT, the model must possess high predictive validity to accurately evaluate the response to intervention. This review provides an overview of animal models which reflect the characteristics of prodromal PD, including alpha-synuclein (aS) accumulation and associated early non-motor symptoms, with a focus on the aS propagation model and genetic model. In addition, we discuss the challenges associated with these models. The genetic model often fails to induce motor symptoms, while aS propagation models skip the crucial step of initial aS aggregate formation, thereby not fully replicating the entire natural course of the disease. Identifying factors that induce the transition from prodromal to symptomatic phase is important as a preclinical model for DMT to prevent or delay the onset of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hodaka Yamakado
- Department of Therapeutics for Multiple System Atrophy, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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21
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Liu D, Lu J, Wei L, Yao M, Yang H, Lv P, Wang H, Zhu Y, Zhu Z, Zhang X, Chen J, Yang QX, Zhang B. Olfactory deficit: a potential functional marker across the Alzheimer's disease continuum. Front Neurosci 2024; 18:1309482. [PMID: 38435057 PMCID: PMC10907997 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2024.1309482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent form of dementia that affects an estimated 32 million individuals globally. Identifying early indicators is vital for screening at-risk populations and implementing timely interventions. At present, there is an urgent need for early and sensitive biomarkers to screen individuals at risk of AD. Among all sensory biomarkers, olfaction is currently one of the most promising indicators for AD. Olfactory dysfunction signifies a decline in the ability to detect, identify, or remember odors. Within the spectrum of AD, impairment in olfactory identification precedes detectable cognitive impairments, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and even the stage of subjective cognitive decline (SCD), by several years. Olfactory impairment is closely linked to the clinical symptoms and neuropathological biomarkers of AD, accompanied by significant structural and functional abnormalities in the brain. Olfactory behavior examination can subjectively evaluate the abilities of olfactory identification, threshold, and discrimination. Olfactory functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) can provide a relatively objective assessment of olfactory capabilities, with the potential to become a promising tool for exploring the neural mechanisms of olfactory damage in AD. Here, we provide a timely review of recent literature on the characteristics, neuropathology, and examination of olfactory dysfunction in the AD continuum. We focus on the early changes in olfactory indicators detected by behavioral and fMRI assessments and discuss the potential of these techniques in MCI and preclinical AD. Despite the challenges and limitations of existing research, olfactory dysfunction has demonstrated its value in assessing neurodegenerative diseases and may serve as an early indicator of AD in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Liu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiaming Lu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Liangpeng Wei
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mei Yao
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huiquan Yang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pin Lv
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haoyao Wang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yajing Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhengyang Zhu
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jiu Chen
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qing X. Yang
- Department of Radiology, Center for NMR Research, Penn State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, United States
| | - Bing Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Medical School, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Medical Imaging and Artificial Intelligence, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Medical Imaging Center, The Affiliated Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Medicine, Nanjing, China
- Institute of Brain Science, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Provincial Medical Key Discipline (Laboratory), Nanjing, China
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22
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Liu M, Jiang N, Qin C, Xue Y, Wu J, Qiu Y, Yuan Q, Chen C, Huang L, Zhuang L, Wang P. Multimodal spatiotemporal monitoring of basal stem cell-derived organoids reveals progression of olfactory dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 246:115832. [PMID: 38016198 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2023.115832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is a highly prevalent symptom and an early sign of neurodegenerative diseases in humans. However, the roles of peripheral olfactory system in disease progression and the mechanisms behind neurodegeneration remain to be studied. Olfactory epithelium (OE) organoid is an ideal model to study pathophysiology in vitro, yet the reliance on 3D culture condition limits continual in situ monitoring of organoid development. Here, we combined impedance biosensors and live imaging for real-time spatiotemporal analysis of OE organoids morphological and physiological features during Alzheimer's disease (AD) progression. The impedance measurements showed that organoids generated from basal stem cells of APP/PS1 transgenic mice had lower proliferation rate than that from wild-type mice. In concert with the biosensor measurements, live imaging enabled to visualize the spatial and temporal dynamics of organoid morphology. Abnormal protein aggregation and accumulation, including amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles, was found in AD organoids and increased as disease progressed. This multimodal in situ bioelectrical measurement and imaging provide a new platform for investigating onset mechanisms of OD, which would shed new light on early diagnosis and treatment of neurodegenerative disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengxue Liu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Chunlian Qin
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yingying Xue
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Jianguo Wu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yong Qiu
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Qunchen Yuan
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changming Chen
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Liquan Huang
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Liujing Zhuang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
| | - Ping Wang
- Biosensor National Special Laboratory, Key Laboratory for Biomedical Engineering of Education Ministry, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; The MOE Frontier Science Center for Brain Science & Brain-machine Integration, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China; State Key Laboratory of Transducer Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200050, China.
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23
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Chao LL. Olfactory and cognitive decrements in 1991 Gulf War veterans with gulf war illness/chronic multisymptom illness. Environ Health 2024; 23:14. [PMID: 38291474 PMCID: PMC10825982 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01058-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gulf War illness (GWI)/Chronic Multisymptom Illness (CMI) is a disorder related to military service in the 1991 Gulf War (GW). Prominent symptoms of GWI/CMI include fatigue, pain, and cognitive dysfunction. Although anosmia is not a typical GWI/CMI symptom, anecdotally some GW veterans have reported losing their sense smell shortly after the war. Because olfactory deficit is a prodromal symptom of neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, and because we previously reported suggestive evidence that deployed GW veterans may be at increased risk for Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and dementia, the current study examined the relationship between olfactory and cognitive function in deployed GW veterans. METHODS Eighty deployed GW veterans (mean age: 59.9 ±7.0; 4 female) were tested remotely with the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). Veterans also completed self-report questionnaires about their health and deployment-related exposures and experiences. UPSIT and MoCA data from healthy control (HC) participants from the Parkinson's Progression Markers Initiative (PPMI) study were downloaded for comparison. RESULTS GW veterans had a mean UPSIT score of 27.8 ± 6.3 (range 9-37) and a mean MoCA score of 25.3 ± 2.8 (range 19-30). According to age- and sex-specific normative data, 31% of GW veterans (vs. 8% PPMI HCs) had UPSIT scores below the 10th percentile. Nearly half (45%) of GW veterans (vs. 8% PPMI HCs) had MoCA scores below the cut-off for identifying MCI. Among GW veterans, but not PPMI HCs, there was a positive correlation between UPSIT and MoCA scores (Spearman's ρ = 0.39, p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in UPSIT or MoCA scores between GW veterans with and without history of COVID or between those with and without Kansas GWI exclusionary conditions. CONCLUSIONS We found evidence of olfactory and cognitive deficits and a significant correlation between UPSIT and MoCA scores in a cohort of 80 deployed GW veterans, 99% of whom had CMI. Because impaired olfactory function has been associated with increased risk for MCI and dementia, it may be prudent to screen aging, deployed GW veterans with smell identification tests so that hypo- and anosmic veterans can be followed longitudinally and offered targeted neuroprotective therapies as they become available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda L Chao
- Departments of Radiology & Biomedical Imaging and Psychiatry & Behavioral Science, University of Calfiornia, 505 Parnassus Avenue, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA.
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System, 4150 Clement Street, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.
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24
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Cristaldi A, Oliveri Conti G, Pellitteri R, La Cognata V, Copat C, Pulvirenti E, Grasso A, Fiore M, Cavallaro S, Dell'Albani P, Ferrante M. In vitro exposure to PM 2.5 of olfactory Ensheathing cells and SH-SY5Y cells and possible association with neurodegenerative processes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 241:117575. [PMID: 37925127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 exposure represents a risk factor for the public health. PM2.5 is able to cross the blood-alveolar and blood-brain barriers and reach the brain through three routes: nasal olfactory pathway, nose-brain pathway, blood-brain barrier pathway. We evaluated the effect of PM2.5 to induce cytotoxicity and reduced viability on in vitro cultures of OECs (Olfactory Ensheathing Cells) and SH-SY5Y cells. PM2.5 samples were collected in the metropolitan area of Catania, and the gravimetric determination of PM2.5, characterization of 10 trace elements and 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out for each sample. PM2.5 extracts were exposed to cultures of OECs and SH-SY5Y cells for 24-48-72 h, and the cell viability assay (MTT) was evaluated. Assessment of mitochondrial and cytoskeleton damage, and the assessment of apoptotic process were performed in the samples that showed lower cell viability. We have found an annual average value of PM2.5 = 16.9 μg/m3 and a maximum value of PM2.5 = 27.6 μg/m3 during the winter season. PM2.5 samples collected during the winter season also showed higher concentrations of PAHs and trace elements. The MTT assay showed a reduction in cell viability for both OECs (44%, 62%, 64%) and SH-SY5Y cells (16%, 17%, 28%) after 24-48-72 h of PM2.5 exposure. Furthermore, samples with lower cell viability showed a decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential, increased cytotoxicity, and also impaired cellular integrity and induction of the apoptotic process after increased expression of vimentin and caspase-3 activity, respectively. These events are involved in neurodegenerative processes and could be triggered not only by the concentration and time of exposure to PM2.5, but also by the presence of trace elements and PAHs on the PM2.5 substrate. The identification of more sensitive cell lines could be the key to understanding how exposure to PM2.5 can contribute to the onset of neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Cristaldi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Gea Oliveri Conti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; NANOMED: Research Center in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Italy.
| | - Rosalia Pellitteri
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Valentina La Cognata
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | - Chiara Copat
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Eloise Pulvirenti
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Alfina Grasso
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy
| | - Maria Fiore
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy
| | - Sebastiano Cavallaro
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy
| | - Paola Dell'Albani
- CNR-IRIB: National Research Council - Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation, National Research Council, Catania, Italy.
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department of Medical Sciences, Surgical and Advanced Technologies "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Italy; ISDE: International Society of Doctors for Environments - ISDE, Catania Section, Italy; NANOMED: Research Center in Nanomedicine and Pharmaceutical Nanotechnology, Department of Drug and Health Sciences, University of Catania, Italy
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25
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Gallegos CE, Gumilar F, Bartos M, Baier CJ. Long-term behavioral and neurochemical paradoxical alterations elicited following intranasal application of a chlorpyrifos formulation in mice. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2024; 198:105717. [PMID: 38225064 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2023.105717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
The intranasal (IN) administration route represents a pathway for xenobiotics to reach the brain. The present study aimed to address the long-term consequences of IN administration of a chlorpyrifos (CPF) commercial formulation (fCPF) in mice. For this purpose, adult male CF-1 mice were intranasally administered with fCPF (10 mg/kg/day) three days a week, for 2 and 4 weeks, respectively. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted 3-7, and 7.5 months after the last IN fCPF administration, respectively. Following a 6-month fCPF-free washout period, fur appearance and body injuries scores improved in the fCPF-treated groups. Notably, spatial learning and memory enhancement was observed 4 and 7 months after the last IN fCPF administration. Changes in oxidative stress markers and the activities of enzymes involved in cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways were observed in different brain areas from fCPF-treated mice, still after 7.5 months from fCPF application. Altogether, these neurochemical disturbances could be responsible for the described behavioral observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Eugenia Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bartos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carlos Javier Baier
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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26
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Bagnoli E, Trotier A, McMahon J, Quinlan LR, Biggs M, Pandit A, FitzGerald U. Prodromal Parkinson's disease and the catecholaldehyde hypothesis: Insight from olfactory bulb organotypic cultures. FASEB J 2023; 37:e23272. [PMID: 37997495 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202301253r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive, neurodegenerative disorder with an increasing incidence, unknown etiology, and is currently incurable. Advances in understanding the pathological mechanisms at a molecular level have been slow, with little attention focused on the early prodromal phase of the disease. Consequently, the development of early-acting disease-modifying therapies has been hindered. The olfactory bulb (OB), the brain region responsible for initial processing of olfactory information, is particularly affected early in PD at both functional and molecular levels but there is little information on how the cells in this region are affected by disease. Organotypic and primary OB cultures were developed and characterized. These platforms were then used to assess the effects of 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetylaldehyde (DOPAL), a metabolite of dopamine present in increased levels in post-mortem PD tissue and which is thought to contribute to PD pathogenesis. Our findings showed that DOPAL exposure can recapitulate many aspects of PD pathology. Oxidative stress, depolarization of mitochondrial membranes, and neurodegeneration were all induced by DOPAL addition, as were measured transcriptomic changes consistent with those reported in PD clinical studies. These olfactory models of prodromal disease lend credence to the catecholaldehyde hypothesis of PD and provide insight into the mechanisms by which the OB may be involved in disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Bagnoli
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Alexandre Trotier
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Jill McMahon
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Leo R Quinlan
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Physiology, School of Medicine, Galway, Ireland
| | - Manus Biggs
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Una FitzGerald
- CÚRAM, SFI Research Centre for Medical Devices, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Galway Neuroscience Centre, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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27
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Yuan Y, Ma X, Mi X, Qu L, Liang M, Li M, Wang Y, Song N, Xie J. Dopaminergic neurodegeneration in the substantia nigra is associated with olfactory dysfunction in mice models of Parkinson's disease. Cell Death Discov 2023; 9:388. [PMID: 37865662 PMCID: PMC10590405 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-023-01684-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Revised: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction represents a prodromal stage in Parkinson's disease (PD). However, the mechanisms underlying hyposmia are not specified yet. In this study, we first observed an early olfactory dysfunction in mice with intragastric rotenone administration, consistent with dopaminergic neurons loss and α-synuclein pathology in the olfactory bulb. However, a much severer olfactory dysfunction was observed without severer pathology in olfactory bulb when the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra occurred. Then, we established the mice models by intrastriatal α-synuclein preformed fibrils injection and demonstrated the performance in the olfactory discrimination test was correlated to the loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra, without any changes in the olfactory bulb analyzed by RNA-sequence. In mice with intranasal ferric ammonium citrate administration, we observed olfactory dysfunction when dopaminergic neurodegeneration in substantia nigra occurred and was restored when dopaminergic neurons were rescued. Finally we demonstrated that chemogenetic inhibition of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra was sufficient to cause hyposmia and motor incoordination. Taken together, this study shows a direct relationship between nigral dopaminergic neurodegeneration and olfactory dysfunction in PD models and put forward the understandings that olfactory dysfunction represents the early stage of neurodegeneration in PD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Yuan
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
- Lingang Laboratory, Shanghai, 200031, China
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, 201210, China
| | - Xizhen Ma
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Xiaoqing Mi
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Le Qu
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Meiyu Liang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Mengyu Li
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Youcui Wang
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China
| | - Ning Song
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Junxia Xie
- Institute of Brain Science and Disease, School of Basic Medicine, Shandong Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Neurodegenerative Disorders, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Pathogenesis and Prevention of Neurological Disorders, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266071, China.
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Shi Z, Xi L, Wang Y, Zhao X. Chronic Exposure to Environmental Pollutant Ammonia Causes Damage to the Olfactory System and Behavioral Abnormalities in Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15412-15421. [PMID: 37787400 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia (NH3) is a major air pollutant. However, few studies have been extended beyond the histopathological changes in the olfactory mucosa to the impact of NH3 exposure on other parts of the olfactory system and olfactory functioning. Therefore, we assessed the effects of exogenous NH3 (either 20 ppm for the low exposure group or 200 ppm for the high exposure group) on the various parts of the olfactory system by histological observation, gene expression, immunochemistry, and chemical analyses. A total of 140 Institute of Cancer Research mice (4 weeks old), 70 females and 70 males (average body weight at the start: 21.5 ± 1.9 g), were used. The exposure lasted for 4 weeks, and the mice were exposed to the NH3 for 4 h per day. Our results showed that chronic exposure to NH3 damaged the olfactory system, with consequences for changing the foraging behavior and anxiety behavior. Our results also suggest that it is plausible that NH3 recruited T cells and activated microglia cells and astrocytes, leading to inflammation in the olfactory system. Increased release of proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and interferon-γ) and reduced release of anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-4 and IFN-beta) led to tissue damage and compromised the functions of the olfactory system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Shi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Lei Xi
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan University of Animal Husbandry and Economy, Zhengzhou, Henan 450046, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Xin Zhao
- Department of Animal Science, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec H9X 3V9, Canada
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Xiao Z, Wu W, Ma X, Wu J, Liang X, Cao Y, Zhao Q, Ding D. Olfactory function, neurofilament light chain, and cognitive trajectory: A 12-year follow-up of the Shanghai Aging Study. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12485. [PMID: 37800096 PMCID: PMC10549963 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to determine whether blood neurofilament light chain (NfL) modifies the association of olfactory dysfunction (OD) with long-term cognitive decline. A total of 1125 non-demented older adults in the Shanghai Aging Study were evaluated for baseline olfaction (12-item Sniffin' Sticks Smell Test) and cognitive trajectory by a 12-year follow-up. Baseline blood NfL was quantified using Single Molecular Array assay, and dichotomized into low and high levels based on the median value of concentration. The Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status-40 were used to assess participants' cognitive function. Cognitive decline was ascertained when dementia was diagnosed or documented in the medical record during follow-up, or the MMSE declining rate (slope) was 1.0 SD larger than the group mean. OD participants presented a steeper trajectory of MMSE score (p interaction = 0.004) and a high risk of cognitive decline (adjusted HR [95% CI], 1.82 [1.11, 2.98]) only in those with high NfL. Participants with combined OD and high NfL showed the highest risk of cognitive decline (adjusted HR, 2.43 [1.20, 4.92]). OD, especially in combination with high blood NfL concentration, may be able to identify individuals who later incur cognitive deterioration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenxu Xiao
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Wanqing Wu
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoxi Ma
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Jie Wu
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xiaoniu Liang
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Yang Cao
- Clinical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsSchool of Medical SciencesFaculty of Medicine and HealthÖrebro UniversityÖrebroSweden
- Unit of Integrative EpidemiologyInstitute of Environmental MedicineKarolinska InstituteStockholmSweden
| | - Qianhua Zhao
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain ScienceFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Ding Ding
- Institute of NeurologyHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Clinical Research Center for Aging and MedicineHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
- National Center for Neurological DisordersHuashan HospitalFudan UniversityShanghaiChina
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Kim S, Jeon J, Ganbat D, Kim T, Shin K, Hong S, Hong J. Alteration of Neural Network and Hippocampal Slice Activation through Exosomes Derived from 5XFAD Nasal Lavage Fluid. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14064. [PMID: 37762366 PMCID: PMC10531257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes, key mediators of intercellular transmission of pathogenic proteins, such as amyloid-beta and tau, significantly influence the progression and exacerbation of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. Present in a variety of biological fluids, including cerebrospinal fluid, blood, saliva, and nasal lavage fluid (NLF), exosomes underscore their potential as integral mediators of AD pathology. By serving as vehicles for disease-specific molecules, exosomes could unveil valuable insights into disease identification and progression. This study emphasizes the imperative to investigate the impacts of exosomes on neural networks to enhance our comprehension of intracerebral neuronal communication and its implications for neurological disorders like AD. After harvesting exosomes derived from NLF of 5XFAD mice, we utilized a high-density multielectrode array (HD-MEA) system, the novel technology enabling concurrent recordings from thousands of neurons in primary cortical neuron cultures and organotypic hippocampal slices. The ensuing results revealed a surge in neuronal firing rates and disoriented neural connectivity, reflecting the effects provoked by pathological amyloid-beta oligomer treatment. The local field potentials in the exosome-treated hippocampal brain slices also exhibited aberrant rhythmicity, along with an elevated level of current source density. While this research is an initial exploration, it highlights the potential of exosomes in modulating neural networks under AD conditions and endorses the HD-MEA as an efficacious tool for exosome studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangseong Kim
- Department of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology, Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaekyong Jeon
- Department of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; (J.J.); (D.G.)
| | - Dulguun Ganbat
- Department of Pharmacy, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; (J.J.); (D.G.)
| | - Taewoon Kim
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Kyusoon Shin
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (T.K.); (K.S.)
| | - Sungho Hong
- Computational Neuroscience Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan;
| | - Jongwook Hong
- Department of Bionanotechnology, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea; (T.K.); (K.S.)
- Department of Medical and Digital Engineering, Graduate School, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bionanoengineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
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Tuz‐Hrycyna N, Rzepakowska A, Niemczyk K. Reliability and validity of the Polish version of the Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2023; 8:799-807. [PMID: 37621288 PMCID: PMC10446256 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The comprehensive counseling of patients with olfactory dysfunctions requires accurate diagnosis. The recommendations include subjective assessment. The Questionnaire of Olfactory Disorders (QOD) is a disease-specific questionnaire for the subjective evaluation of olfactory dysfunctions. Material The study included 54 patients with olfactory dysfunctions, who were recruited to the study group (SG). The other 47 patients without the history of olfactory dysfunction and nasal cavity pathology were voluntarily allocated to the control group (CG). The protocol of the study was introduced to each patient and included: olfactory testing with Sniffin' Stick test, fulfillment of the Polish version of World Health Organization Quality of Life brief questionnaire and completing of the Polish version of the QOD. All participants (101) were invited for refilling the QOD questionnaire after 2 weeks for the test-retest statistics. Results The Polish QOD statements were significantly correlated and met the requirement by having test-retest correlation larger than 0.7. We found that internal consistency of the test measured by Cronbach's alpha coefficient was very high. The mean scores of the QOD test in normosmic SG patients were compared with corresponding scores in normosmic CG patients using U Mann-Whitney test. The analysis revealed statistically significant differences on mean QOD scores for each domains except QOD-S between both groups. Conclusions The Polish version of the QOD demonstrated high rate of the validity and the reliability. This instrument may be widely used in research projects and clinical practice concerning olfactory disorders in Polish patients. Level of Evidence NA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Tuz‐Hrycyna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Anna Rzepakowska
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
| | - Kazimierz Niemczyk
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck SurgeryMedical University of WarsawWarsawPoland
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Kim W, Tripathi M, Kim C, Vardhineni S, Cha Y, Kandi SK, Feitosa M, Kholiya R, Sah E, Thakur A, Kim Y, Ko S, Bhatia K, Manohar S, Kong YB, Sindhu G, Kim YS, Cohen B, Rawat DS, Kim KS. An optimized Nurr1 agonist provides disease-modifying effects in Parkinson's disease models. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4283. [PMID: 37463889 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39970-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The nuclear receptor, Nurr1, is critical for both the development and maintenance of midbrain dopamine neurons, representing a promising molecular target for Parkinson's disease (PD). We previously identified three Nurr1 agonists (amodiaquine, chloroquine and glafenine) that share an identical chemical scaffold, 4-amino-7-chloroquinoline (4A7C), suggesting a structure-activity relationship. Herein we report a systematic medicinal chemistry search in which over 570 4A7C-derivatives were generated and characterized. Multiple compounds enhance Nurr1's transcriptional activity, leading to identification of an optimized, brain-penetrant agonist, 4A7C-301, that exhibits robust neuroprotective effects in vitro. In addition, 4A7C-301 protects midbrain dopamine neurons in the MPTP-induced male mouse model of PD and improves both motor and non-motor olfactory deficits without dyskinesia-like behaviors. Furthermore, 4A7C-301 significantly ameliorates neuropathological abnormalities and improves motor and olfactory dysfunctions in AAV2-mediated α-synuclein-overexpressing male mouse models. These disease-modifying properties of 4A7C-301 may warrant clinical evaluation of this or analogous compounds for the treatment of patients with PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woori Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Mohit Tripathi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Chunhyung Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | | | - Young Cha
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | | | - Melissa Feitosa
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Rohit Kholiya
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Eric Sah
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Anuj Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yehan Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Sanghyeok Ko
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Kaiya Bhatia
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Sunny Manohar
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Young-Bin Kong
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Gagandeep Sindhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India
| | - Yoon-Seong Kim
- Institute for Neurological Therapeutics, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, 08854, USA
| | - Bruce Cohen
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA
| | - Diwan S Rawat
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi, 110007, India.
| | - Kwang-Soo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
- Molecular Neurobiology Laboratory, Program in Neuroscience, McLean Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Belmont, MA, 02478, USA.
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Fang TC, Tsai YS, Chang MH. Sequential change in olfaction and (non) motor symptoms: the difference between anosmia and non-anosmia in Parkinson's disease. Front Aging Neurosci 2023; 15:1213977. [PMID: 37533763 PMCID: PMC10390767 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2023.1213977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Hyposmia is a common prodrome in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). This study investigates whether olfactory changes in PD differ according to the degree of olfactory dysfunction and whether there are changes in motor and non-motor symptoms. Methods The 129 subjects with PD were divided into two groups: anosmia and non-anosmia. All cases were reassessed within 1-3 years after the initial assessment. The assessment included the MDS-Unified PD Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS), the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT), Beck's Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), and equivalence dose of daily levodopa (LEDD). The generalized estimating equation (GEE) model with an exchangeable correlation structure was used to analyze the change in baseline and follow-up tracking and the disparity in change between these two groups. Results The anosmia group was older and had a longer disease duration than the non-anosmia group. There was a significant decrease in UPSIT after follow-up in the non-anosmia group (β = -3.62, p < 0.001) and a significant difference in the change between the two groups (group-by-time effect, β = 4.03, p < 0.001). In the third part of the UPDRS motor scores, there was a tendency to increase the score in the non-anosmia group compared to the anosmia group (group-by-time effect, β = -4.2, p < 0.038). There was no significant difference in the group-by-time effect for UPDRS total score, LEDD, BDI-II, and MoCA scores. Discussion In conclusion, this study found that olfactory sensation may still regress in PD with a shorter disease course without anosmia, but it remains stable in the anosmia group. Such a decline in olfaction may not be related to cognitive status but may be associated with motor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting-Chun Fang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Neurological Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Shan Tsai
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Neurological Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Hong Chang
- Department of Neurology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Neurological Institute, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Brain and Neuroscience Research Center, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Tran TN, Thi Dang TH, Thai TT, Le HT, Nguyen TTT, Nguyen HT, Nguyen ANT, Le Ha UN, Vo KCN, Nguyen TV, van Nguyen T, Ly QX, Truong D. Development and validation of the Vietnamese smell identification test. Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2023; 113:105494. [PMID: 37413956 DOI: 10.1016/j.parkreldis.2023.105494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Correct olfactory identification requires familiarity with the odor stimuli and is culturally dependent. Existing smell identification tests (SIT) are not culturally specific and may not be reliable in detecting hyposmia in all populations. This study aimed to develop a smell identification test suitable for Vietnamese patients (VSIT). METHODS The study included 4 phases: 1) survey-based evaluation of the familiarity of 68 odors to identify 18 odors for subsequent testing (N = 1050); 2) smell identification test of 18 odors in healthy patients (N = 50) to determine which 12 should be included in the VSIT; 3) comparison of VSIT scores on 12 odors in patients with hyposmia (N = 60; Brief smell identification test (BSIT) score <8 and those with normosmia (N = 120; BSIT score ≥8) to establish the validity of the newly developed test; and 4) retest of the VSIT in 60 normosmic patients from phase 3 (N = 60) to determine test-retest reliability. RESULTS As expected, the mean (SD) VSIT score was significantly higher in the healthy participants than in the hyposmic patients [10.28 (1.34) vs 4.57 (1.76); P < 0.001]. Using a cut-off score at 8, the sensitivity and specificity of the instrument in detecting hyposmia were 93.3% and 97.5% respectively. The test-retest reliability using the intra-class correlation coefficient was at 0.72 (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The Vietnamese Smell Identification Test (VSIT) demonstrated favorable validity and reliability and will allow for assessment of olfactory function in Vietnamese patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai Ngoc Tran
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuong Huyen Thi Dang
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Truc Thanh Thai
- Department of Medical Statistics and Informatics, Faculty of Public Health, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Hien Thi Le
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thuy Thu Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Hai Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Anh Ngoc Thi Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Uyen Ngoc Le Ha
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Khang Chung Ngoc Vo
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Thanh Vinh Nguyen
- Movement Disorder Unit, Neurology Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Thanh van Nguyen
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Quang Xuan Ly
- ENT Department, University Medical Center, University of Medicine and Pharmacy at Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Daniel Truong
- The Parkinson and Movement Disorder Institute, Fountain Valley, CA, 92708, USA; Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Sun J, Ma J, Gao L, Wang J, Zhang D, Chen L, Fang J, Feng T, Wu T. Disruption of locus coeruleus-related functional networks in Parkinson's disease. NPJ Parkinsons Dis 2023; 9:81. [PMID: 37253752 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-023-00532-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Locus coeruleus (LC) is severely affected in Parkinson's Disease (PD). However, alterations in LC-related resting-state networks (RSNs) in PD remain unclear. We used resting-state functional MRI to investigate the alterations in functional connectivity (FC) of LC-related RSNs and the associations between RSNs changes and clinical features in idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder (iRBD) and PD patients with (PDRBD+) and without RBD (PDRBD-). There was a similarly disrupted FC pattern of LC-related RSNs in iRBD and PDRBD+ patients, whereas LC-related RSNs were less damaged in PDRBD- patients than that in patients with iRBD and PDRBD+. The FC of LC-related RSNs correlated with cognition and duration in iRBD, depression in PDRBD-, and cognition and severity of RBD in patients with PDRBD+. Our findings demonstrate that LC-related RSNs are significantly disrupted in the prodromal stage of α-synucleinopathies and proposed body-first PD (PDRBD+), but are less affected in brain-first PD (PDRBD-).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junyan Sun
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jinghong Ma
- Department of Neurology, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Linlin Gao
- Department of General Medicine, Tianjin Union Medical Center, Tianjin, China
| | - Junling Wang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dongling Zhang
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Chen
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiliang Fang
- Department of Radiology, Guang'anmen Hospital, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Feng
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
| | - Tao Wu
- Center for Movement Disorders, Department of Neurology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.
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Camara G, Alotaibi M, Lessard-Beaudoin M, Busch K, Gendron L, Graham RK. Specific olfactory deficit patterns observed in seniors and associated with cognitive decline. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2023; 126:110775. [PMID: 37120003 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2023.110775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom in neurodegenerative disorders and is regarded as a potential early predictor of impending cognitive decline. This study was undertaken in order to determine if olfactory dysfunction observed in the elderly is due to a general loss of smell or the inability to detect specific odours, and if misidentification of odours correlates with cognitive scores. Seniors for the Olfactory Response and Cognition in Aging (ORCA) sub-study were recruited from the Quebec Nutrition and Successful Aging (NuAge) cohort. The University of Pennsylvania smell identification test (UPSIT) was performed to measure olfactory function and the telephone Mini Mental State Examination (t-MMSE) and the French version of the Telephone Interview for Cognitive Status Modified (F-TICS-m) for cognitive status. The results demonstrate that seniors exhibit specific olfactory loss and had severe difficulty in particular in identifying lemon, pizza, fruit punch, cheddar cheese and lime. Furthermore, there was a significant difference in the ability to detect certain odours between the sexes. Results also showed that misidentification of certain scents was associated with cognitive scores, and when the sexes were assessed separately sex-specific misidentification of cognitive-associated odours was observed. The relationship between the cognitive scores and scent misidentification suggests that impending cognitive decline may be highlighted by the inability to smell specific odours. Our study provides additional support for the testing of olfactory function in the elderly and suggests that loss of smell for particular scents may become a useful diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma Camara
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Majed Alotaibi
- Medical Genomics Research Department, King Abdullah International Medical Research Center, United States of America; King Saud Bin Abdulaziz University for Health and Science, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Melissa Lessard-Beaudoin
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Kate Busch
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada
| | - Louis Gendron
- Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada
| | - Rona K Graham
- Research Centre on Aging CIUSSS de l'Estrie - CHUS, Canada; Dept of Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Canada.
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Delgado-Lima AH, Bouhaben J, Martínez-Zujeros S, Pallardo-Rodil B, Gómez-Pavón J, Delgado-Losada ML. Could olfactory identification be a prognostic factor in detecting cognitive impairment risk in the elderly? GeroScience 2023:10.1007/s11357-023-00779-5. [PMID: 37084121 PMCID: PMC10119830 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-023-00779-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging contributes to the deterioration of the olfactory system in humans. Several studies indicate that the olfactory identification test alone may function as a screening test for olfactory dysfunction and they are more feasible to apply in clinical practice. Olfactory identification may be a predictor for cognitive impairment. Multiple studies have considered the use of odor identification as a measure to identify the conversion from normality to mild cognitive impairment or dementia. The objectives were (i) to elucidate the associations between cognitive status and olfactory identification performance in aging; (ii) understand the predictive value of olfactory capacity in identifying subjects with cognitive impairment risk; and (iii) to study how cognitive status and olfactory identification relate with other variables of wellness in aging, such as functional capabilities and clinical measures. For this purpose, a group of 149 participants (77.15 ± 7.29 years; 73 women of 76.7 ± 8 years and 76 men of 77.6 ± 6.52 years) were recruited and were subjected to a sociodemographic questionnaire, a psychological screening tool of general cognitive status, an olfactory identification evaluation, and clinical measures. The participants were divided into groups based on their cutoff scores of previous scientific reports about the Spanish version of Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Our results indicate an age-associated decline in olfactory identification ability and intensity of odor perception. The predictive ability of olfactory identification scores for the risk of mild and severe impairment is around 80%. Olfactory identification decreases with cognitive function. Performance in odor identification is associated with impairment of episodic memory and executive functions. These findings further our current understanding of the association between cognition and olfaction, and support olfactory assessment in screening those at higher risk of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Helena Delgado-Lima
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Jaime Bouhaben
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Sergio Martínez-Zujeros
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pallardo-Rodil
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Gómez-Pavón
- Geriatric Department, Hospital Central de La Cruz Roja "San José Y Santa Adela", 28003, Madrid, Spain
| | - María Luisa Delgado-Losada
- Experimental Psychology, Cognitive Processes and Speech Therapy Department, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, 28223, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain.
- Group of Neurosciences: Psychoneuroendocrinology, Neuroimaging and Molecular Genetics in Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos (IdISSC), Hospital Clínico de Madrid, 28040, Madrid, Spain.
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Muccioli L, Sighinolfi G, Mitolo M, Ferri L, Jane Rochat M, Pensato U, Taruffi L, Testa C, Masullo M, Cortelli P, Lodi R, Liguori R, Tonon C, Bisulli F. Cognitive and functional connectivity impairment in post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. Neuroimage Clin 2023; 38:103410. [PMID: 37104928 PMCID: PMC10165139 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the neuropsychological profile and the integrity of the olfactory network in patients with COVID-19-related persistent olfactory dysfunction (OD). METHODS Patients with persistent COVID-19-related OD underwent olfactory assessment with Sniffin' Sticks and neuropsychological evaluation. Additionally, both patients and a control group underwent brain MRI, including T1-weighted and resting-state functional MRI (rs-fMRI) sequences on a 3 T scanner. Morphometrical properties were evaluated in olfaction-associated regions; the rs-fMRI data were analysed using graph theory at the whole-brain level and within a standard parcellation of the olfactory functional network. All the MR-derived quantities were compared between the two groups and their correlation with clinical scores in patients were explored. RESULTS We included 23 patients (mean age 37 ± 14 years, 12 females) with persistent (mean duration 11 ± 5 months, range 2-19 months) COVID-19-related OD (mean score 23.63 ± 5.32/48, hyposmia cut-off: 30.75) and 26 sex- and age-matched healthy controls. Applying population-derived cut-off values, the two cognitive domains mainly impaired were visuospatial memory and executive functions (17 % and 13 % of patients). Brain MRI did not show gross morphological abnormalities. The lateral orbital cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala volumes exhibited a reduction trend in patients, not significant after the correction for multiple comparisons. The olfactory bulb volumes did not differ between patients and controls. Graph analysis of the functional olfactory network showed altered global and local properties in the patients' group (n = 19, 4 excluded due to artifacts) compared to controls. Specifically, we detected a reduction in the global modularity coefficient, positively correlated with hyposmia severity, and an increase of the degree and strength of the right thalamus functional connections, negatively correlated with short-term verbal memory scores. DISCUSSION Patients with persistent COVID-19-related OD showed an altered olfactory network connectivity correlated with hyposmia severity and neuropsychological performance. No significant morphological alterations were found in patients compared with controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Muccioli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giovanni Sighinolfi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Micaela Mitolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Ferri
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Umberto Pensato
- Department of Neurology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Lisa Taruffi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Testa
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy; Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Masullo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Pietro Cortelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaele Lodi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rocco Liguori
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Caterina Tonon
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesca Bisulli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy; IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Pini L, Salvalaggio A, Wennberg AM, Dimakou A, Matteoli M, Corbetta M. The pollutome-connectome axis: a putative mechanism to explain pollution effects on neurodegeneration. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 86:101867. [PMID: 36720351 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.101867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Revised: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The study of pollutant effects is extremely important to address the epochal challenges we are facing, where world populations are increasingly moving from rural to urban centers, revolutionizing our world into an urban world. These transformations will exacerbate pollution, thus highlighting the necessity to unravel its effect on human health. Epidemiological studies have reported that pollution increases the risk of neurological diseases, with growing evidence on the risk of neurodegenerative disorders. Air pollution and water pollutants are the main chemicals driving this risk. These chemicals can promote inflammation, acting in synergy with genotype vulnerability. However, the biological underpinnings of this association are unknown. In this review, we focus on the link between pollution and brain network connectivity at the macro-scale level. We provide an updated overview of epidemiological findings and studies investigating brain network changes associated with pollution exposure, and discuss the mechanistic insights of pollution-induced brain changes through neural networks. We explain, in detail, the pollutome-connectome axis that might provide the functional substrate for pollution-induced processes leading to cognitive impairment and neurodegeneration. We describe this model within the framework of two pollutants, air pollution, a widely recognized threat, and polyfluoroalkyl substances, a large class of synthetic chemicals which are currently emerging as new neurotoxic source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Pini
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy.
| | | | - Alexandra M Wennberg
- Unit of Epidemiology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anastasia Dimakou
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy
| | - Michela Matteoli
- Neuro Center, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milano, Italy; CNR Institute of Neuroscience, Milano, Italy
| | - Maurizio Corbetta
- Department of Neuroscience and Padova Neuroscience Center, University of Padova, Italy; Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, VIMM, Padova, Italy
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Solla P, Wang Q, Frau C, Floris V, Loy F, Sechi LA, Masala C. Olfactory Impairment Is the Main Predictor of Higher Scores at REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) Screening Questionnaire in Parkinson’s Disease Patients. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13040599. [PMID: 37190564 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13040599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Olfactory impairment and REM sleep behavior disorder (RBD) are common non-motor symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients, often preceding the onset of the specific motor symptoms and, thus, crucial for strategies directed to anticipate PD diagnosis. In this context, the specific interaction between olfactory impairment and RBD has not been clearly defined. Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the possible role of olfactory impairment and other clinical characteristics as possible predictors of higher scores at RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) in a large population of PD patients. Methods: In this study, 590 PD patients were included from the Parkinson’s Progression Markers Initiative. Demographic and clinical features were registered. All participants completed motor and non-motor evaluations at the baseline visit. For motor assessments, the disease severity was evaluated by the Movement Disorder Society-Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale (MDS-UPDRS) pars III. Regarding non-motor symptoms assessment, Montreal Cognitive Assessments (MoCA), University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) and RBD screening questionnaire (RBDSQ) were registered. Results: Among 590 PD patients included in this study, 111 patients with possible RBD were found (18.8%). RBD was less frequent in female PD patients (p ≤ 0.011). Among patients with or without possible RBD diagnosis, statistically significant differences in MDS-UPDRS III (23.3 ± 11.4 vs. 19.7 ± 9.1, respectively, p ≤ 0.002) and in UPSIT score (19.7 ± 8.3 vs. 22.6 ± 8.0, respectively, p ≤ 0.001) were found. Moreover, significant correlations between RBDSQ versus UPDRS III score and versus UPSIT score were observed. Multivariate linear regression analysis showed that UPSIT was the most significant predictor of higher scores at RBDSQ, while the other significant predictors were UPDRS III and age. Conclusions: The severity of olfactory impairment appears tightly correlated to RBD symptoms, highlighting the role of these biomarkers for PD patients. Additionally, according to this large study, our data confirmed that RBD in PD patients exhibits peculiar gender differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Solla
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Claudia Frau
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Valentina Floris
- Neurological Unit, AOU Sassari, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Francesco Loy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Leonardo Antonio Sechi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, Viale S. Pietro 10, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Carla Masala
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Cagliari, SP 8 Cittadella Universitaria, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
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Cartas-Cejudo P, Lachén-Montes M, Ferrer I, Fernández-Irigoyen J, Santamaría E. Sex-divergent effects on the NAD+-dependent deacetylase sirtuin signaling across the olfactory-entorhinal-amygdaloid axis in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. Biol Sex Differ 2023; 14:5. [PMID: 36755296 PMCID: PMC9906849 DOI: 10.1186/s13293-023-00487-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smell impairment is one of the earliest features in Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's diseases (PD). Due to sex differences exist in terms of smell and olfactory structures as well as in the prevalence and manifestation of both neurological syndromes, we have applied olfactory proteomics to favor the discovery of novel sex-biased physio-pathological mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets associated with olfactory dysfunction. METHODS SWATH-MS (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra mass spectrometry) and bioinformatic workflows were applied in 57 post-mortem olfactory tracts (OT) derived from controls with no known neurological history (n = 6F/11M), AD (n = 4F/13M) and PD (n = 7F/16M) subjects. Complementary molecular analyses by Western-blotting were performed in the olfactory bulb (OB), entorhinal cortex (EC) and amygdala areas. RESULTS 327 and 151 OT differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were observed in AD women and AD men, respectively (35 DEPs in common). With respect to PD, 198 DEPs were identified in PD women, whereas 95 DEPs were detected in PD men (20 DEPs in common). This proteome dyshomeostasis induced a disruption in OT protein interaction networks and widespread sex-dependent pathway perturbations in a disease-specific manner, among them Sirtuin (SIRT) signaling. SIRT1, SIRT2, SIRT3 and SIRT5 protein levels unveiled a tangled expression profile across the olfactory-entorhinal-amygdaloid axis, evidencing disease-, sex- and brain structure-dependent changes in olfactory protein acetylation. CONCLUSIONS Alteration in the OT proteostasis was more severe in AD than in PD. Moreover, protein expression changes were more abundant in women than men independent of the neurological syndrome. Mechanistically, the tangled SIRT profile observed across the olfactory pathway-associated brain regions in AD and PD indicates differential NAD (+)-dependent deacetylase mechanisms between women and men. All these data shed new light on differential olfactory mechanisms across AD and PD, pointing out that the evaluation of the feasibility of emerging sirtuin-based therapies against neurodegenerative diseases should be considered with caution, including further sex dimension analyses in vivo and in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paz Cartas-Cejudo
- grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Mercedes Lachén-Montes
- grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Isidro Ferrer
- grid.5841.80000 0004 1937 0247Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, CIBERNED (Network Centre of Biomedical Research of Neurodegenerative Diseases), Bellvitge University Hospital/Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBELL), Institute of Health Carlos III, University of Barcelona, Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquín Fernández-Irigoyen
- grid.410476.00000 0001 2174 6440Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaría
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Proteomics Platform, Navarrabiomed, Hospitalario Universitario de Navarra (HUN), IdiSNA, Navarra Institute for Health Research, Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008, Pamplona, Spain.
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De Sousa Machado A, Sousa F, Silva A, Meireles L. Visual Analog Scale and Olfactory Objective Tests in Hyposmia Patients: Is There a Link? Cureus 2023; 15:e34712. [PMID: 36909088 PMCID: PMC9996390 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.34712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Olfactory dysfunction (OD) is often a devaluated sensorial affection. The objective evaluation of this dysfunction does not evaluate its compromise in patients' daily life. It is unclear to what extent there is a correlation between the objective evaluation of OD and patient-reported impairment. Objective We aim to search if Sniffin Sticks® correlates with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) of Hyposmia Symptoms, and therefore if it is a useful method for clinical use. Methods A prospective study was carried out to evaluate and compare consecutive patients who had olfactory impairment due to COVID-19 that were referred to an otolaryngology office. The variables evaluated were gender, age, co-morbidities, and olfactory thresholds (measured according to Sniffin Sticks®). Patients were also enquired about their sense of impairment according to VAS from 1 (worst possible) to 10 (best possible). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS (IBM SPSS Statistics 26). Normal distribution was checked using both skewness and kurtosis and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests. Pearson correlation test was used to seek a correlation between VAS and olfactory thresholds. All reported p-values are two-tailed, with a p-value ≤ 0.05 indicating statistical significance. Results Our sample of 47 patients was composed of 30 females (63.8%) and 17 females (36.2%). We found a mean variation between olfactory thresholds before and after the intervention of 3.91±2.466, and an average improvement of 2.29±2.93 in the visual analog scale for subjective evaluation of olfactory impairment. According to the Pearson correlation test, with 95% confidence, there is evidence to claim a moderate association (0.512) between an improvement in olfactory thresholds and VAS (p=0.05). Conclusions There was a moderate correlation between ratings and measures of olfactory function. On an individual basis, there were remarkable differences between measures and ratings of olfactory function. VAS should be considered in the evaluation of the hyposmic patient, due to its simplicity and quick applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- André De Sousa Machado
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PRT.,Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Beira Interior, Covilha, PRT
| | - Francisco Sousa
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PRT
| | - Ana Silva
- Otolaryngology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PRT
| | - Luís Meireles
- Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, PRT
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Chang F, Hong J, Yuan F, Wu D. Association between cognition and olfaction-specific parameters in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2023; 280:3249-3258. [PMID: 36689021 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-023-07853-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have reported significantly cognitive and olfactory dysfunction. This study aimed to explore the relationship between cognitive function and olfaction-specific parameters in patients with CRS. METHODS A cross-sectional survey method was used to investigate 98 participants, including 75 patients with CRS and 23 healthy controls. Cognitive function and psychophysical olfactory tests were performed. Olfactory cleft endoscopy scale and olfactory cleft computed tomography (CT) scores were obtained. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors of Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) in patients with CRS. RESULTS There are significant differences in age, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) scores, number of MCI, Lund-Mackay olfactory cleft (LM-OC) score, and blood eosinophil count between CRS with and without olfactory dysfunction groups (all P < 0.05). Total MoCA scores were positively correlated with thresholds-discrimination-identification (TDI) score (r = 0.541, P < 0.001), olfactory threshold (OT) (r = 0.440, P < 0.001), olfactory discrimination (OD) (r = 0.541, P < 0.001), and olfactory identification (OI) (r = 0.382, P = 0.001) scores. Furthermore, total MoCA scores were negatively correlated with LM-OC scores (r = - 0.351, P = 0.002). After adjusting for patient demographics, only the OD score was an independent risk factor for MCI among patients with CRS (odds ratio = 0.792; P = 0.039). The OD scores less than 11.5 were the best predictor of MCI in patients with CRS. CONCLUSION Olfaction-specific clinical parameters were highly correlated with cognitive function in patients with CRS and the OD score was an independent risk factor for MCI in patients with CRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feifan Chang
- Beijing Institute of Heart Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Junsheng Hong
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Xuanwu Hospital Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fan Yuan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dawei Wu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Peking University Third Hospital, Haidian District, No. 49 Huayuan North Road, Beijing, 100191, People's Republic of China.
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Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative Diseases: Olfactory Function and Cognitive Impairment. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24032117. [PMID: 36768440 PMCID: PMC9916823 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24032117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Olfactory capacity declines with aging, but increasing evidence shows that smell dysfunction is one of the early signs of prodromal neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. The study of olfactory ability and its role in neurodegenerative diseases arouses much interest in the scientific community. In neurology, olfactory impairment is a potential early marker for the onset of neurodegenerative diseases, but the underlying mechanism is poorly understood. The loss of smell is considered a clinical sign of early-stage disease and a marker of the disease's progression and cognitive impairment. Highlighting the importance of biological bases of smell and molecular pathways could be fundamental to improve neuroprotective and therapeutic strategies. We focused on the review articles and meta-analyses on olfactory and cognitive impairment. We depicted the neurobiology of olfaction and the most common olfactory tests in neurodegenerative diseases. In addition, we underlined the close relationship between the olfactory and cognitive deficit due to nasal neuroepithelium, which is a direct extension of the CNS in communication with the external environment. Neurons, Nose, and Neurodegenerative diseases highlights the role of olfactory dysfunction as a clinical marker for early stages of neurodegenerative diseases when it is associated with molecular, clinical, and neuropathological correlations.
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Garamszegi SP, Banack SA, Duque LL, Metcalf JS, Stommel EW, Cox PA, Davis DA. Detection of β-N-methylamino-l-alanine in postmortem olfactory bulbs of Alzheimer's disease patients using UHPLC-MS/MS: An autopsy case-series study. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:87-96. [PMID: 36691605 PMCID: PMC9860447 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Cyanobacterial blooms produce toxins that may become aerosolized, increasing health risks through inhalation exposures. Health related effects on the lower respiratory tract caused by these toxins are becoming better understood. However, nasal exposures to cyanotoxins remain understudied, especially for those with neurotoxic potential. Here, we present a case series study evaluating exposure to β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA), a cyanobacterial toxin linked to neurodegenerative disease, in postmortem olfactory tissues of individuals with varying stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Methods Olfactory bulb (Ob) tissues were collected during autopsies performed between 2014 and 2017 from six South Florida brain donors (ages 47-78) with residences less than 140 m from a freshwater body. A triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) method validated according to peer AOAC International guidelines was used to detect BMAA and two BMAA isomers: 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (2,4-DAB) and N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG). Quantitative PCR was performed on the contralateral Ob to evaluate the relative expression of genes related to proinflammatory cytokines (IL-6 & IL-18), apoptotic pathways (CASP1 & BCL2), and mitochondrial stress (IRF1 & PINK1). Immunohistochemistry was also performed on the adjacent olfactory tract (Ot) to evaluate co-occurring neuropathology with BMAA tissue concentration. Results BMAA was detected in the Ob of all cases at a median concentration of 30.4 ng/g (Range <LLOQ - 488.4 ng/g). Structural isomers were also detected with median concentrations of 28.8 ng/g (AEG) and 103.6 ng/g (2,4-DAB). In addition, we found that cases with BMAA tissue concentrations above the <LLOQ also displayed increased expression of IL-6 (3.3-fold), CASP1 (1.7-fold), and IRF1 (1.6-fold). Reactive microglial, astrogliosis, myelinopathy, and neuronopathy of axonal processes in the Ot were also observed in cases with higher BMAA tissue concentrations. Conclusion Our study demonstrates that the cyanobacterial toxin BMAA can be detected in the olfactory pathway, a window to the brain, and its presence may increase the occurrence of proinflammatory cytokines, reactive glia, and toxicity to axonal processes. Further studies will be needed to evaluate BMAA's toxicity via this route of exposure and factors that increase susceptibility.
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Key Words
- 2,4-DAB, 2,4-diaminobutyric acid
- AD, Alzheimer's disease
- AEG, N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine
- ALS/PDC, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis/ parkinsonism dementia complex
- BMAA, β-N-methylamino-l-alanine
- CBs, Cyanobacterial blooms
- Cyanobacteria
- Cyanotoxin
- IL-6
- Inflammation
- OD, Olfactory dysfunction
- Ob, Olfactory bulb
- Olfactory dysfunction
- Ot, Olfactory tract
- UHPLC-MS/MS, Ultra-performance liquid chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna P. Garamszegi
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - Linda L. Duque
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - Elijah W. Stommel
- Department of Neurology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center Department of Neurology, One Medical Center Dr., Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Paul Alan Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Institute for Ethnomedicine, Jackson, WY 83001, USA
| | - David A. Davis
- Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- Corresponding author.
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Gallegos CE, Bartos M, Gumilar F, Minetti A, Baier CJ. Behavioral and neurochemical impairments after intranasal administration of chlorpyrifos formulation in mice. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 189:105315. [PMID: 36549818 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2022.105315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 11/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Among the most relevant environmental factors associated with the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders are pesticides. Spray drift or volatilization generates pesticide dispersion after its application. In addition, inhalation or intranasal (IN) administration of xenobiotics constitutes a feasible route for substance delivery to the brain. This study investigates the behavioral and neurochemical effects of IN exposure to a commercial formulation of chlorpyrifos (fCPF). Adult male CF-1 mice were intranasally administered with fCPF (3-10 mg/kg/day) three days a week, for 2 weeks. Behavioral and biochemical analyses were conducted 20 and 30 days after the last IN fCPF administration, respectively. No significant behavioral or biochemical effects were observed in the 3 mg/kg fCPF IN exposure group. However, animals exposed to 10 mg/kg fCPF showed anxiogenic behavior and recognition memory impairment, with no effects on locomotor activity. In addition, the IN administration of 10 mg/kg fCPF altered the redox balance, modified the activity of enzymes belonging to the cholinergic and glutamatergic pathways, and affected glucose metabolism, and cholesterol levels in different brain areas. Taken together, these observations suggest that these biochemical imbalances could be responsible for the neurobehavioral disturbances observed after IN administration of fCPF in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Eugenia Gallegos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Mariana Bartos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Fernanda Gumilar
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Alejandra Minetti
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Carlos Javier Baier
- Laboratorio de Toxicología, Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas y Biomédicas del Sur (INBIOSUR), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS), Departamento de Biología, Bioquímica y Farmacia (DBByF), San Juan 670, B8000ICN Bahía Blanca, Argentina.
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47
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Almeida AS, Nunes F, Marques DM, Machado ACL, Oliveira CB, Porciuncula LO. Sex differences in maternal odor preferences and brain levels of GAP-43 and sonic hedgehog proteins in infant SHR and Wistar Kyoto rats. Behav Brain Res 2023; 436:114102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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48
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Ikushima H, Suzuki J, Hemmi T, Ikeda R, Kobayashi Y, Ohta N, Katori Y. Effects of zinc deficiency on the regeneration of olfactory epithelium in mice. Chem Senses 2023; 48:bjad023. [PMID: 37527505 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjad023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory epithelium can regenerate after damage; however, the regeneration process is affected by various factors, such as viral infections, head trauma, and medications. Zinc is an essential trace element that has important roles in organ development, growth, and maturation. Zinc also helps regulate neurotransmission in the brain; nevertheless, its relationship with olfactory epithelium regeneration remains unclear. Therefore, we used a severe zinc deficiency mouse model to investigate the effects of zinc deficiency on olfactory epithelium regeneration. Male wild-type C57BL/6 mice were divided into zinc-deficient and control diet groups at the age of 4 weeks, and methimazole was administered at the age of 8 weeks to induce severe olfactory epithelium damage. We evaluated the olfactory epithelium before and 7, 14, and 28 days after methimazole administration by histologically analyzing paraffin sections. RNA sequencing was also performed at the age of 8 weeks before methimazole administration to examine changes in gene expression caused by zinc deficiency. In the zinc-deficient group, the regenerated olfactory epithelium thickness was decreased at all time points, and the numbers of Ki-67-positive, GAP43-positive, and olfactory marker protein-positive cells (i.e. proliferating cells, immature olfactory neurons, and mature olfactory neurons, respectively) failed to increase at some time points. Additionally, RNA sequencing revealed several changes in gene expression, such as a decrease in the expression of extracellular matrix-related genes and an increase in that of inflammatory response-related genes, in the zinc-deficient group. Therefore, zinc deficiency delays olfactory epithelium regeneration after damage in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Ikushima
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Jun Suzuki
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tomotaka Hemmi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Ryoukichi Ikeda
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba, Iwate 028-3695, Japan
| | - Yuta Kobayashi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
| | - Nobuo Ohta
- Division of Otolaryngology, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University Hospital, Sendai, Miyagi 983-8512, Japan
| | - Yukio Katori
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8574, Japan
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Chen HC, Ma YZ, Cao JX, Zhang YS, Zhang L, Gao LP, Jing YH. Synergistic effects of hIAPP and Aβ 1-42 impaired the olfactory function associated with the decline of adult neurogenesis in SVZ. Neuropeptides 2022; 96:102268. [PMID: 35841876 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2022.102268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
According to many in the field,the prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) in type II diabetes (T2DM) populations is considerably higher than that in the normal population. Human islet amyloid polypeptide (hIAPP) is considered to be a common risk factor for T2DM and AD. Preliminary observations around T2DM animal model show that the decrease of adult neural stem cells (NSCs) in the subventricular zone (SVZ) is accompanied by olfactory dysfunction. Furthermore, impaired olfactory function could serve as to an early predictor of neurodegeneration,which is associated with cognitive impairment. However, the synergistic effects between hIAPP and amyloid-beta (Aβ) 1-42 in the brain and the neurodegeneration remains to be further clarified. In this study, olfactory capacity, synaptic density, status of NSC in SVZ, and status of newborn neurons in olfactory bulb (OB) were assessed 6 months after stereotactic injection of oligomer Aβ1-42 into the dens gyrus (DG) of hIAPP-/+ mice or wild-type homogenous mice. Our results set out that Aβ42 and amylin co-localized into OB and raised Aβ42 deposition in hIAPP-/+ mice compared with wild-type brood mice. In addition, 6 months after injection of Aβ1-42 in hIAPP-/+ mice, these mice showed increased olfactory dysfunction, significant loss of synapses, depletion of NSC in SVZ, and impaired cell renewal in OB. Our present study suggested that the synergistic effects between hIAPP and Aβ1-42 impairs olfactory function and was associated with decreased neurogenesis in adults with SVZ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Chao Chen
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue-Zhang Ma
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia-Xin Cao
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi-Shu Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Ping Gao
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Hong Jing
- Institute of Anatomy and Histology & Embryology, Neuroscience, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Preclinical Study for New Drugs of Gansu province, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, People's Republic of China.
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50
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Zhou Y, Ran W, Luo Z, Wang J, Fang M, Wei K, Sun J, Lou M. Impaired peri-olfactory cerebrospinal fluid clearance is associated with ageing, cognitive decline and dyssomnia. EBioMedicine 2022; 86:104381. [PMID: 36442319 PMCID: PMC9706530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Animal experiments have demonstrated the dependency of cerebrospinal fluid clearance function on age and sleep, which partially underlay the cognitive decline in the elderly. However, human evidence is lacking, which could be mainly attributed to the limited methods of cerebrospinal fluid clearance function assessment. METHOD Serial T1-weighted and T2-fluid attenuated inversion recovery imaging were performed in 92 patients before and at multiple time points including 4.5 h, 15 h and 39 h after intrathecal injection of contrast agent to visualize the putative meningeal lymphatic pathway, peri-olfactory nerve pathway, and peri-optic nerve pathway. We defined the clearance function as the percentage change in signal unit ratio of critical locations in these pathways from baseline to 39 h after intrathecal injection, and further analysed their relationships with age, sleep, and cognitive function. FINDINGS Cerebrospinal fluid clearance through the putative meningeal lymphatic and perineural pathways were clearly visualized. The clearance function of putative meningeal lymphatic and perineural pathways were impaired with ageing (all P < 0.05). The clearance function through peri-olfactory nerve pathway in inferior turbinate was positively correlated with sleep quality and cognitive function (both P < 0.05), and mediated the association of sleep quality with cognitive function (percent change in β [bootstrap 95% CI]: 33% [-0.220, -0.007]). INTERPRETATION The impaired clearance through putative peri-olfactory nerve pathway may explain the cognitive decline in patients with sleep disturbance. The study shows a promising method to assess cerebrospinal fluid clearance function of putative peri-neural pathways via dynamic magnetic resonance imaging with intrathecal injection of contrast agent. FUNDING This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (81971101, 82171276 and 82101365).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Wang Ran
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhongyu Luo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianan Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Mengmeng Fang
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Kai Wei
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jianzhong Sun
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Min Lou
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China,Corresponding author. Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, #88 Jiefang Road, Hangzhou, China.
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