Global estimates of human papillomavirus vaccination coverage by region and income level: a pooled analysis

Real-world data of China: Analysis of HPV vaccine coverage and post-vaccination adverse reaction monitoring in Western Chinese provinces from 2018 to 2021

To investigate the HPV vaccine coverage and post-vaccination adverse reactions in Gansu Province, Western China, from 2018 to 2021. Data on suspected adverse reactions to HPV vaccines were collected from the Chinese Vaccine Adverse Event Following Immunization (AEFI). Estimate the incidence rates of Common Adverse Reaction and Rare Adverse Reaction. HPV vaccine coverage among females in different age groups was calculated using data from the Gansu Provincial Immunization Information Platform. The first-dose HPV vaccine coverage rate among females aged 9 to 45 was 2.02%, with the lowest rate of less than 1% observed in females aged 9 to 14. From 2018 to 2021, the incidence rates of Common Adverse Reaction and Rare Adverse Reaction reported in females after HPV vaccination were 11.82 and 0.39 per 100,000 doses, respectively. Common Adverse Reaction included fever (5.52 per 100,000 doses), local redness and swelling (3.33 per 100,000 doses), fatigue (3.15 per 100,000 doses), headache (2.76 per 100,000 doses), as well as local induration and nausea/vomiting (1.97 per 100,000 doses). Adverse reactions mainly occurred within 1 day after vaccination, followed by 1 to 3 days after vaccination. The HPV vaccine coverage rate among females aged 9 to 14 in Gansu Province is remarkably low, and there is an urgent need to enhance vaccine coverage. From 2018 to 2021, the incidence of Adverse reaction Following Immunization HPV vaccination fell within the expected range, indicating the vaccine's safety profile.

Human papillomavirus vaccination coverage among young women in the three sub-Saharan African countries using Demographic and Health Surveys data

Cervical cancer is the fourth most common cancer, with 99% of cases linked to human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. It reflects global inequity as its burden is highest in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to determine the HPV vaccination coverage and its determinant factors among young women in the three sub-Saharan African countries. Data from the Demographic and Health Surveys among three sub-Saharan African countries were used for analysis. A total of 4,952 women were included in the study. Stata 14 was used to analyze the data. The determinants of the outcome variable were identified using a multilevel mixed-effects logistic regression model. Factors with p-values < 0.05 at 95% confidence interval were declared statistically significant. About 7.5% young women were vaccinated for HPV vaccine against cervical cancer in the current study. Younger age, use of internet, rich economic class, and individual-level media exposure were found to be favorable conditions, whereas being employed was negatively associated with HPV vaccination. Only few segments of young women in these three countries got HPV vaccination. The authors recommend that increasing internet use, media exposure, and economic level of young women will increase the HPV vaccination rates. Furthermore, creating awareness among employed women will also increase the possibility of HPV vaccination.

Socioeconomic characteristics, cancer mortality, and universal health coverage: A global analysis

BACKGROUND

Achieving universal health coverage (UHC) involves all individuals attaining accessible health interventions at an affordable cost. We examined current patterns and temporal trends of cancer mortality and UHC across sociodemographic index (SDI) settings, and quantified these association.

METHODS

We used data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019 and Our World in Data. The UHC effective coverage index was obtained to assess the potential population health gains delivered by health systems. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) was calculated to quantify the trend of cancer age-standardized mortality rate (ASMR). A generalized linear model was applied to estimate the association between ASMR and UHC.

FINDINGS

The high (EAPC = -0.9% [95% CI, -1.0%, -0.9%]) and high-middle (-0.9% [-1.0%, -0.8%]) SDI regions had the fastest decline in ASMR (per 100,000) for total cancers from 1990 to 2019. The overall UHC effective coverage index increased by 27.9% in the high-SDI quintile to 62.2% in the low-SDI quintile. A negative association was observed between ASMR for all-cancer (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 0.87 [0.76, 0.99]), stomach (0.73 [0.56, 0.95]), breast (0.64 [0.52, 0.79]), cervical (0.42 [0.30, 0.60]), lip and oral cavity (0.55 [0.40, 0.75]), and nasopharynx (0.42 [0.26, 0.68]) cancers and high UHC level (the lowest as the reference).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings strengthen the evidence base for achieving UHC to improve cancer outcomes.

FUNDING

This work is funded by the China National Natural Science Foundation and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Innovation Fund for Medical Science.

Sex and human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

While the presence of human papillomavirus (HPV) is known to affect the outcomes of oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC), there is a significant gap in research regarding the potential sex-based differences. This systematic review-metanalysis (SR-MA) aims to evaluate if sex is a prognostic factor in HPV-associated OPSCC.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis was performed. COCHRANE Library, CINAHL, PubMed, and Scopus were searched for English-language articles from 1966 to October 2023. Studies with multivariable analysis of overall survival (OS) based on sex were included. Adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) with a 95 % confidence interval (CI) were presented for the reported outcome. A meta-analysis of single means, proportions, and aHRs with a 95 % CI was conducted.

RESULTS

This SR-MA included 24 studies (n = 101,574). The proportion of female patients was 16.6 % [15.4 %-17.8 %]. A meta-analysis of all included studies with OS showed no significant difference in survival between male and female patients. In US-based studies, no significant difference in OS is observed between male and female patients. International studies reported a better OS for female patients (aHR = 0.68, 95 % CI, 0.48-0.95).

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis suggests that sex does not represent a significant prognostic factor for patients affected by HPV associated OPSCC. When stratified by geographic location, findings suggests that female patients from the US with HPV OPSCC have similar OS than male patients but in international studies it suggests male patients have worse OS.

Knockdown of YTHDF2 initiates ERS-induced apoptosis and cancer stemness suppression by sustaining GLI2 stability in cervical cancer

Cervical cancer ranks fourth in women in terms of incidence and mortality. The RNA-binding protein YTH N6-methyladenosine RNA-binding protein F2 (YTHDF2) contributes to cancer progression by incompletely understood mechanisms. We show how YTHDF2 controls the fate of cervical cancer cells and whether YTHDF2 could be a valid target for the therapy of cervical cancer. Sphere formation and alkaline phosphatase staining assays were performed to evaluate tumor stemness of cervical cancer cells following YTHDF2 knockdown. Apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and TUNEL assay. The compounds 4PBA and SP600125 were used to investigate the correlation between JNK, endoplasmic reticulum stress, tumor stemness, and apoptosis. Data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) databases and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) revealed that GLI family zinc finger 2 (GLI2) might be the target of YTHDF2. The transcription inhibitor actinomycin D and dual-luciferase reporter gene assays were employed to investigate the association between the GLI2 mRNA and YTHDF2. Nude mouse xenografts were generated to assess the effects of YTHDF2 knockdown on cervical cancer growth in vivo. Knockdown of YTHDF2 up-regulated the expression of GLI2, leading to JNK phosphorylation and endoplasmic reticulum stress. These processes inhibited the proliferation of cervical cancer cells and their tumor cell stemness and promotion of apoptosis. In conclusion, the knockdown of YTHDF2 significantly affects the progression of cervical cancer cells, making it a potential target for treating cervical cancer.

Public health concern-driven insights and response of low- and middle-income nations to the World health Organization call for cervical cancer risk eradication

The heart shattering impact afflicted by the notorious cervical cancer is rising rapidly as it emerges as the second most prevalent cancer among women in the developing countries. There was an anticipated 604,127 observed reports and 341,831 fatalities reported worldwide in 2020. The mortality rate was 7.2 deaths per 100,000 women-years, while the age-standardized incidence rate was 13.3 cases per 100,000 women annually. In less developed countries, the accountability was around 87-90% of mortality and roughly 84% of newly diagnosed cases. Resource limitations, inadequate public awareness, and late-stage diagnosis aggravate the complications of cancer mitigation in these regions, compared to the higher income nations. While primary and secondary interventions come off as an enticing solution, international collaborations and the integration of technology also emerge as promising avenues for enhancing cancer care accessibility. This study aims to assess the progress of developing countries in meeting the World Health Organization's mandate to eliminate cervical cancer by scrutinizing the prevalence of cervical cancer incidence and mortality rates, evaluating the impact and execution of HPV vaccination initiatives, and analyzing proposals for cervical cancer eradication within these nations, our objective is to accelerate advancements towards the ultimate goal of eradicating cervical cancer.

Optimal human papillomavirus vaccination strategies in the context of vaccine supply constraints in 100 countries

Background

Countries are recommended to immunise adolescent girls routinely with one or two doses of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to eliminate cervical cancer as a public health problem. With most existing vaccine doses absorbed by countries (mostly high-income) with existing HPV vaccination programmes, limited supply has been left for new country introductions until 2022; many of those, low- and middle-income countries with higher mortality. Several vaccination strategies were considered by the Strategic Advisory Group of Experts on Immunization to allow more countries to introduce vaccination despite constrained supplies.

Methods

We examined the impact of nine strategies for allocating limited vaccine doses to 100 pre-introduction countries from 2020 to 2030. Two algorithms were used to optimise the total number of cancer deaths that can be averted worldwide by a limited number of doses (knapsack and decreasing order of country-specific mortality rates), and an unoptimised algorithm (decreasing order of Human Development Index) were used.

Findings

Routinely vaccinating 14-year-old girls with either one or two doses and switching to a routine 9-year-old programme when supply is no longer constrained could prevent the most cervical cancer deaths, regardless of allocation algorithm. The unoptimised allocation averts fewer deaths because it allocates first to higher-income countries, usually with lower cervical cancer mortality.

Interpretation

To optimise the deaths averted through vaccination when supply is limited, it is important to prioritise high-burden countries and vaccinating older girls first.

Funding

WHO, Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation.

Parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters against human papilloma virus and its associated factors in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia

Background

The cells of the cervical epithelial wall are the source of the malignant tumor caused by the human papilloma virus (HPV) known as cervical cancer. In 2018, Ethiopia implemented the HPV vaccine specifically targeting girls aged 9-14 years. This vaccination initiative serves as an effective preventive measure against cervical cancer, provided that parents express a positive inclination to have their daughters vaccinated as part of the program.

Objective

The aim of the study was to assess parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters against human papillomavirus and its associated factors in Woldia town, Northeast Ethiopia.

Methods

A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 414 parents of daughters aged 9-14 years between 10 and 25 January 2023. Respondents were selected by a systematic sampling method and a face-to-face interview was conducted to collect data. Data were entered into Epi Data version 4.6 and exported to SPSS version 25 for analysis. Multivariable analyses were used to examine the association between dependent and independent variables. The adjusted odds ratio (AOR), 95% confidence interval (CI), and p-value <0.05 were used to determine statistical significance.

Results

A total of 410 study participants with a response rate of 99% were included in the study, and approximately 72.9% (95% CI: 68.3-77.2) of them were willing to vaccinate their daughters. This study found that parents with a family history of cervical cancer screening (AOR = 3.27, 95%; CI = 1.38-7.74), secondary and above educational status (AOR = 2.72, 95% CI = 1.29-5.73), good knowledge of the human papilloma virus vaccination (AOR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.70-5.28), and favorable attitude toward the human papilloma virus vaccine (AOR = 4.40, 95% CI = 2.45-7.88) were significantly associated with parental willingness to vaccinate their daughters against human papilloma virus.

Recommendation

In this study, most parents were willing to vaccinate their daughters against human papilloma virus. The significant determinants of parental willingness to their daughter's human papilloma virus vaccination were family history of cervical cancer screening, level of education, and knowledge and attitude toward the human papilloma virus vaccine. Therefore, health information regarding the human papillomavirus vaccination with an emphasis on raising community awareness should be designed.

Small molecule NMD and MDM2 inhibitors synergistically trigger apoptosis in HeLa cells

The nonsense-mediated mRNA decay (NMD) pathway and the p53 pathway, linked to tumorgenesis, are also promising targets for cancer treatment. NMD plays an important role in RNA quality control, while the p53 pathway is involved in cancer suppression. However, their individual and combined effects on cervical cancer are poorly understood. In this study, we evaluated the impacts of NMD inhibitor, Mouse double minute 2 homolog (MDM2) inhibitor, and their combination on cell apoptosis, cell cycle, and p53 target genes in human papillomavirus-18-positive HeLa cells. Our findings revealed that XR-2 failed to activate p53 or induce apoptosis in HeLa cells, whereas SMG1 (serine/threonine-protein kinase 1) inhibitor repressed cell proliferation at high concentrations. Notably, the combination of these 2 agents significantly inhibited cell proliferation, arrested the cell cycle, and triggered cell apoptosis. Mechanistically, MDM2 inhibitor and NMD inhibitor likely exert a synergistically through the truncated E6 protein. These results underscore the potential of employing a combination of MDM2 inhibitor and NMD inhibitor as a promising candidate for the clinical treatment of human papillomavirus-infected tumors.

Carcinogenesis and epidemiology of cervical cancer: The hallmark of human papillomavirus-associated cancer

Cervical cancer affects women worldwide and is the most common human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated cancer. Carcinogenesis caused by HPV results in specific cancer behavior because of the underlying viral infection. The mechanism and timing of the transformation from viral infection to cancer cells have been elucidated in detail. Treatments for this cancer are based on its characteristics and are being implemented. Moreover, HPV infection is widespread worldwide and is transmitted through sexual activity. Although the HPV vaccination is the most effective strategy of preventing cervical cancer, it is not feasible to vaccinate the entire human population especially in low- and middle-income countries. In order to consider the next step for HPV vaccination, we need to understand the characteristics of HPV carcinogenesis and cervical cancer. Additionally, treatment aimed at preservation of reproductive function in patients with cervical cancer is often required, as the cervix is a reproductive organ and because the disease is more prevalent in the adolescent and young adult generation. Thus, there are still many challenges in the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of cervical cancer.

Inequities in human papillomavirus vaccination among children aged 9-14 years old under constrained vaccine supply in China

BACKGROUND

Inequities in access to human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine are becoming a growing critical issue globally. Few studies investigate the factors determining HPV vaccine uptake disparities when vaccine supply is constrained, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to investigate inequities of HPV vaccination and related factors under the constrained vaccine supply in China.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey was conducted in a developed eastern coastal province and a developing western one in China between November and December 2022. Employing multistage stratified cluster random sampling, the study collected data from parents of children aged 9-14. Mixed-effects logistic regression models with school units as random effects were used for analysis.

RESULTS

From 4,127 eligible parents (as vaccine decision makers for girls), 1,346 (32.6%) intended to vaccinate their daughters against HPV, of which 836 (62.1%) attempted to schedule a vaccination appointment. Only 16.4% succeeded in booking an appointment. More than half of the intended parents expected the imported 9-valent HPV vaccine. There were significant disparities in HPV vaccine awareness, intention, and vaccination behavior across educational, income, geographic, ethnic, gender, and health literacy levels. Vaccine awareness and intentions were higher among parents with higher socioeconomic status; however, girls from lower socioeconomic families were more likely to receive the HPV vaccine and had a higher domestically produced vaccination rate. Significant disparities exist in vaccination intentions and actual vaccination behaviors, primarily due to large supply constraints of the HPV vaccine.

CONCLUSIONS

Sustained health education campaigns are needed to raise awareness of the HPV vaccine, improve health literacy, and decrease over-preference for the 9-valent HPV vaccine. A mother's HPV vaccination behavior was positively associated with increased intention and actual vaccination behavior for her daughter. This study advocates for complementary cervical cancer prevention programs targeting both mothers and daughters.

Implicit theories of health predict HPV vaccination intention among young adult Chinese women: The mediating effect of consideration of future consequences and future self-continuity

This study investigated the predicting effect of implicit theories of health on HPV vaccination intention among young adult Chinese women and its underlying mechanisms. Four-hundred and eighty-three young Chinese women adults (18-26 years old) participated this study by completing measures on implicit theories of health, consideration of future consequences, future self-continuity, and reported their HPV vaccination intention. The results demonstrated that age, whether they knew someone being diagnosed with cancer, implicit (incremental) theories of health, consideration of future consequences (CFC-Future), and future self-continuity significantly predicted young adult Chinese women's HPV vaccination intention. The predicting effect of implicit theories of health was mediated by consideration of future consequences and future self-continuity. Implications of the current research for promoting HPV vaccination among young adult women and directions for future research are discussed.

Selecting and Tailoring Implementation Strategies to Improve Human Papillomavirus Vaccine Uptake in Zambia: A Nominal Group Technique Approach

The human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is effective in cervical cancer prevention. However, many barriers to uptake exist and strategies to overcome them are needed. Therefore, this study aimed to select and tailor implementation strategies to barriers identified by multiple stakeholders in Zambia. The study was conducted in Lusaka district between January and February 2023. Participants were purposively sampled from three stakeholder groups namely, adolescent girls, parents, and teachers and healthcare workers. With each of the stakeholders' groups (10-13 participants per group), we used the nominal group technique to gain consensus to tailor feasible and acceptable implementation strategies for mitigating the identified contextual barriers. The identified barriers included low levels of knowledge and awareness about the HPV vaccine, being out of school, poor community sensitisation, lack of parental consent to vaccinate daughters, and myths and misinformation about the HPV vaccine. The lack of knowledge and awareness of the HPV vaccine was a common barrier across the three groups. Tailored strategies included conducting educational meetings and consensus-building meetings, using mass media, changing service sites, re-examining implementation, and involving patients/consumers and their relatives. Our study contributes to the available evidence on the process of selecting and tailoring implementation strategies to overcome contextual barriers. Policymakers should consider these tailored strategies to mitigate barriers and improve HPV vaccine uptake.

Community Engagement in Vaccination Promotion: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

BACKGROUND

Community engagement plays a vital role in global immunization strategies, offering the potential to overcome vaccination hesitancy and enhance vaccination confidence. Although there is significant backing for community engagement in health promotion, the evidence supporting its effectiveness in vaccination promotion is fragmented and of uncertain quality.

OBJECTIVE

This review aims to systematically examine the effectiveness of different contents and extent of community engagement for promoting vaccination rates.

METHODS

This study was performed in accordance with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) guidelines. A comprehensive and exhaustive literature search was performed in 4 English databases (PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library) and 2 Chinese databases (CNKI and Wan Fang) to identify all possible articles. Original research articles applying an experimental study design that investigated the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion were eligible for inclusion. Two reviewers independently performed the literature search, study selection, quality assessment, and data extraction. Discrepancies were resolved through discussion, with the arbitration of a third reviewer where necessary.

RESULTS

A total of 20 articles out of 11,404 records from 2006 to 2021 were retrieved. The studies used various designs: 12 applied single-group pre-post study designs, 5 were cluster randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and 3 were non-RCTs. These studies targeted multiple vaccines, with 8 focusing on children's immunization, 8 on human papillomavirus vaccine, 3 on hepatitis B virus vaccine, and 1 on COVID-19 vaccine. The meta-analysis revealed significant increases in vaccination rates both in pre-post comparison (rate difference [RD] 0.34, 95% CI 0.21-0.47, I2=99.9%, P<.001) and between-group comparison (RD 0.18, 95% CI 0.07-0.29, I2=98.4%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that participant recruitment had the largest effect size (RD 0.51, 95% CI 0.36-0.67, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by intervention development (RD 0.36, 95% CI 0.23-0.50, I2=100.0%, P<.001), intervention implementation (RD 0.35, 95% CI 0.22-0.47, I2=99.8%, P<.001), and data collection (RD 0.34, 95% CI 0.19-0.50, I2=99.8%, P<.001). The meta-analysis indicated that high community engagement extent yielded the largest effect size (RD 0.49, 95% CI 0.17-0.82, I2=100.0%, P<.001), followed by moderate community engagement extent (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.58, I2=99.6%, P<.001) and low community engagement extent (RD 0.15, 95% CI 0.05-0.25, I2=99.2%, P<.001). The meta-analysis revealed that "health service support" demonstrated the largest effect sizes (RD 0.45, 95% CI 0.25-0.65, I2=99.9%, P<.001), followed by "health education and discussion" (RD 0.39, 95% CI 0.20-0.58, I2=99.7%, P<.001), "follow-up and reminder" (RD 0.33, 95% CI 0.23-0.42, I2=99.3%, P<.001), and "social marketing campaigns and community mobilization" (RD 0.24, 95% CI 0.06-0.41, I2=99.9%, P<.001).

CONCLUSIONS

The results of this meta-analysis supported the effectiveness of community engagement in vaccination promotion with variations in terms of engagement contents and extent. Community engagement required a "fit-for-purpose" approach rather than a "one-size-fits-all" approach to maximize the effectiveness of vaccine promotion.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

PROSPERO CRD42022339081; https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?RecordID=339081.

Human Papilloma Virus Vaccination and Cervical Screening in the Italian Regions: An Overview of the Current State of the Art

Human Papilloma Virus (HPV) infection and HPV-related cancers can be prevented through vaccinations and mass cervical screening programmes. The Ministry of Health in Italy provides recommendations on primary and secondary prevention of HPV-related diseases, but the 19 Italian regions and 2 autonomous provinces have organisational and decision-making autonomy, with differences in the strategies for offering prevention. The aim of this study is to describe the HPV vaccination and cervical screening offered in all Italian regions. Regional official documents up until 31 December 2021 were first identified. Subsequently, primary and secondary prevention experts from each region were interviewed to validate the previously collected data. The National Immunisation Plan (NIP) 2017-2019 recommends HPV vaccination from the age of 11 for both sexes, with a coverage target of 95%. HPV vaccination is offered free of charge or co-payment. All regions have screening programmes for cervical cancer, using PAP or HPV-DNA tests every three to five years. All regions have an electronic registry for vaccination and screening status. All regions have developed awareness-raising campaigns. It is important to harmonise regional policies with the implementation of information systems integration. The collected data could enhance both regional and national public health initiatives, bolstering the resilience of vaccination programs.

Exploring Cultural and Religious Effects on HPV Vaccination Decision Making Using a Web-Based Decision Aid: A Quasi-experimental Study

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) poses a significant public health concern, as it is linked to various serious health conditions such as cancer and genital warts. Despite the vaccine's safety, efficacy, and availability through national school programs, HPV vaccination rates remain low in Israel, particularly within the ultra-Orthodox community due to religious and cultural barriers. Decision aids have shown promise in facilitating shared decision making and promoting informed choices in health care. This study aimed to assess the impact of a novel Web-based decision aid on HPV vaccination intentions, knowledge, decision self-efficacy, and decisional conflict among Israeli parents and young adults, with a specific focus on exploring differences between religious groups.

METHODS

Two Web-based decision aids were developed for parents of children aged 10 to 17 y (n = 120) and young adults aged 18 to 26 y (n = 160). A quasi-experimental study was conducted among Hebrew-speaking parents and young adults eligible for HPV vaccination. Participants completed pre- and postintervention questionnaires assessing vaccination intentions, knowledge about HPV, decision self-efficacy, and decisional conflict.

RESULTS

The decision aid significantly improved intentions toward HPV vaccination among most religious groups, except the Jewish ultra-Orthodox community. Ultra-Orthodox participants exhibited reluctance to vaccinate themselves or their children (odds ratio [OR] = 0.23, P < 0.001 for parents' group; OR = 0.43, P < 0.001 for young adults' group). Parental preference for vaccinating girls over boys (OR = 2.66, P < 0.001) and increased inclination for vaccination among Muslim-Arabs were observed (OR = 3.12, P < 0.001). Knowledge levels improved among ultra-Orthodox participants but not decisional conflict and self-efficacy.

CONCLUSIONS

The Web-based decision aid positively influenced the quality of HPV vaccination decision making among various religious groups in Israel, except for the ultra-Orthodox community. Culturally tailored approaches that address specific community concerns are essential for informed decision making.

HIGHLIGHTS

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates in Israel are substantially lower than those of other routine vaccinations, particularly among religious and ultra-Orthodox communities, largely due to sociocultural beliefs and misinformation.A newly developed Web-based decision aid was implemented in a study involving parents and young adults to evaluate its impact on vaccination intent, knowledge about HPV, decision self-efficacy, and decisional conflict.While the decision aid significantly enhanced vaccination intention, knowledge, and perceived behavioral control among various religious groups, it did not yield the same outcomes within the ultra-Orthodox Jewish community.This study highlights the vital role of cultural adaptation in HPV vaccine decision aids within Israel, revealing significant disparities in vaccination perceptions and decisions among diverse religious and cultural groups.

Noncanonical functions of telomerase and telomeres in viruses-associated cancer

The cause of cancer is attributed to the uncontrolled growth and proliferation of cells resulting from genetic changes and alterations in cell behavior, a phenomenon known as epigenetics. Telomeres, protective caps on the ends of chromosomes, regulate both cellular aging and cancer formation. In most cancers, telomerase is upregulated, with the telomerase reverse transcriptase (TERT) enzyme and telomerase RNA component (TERC) RNA element contributing to the maintenance of telomere length. Additionally, it is noteworthy that two viruses, human papillomavirus (HPV) and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), utilize telomerase for their replication or persistence in infected cells. Also, TERT and TERC may play major roles in cancer not related to telomere biology. They are involved in the regulation of gene expression, signal transduction pathways, cellular metabolism, or even immune response modulation. Furthermore, the crosstalk between TERT, TERC, RNA-binding proteins, and microRNAs contributes to a greater extent to cancer biology. To understand the multifaceted roles played by TERT and TERC in cancer and viral life cycles, and then to develop effective therapeutic strategies against these diseases, are fundamental for this goal. By investigating deeply, the complicated mechanisms and relationships between TERT and TERC, scientists will open the doors to new therapies. In its analysis, the review emphasizes the significance of gaining insight into the multifaceted roles that TERT and TERC play in cancer pathogenesis, as well as their involvement in the viral life cycle for designing effective anticancer therapy approaches.

#EndtheSTIgma: An Exploratory Analysis of the 2019 HPV Awareness Day Conversation on Twitter & Instagram

The current study explores the risk communication conversations on Twitter and Instagram in the context of the 2019 HPV Awareness Day, through the theoretical lenses of the stigma associated with HPV, HPV-related cancer, and the HPV vaccine. Our findings reveal that: 1) self and enacted stigma are present in these social media conversations, via nonprofits and official ambassadors, and via regular people; 2) other categories related to stigma, which can be seen as reactions to stigma and appeals to better individuals and society (i.e. stopping stereotypes) also emerged in these conversations, via official and not official sources, pro and against vaccine discourses; and 3) the same categories emerged from the data via both platforms, but differences exist in terms of narratives and messaging. Practical implications are discussed.

Monitoring HPV Prevalence and Risk Cofactors for Abnormal Cytology in the Post-Vaccination Period among Croatian Women

The incidence and mortality rate of cervical cancer in Croatia remains a health challenge despite screening efforts. Besides the persistent infection with HPV, the development of cancer is also associated with some cofactors. The goal of this study was to assess circulating HPV genotypes and risk factors for the development of cervical precancer after almost 16 years from the onset of HPV vaccination in Croatia. In this study, a total of 321 women attending gynecological care were evaluated. Relevant medical and demographic information, including cytology, were collected. HPV genotyping was performed by PCR. Comparing the HPV types found in circulation in the pre-vaccination (1999-2015) and post-vaccination periods (2020-2023), a statistically significant reduction in HPV 31 was noted, while the overall prevalence increased in the post-vaccination period. Besides the expected HPV positivity as a risk factor, the history of smoking was associated with LSIL or worse cytology at enrollment. For the first time, this population study revealed a statistically significant shift in the HPV genotype in the post-vaccination period, as well as the confirmation of risk factors for the development of abnormal cytology among Croatian women.

Burden and indirect cost of vaccine-preventable cancer mortality in Europe

BACKGROUND

The economic and mortality burden of cancer is high worldwide. In Europe, cancer was responsible for 1.3 million deaths in 2020 and incurred an estimated cost of €50 billion from premature mortality. Human papillomavirus (HPV) and hepatitis B virus (HBV) are among the leading causes of infection-related cancers despite the availability of effective vaccines against these infections. This analysis estimated the mortality and productivity loss of HBV- and HPV-associated cancers that could be preventable through vaccination across European regions.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Institute for Health Metrics Evaluation (IHME) data were used to estimate mortality, years of life lost (YLL), and the value of years of life lost (VYLL) from five HBV- and HPV-related cancers (oral cavity, oropharynx, larynx, cervical, and liver cancers) across 40 European countries in 2019. Preventable deaths and YLL were estimated based on fractions attributable to infections. Data from the World Bank on GDP per capita were used to estimate the VYLL. The robustness of these results was explored with sensitivity and scenario analyses.

RESULTS

In 2019, 31,906 cancer deaths resulted in an economic burden of €18,521,614,725 due to productivity losses across Europe. HPV-related cervical cancer had the highest mortality (19,473 deaths) and economic burden (€10,706,253,185). HBV-related liver cancer and HPV-related larynx, oral cavity, and oropharynx cancers also had a substantial burden, particularly in males. Eastern Europe had the highest YLL (308,179; 39%) and Western Europe was responsible for the greatest VYLL (€8,281,306,504; 45%), although the highest VYLL per death was in Northern Europe (€923,638). HPV-related oropharynx cancer had the highest VYLL per death (€656,607).

CONCLUSION

HPV- and HBV-related cancer deaths are associated with substantial mortality and productivity losses in Europe, which could be reduced by the continued prioritization and implementation of prophylactic public health measures including systematic awareness, vaccination, and screening efforts.

Exploring trends and determinants of basic childhood vaccination coverage: Empirical evidence over 41 years

Vaccination is widely considered to be one of the most important prevention measures as a health strategy. This paper examines trends in basic childhood vaccination coverage and which country and time-dependent determinants may have influenced childhood immunization rates (1-dose BCG, 1- and 3-dose DTP (diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis), 1-dose measles, and 3-dose polio) between 1980 and 2020 across 94 countries. We identify economic, inequality, demographic, health, education, labor market, environmental, and political stability factors of immunization. To do this, we use data from the annual WHO and United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF) coverage estimates. The empirical analysis consists of generalized estimating equation models to assess relationships between immunization rates and socioeconomic factors. Additionally, we follow the Barro and Sala-i-Martín approach to identify conditional convergence. Our findings show the strongest positive statistically significant association between immunization rates and GDP per capita, as well as births attended by skilled health staff. Moreover, our research demonstrates conditional convergence, indicating that countries converge towards different steady states. The present study brings new insights to investigating the determinants of childhood vaccination coverage and provides significant implications for health policies.

Long-term antigen-specific immune response by an oncolytic adenovirus encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL in HPV-16 cancer model

BACKGROUND

To describe an oncolytic adenovirus (OAd) encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL that is capable of inducing tumor regression in therapeutic assays. Herein, we tested whether the antitumor effect is given by the induction of a tumor-specific immune response, as well as the minimum dose needed to elicit antitumor protection and monitor the OAd biodistribution over time.

METHODS AND RESULTS

C57BL/6 mice (n = 5) per group were immunized twice with OAds encoding SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL, SA-E7-4-1BBL, or SP-SA-4-1BBL and challenged with TC-1 cancer cells. The DNA construct SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL was employed as a control via biolistic or PBS injection. Groups without tumor development at 47 days were rechallenged with TC-1 cells, and follow-up lasted until day 90. The minimum dose of OAd to induce the antitumor effect was established by immunization using serial dilution doses. The cytometry bead assay and the ELISpot assay were used to evaluate cytokine release in response to ex vivo antigenic stimulation. The distribution profile of the OAd vaccine was evaluated in the different organs by histological, immunohistochemical and qPCR analyses. The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL-immunized mice did not develop tumors even in a rechallenge. A protective antitumor effect was observed from a dose that is one hundredth of most reports of adenoviral vaccines. Immunization with OAd increases Interferon-gamma-producing cells in response to antigen stimulation. OAd was detected in tumors over time, with significant morphological changes, contrary to nontumor tissues.

CONCLUSIONS

The OAd SP-SA-E7-4-1BBL vaccine confers a prophylactic, safe, long-lasting, and antigen-dependent antitumor effect mediated by a Th1 antitumor immune response.

Cervical cancer screening and its associated factors among women of reproductive age in Kenya: further analysis of Kenyan demographic and health survey 2022

INTRODUCTION

Although cervical cancer screening is one of the most effective strategies to reduce the incidence and mortality of cervical cancer, the percentage of cervical cancer screening in low- and middle-income counties is low. In Kenya, the current nationwide prevalence and associated factors for the detection of cervical cancer is unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to assess the prevalence and associated factors for the detection of cervical cancer screening among women of reproductive age in Kenya using the Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey 2022.

METHODS

This study used the most recent Kenyan Demographic and Health Survey data (2022) with a total weighted sample of 16,901 women. A mixed effects logistic regression analysis was performed and in the multivariable analysis, variables with a p-value below 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The strength of the association was evaluated using adjusted odds ratios along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals.

RESULTS

The prevalence of cervical cancer screening in Kenya was 16.81%(95% CI: 16.24, 17.38%). Having a history of abortion (AOR = 1.33, 95% CI: 1.171.50, 1.43), using modern contraceptive methods (AOR = 1.57, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.95), media exposure (AOR = 1.31, 95%CI: 1.03, 1.65), primary education (AOR = 1.56, 95%CI: 1.09, 2.22), secondary education (AOR = 21.99, 95% CI: 1.1.38, 2.87), higher education (AOR = 2..50, 95% CI: 1.71, 3.65), visiting health facility within the past 12 months (AOR = 1.61, 95%CI: 1.46, 1.79), positive HIV status (AOR: 3.50, 95% CI: 2.69, 4.57), being from a community with a higher proportion of educated individuals (AOR = 1.37, 95%CI: 1.13, 1.65) and being from a community with high proportion of poor individuals (AOR = 0.72, 9 5%CI: 0.60-0.87)) were significantly associated with cervical cancer screening.

CONCLUSION

In Kenya, the prevalence of cervical cancer screening was found to be low. A history of abortion, use of modern contraceptives, exposure to the media, visits to health facilities in the past 12 months, HIV status, level of education, community educational level, and community wealth were identified as significant associated factors for cervical cancer screening. Therefore, it is recommended to implement targeted public health interventions that focus on these identified factors to improve the adoption of cervical cancer screening in Kenya.

Sibling spillovers and the choice to get vaccinated: Evidence from a regression discontinuity design

We investigate the effects of introducing population-wide free-of-charge Human Papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination programs on the targeted adolescent cohorts and their siblings. For identification, we rely on regression discontinuity designs and high-quality Danish administrative data to exploit that date of birth determines program eligibility. We find that the programs increased the HPV vaccine take-up of both the targeted children (53.2 percentage points for girls and 36.0 percentage points for boys) and their older same-sex siblings (4.5 percentage points for sisters and 3.5 percentage points for brothers). We show that while the direct effects of the programs reduced HPV vaccine take-up inequality, the spillover effects, in contrast, contributed to an increase in vaccine take-up inequality highlighting the potential importance of spillover effects in the determination of distributional consequences of public health programs. Finally, we find some evidence of cross-vaccine spillovers.

Safety, Efficacy, and Immunogenicity of Therapeutic Vaccines for Patients with High-Grade Cervical Intraepithelial Neoplasia (CIN 2/3) Associated with Human Papillomavirus: A Systematic Review

Despite the knowledge that HPV is responsible for high-grade CIN and cervical cancer, little is known about the use of therapeutic vaccines as a treatment. We aimed to synthesize and critically evaluate the evidence from clinical trials on the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of therapeutic vaccines in the treatment of patients with high-grade CIN associated with HPV. A systematic review of clinical trials adhering to the PRISMA 2020 statement in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, CENTRAL Cochrane, Web of Science, Scopus, and LILACS was undertaken, with no data or language restrictions. Primary endpoints related to the safety, efficacy, and immunogenicity of these vaccines were assessed by reviewing the adverse/toxic effects associated with the therapeutic vaccine administration via histopathological regression of the lesion and/or regression of the lesion size and via viral clearance and through the immunological response of individuals who received treatment compared to those who did not or before and after receiving the vaccine, respectively. A total of 1184 studies were identified, and 16 met all the criteria. Overall, the therapeutic vaccines were heterogeneous regarding their formulation, dose, intervention protocol, and routes of administration, making a meta-analysis unfeasible. In most studies (n = 15), the vaccines were safe and well tolerated, with clinical efficacy regarding the lesions and histopathological regression or viral clearance. In addition, eleven studies showed favorable immunological responses against HPV, and seven studies showed a positive correlation between immunogenicity and the clinical response, indicating promising results that should be further investigated. In summary, therapeutic vaccines, although urgently needed to avoid progression of CIN 2/3 patients, still present sparse data, requiring greater investments in a well-designed phase III RCT.

Knowledge and beliefs of Greek parents towards HPV infection and vaccination - are they willing to vaccinate their sons?

OBJECTIVES

Human papillomavirus (HPV) stands as one of the prevalent sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and serves as the primary factor behind nearly all instances of cervical cancer, along with various other non-cancerous conditions like genital warts. Our objective was to explore the knowledge and beliefs of Greek parents regarding HPV infection and the vaccination of boys against HPV.

METHODS

A cross-sectional study took place at a university hospital located in the Peloponnese region of Greece, from January to June 2021. The study employed convenience sampling as its methodology, and data gathering involved the distribution of self-administered questionnaires to parents who had at least one son between the ages of 9 and 18 years.

RESULTS

The final sample consisted of 120 individuals. 65.8 % of parents have been informed about HPV vaccination, knew that the HPV vaccine provides immunity against genital warts (50 %), and that minimum of two doses is necessary (46.7 %). 30.8 % intended to vaccinate their boys against HPV if the vaccine were available for males. The most important reasons for vaccination were the perception that both genders share equal responsibility in the prevention of sexually transmitted infections (91.7 %) and the protection against cancer (87.6 %), whereas the fear of adverse reactions and the adequate knowledge about HPV-related diseases were most reported as reasons of the intentions to not vaccinate their sons with 31.7 % and 25.8 % respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Although parents participating in the study know about HPV, however, there are significant lack of knowledge regarding HPV infection and the vaccine effects, which can significantly affect the acceptance of vaccination for boys.

Risk factors for human papillomavirus infection and disease: A targeted literature summary

Adolescents are the primary cohort for routine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination, but unvaccinated adults may also benefit. A lack of consensus on which adults to target and the presence of reimbursement barriers likely contribute to the lag in adult vaccinations, highlighting missed prevention opportunities. Understanding factors contributing to risk of HPV infection and disease could help in decision making on vaccination. This review summarizes existing literature on risk factors for HPV infection and disease and includes 153 studies reporting relative risks or odds ratios for factors associated with HPV infection or disease in adults, published between 2009 and 2020. Despite inconsistent design and reporting of risk factors across studies, this review confirmed several risk factors associated with adult infection, including human immunodeficiency virus positivity, number of sex partners, and smoking. These findings can support policymaking, guideline development, and clinical decision making for HPV vaccination and screening of high-risk adult groups.

Coverage with the First Dose of Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Females Aged 9-50 Years in Shenzhen, China: A Surveillance Based on Administrative Health Records in 2023

China started to offer human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines to females aged 9-45 years in 2016. However, there was a lack of reports about HPV vaccination coverage in a representative sample of females in China. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the current HPV coverage and associated factors among females aged 9-50 years in Shenzhen, China, based on administrative health records kept by community health centers. A multistage random sampling approach was used. The research team randomly selected 18 community health centers in Shenzhen, and 3118 health records of females aged 9-50 years were then randomly selected from these health centers. Among all participants, 18.7% received at least one dose of HPV vaccination. The highest coverage was observed among females aged 18-26 years (23.4%), followed by those aged 27-35 years (22.0%) and 36-45 years (20.2%). Such coverage was very low among females aged 9-17 years (4.6%) and those aged 46-50 years (3.2%). Among females aged 18 years or above, higher education level, having a family doctor, and permanent residency in Shenzhen were associated with higher HPV vaccination coverage, while older age and being married/divorced were negatively associated with coverage. The HPV vaccination coverage in Shenzhen was 18.7% and there is a strong need for improvement.

Improving prediction of cervical cancer using KNN imputer and multi-model ensemble learning

Cervical cancer is a leading cause of women's mortality, emphasizing the need for early diagnosis and effective treatment. In line with the imperative of early intervention, the automated identification of cervical cancer has emerged as a promising avenue, leveraging machine learning techniques to enhance both the speed and accuracy of diagnosis. However, an inherent challenge in the development of these automated systems is the presence of missing values in the datasets commonly used for cervical cancer detection. Missing data can significantly impact the performance of machine learning models, potentially leading to inaccurate or unreliable results. This study addresses a critical challenge in automated cervical cancer identification-handling missing data in datasets. The study present a novel approach that combines three machine learning models into a stacked ensemble voting classifier, complemented by the use of a KNN Imputer to manage missing values. The proposed model achieves remarkable results with an accuracy of 0.9941, precision of 0.98, recall of 0.96, and an F1 score of 0.97. This study examines three distinct scenarios: one involving the deletion of missing values, another utilizing KNN imputation, and a third employing PCA for imputing missing values. This research has significant implications for the medical field, offering medical experts a powerful tool for more accurate cervical cancer therapy and enhancing the overall effectiveness of testing procedures. By addressing missing data challenges and achieving high accuracy, this work represents a valuable contribution to cervical cancer detection, ultimately aiming to reduce the impact of this disease on women's health and healthcare systems.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccination amongst Students in a Tertiary Institution in North Central Nigeria: A Cross-sectional Study on Sociodemographic Factors Associated with Its Awareness, Uptake and Willingness to Pay

BACKGROUND

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine is effective in averting 70%-90% of all HPV-related diseases. The assessment of its awareness, uptake and willingness to pay (WTP) is important in Nigeria which is one of the developing countries where more than three-quarter of the global burden of HPV-related diseases occur. This study aimed to determine the sociodemographic factors associated with the awareness, uptake and WTP for HPV vaccine amongst undergraduates in a tertiary institution in North Central Nigeria.

METHODS

This was a cross-sectional study. Data were collected from randomly sampled respondents through a validated self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics, Chi-square and logistic regression analyses were applied to data collected to determine the awareness, uptake and WTP for HPV vaccine and their association with sociodemographic factors. The results of inferential statistics were considered significant when P < 0.05.

RESULTS

A total of 240 respondents were recruited, 15.4% of the respondents had heard about HPV vaccine, 2.1% of them had received at least a dose of the vaccine, 0.4% of them had completed three doses and 35.0% of them were willing to pay for it. Marital status (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]: 10.2; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.840-36.635) and parity (AOR: 5.8; 95% CI: 2.314-14.565) were predictors of WTP for the HPV vaccine.

CONCLUSION

The evidence generated from this study suggests that there is a need to increase the awareness and uptake of the vaccine at the individual and population levels. The recent introduction of the HPV vaccine is a laudable step towards improving vaccine uptake. Public health authorities at the local, state and national levels should be empowered to develop tailored vaccine demand creation and advocacy strategies for HPV vaccine. Males should also be involved in the advocacy strategies and research on HPV vaccine.

Access to Cancer Care: Prevention and Screening for Females Post Kidney Transplantation Around the World

Kidney transplantation offers recipients superior outcomes and improved quality of life compared with dialysis. However, the need for ongoing immunosuppression places recipients at increased risk of certain forms of cancer. Screening and early detection of precancerous lesions are one of the few proven ways to lower the risk of cancer morbidity and mortality in the transplant population. Women have additional barriers to cancer screening services globally, especially in low- and middle-income countries as well as within certain disadvantaged groups in high-income countries. There is a dearth of published data on screening guidelines and policies on post-transplant malignancy in female recipients. It is vital that health care providers and patients are educated regarding the risks of cancer at all post-transplant stages and that the recommended screening policies are adhered to in order to reduce associated morbidity and mortality in this at-risk group.

Unveiling HPV's hidden link: Cardiovascular diseases and the viral intrigue

Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) remain a major global health challenge, with an escalating impact on mortality despite advancements in managing conventional risk factors. This review investigates the intricate relationship between human papillomavirus (HPV) and CVD, shedding light on a novel aspect of cardiovascular health. Despite significant progress in understanding and managing traditional CVD risk factors, a substantial proportion of CVD cases lack these conventional markers. Recent research has unveiled HPV, a prevalent sexually transmitted infection, as a potential unconventional risk factor for CVD. This review delves into the underlying mechanisms linking HPV to CVD pathogenesis. HPV's influence on vascular endothelium and induction of systemic inflammation are key contributors. Additionally, HPV disrupts host lipid metabolism, further exacerbating the development of atherosclerosis. The link between HPV and CAD is not merely correlative; it encompasses a complex interplay of virological, immunological, and metabolic factors. Understanding the connection between HPV and CVD holds transformative potential. Insights from this review not only underscore the significance of considering HPV as a crucial risk factor but also advocate for targeted HPV screening and vaccination strategies to mitigate CVD risks. This multidisciplinary exploration bridges the gap between infectious diseases and cardiovascular health, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive approach to combating the global burden of cardiovascular disease. Further research and clinical guidelines in this realm are essential to harness the full scope of preventive and therapeutic interventions, ultimately shaping a healthier cardiovascular landscape.

Performance of Human Gene EPB41L3 and HPV 16/18 Viral DNA Methylation to Triage hrHPV-Positive Women

More evidence from population-based cohort studies is required to confirm the application of methylation-based biomarkers in real-world settings. The cross-sectional and 24-month cumulative triage performance of a novel methylation assay targeting the host gene EPB41LE and HPV16/18 DNA L1/L2 regions among hrHPV-positive women was evaluated based on a population-based cohort study from China. Overall methylation positivity was 12.4% among hrHPV-positive women. Methylation-positive women had significantly higher risks of hrHPV persistence at 12M and 24M follow-up (RR12M = 1.9, 95%CI: 1.5-2.6 and RR24M = 1.7, 95%CI: 1.2-2.5). For CIN2+, cross-sectional triage sensitivity of methylation was similar to HPV16/18 (70.6% vs. 64.7%, pexact = 1.000), but was lower than cytology (94.1%), although not significantly (pexact = 0.213). The specificity (91.2%) of methylation was significantly higher than other triage methods (p < 0.001 for all). The longitudinal sensitivity of methylation over 24M follow-up was 56.0%, lower (but not significantly so) than HPV16/18 (64.0%, pexact = 0.688) and cytology (76.0%, pexact = 0.125). Methylation testing showed high positive predictive values for CIN2+ (41.4% at baseline, 50.0% at 24-month), while the CIN2+ risk of methylation negative women (cNPV) remained considerable (2.5% at baseline, 6.9% at 24-month). Study findings indicate that methylation has better specificity and predictive values for the presence or development of cervical precancer and might therefore be considered for the strategy of HPV screening and methylation triage followed by immediate treatment of triage-positive women and delayed follow-up of hrHPV-positive/methylation-negative women.

HPV vaccine initiation at 9 or 10 years of age and better series completion by age 13 among privately and publicly insured children in the US

The US Advisory Committee on Immunization Practice recommends routine human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination at 11-12 years of age, but states that vaccination may be initiated as early as 9 years. Our primary goal was to assess whether initiating HPV vaccination at 9-10 years of age, compared to 11-12, was associated with a higher rate of series completion by 13 years of age, and to identify factors associated with series completion by age 13. The study used vaccine claims and other data from the IBM MarketScan Commercial Claims and Encounters (privately insured) and IBM MarketScan Multi-State Medicaid (publicly insured) databases. Participants were 9-12 years of age and initiated HPV vaccination between January 2006 and December 2018 (publicly insured) or February 2019 (privately insured). Among 100,117 privately insured individuals, those initiating the HPV vaccination series at 9-10 years of age had a significantly higher series completion rate by 13 years of age than did those initiating at 11-12 years of age (76.2% versus 48.1%; p < .001). The same pattern was observed for 115,863 publicly insured individuals (70.4% versus 40.0%; p < .001). Provider and health care plan type, female sex, race/ethnicity, and wellness checks or non-HPV vaccinations during the baseline period were significantly associated with series completion by 13 years of age. Proactive initiation of HPV vaccination at 9-10 years of age was associated with higher rates of series completion by 13 years of age. These findings can inform provider education and other interventions to encourage timely HPV vaccination series completion.

The effect of theoretical and student-centered interactive education on intern nursing students' knowledge and consideration regarding human papillomavirus and its vaccine in Turkey: A repeated measures design

Background

Intern nursing students not only belong to the high-risk group for human papillomavirus (HPV) infection and its associated complications but also represent the future healthcare workforce. Therefore, they constitute a significant group that should comprehensively understand HPV and its vaccine.

Objective

This study aimed to assess the impact of educational interventions on intern nursing students' knowledge and considerations related to HPV and its vaccine.

Methods

A repeated measures design with pretest/posttest measures was employed. The study involved 88 students at a university in Turkey and was conducted between November 2021 and February 2022. Data were collected using a Personal Information Form and the HPV Information Scale. All participants received theoretical and student-centered interactive education, and data were analyzed using numerical data, percentage distributions, Bonferroni correction, and one-way repeated measures ANOVA.

Results

The total score of the scale and the scores of all four sub-dimensions obtained in the first and third months after the education were significantly higher than those obtained before the education (p <0.001). Additionally, the proportion of students considering getting an HPV vaccine increased following the education (p <0.001).Conclusions: The education on HPV and its vaccine potentially improved students' knowledge levels and increased consideration for vaccination. Implementing interventions that equip nursing students with sufficient knowledge about HPV and its vaccine can contribute to reducing HPV-related cancer rates. Therefore, it is recommended to implement educational programs focused on the prevention of HPV-related cancers.

Identification of a prognostic model based on immune and hypoxia-related gene expressions in cervical cancer

BACKGROUND

Tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) has long been a key direction of tumour research. Understanding the occurrence, metastasis and other processes of cervical cancer (CC) is of great significance in the diagnosis and prognosis of tumours.

METHODS

Here, this study applied the univariate Cox regression model to determine the prognostic association of immune and hypoxia signature genes in CC, and used Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator (LASSO) Cox method to build immune and hypoxia related risk score model to uncover the immune signature of the TIME of CC. Moreover, we used in vitro experiment to validate the expression level of signature genes. Notably, we assessed the predictive effect of anti-PD1/PDL1 immunotherapy using risk score model.

RESULTS

Through the LASSO Cox regression model, we obtained 12 characteristic genes associated with the prognosis of CC, and also associated with immunity and hypoxia. Interestingly, the high-risk group had the properties of high hypoxia and low immunity, while the low-risk group had the properties of low hypoxia and high immunity. In the low-risk group, patients lived longer and had a significant therapeutic advantage of anti-PD-1 immunotherapy.

CONCLUSIONS

Established risk scores model can help predict response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy of CC.

Enhancing Cervical Cancer Prevention in South African Women: Primary HPV mRNA Screening with Different Genotype Combinations

BACKGROUND

Cervical cancer prevention in regions with limited access to screening and HPV vaccination necessitates innovative approaches. This study explored the potential of a test-and-treat strategy using mRNA HPV tests to impact cervical cancer prevention in a high-prevalence HIV population.

METHODS

A cervical screening study was conducted at three South African hospitals involving 710 under-screened, non-pregnant women (25 to 65 years) without known cervical diseases. Cytology, HPV testing, colposcopy, and biopsies were performed concurrently. Histopathologists determined final histological diagnoses based on biopsy and LLETZ histology. mRNA-HPV-genotyping for 3 (16, 18, 45) to 8 (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45, 52, 58) high-risk types was performed on leftover liquid-based cytology material. The preventive potential of the test-and-treat approach was estimated based on published data, reporting the causative HPV types in cervical cancer tissue from South African women. Treatment was provided as needed.

RESULTS

The HPV positivity rate more than doubled from 3-type (15.2%; 95% CI: 12.6-17.8) to 8-type mRNA (31.5%; 95% CI: 28.8-34.9) combinations, significantly higher among HIV-positive women. CIN3+ prevalence among HIV-positive women (26.4%) was double that of HIV-negative women (12.9%) (p < 0.01). The 6-type combination showed the best balance of sensitivity, specificity and treatment group size, and effectiveness to prevent cervical cancer. A 4-type combination (16, 18, 35, 45) could potentially prevent 77.6% (95% CI: 71.2-84.0) of cervical cancer burden by treating 20% and detecting 41.1% of CIN3 cases in the study group. Similarly, a 6-type combination (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 45), treating 25% and including 62% of CIN3 cases, might prevent 85% of cervical cancer cases (95% CI: 79.6-90.6) among HIV-positive and negative women.

CONCLUSION

Employing mRNA HPV tests within a test-and-treat approach holds huge promise for targeted cervical cancer prevention in under-screened populations. Testing for mRNA of the 6 highest-risk HPV types in this population and treating them all is projected to effectively prevent progression from CIN3 to invasive cervical cancer while reducing overtreatment in resource-constrained settings.

HPV Vaccine Knowledge and Hesitancy Among Health Colleges' Students at a Saudi University

Introduction

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a widespread sexually transmitted infection linked to various types of cancer. Although vaccination against HPV is available, global HPV vaccination rates remain low.

Aim

This study aimed to evaluate the awareness and knowledge of the HPV vaccine and to identify predictors associated with vaccine hesitancy among health college students at King Saud University, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A cross-sectional survey was distributed during December 2022 to students enrolled in health colleges. The survey link was randomly distributed via social media platforms and in-person interactions. The number of participants was 405 including both males and females. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). The correct response rate for all knowledge items was calculated, and they were stratified by gender and college. The association of vaccine hesitancy with sociodemographic characteristics was examined using logistic regression analysis.

Results

The study found that approximately half of the students (49.9%) were aware of the HPV vaccine. However, only a small percentage of students answered all to all HPV knowledge items correctly. Additionally, only a small proportion (5.2%) reported receiving the vaccine. The overall HPV vaccine hesitancy was 59.1% (43.9% for female and 75.9% for male). The most common reasons for vaccine hesitancy was not knowing enough about it. Males were two times more likely than females to believe that they did not need the HPV vaccine. The odds for HPV vaccine hesitancy were greater among males and younger age groups compared to females and older age groups.

Conclusion

This study underscores the importance of implementing university-wide interventions and educational campaigns to enhance awareness and knowledge of the HPV vaccine.

9-oxo-ODAs suppresses the proliferation of human cervical cancer cells through the inhibition of CDKs and HPV oncoproteins

Mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) subtypes 16 and 18 are causative agents of cervical cancer, a leading cause of cancer-related deaths among women worldwide. In Japan, eggplant calyx is a folk remedy used to treat common warts. 9-oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoic acid, isolated from eggplant calyx, may have antitumor effects. This study investigated the antitumor effects of 9-oxo-(10E, 12Z)-octadecadienoic acid and 9-oxo-(10E,12E)-octadecadienoic acid (9-oxo-ODAs) on human cervical cancer cells. 9-oxo-ODAs suppressed the proliferation of human cervical cancer cell lines (HeLa, and SiHa) in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 25-50 µM). FCM analysis revealed that 9-oxo-ODAs induced apoptosis. Transcriptome, proteomics, and enrichment analyses revealed that treatment with 9-oxo-ODAs significantly altered the cell cycle and p53 pathways and decreased cyclin-dependent kinase 1 (CDK1) protein expression. Real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that 9-oxo-ODAs reduced CDK1 mRNA expression in a concentration-dependent manner. In vitro, 9-oxo-ODAs reduced the HPV oncoprotein expression. In ex vivo human cervical cancer tissues, 9-oxo-ODAs decreased CDK1 expression and increased cleaved caspase 3, an apoptosis marker. Further, 9-oxo-ODAs showed the potential to suppressed metastatic formation and growth of cervical cancer in vivo. These findings suggest that 9-oxo-ODAs induce cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in HPV-positive human cervical cancer cells, and this process involves CDK1. Consequently, 9-oxo-ODAs may be potential therapeutic agents for cervical cancer.

Self-reported HPV vaccination status and HPV vaccine hesitancy in a nationally representative sample of emerging adults in Croatia

Introduction

The aim of this study was to determine self-reported human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination status among emerging adults in Croatia, intention to get the HPV vaccine among unvaccinated individuals and correlates of HPV vaccine hesitancy.

Methods

Data were collected via a cross-sectional survey based on a probabilistic national sample. The sample included 1,197 individuals aged 18-25 years (50.6% were women) who were recruited from November 2021 to February 2022 as part of the commercial online panel. Analyses included 981 participants who correctly answered two "attention trap" questions using descriptive statistics and multivariate analyses. The data were post-hoc weighted for gender and age and adjusted for clustering effect. To adjust standard errors for the sampling design, multivariate analyses were carried out using the complex samples module in the IBM SPSS 27 statistical software package.

Results

Overall, 18.3% of participants (25.0% of women and 11.7% of men) reported that they were HPV vaccinated, while 21.9% did not know their HPV vaccination status. Of those vaccinated, 65.6% were women. The odds of being HPV-vaccinated were significantly higher among female participants. Among the unvaccinated, 35.4% expressed a willingness to get the vaccine. The odds of vaccination hesitancy were significantly lower among women, participants who reported a higher perceived risk of STIs, those who recognized that HPV could result in cervical cancer, and significantly higher among those who were more religious.

Conclusion

Our findings suggest a need to increase HPV vaccination uptake in Croatia through raising awareness about HPV vaccine effectiveness and also through the implementation of strategies to make vaccination more available.

Genomic structures and regulation patterns at HPV integration sites in cervical cancer

Human papillomavirus (HPV) integration has been implicated in transforming HPV infection into cancer, but its genomic consequences have been difficult to study using short-read technologies. To resolve the dysregulation associated with HPV integration, we performed long-read sequencing on 63 cervical cancer genomes. We identified six categories of integration events based on HPV-human genomic structures. Of all HPV integrants, defined as two HPV-human breakpoints bridged by an HPV sequence, 24% contained variable copies of HPV between the breakpoints, a phenomenon we termed heterologous integration. Analysis of DNA methylation within and in proximity to the HPV genome at individual integration events revealed relationships between methylation status of the integrant and its orientation and structure. Dysregulation of the human epigenome and neighboring gene expression in cis with the HPV-integrated allele was observed over megabase-ranges of the genome. By elucidating the structural, epigenetic, and allele-specific impacts of HPV integration, we provide insight into the role of integrated HPV in cervical cancer.

Phase I and II randomized clinical trial of an oral therapeutic vaccine targeting human papillomavirus for treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3

BACKGROUND

Although many human papillomavirus (HPV)-targeted therapeutic vaccines have been examined for efficacy in clinical trials, none have been translated into clinical use. These previous agents were mostly administered by intramuscular or subcutaneous injection to induce systemic immunity. We investigated the safety and therapeutic efficacy of an HPV-16 E7-expressing lacticaseibacillus-based oral vaccine.

METHODS

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial, a total of 165 patients with HPV-16-positive high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3 were assigned to orally administered placebo or low, intermediate, or high doses of IGMKK16E7 (lacticaseibacillus paracasei expressing cell surface, full-length HPV-16 E7). In the 4 groups, IGMKK16E7 or placebo was administered orally at weeks 1, 2, 4, and 8 postenrollment. The primary outcomes included histopathological regression and IGMKK16E7 safety.

RESULTS

In per-protocol analyses, histopathological regression to normal (complete response) occurred in 13 (31.7%) of 41 high-dose recipients and in 5 (12.5%) of 40 placebo recipients (rate difference = 19.2, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.5 to 37.8). In patients positive for HPV-16 only, the clinical response rate was 40.0% (12 of 30) in high-dose recipients and 11.5% (3 of 26) in recipients of placebo (rate difference = 28.5, 95% CI = 4.3 to 50.0). There was no difference in adverse events that occurred in the high-dose and placebo groups (P = .83). The number of HPV-16 E7-specific interferon-γ producing cells within peripheral blood increased with level of response (stable disease, partial, and complete responses; P = .004). The regression to normal (complete response) rates among recipients with high levels of immune response were increased in a dose-dependent manner.

CONCLUSION

This trial demonstrates safety of IGMKK16E7 and its efficacy against HPV-16-positive cervical intraepithelial neoplasia 2 and 3. IGMKK16E7 is the first oral immunotherapeutic vaccine to show antineoplastic effects.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

jRCT2031190034.

How to increase and maintain high immunization coverage: Vaccination Demand Resilience (VDR) framework

BACKGROUND

Resilience in vaccination demand is ever more critical as the COVID-19 pandemic has increased our understanding of the importance of vaccines on health and well-being. Yet timid demand for COVID-19 vaccines where available and reduced uptake of routine immunizations globally further raise the urgent need to build vaccination resilience. We demonstrate the complexity of vaccination demand and resilience in a framework where relevant dimensions are intertwined, fluid, and contextual.

METHODS

We developed the Vaccination Demand Resilience (VDR) framework based on a literature review on vaccination demand and expert consultation. The matrix framework builds on three main axes: 1) vaccination attitudes and beliefs; 2) vaccination seeking behavior; and 3) vaccination status. The matrix generated eight quadrants, which can help explain people's levels of vaccination demand and resilience. We selected four scenarios as examples to demonstrate different interventions that could move people across quadrants and build vaccination resilience.

RESULTS

Incongruence between individuals' attitudes and beliefs, vaccination behavior, and vaccination status can arise. For example, an individual can be vaccinated due to mandates but reject vaccination benefits and otherwise avoid seeking vaccination. Such incongruence could be altered by interventions to build resilience in vaccination demand. These interventions include information, education and communication to change individuals' vaccination attitudes and beliefs, incentive programs and reminder-recalls to facilitate vaccination seeking, or by strengthening healthcare provider communications to reduce missed opportunities.

CONCLUSIONS

Vaccination decision-making is complex. Individuals can be vaccinated without necessarily accepting the benefits of vaccination or seeking vaccination, threatening resilience in vaccination demand. The VDR framework can provide a useful lens for program managers and policy makers considering interventions and policies to improve vaccination resilience. This would help build and sustain confidence and demand for vaccinations, and help to continue to prevent disease, disability, and death from vaccine-preventable diseases.

Willingness to vaccinate their daughters against human papillomavirus among parents of Ethiopian adolescent girls: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

HPV vaccination of adolescent girls is the primary strategy for cervical cancer prevention but in Ethiopia, it lacks emphasis. Despite different studies done and found a highly variable level of parents' willingness to vaccinate their daughter for HPV; however, there was no summarized evidence of parents' willingness as a nation. Thus this systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to assess the pooled prevalence of parents' willingness to HPV vaccination of their daughters and associated factors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted using PRISMA guidelines. Comprehensive literature was searched in international databases. A weighted inverse variance random effect model was used to estimate pooled prevalence. Cochrane Q test and I2 statistics were computed to assess heterogeneity. Funnel plot and Eggers test were done to assess publication bias. Review manager software was used to identify determinants of parents' willingness.

RESULTS

Overall, 172 articles were retrieved and finally 7 articles were included in this review. The pooled prevalence of parents' willingness to HPV vaccination of their daughters was 71.82% (95% CI 57.73-85.91%). Knowledge about HPV vaccination (AOR = 2.80, 95% CI (2.10-3.73)), attitude (AOR = 4.93, 95% CI (3.48-6.99)), educational status (AOR = 2.19, 95% CI 1.54-3.10) and income (AOR = 3.13, 95% CI 1.96-5.02)) were significantly associated with parents' willingness.

CONCLUSIONS

Parents' willingness to HPV vaccination of their daughters in Ethiopia was low. Knowledge, attitude, educational status, and income were positively associated with parents' willingness. Therefore, policymakers and program planners should target those important stakeholders (parents) in increasing their awareness and changing their attitude to enhance their vaccine acceptance specifically focusing on those who are lower in economic and educational status so as to prevent the lethal cervical cancer.

Acceptance of human papillomavirus vaccination and parents' willingness to vaccinate their adolescents in Ethiopia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Despite the global vaccination campaign to prevent HPV-related morbidity, HPV vaccination uptake remains unacceptably low in the developing world, like Ethiopia. For strong interventional measures, compiled data in the field is required which is otherwise missed in the Ethiopian context. Therefore, this systematic review aimed to provide an estimate of the HPV vaccination uptake, mothers' willingness to vaccinate their adolescent girls, and associated factors in Ethiopia.

METHODS

Articles were systematically searched using comprehensive search strings from PubMed/Medline, SCOPUS, and grey literature from Google Scholar. Two reviewers assessed study eligibility, extracted data, and assessed the risk of bias independently. Meta-analysis was performed using STATA v 14 to pool the vaccination uptake and mothers' willingness toward HPV vaccination in Ethiopia.

RESULTS

We included 10 articles published between 2019 and 2022 covering reports of 3,388 adolescent girls and 2,741 parents. All the included articles had good methodological quality. The pooled estimate of the proportion of good knowledge about HPV vaccination and the agreement of girls to get the vaccine was 60% (95%CI: 59-62) and 65% (95%CI: 64-67), respectively. The pooled estimate of vaccination uptake of at least one dose of HPV vaccine among girls was 55% (95%CI: 53-57). Positive attitudes to the vaccine, higher maternal education, and having knowledge about HPV and its vaccine were reported as statistically significant predictors. On the contrary, not having adequate information about the vaccine and concerns about possible side effects were reported as reasons to reject the vaccine. Likewise, the pooled estimate of mothers who were knowledgeable about HPV vaccination, who had a positive attitude, and willing to vaccinate their children were 38% (95%CI: 36-40) 58% (95%CI: 56-60), and 74% (95%CI: 72-75), respectively.

CONCLUSIONS

Knowledge about the HPV vaccine among girls and their vaccination uptake is suboptimal that falls short of the 2030 WHO targets. Therefore, stakeholders need major efforts in rolling out vaccination programs and monitoring their uptake. Social mobilization towards primary prevention of HPV infection should focus on adolescents. The existing strategies need to address the predictors of uptake by educating girls and parents.

Human Papillomavirus Vaccines

Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccines are highly effective in preventing the transmission of HPV and thus downstream HPV-related lower genital tract neoplasias. First introduced in 2006, the HPV vaccine has demonstrated clinical efficacy in both men and women. Several commercially available vaccines now exist, but only one is available in the United States. Both prelicensure and postlicensure studies demonstrate robust safety profiles. HPV vaccines should be made available to everyone between the ages of 9 and 26 years of age. Newer vaccination recommendations in expanded populations rely on patient-provider shared decision making. Currently, available HPV vaccines offer little therapeutic benefit. Recent research has identified several new DNA vaccines and delivery modifications with early demonstrated success at eliminating prevalent HPV infections and precancerous lesions. Despite the success of the HPV vaccine, vaccination hesitancy and disinformation continue to threaten our ability to eliminate these deadly cancers. Informational, behavioral, and environmental interventions have mixed success in increasing vaccination rates, but several strategies do exist to increase rates of vaccination.

Systematic review and meta-analysis comparing educational and reminder digital interventions for promoting HPV vaccination uptake

Global Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination rates remain low despite available WHO-approved vaccines. Digital interventions for promoting vaccination uptake offer a scalable and accessible solution to this issue. Here we report a systematic review and meta-analysis examining the efficacy of digital interventions, comparing educational and reminder approaches, for promoting HPV vaccination uptake (HVU). This study also identifies factors influencing the effectiveness of these interventions. We searched PubMed, PsycInfo, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from each database's inception to January 2023. Three raters independently evaluate the studies using a systematic and blinded method for resolving disagreements. From 1929 references, 34 unique studies (281,280 unique participants) have sufficient data. Client reminder (OR, 1.41; 95% CI, 1.23-1.63; P < 0.001), provider reminder (OR, 1.39; 95% CI, 1.11-1.75; P = 0.005), provider education (OR, 1.18; 95% CI, 1.05-1.34; P = 0.007), and client education plus reminder interventions (OR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.04-1.59; P = 0.007) increase HVU, whereas client education interventions do not (OR, 1.08; 95% CI, 0.92-1.28; P = 0.35). Digital intervention effectiveness varies based on participants' gender and the digital platform used. Interventions targeting male or mixed-gender participants demonstrate greater benefit, and reminder platforms (SMS, preference reminders, or electronic health record alerts) are more effective in increasing HVU. Digital interventions, particularly client and provider reminders, along with provider education, prove significantly more effective than client education alone. Incorporating digital interventions into healthcare systems can effectively promote HPV vaccination uptake. Reminder interventions should be prioritized for promoting HVU.

The burden of breast, cervical, and colon and rectum cancer in the Balkan countries, 1990-2019 and forecast to 2030

BACKGROUND

Despite effective prevention and control strategies, in countries of the Balkan region, cancers are the second leading cause of mortality, closely following circulatory system diseases.

OBJECTIVE

To describe trends in the burden of breast, cervical, and colon and rectum cancer in the Balkan region and per country between 1990 and 2019, including a forecast to 2030.

METHODS

We described the 2019 Global Burden of Disease (GBD) estimates for breast, cervical, and colon and rectum cancers in eleven Balkan countries over the period 1990-2019, including incidence, years lived with disability (YLD), years of life lost (YLL), and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) rates per 100,000 population and accompanied 95% uncertainty interval. With the Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average, we forecasted these rates per country up to 2030.

RESULTS

In the Balkan region, the highest incidence and DALYs rates in the study period were for colon and rectum, and breast cancers. Over the study period, the DALYs rates for breast cancer per 100,000 population were the highest in Serbia (reaching 670.84 in 2019) but the lowest in Albania (reaching 271.24 in 2019). In 2019, the highest incidence of breast cancer (85 /100,000) and highest YLD rate (64 /100,000) were observed in Greece. Romania had the highest incidence rates, YLD rates, DALY rates, and YLL rates of cervical cancer, with respective 20.59%, 23.39% 4.00%, and 3.47% increases for the 1990/2019 period, and the highest forecasted burden for cervical cancer in 2030. The highest incidence rates, YLD rates and DALY rates of colon and rectum cancers were continuously recorded in Croatia (an increase of 130.75%, 48.23%, and 63.28%, respectively), while the highest YLL rates were in Bulgaria (an increase of 63.85%). The YLL rates due to colon and rectum cancers are forecasted to progress by 2030 in all Balkan countries.

CONCLUSION

As most of the DALYs burden for breast, cervical, and colon and rectum cancer is due to premature mortality, the numerous country-specific barriers to cancer early detection and quality and care continuum should be a public priority of multi-stakeholder collaboration in the Balkan region.

Knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention by Human Papillomavirus Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination among Women Attending a Tertiary Care Centre

Introduction

Cervical cancer is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among women globally as well as in Nepal. It is attributable to persistent infection by high-risk human papillomavirus, especially human papillomavirus-16 and human papillomavirus-18. The aim of this study was to find out the knowledge of cervical cancer screening and prevention by human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid and human papillomavirus vaccination among women attending a tertiary care centre.

Methods

A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted in patients attending the outpatient Department of Gynaecology in a tertiary care centre from 18 March to 30 April 2023. After calculating sample size and taking a convenience sampling a survey questionnaire on knowledge of Cervical Cancer Screening and Prevention by Human Papillomavirus Deoxyribonucleic Acid and Human Papillomavirus Vaccination was collected. The point estimate was calculated at a 95% confidence interval.

Results

Among 508 women, 42 (8.25%) (5.86-10.64, 95% Confidence Interval) had knowledge of cervical cancer screening and prevention by human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid and human papillomavirus vaccination. According to the questionnaires with a total sample of 508, 164 (32.28%) know about cervical cancer, 15 (2.95%) know about HPV infection, 14 (2.76%) know about HPV infection causes cervical cancer, and 21 (4.13%) know about HPV transmitted through multiple sex partners.

Conclusions

The knowledge of cervical cancer screening and prevention by human papillomavirus deoxyribonucleic acid and human papillomavirus vaccination among women is very low. This study recommends having a health education and awareness programme on it to increase knowledge.

Keywords

cervical cancer; human papillomavirus; pap smear; sexual intercourse; vaccination.