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Cronin C, Salzberg N, Woon Y, Wurttele JT. Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of food allergy: current practices and future directions. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2024; 52:32-44. [PMID: 38459888 DOI: 10.15586/aei.v52i2.1023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
The incidence of food allergies has risen around the globe, and experts have been exploring methods of preventing such allergies in young children to ease the burden of disease and reduce the morbidity and mortality caused by anaphylaxis to food allergens. Such preventative measures can be categorised as primary, secondary and tertiary prevention, which are discussed in detail in this review. Primary prevention is defined as the prevention of becoming sensitised towards specific allergens. The evidence suggests that avoiding common allergenic foods during pregnancy and breastfeeding is not protective against food allergies, and guidelines recommend weaning from 4 to 6 months of age, with recent studies supporting the early introduction of peanuts at 4 months to prevent peanut allergy. Secondary prevention targets patients who are already sensitised and aims to halt the progression of sensitisation, with evidence for high rates of success and safety in trials of early introduction to milk and peanuts using oral immunotherapy in sensitised infants. Tertiary allergy prevention focuses on reducing the risk of a patient having anaphylaxis, with oral immunotherapy being the most common method of promoting tolerance in allergic children. Several studies have demonstrated successful reintroduction for milk, egg and peanut; however, no such guidelines are recommended for other foods. Finally, dietary advancement therapy in the form of milk and egg ladders has been employed as a method of primary, secondary and tertiary prevention of allergies, particularly in Ireland, the UK and Canada.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caoimhe Cronin
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Cork University Hospital, Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research (INFANT), HRB Clinical Research Facility Cork (CRF-C), Cork, Ireland
| | - Noah Salzberg
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Yuxin Woon
- Department of Paediatrics, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
| | - Juan Trujillo Wurttele
- Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
- Department of Paediatrics, Cork University Hospital, Cork, Ireland
- Cork University Hospital, Irish Centre for Maternal and Child Health Research (INFANT), HRB Clinical Research Facility Cork (CRF-C), Cork, Ireland;
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Mykchaylova O, Dubova H, Negriyko A, Lomberg M, Krasinko V, Gregori A, Poyedinok N. Photoregulation of the biosynthetic activity of the edible medicinal mushroom Lentinula edodes in vitro. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:435-449. [PMID: 38289457 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00529-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
The findings of the study demonstrate the impact of low-intensity laser and quasi-monochromatic light on the biosynthetic activity of the edible medicinal fungus L. edodes during submerged cultivation. An artificial lighting installation based on matrices of light-emitting diodes (LED) emitting light at 470 nm (blue), 530 nm (green), 650 nm (red), and argon gas laser (488 nm) was used. Irradiation with blue and red LED and laser led to a shortening of the lag phase by 2 days and an increase in the mycelial mass. Irradiation with laser light resulted in the highest mycelial mass yield (14.1 g/L) on the 8th day of cultivation. Irradiation in all used wavelength ranges caused an increase in the synthesis of both extracellular and intracellular polysaccharides. Laser light at 488 nm and LED at 470 nm proved to be the most effective. Irradiation with red, green, and blue laser light caused an increase in the total amount of fatty acids in the mycelial mass compared to the control. A significant distinction in qualitative composition was observed: short-chain acids C6‒C12 compounds were produced under red light irradiation, whereas long-chain C20‒C24 were formed under green light irradiation. The most significant changes in the aromatic profile of the mycelial mass and culture liquid were recorded upon irradiation with green light. The content of aromatic components increased 24.6 times in the mycelial mass and 38.5 times in the culture liquid. The results suggest the possibility of using low-intensity quasi-monochromatic light for targeted regulation of L. edodes biosynthetic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oksana Mykchaylova
- Department of Mycology, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Tereshchenkivska, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
- Faculty Biomedical Engineering, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 37, Beresteisky Avenue, Kiev, 03056, Ukraine
| | - Halyna Dubova
- Department of Food Technology, Poltava State Agrarian University, 1/3 Skovorody, Poltava, 36003, Ukraine
| | - Anatoliy Negriyko
- Department of Laser Spectroscopy, Institute of Physics of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 46, Prospect Nauki, Kiev, 03039, Ukraine
| | - Margarita Lomberg
- Department of Mycology, M.G. Kholodny Institute of Botany of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, 2, Tereshchenkivska, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine.
| | - Viktoriia Krasinko
- Department of Biotechnology and Microbiology, National University of Food Technologies, 68, Volodymyrska, Kiev, 01601, Ukraine
| | - Andrej Gregori
- Mycomedica Ltd, Podkoren 72, 4280, Kranjska Gora, Slovenia
| | - Natalia Poyedinok
- Faculty Biomedical Engineering, Igor Sikorsky Kyiv Polytechnic Institute, 37, Beresteisky Avenue, Kiev, 03056, Ukraine
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Ma H, Yang L, Liang Y, Liu F, Hu J, Zhang R, Li Y, Yuan L, Feng F. B. thetaiotaomicron-derived acetic acid modulate immune microenvironment and tumor growth in hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2297846. [PMID: 38270111 PMCID: PMC10813637 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2023.2297846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide, and emerging evidence suggests that the gut microbiota may play a role in its development and progression. In this study, the association between B. thetaiotaomicron, a gut microbiota species, and HCC recurrence, as well as patient clinical outcomes, was investigated. It was observed that B. thetaiotaomicron-derived acetic acid has the potential to modulate the polarization of pro-pro-inflammatory macrophagess, which promotes the function of cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. The increased biosynthesis of fatty acids was implicated in the modulation of pro-inflammatory macrophages polarization by B. thetaiotaomicron-derived acetic acid. Furthermore, B. thetaiotaomicron-derived acetic acid was found to facilitate the transcription of ACC1, a key enzyme involved in fatty acid biosynthesis, through histone acetylation modification in the ACC1 promoter region. Curcumin, an acetylation modification inhibitor, significantly blocked the inhibitory effects of B. thetaiotaomicron and acetic acid on HCC tumor growth. These findings highlight the potential role of gut microbiota-derived acetic acid in HCC recurrence and patient clinical outcomes, and suggest a complex interplay between gut microbiota, immune modulation, fatty acid metabolism, and epigenetic regulation in the context of HCC development. Further research in this area may provide insights into novel strategies for HCC prevention and treatment by targeting the gut microbiota and its metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liang Yang
- Department of Radiation Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yingchao Liang
- Department of Radiation Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fenghua Liu
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinxiang Hu
- Shanghai KR Pharmtech, Inc. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Shanghai KR Pharmtech, Inc. Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Yong Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lei Yuan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Quzhou People’s Hospital, Quzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Feiling Feng
- Department of Biliary Tract Surgery I, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Medical University, Shanghai, People’s Republic of China
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Aderinto N, Abdulbasit MO, Tangmi ADE, Okesanya JO, Mubarak JM. Unveiling the growing significance of metabolism in modulating immune cell function: exploring mechanisms and implications; a review. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2023; 85:5511-5522. [PMID: 37915697 PMCID: PMC10617839 DOI: 10.1097/ms9.0000000000001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunometabolism has emerged as a rapidly growing field of research, holding significant promise for personalised medicine and precision immunotherapy. This review explores the intricate relationship between immune function and metabolic processes, emphasising their profound impact on various immune-related disorders. Understanding how metabolic dysregulation contributes to the pathogenesis of these disorders remains a critical research gap. Therefore, this review aims to bridge that gap by examining the key metabolic pathways involved and their specific implications in immune cell function. Key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis, mitochondrial metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, and amino acid metabolism, are discussed in the context of immune cell function. Dysregulation of these pathways can disrupt immune cell activation, differentiation, and overall function, contributing to disease pathogenesis. Understanding these metabolic alterations' molecular mechanisms is essential for developing targeted therapeutic interventions. The review also emphasises the importance of personalised medicine in immune-related disorders. The unique metabolic profiles of individuals can influence treatment outcomes, highlighting the need for tailored approaches. Integrating metabolic profiling into clinical practice can enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes. Investigating the clinical significance of immunometabolism in diverse disease contexts will facilitate the translation of research findings into clinical practice. Moreover, refining treatment strategies based on individual metabolic profiles will contribute to advancing precision immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Aderinto
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso
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Hafezi SG, Seifi N, Bahari H, Mohammadi M, Ghasemabadi A, ferns GA, Farkhani EM, Ghayour-mobarhan M. The association between macronutrient intakes and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in an Iranian population: applying a dynamical system model. JOURNAL OF HEALTH, POPULATION, AND NUTRITION 2023; 42:114. [PMID: 37884984 PMCID: PMC10601229 DOI: 10.1186/s41043-023-00448-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Accepted: 09/22/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
AIMS The possible role of lifestyle including diet on immunity led us to investigate the association between dietary macronutrient intake and COVID-19 in an Iranian population. METHODS Dietary intakes were recorded in the first phase of the MASHAD cohort study (started in 2007), using a 24-h dietary recall. To determine the COVID-19 incidence, data from all PCR-positive patients in Mashhad were recorded between February 2020 and June 2022. Dietary macronutrients were included in the regression model, adjusting for age and sex. System dynamical models were also applied. RESULTS The analysis included 1957 participants, including 193 COVID-19-positive patients. Dietary intakes of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP) and fiber were significantly lower in COVID-19 patients (P < 0.05). After adjusting for age and sex, starch and total sugar were significantly associated with COVID-19 infection ((OR = 1.0008, P = 0.001) and (OR = 1.0006, P = 0.026), respectively). There was also a significant association between dietary fiber intake and hospitalization (OR = 0.99, P = 0.018). In the dynamical system models, dietary intakes of cholesterol, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), and total sugar above 180.2 mg, 13.11 g, and 79.53 mg, respectively, were associated with an increased susceptibility to COVID-19 infection, while dietary fiber had a protective role. CONCLUSION Dietary intake of starch and total sugars was associated with increased odds of COVID-19, while fiber intake decreased the odds of hospitalization due to COVID-19. The dynamical system models showed that dietary intake of cholesterol, PUFAs, and total sugar was associated with an increased risk of COVID-19, while fiber had a protective role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Ghiasi Hafezi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Najmeh Seifi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hossein Bahari
- Student Research Committee, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Mohammadi
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Gordon A. ferns
- Brighton & Sussex Medical School, Division of Medical Education, Falmer, Brighton, Sussex UK
| | | | - Majid Ghayour-mobarhan
- International UNESCO Center for Health-Related Basic Sciences and Human Nutrition, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Zhang X, Han Y, Tian Q, Du L, Chen L, Zhang Y, Guo X, Li X. The association between n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid intakes and asthma in US children and adolescents: A cross-sectional study from NHANES. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2023; 34:e14024. [PMID: 37747750 DOI: 10.1111/pai.14024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asthma is an inflammatory disease. The potential of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to alleviate asthma symptoms through their anti-inflammatory effects and immune modulation has been explored. However, the precise role of dietary n-3 PUFAs in childhood and adolescent asthma remains unclear. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to evaluate the association between dietary n-3 PUFAs intake and asthma in children and adolescents in the United States. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional analysis of 8543 children and adolescents from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2013 and 2020 by adjusting for covariates and using multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic spline, threshold effects, and subgroup analyses. RESULTS Among 8354 participants, 1456 (16.5%) self-reported diagnosis of asthma by a healthcare provider. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, compared with individuals in the lowest n-3 PUFA consumption group (T1, <26.07 mg/kg/day), the adjusted odds ratio (OR) for asthma was 0.71 (95% CI: 0.6-0.84, p < .001) in the second group (T2, 26.07-48.93 mg/kg/day) and 0.58 (95% CI: 0.47-0.73, p < .001) in the third group (T3, >48.93 mg/kg/day). Furthermore, a nonlinear (L-shaped) relationship was observed between n-3 PUFA intake and asthma (p = .009), with subgroup and sensitivity analyses confirming the stability of the results. In the threshold analysis, a critical turning point was observed at approximately 59.0 mg/kg/day (OR = 0.984, 95% CI: 0.977-0.991, p < .001). CONCLUSION Dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs exhibited an L-shaped relationship with asthma in children and adolescents in the United States, with a critical turning point observed at approximately 59.0 mg/kg/day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolan Zhang
- Department of Neonatal, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University/Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yujie Han
- Department of Neonatal, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University/Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qiaohuan Tian
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Linjun Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Lifang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, Third People's Hospital of Liaocheng, Liaocheng, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Neonatal, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University/Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xuening Guo
- Department of Neonatal, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University/Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoying Li
- Department of Neonatal, Children's Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University/Jinan Children's Hospital, Jinan, Shandong, China
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Becker SL, Humphrey DC, Karriker LA, Brown JT, Skoland KJ, Greiner LL. The effects of dietary essential fatty acid ratios and energy level on growth performance, lipid metabolism, and inflammation in grow-finish pigs. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:skad151. [PMID: 37170903 PMCID: PMC10226270 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) level and the ratio of linoleic acid:α-linolenic acid (LA:ALA) on the growth performance, lipid metabolism, circulatory and joint inflammatory status, and synovial fluid proteome of grow-finish pigs. A total of 224 pigs (BW = 41.5 ± 6.1 kg; PIC Genus 337 × 1050, Hendersonville, TN) were randomly assigned to either a high (3.55 Mcal/kg; HE) or low (3.29 Mcal/kg; LE) ME dietary treatment with a high (23:1) or low (12:1) LA:ALA in a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement. Diets were fed across three 28-d phases. Pigs were housed either four barrows or four gilts per pen. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 21, 42, and 84. Synovial fluid was collected from the hock and carpus joints on days 0 and 84. Liver and adipose tissue samples were collected on day 84. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using PROC MIXED (SAS 9.4) with pen as the experimental unit and energy level, essential fatty acid ratio, sex, phase, and their interactions as fixed effects. Compared to LE, HE increased days 28, 56, and 84 body weight (BW; P = 0.005). For the overall period, HE increased average daily gain (ADG) compared to LE (P < 0.001) and improved feed efficiency (P = 0.001), while LE increased feed intake compared to HE (P < 0.001). Gilts receiving diets with low LA:ALA had similar final BW to barrows receiving a low LA:ALA at days 28, 56, and 84 (P = 0.024), resulting from improved overall days 0-84 ADG compared to gilts receiving the high LA:ALA (P = 0.031). In the liver, HE decreased the mRNA abundance of acetyl CoA carboxylase (ACACA; P = 0.004), cluster of differentiation 36 (P = 0.034), and tended to decrease fatty acid synthase (FASN; P = 0.056). In adipose tissue, HE decreased ACACA (P = 0.001) and FASN (P = 0.017). Plasma inflammatory markers C-reactive protein (CRP) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα) were reduced on day 84 compared to day 0 (P ≤ 0.014). In the hock and carpus synovial fluid, LE tended to reduce CRP and TNFα (P ≤ 0.096). Hock and carpus synovial fluid CRP were also reduced on day 84 compared to day 0 (P = 0.001). Age of the pig impacted serum and hock synovial fluid protein abundance, but not energy level, LA:ALA, or their interactions (P < 0.05). To conclude, the high and low LA:ALA ratios utilized in this study can be fed at varying energy levels without impacting growth. Additionally, LA:ALA ratios can differentially impact the growth of barrows and gilts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spenser L Becker
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Dalton C Humphrey
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Locke A Karriker
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine, Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Justin T Brown
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine, Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Kristin J Skoland
- Department of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Medicine, Swine Medicine Education Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Laura L Greiner
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tong X, Peng T, Liu S, Zhang D, Guo J. Transcriptomic Analysis Insight into the Immune Modulation during the Interaction of Ophiocordyceps sinensis and Hepialus xiaojinensis. INSECTS 2022; 13:1119. [PMID: 36555029 PMCID: PMC9788539 DOI: 10.3390/insects13121119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ophiocordyceps sinensis (Berk.) is an entomopathogenic fungus that can infect the larva of the ghost moth, Hepialus xiaojinensis, causing mummification after more than one year. This prolonged infection provides a valuable model for studying the immunological interplay between an insect host and a pathogenic fungus. A comparative transcriptome analysis of pre-infection (L) and one-year post-infection (IL) larvae was performed to investigate the immune response in the host. Here, a total of 59,668 unigenes were obtained using Illumina Sequencing in IL and L. Among the 345 identified immune-related genes, 83 out of 86 immune-related differentially expressed genes (DEGs) had a much higher expression in IL than in L. Furthermore, the immune-related DEGs were classified as pathogen recognition receptors (PRRs), signal modulators or transductors, and immune effector molecules. Serpins and protease inhibitors were found to be upregulated in the late phase of infection, suppressing the host’s immune response. Based on the above analysis, the expression levels of most immune-related genes would return to the baseline with the immune response being repressed in the late phase of infection, leading to the fungal immunological tolerance after prolonged infection. Meanwhile, the transcriptomes of IL and the mummified larva (ML) were compared to explore O. sinensis invasion. A total of 1408 novel genes were identified, with 162 of them annotated with putative functions. The gene families likely implicated in O. sinensis pathogenicity have been identified, primarily including serine carboxypeptidase, peroxidase, metalloprotease peptidase, aminopeptidases, cytochrome P450, and oxidoreductase. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was used to assess the expression levels of some critical genes that were involved in immune response and fungal pathogenicity. The results showed that their expression levels were consistent with the transcriptomes. Taken together, our findings offered a comprehensive and precise transcriptome study to understand the immune defense in H. xiaojinensis and O. sinensis invasion, which would accelerate the large-scale artificial cultivation of this medicinal fungus.
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Cheng C, Ma H, Liu G, Deng Y, Jiang J, Feng J, Guo Z. Biochemical, metabolic, and immune responses of mud crab (Scylla paramamosain) after mud crab reovirus infection. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 127:437-445. [PMID: 35779811 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Mud crab reovirus (MCRV) is a serious pathogen that leads to large economic losses in the mud crab farming. However, the molecular mechanism of the immune response after MCRV infection is unclear. In the present study, physiological, transcriptomic, and metabolomic responses after MCRV infection were investigated. The results showed that MCRV infection could increase lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase activities. MCRV infection decreased antioxidant enzyme activity levels, induced oxidative stress, and caused severe histological damage. Transcriptome analysis identified 416 differentially expressed genes, including 354 up-regulated and 62 down-regulated genes. The detoxification, immune response, and metabolic processes-related genes were found. The results showed that two key pathways including phagocytosis and apoptosis played important roles in response to MCRV infection. The combination of transcriptomic and metabolomic analyses showed that related metabolic pathways, such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, lipid, and amino acid metabolism were also significantly disrupted. Moreover, the biosynthesis of unsaturated fatty acids was activated in response to MCRV infection. This study provided a novel insight into the understanding of cellular mechanisms in crustaceans against viral invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangHong Cheng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - HongLing Ma
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - GuangXin Liu
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - YiQing Deng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - JianJun Jiang
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - Juan Feng
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China
| | - ZhiXun Guo
- Key Laboratory of South China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation & Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510300, PR China.
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McBurney MI, Tintle NL, Harris WS. The omega-3 index is inversely associated with the neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio in adults'. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2022; 177:102397. [PMID: 35033882 DOI: 10.1016/j.plefa.2022.102397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The neutrophil-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is a biomarker of systemic inflammation and measures innate-adaptive immune system balance. The omega-3-index (O3I) measures the amount of EPA+DHA in blood. Both a low O3I and an elevated NLR are associated with increased risk for chronic disease and mortality, including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Hypothesizing that low O3I may partly contribute to systemic chronic inflammation, we asked if a relationship existed between O3I and NLR in healthy adults (≥18 y, n = 28,871, 51% female) without inflammation [C-reactive protein (CRP) <3 mg/mL)] who underwent a routine clinical assessment. NLR was inversely associated with O3I before (p < 0.0001) and after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, and CRP (p < 0.0001). Pearson correlations of other variables with NLR were r = 0.06 (CRP), r = 0.14 (age), and r = 0.01(BMI). In this healthy population, an O3I < 6.6% was associated with increasing NLR whereas NLR remained relatively constant (low) when O3I > 6.6%, suggestive of a quiescent, balanced immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael I McBurney
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States of America; Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada; Division of Biochemical and Molecular Biology, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, United States of America.
| | - Nathan L Tintle
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States of America; Department of Population Health Nursing Science, College of Nursing, University of Illinois - Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, United States of America
| | - William S Harris
- Fatty Acid Research Institute, Sioux Falls, SD 57106, United States of America; Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD 57105, United States of America
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11
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Wang LC, Huang YM, Lu C, Chiang BL, Shen YR, Huang HY, Lee CC, Su NW, Lin BF. Lower caprylate and acetate levels in the breast milk is associated with atopic dermatitis in infancy. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2022; 33:e13744. [PMID: 35212041 DOI: 10.1111/pai.13744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis (AD) occurs in exclusively breastfed infants. As fatty acids have some immunomodulatory effect, we aimed to investigate the influence of fatty acid compositions in breast milk (BM) on the development of AD in exclusively breastfed infants. METHODS We enrolled two- to four-month-old exclusively breastfed infants. The objective SCORing Atopic Dermatitis (objSCORAD) was evaluated. The lipid layer of BM was analyzed by gas chromatography for fatty acid levels. Medical charts were reviewed. RESULTS Forty-seven AD infants and 47 healthy controls were enrolled. The objSCORAD was 20.5 ± 1.7 (shown as mean ± SEM) in the AD group. The age, sex, parental atopy history, and nutrient intake of mothers were not significantly different between two groups. The palmitate and monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) levels in BM positively correlated with objSCORAD, while caprylate, acetate, and short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) levels negatively correlated with objSCORAD (p = .031, .019, .039, .013, .022, respectively). However, the butyrate levels in BM were not significantly different. The caprylate and acetate levels in BM were significantly associated with the presence of infantile AD (p = .021 and .015, respectively) after adjusting for age, sex, parental allergy history, MUFA, palmitate, and SCFA levels in BM. ObjSCORAD in infancy was significantly associated with persistent AD (p = .026) after adjusting for age, sex, parental atopy history, caprylate, palmitate, MUFA, acetate, and SCFA levels in BM. CONCLUSION Caprylate and acetate levels in BM for exclusively breastfed infants were negatively associated with objSCORAD. Lower caprylate and acetate in BM might be the risk factors for infantile AD, while butyrate in BM was not associated with infantile AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Ming Huang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital Hsin-Chu Branch, Hsin-Chu, Taiwan
| | - Chieh Lu
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Rou Shen
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsun-Yi Huang
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chang Lee
- Department of Emergency Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Wei Su
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, College of Bioresources and Agriculture, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bi-Fong Lin
- Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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12
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Holen E, Chen M, Fjelldal PG, Skjærven K, Sissener NH, Remø S, Prabhu AJ, Hamre K, Vikeså V, Subramanian S, Espe M. Tailoring freshwater diets towards boosted immunity and pancreas disease infection robustness in Atlantic salmon post smolts. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 120:377-391. [PMID: 34808357 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the current study was to investigate how freshwater diets impact on immunity in Atlantic salmon smolts in freshwater, during transfer to seawater and in post smolts during the seawater stage with and without pancreas disease (PD) infection. Three specific freshwater diets were prepared: (i) A diet similar in composition to commercial salmon freshwater diets (Standard diet); (ii) A diet composed of vegetable oils (rapeseed, palm and linseed oils) mimicking the fat composition in aquatic insects - the natural diet of wild salmon in freshwater (Fatty acid diet); (iii) A diet enriched with possible immune modulating amino acids including dl-methionine, l-lysine, l-threonine and taurine (Amino acid diet). After seawater transfer, all fish were fed the same commercial diet. Head kidneys were extracted, and their leukocytes isolated from smolts right before transfer to seawater, from post smolts one and six weeks after transfer to seawater, and from post smolts in seawater after 8 weeks of ongoing PD infection. In addition, to provoke bacterial or virus induced inflammation in vitro, the individual leukocyte suspension from all fish were stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or polyinosinic acid: polycytidylic acid (PIC). The transfer of smolts from fresh-to seawater changed the transcription of several types of genes. Particularly in isolates from fish fed the Standard or Fatty acid diet in freshwater, overall gene transcription (IL-1β, CD83, INF-γ, cox2, cd36, MGAT2, catalase) declined. However, the Amino acid diet stimulated the LPS induced gene transcription of IL-1β, CD83, Cox2, and INF-γ at this stage. In freshwater smolts, PIC stimulated leukocytes showed higher transcription level of Mx and viperin in the Fatty acid and Amino acid diet groups compared to the Standard diet group. In seawater post smolts, Mx and viperin responded similarly to PIC challenge in all diet groups. Furthermore, leukocytes isolated from PD infected fish, continued responding to PIC, regardless of freshwater diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Holen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway.
| | - M Chen
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway; Institute of Aquatic Economic Animals, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - P G Fjelldal
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Skjærven
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - N H Sissener
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - S Remø
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - A J Prabhu
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - K Hamre
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - V Vikeså
- Skretting ARC, Sjøhagen 3, 4026, Stavanger, Norway
| | | | - M Espe
- Institute of Marine Research, Postboks 1870, Nordnes, 5817, Bergen, Norway
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13
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A Review on Dietary Additive, Food Supplement and Exercise Effects on the Prevention of Covid-19. NUTRITION AND FOOD SCIENCES RESEARCH 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/nfsr.9.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
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14
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Schwarz J, Vecka M, Stožický F, Pomahačová R, Staňková B, Tvrzická E, Kreslová M, Zahálková R, Sýkora J. The assessment of plasma fatty acid profiles in newly diagnosed treatment-naive paediatric Crohn's disease. Physiol Res 2021; 70:799-808. [PMID: 34505533 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.934665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid (FA) profiles as potentially relevant components of Crohn's disease (CD) have been insufficiently analysed. We sought to explore the plasma profiles of n-3 and n-6 polyunsa-turated fatty acids (PUFAs) in newly diagnosed untreated active CD. We included 26 consecutive CD pediatric patients (<19 years) and 14 healthy controls (HCs). Disease characteristics, including inflammatory markers, dietary histories, and the Pediatric Crohn's Disease Activity Index (PCDAI), were obtained. The profiles of plasma FAs in plasma lipid classes were analysed by gas chromatography with FID detection of methyl esters. The erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein level and fecal calprotectin level (all p<0.001) were significantly higher in CD patients than in HCs. Most changes were observed in plasma phospholipids (PLs), such as a higher content of n-3 and changes in n-6 long-chain PUFAs in the CD group. The CD group had a lower ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs in PLs (p<0.001) and triacylglycerols (TAGs) (p<0.01). Correlations of the FA content in plasma PLs with disease activity scores of CD were also observed, which were positive for the sum of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) as well as oleic acid (18:1n-9) (both p<0.05). The metabolism of PUFAs is significantly altered even in treatment-naive newly diagnosed active pediatric CD, and the content of major FAs in PLs correlates with disease activity and inflammatory markers, thus probably contributing to the still unclear early disease pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Schwarz
- Division of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty Hospital, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University in Prague, Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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15
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Xiong NX, Luo SW, Fan LF, Mao ZW, Luo KK, Liu SJ, Wu C, Hu FZ, Wang S, Wen M, Liu QF. Comparative analysis of erythrocyte hemolysis, plasma parameters and metabolic features in red crucian carp (Carassius auratus red var) and triploid hybrid fish following Aeromonas hydrophila challenge. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 118:369-384. [PMID: 34571155 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.09.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Aeromonas hydrophila can pose a great threat to survival of freshwater fish. In this study, A. hydrophila challenge could promote the erythrocyte hemolysis, increase free hemoglobin (FHB) level and generate malondialdehyde (MDA) production in plasma but decrease the levels of total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), total superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and lysozyme (LZM) of red crucian carp (RCC, 2 N = 100) and triploid hybrid fish (3 N fish, 3 N = 150) following A. hydrophila challenge. Elevated expression levels of heat shock protein 90 alpha (HSP90α), matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), free fatty acid receptor 3 (FFAR3), paraoxonase 2 (PON2) and cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2) were observed in A. hydrophila-infected fish. In addition, A. hydrophila challenge could significantly increase expressions of cortisol, leucine, isoleucine, glutamate and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in RCC and 3 N, while glycolysis and tricarboxylic acid cycle appeared to be inactive. We identified differential fatty acid derivatives and their metabolic networks as crucial biomarkers from metabolic profiles of different ploidy cyprinid fish subjected to A. hydrophila infection. These results highlighted the comparative metabolic strategy of different ploidy cyprinid fish against bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning-Xia Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Sheng-Wei Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China.
| | - Lan-Fen Fan
- College of Marine Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Zhuang-Wen Mao
- Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Quality Control of Aquatic Animals, Department of Biological and Environmental Engineering, Changsha University, Changsha, 410022, PR China
| | - Kai-Kun Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Shao-Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China.
| | - Chang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Fang-Zhou Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Shi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Ming Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
| | - Qing-Feng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Developmental Biology of Freshwater Fish, College of Life Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, 410081, PR China
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Vallecillos A, Marín M, Bortoletti M, López J, Afonso JM, Ramis G, Arizcun M, María-Dolores E, Armero E. Genetic Analysis of the Fatty Acid Profile in Gilthead Seabream ( Sparus aurata L.). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102889. [PMID: 34679910 PMCID: PMC8532642 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Humans require essential fatty acids in their diet and marine fish are a source of them, especially omega3 fatty acids that present high benefits on diverse vascular diseases and the immune system. Breeding programs in gilthead seabream usually include growth as the first criterion in the selection process of the fish. However, that could lead to fish with a higher fillet fat content and a fatty acid profile with a lower polyunsaturated fatty acids percentage. Fillet fat content and its fatty acids profile have been revealed as heritable traits. Therefore, further studies to go deeper in the selection process are advisable. Abstract The gilthead seabream is one of the most valuable species in the Mediterranean basin both for fisheries and aquaculture. Marine fish, such as gilthead seabream, are a source of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, highly appreciated for human food owing to their benefits on the cardiovascular and immune systems. The aim of the present study was to estimate heritability for fatty acid (FA) profile in fillet gilthead seabream to be considered as a strategy of a selective breeding program. Total of 399 fish, from a broodstock Mediterranean Sea, were analysed for growth, flesh composition and FA profile. Heritabilities for growth traits, and flesh composition (fat, protein, and moisture content) were medium. Heritability was moderate for 14:0, 16:0 and 18:1n9 and for sum of monounsaturated FA and n6/n3 ratio, and it was low for 20:1n11 and 22:6n3 and the ratio unsaturated/saturated FA. Breeding programs in gilthead seabream usually include growth as the first criterion in the selection process of the fish. However, other quality traits, such as fillet fat content and its fatty acids profile should be considered, since they are very important traits for the consumer, from a nutritional point of view and the benefits for the health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Vallecillos
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.V.); (M.M.); (J.L.); (E.M.-D.)
| | - María Marín
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.V.); (M.M.); (J.L.); (E.M.-D.)
| | - Martina Bortoletti
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, Viale dell’Universitá 16, 35020 Legnaro, Italy;
| | - Javier López
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.V.); (M.M.); (J.L.); (E.M.-D.)
| | - Juan M. Afonso
- Institute of Sustainable Aquaculture and Marine Ecosystems (GIA-ECOAQUA), Carretera de Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain;
| | - Guillermo Ramis
- Department of Animal Production, University of Murcia, Avenida Teniente Flomesta 5, 30860 Murcia, Spain;
| | - Marta Arizcun
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Murcia, Carretera de la Azohía s/n, 30860 Puerto de Mazarrón, Spain;
| | - Emilio María-Dolores
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.V.); (M.M.); (J.L.); (E.M.-D.)
| | - Eva Armero
- Department of Agronomic Engineering, Technical University of Cartagena, Paseo Alfonso XIII 48, 30202 Cartagena, Spain; (A.V.); (M.M.); (J.L.); (E.M.-D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-968-325-538; Fax: +34-968-325-433
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17
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Kang CM, Chiang BL, Wang LC. Maternal Nutritional Status and Development of Atopic Dermatitis in Their Offspring. Clin Rev Allergy Immunol 2021; 61:128-155. [PMID: 32157654 DOI: 10.1007/s12016-020-08780-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is the leading chronic skin inflammatory disease and the initial manifestation of atopic march. Available evidence supports the notion that primary prevention early in life leads to a decreased incidence of AD, thus possibly decreasing the subsequent occurrence of atopic march. Nutritional status is essential to a proper functioning immune system and is valued for its important role in AD. Essential nutrients, which include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, vitamins, and minerals, are transferred from the mother to the fetus through the placenta during gestation. Various nutrients, such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and vitamin D, were studied in relation to maternal status and offspring allergy. However, no strong evidence indicates that a single nutrient or food in mothers' diet significantly affects the risk of childhood AD. In the light of current evidence, mothers should not either increase nor avoid consuming these nutrients to prevent or ameliorate allergic diseases in their offspring. Each essential nutrient has an important role in fetal development, and current government recommendations suggest specific intake amounts for pregnant women. This review discusses evidence on how various nutrients, including lipids (monounsaturated fatty acids, PUFAs, saturated fatty acids, and short-chain fatty acids), carbohydrates (oligosaccharides and polysaccharides), proteins, vitamins (A, B, C, D, and E), and trace minerals (magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, selenium, and strontium) in maternal status are associated with the development of AD and their possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Min Kang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Chieh Wang
- Department of Pediatrics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung Shan South Road, Taipei, 10002, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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18
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Cappellozza BI, Cooke RF, Harvey KM. Omega-6 Fatty Acids: A Sustainable Alternative to Improve Beef Production Efficiency. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11061764. [PMID: 34204706 PMCID: PMC8231484 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The global beef industry is currently challenged with improving production efficiency while fostering judicious use of limited natural resources. Sustainable management systems are warranted to ensure that worldwide demands for beef and ecological stewardship are met. Supplementing cattle with omega-6 fatty acids is a nutritional intervention shown to sustainably enhance productivity across different sectors of the beef industry. The purpose of this review is to discuss recent research that describes the advantages of supplementing omega-6 fatty acids on traits that are critical to beef production efficiency, including reproduction, immunocompetence, growth, and quality of carcass and beef products. Abstract Global beef production must increase in the next decades to meet the demands of a growing population, while promoting sustainable use of limited natural resources. Supplementing beef cattle with omega-6 fatty acids (FAs) is a nutritional approach shown to enhance production efficiency, with research conducted across different environments and sectors of the beef industry. Omega-6 FA from natural feed ingredients such as soybean oil are highly susceptible to ruminal biohydrogenation. Hence, our and other research groups have used soybean oil in the form of Ca soaps (CSSO) to lessen ruminal biohydrogenation, and maximize delivery of omega-6 FA to the duodenum for absorption. In cow–calf systems, omega-6 FA supplementation to beef cows improved pregnancy success by promoting the establishment of early pregnancy. Cows receiving omega-6 FA during late gestation gave birth to calves that were healthier and more efficient in the feedlot, suggesting the potential role of omega-6 FA on developmental programming. Supplementing omega-6 FA to young cattle also elicited programming effects toward improved adipogenesis and carcass quality, and improved calf immunocompetence upon a stress stimulus. Cattle supplemented with omega-6 FA during growing or finishing periods also experienced improved performance and carcass quality. All these research results were generated using cattle of different genetic composition (Bos taurus and B. indicus influenced), and in different environments (tropical, subtropical, and temperate region). Hence, supplementing omega-6 FA via CSSO is a sustainable approach to enhance the production efficiency of beef industries across different areas of the world.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Reinaldo Fernandes Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-979-458-2703
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Tourkochristou E, Triantos C, Mouzaki A. The Influence of Nutritional Factors on Immunological Outcomes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:665968. [PMID: 34135894 PMCID: PMC8201077 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.665968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Through food intake, humans obtain a variety of nutrients that are essential for growth, cellular function, tissue development, energy, and immune defense. A special interaction between nutrients and gut-associated lymphoid tissue occurs in the intestinal tract. Enterocytes of the intestinal barrier act as sensors for antigens from nutrients and the intestinal microbiota, which they deliver to the underlying immune system of the lamina propria, triggering an immune response. Studies investigating the mechanism of influence of nutrition on immunological outcomes have highlighted an important role of macronutrients (proteins, carbohydrates, fatty acids) and micronutrients (vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, antioxidants, probiotics) in modulating immune homeostasis. Nutrients exert their role in innate immunity and inflammation by regulating the expression of TLRs, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus interfering with immune cell crosstalk and signaling. Chemical substrates derived from nutrient metabolism may act as cofactors or blockers of enzymatic activity, influencing molecular pathways and chemical reactions associated with microbial killing, inflammation, and oxidative stress. Immune cell function appears to be influenced by certain nutrients that form parts of the cell membrane structure and are involved in energy production and prevention of cytotoxicity. Nutrients also contribute to the initiation and regulation of adaptive immune responses by modulating B and T lymphocyte differentiation, proliferation and activation, and antibody production. The purpose of this review is to present the available data from the field of nutritional immunology to elucidate the complex and dynamic relationship between nutrients and the immune system, the delineation of which will lead to optimized nutritional regimens for disease prevention and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanthia Tourkochristou
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Christos Triantos
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - Athanasia Mouzaki
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
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Händel MN, Rohde JF, Rimestad ML, Bandak E, Birkefoss K, Tendal B, Lemcke S, Callesen HE. Efficacy and Safety of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Supplementation in the Treatment of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials. Nutrients 2021; 13:1226. [PMID: 33917727 PMCID: PMC8068201 DOI: 10.3390/nu13041226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on epidemiological and animal studies, the rationale for using polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as a treatment for Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) seems promising. Here, the objective was to systematically identify and critically assess the evidence from clinical trials. The primary outcome was ADHD core symptoms. The secondary outcomes were behavioral difficulties, quality of life, and side effects. We performed a systematic search in Medline, Embase, Cinahl, PsycInfo, and the Cochrane Library up to June 2020. The overall certainty of evidence was evaluated using Grades of Recommendation, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). We identified 31 relevant randomized controlled trials including 1755 patients. The results showed no effect on ADHD core symptoms rated by parents (k = 23; SMD: -0.17; 95% CI: -0.32, -0.02) or teachers (k = 10; SMD: -0.06; 95% CI: -0.31, 0.19). There was no effect on behavioral difficulties, rated by parents (k = 7; SMD: -0.02; 95% CI: -0.17, 0.14) or teachers (k = 5; SMD: -0.04; 95% CI: -0.35, 0.26). There was no effect on quality of life (SMD: 0.01; 95% CI: -0.29, 0.31). PUFA did not increase the occurrence of side effects. For now, there seems to be no benefit of PUFA in ADHD treatment; however, the certainty of evidence is questionable, and thus no conclusive guidance can be made. The protocol is registered in PROSPERO ID: CRD42020158453.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mina Nicole Händel
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (J.F.R.); (E.B.)
- The Danish Health Authority, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.B.); (B.T.); (H.E.C.)
| | - Jeanett Friis Rohde
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (J.F.R.); (E.B.)
- The Danish Health Authority, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.B.); (B.T.); (H.E.C.)
| | | | - Elisabeth Bandak
- The Parker Institute, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, 2000 Frederiksberg, Denmark; (J.F.R.); (E.B.)
- The Danish Health Authority, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.B.); (B.T.); (H.E.C.)
| | - Kirsten Birkefoss
- The Danish Health Authority, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.B.); (B.T.); (H.E.C.)
| | - Britta Tendal
- The Danish Health Authority, 2300 Copenhagen, Denmark; (K.B.); (B.T.); (H.E.C.)
| | - Sanne Lemcke
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Aarhus University Hospital, Psychiatry, 8200 Aarhus N, Denmark;
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Zheng H, Jin S, Li T, Ying W, Ying B, Chen D, Ning J, Zheng C, Li Y, Li C, Chen C, Li X, Gao H. Metabolomics reveals sex-specific metabolic shifts and predicts the duration from positive to negative in non-severe COVID-19 patients during recovery process. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2021; 19:1863-1873. [PMID: 33841749 PMCID: PMC8021501 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2021.03.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic profiling in COVID-19 patients has been associated with disease severity, but there is no report on sex-specific metabolic changes in discharged survivors. Herein we used an integrated approach of LC-MS-and GC-MS-based untargeted metabolomics to analyze plasma metabolic characteristics in men and women with non-severe COVID-19 at both acute period and 30 days after discharge. The results demonstrate that metabolic alterations in plasma of COVID-19 patients during the recovery and rehabilitation process were presented in a sex specific manner. Overall, the levels of most metabolites were increased in COVID-19 patients after the cure relative to acute period. The major plasma metabolic changes were identified including fatty acids in men and glycerophosphocholines and carbohydrates in women. In addition, we found that women had shorter length of hospitalization than men and metabolic characteristics may contribute to predict the duration from positive to negative in non-severe COVID-19 patients. Collectively, this study shed light on sex-specific metabolic shifts in non-severe COVID-19 patients during the recovery process, suggesting a sex bias in prognostic and therapeutic evaluations based on metabolic profiling.
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Key Words
- ALT, Alanine aminotransferase
- AP, Acute period (AP)
- APTT, Activated partial thromboplastin time
- BCAAs, Branched‐chain amino acids
- BP, Blood platelet
- CA, Carbamide
- COVID-19
- COVID-19, Novel coronavirus disease 2019
- CRP, C-reactive protein
- DAA, Dehydroascorbic acid
- DD, D-dimer
- DP, Diastolic pressure
- FIB, Fibrinogen
- FP, Follow-up period
- Fatty acid
- GPCs, Glycerophosphocholines
- HGB, Hemoglobin
- LY, Lymphocyte
- Metabolism
- NG, Neutrophilic granulocyte
- NK, Natural killer
- PCT, Procalcitonin
- PLS-DA, Partial least squares-discriminant analysis
- PLSR, Partial least squares regression
- PT, Prothrombin time
- PTC, Phosphatidylcholine
- RDW, Red cell distribution width
- RR, Respiratory rate
- S1P, Sphingosine-1-phosphate
- SARS-CoV
- Sex difference
- TBL, Total B lymphocyte
- TTL, Total T lymphocyte
- WBC, White blood cell
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Shengwei Jin
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Ting Li
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Weiyang Ying
- Department of Pain Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Binyu Ying
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Dong Chen
- Wenzhou Central Hospital, Wenzhou 325015, China
| | - Jie Ning
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chanfan Zheng
- Clinical Research Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children’s Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325027, China
| | - Yuping Li
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
| | - Chen Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Chengshui Chen
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
| | - Xiaokun Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
| | - Hongchang Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325015, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou 325035, China
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22
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Alam S, Bhuiyan FR, Emon TH, Hasan M. Prospects of nutritional interventions in the care of COVID-19 patients. Heliyon 2021; 7:e06285. [PMID: 33615017 PMCID: PMC7879162 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has unfolded an unprecedented worldwide public health emergency with disastrous economic consequences. Around 96 million coronavirus cases have already been identified with over half a million deaths. Despite numerous efforts by the government as well as international organizations, these numbers are still increasing with a surprising rate. Although urgent and absolutely necessary, a reliable therapeutic or vaccine is still elusive and this status quo may remain for an uncertain period of time. Taken that into account, boosting up adaptive immunity through nutritional interventions may help subside this epidemic and save many lives. This review focuses on the nexus between a balanced diet and adaptive immunity, particularly, how a poor diet may lead to compromised immunity resulting in susceptibility to viral infections. Additionally, we discuss how nutrients (vitamins, minerals, trace elements) can be used as a tool to modulate immune response and thus impede viral infections. The study also summarizes nutritional recommendations to combat COVID-19 in different countries and territories as well as dietary sources of those key nutrients. Moreover, different nutritional intervention strategies based on different age groups, physiological and medical conditions were also included, and the challenges of nutritional interventions towards the care of COVID-19 patients are also discussed. Since the availability of a drug or vaccine is still uncertain, a balanced diet or nutrient therapy can be used as a robust strategy to combat COVID-19. Thus, we hope this review may help to make an informed decision with regard to diet choice both at individual level as well as clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabiha Alam
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Science, University of Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Farhana Rumzum Bhuiyan
- Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Molecular Biology, Department of Botany, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tanvir Hossain Emon
- Department of Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Shahjalal University of Science and Technology, Sylhet, Bangladesh
| | - Mahmudul Hasan
- Department of Pharmaceuticals and Industrial Biotechnology, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet, Bangladesh
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23
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Chaari A, Bendriss G, Zakaria D, McVeigh C. Importance of Dietary Changes During the Coronavirus Pandemic: How to Upgrade Your Immune Response. Front Public Health 2020; 8:476. [PMID: 32984253 PMCID: PMC7481450 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The new coronavirus pandemic continues to spread causing further public health, social, and economic issues. The disparities in the rates of death between countries poses questions about the importance of lifestyle habits and the immune status of populations. An exploration of dietary habits and COVID-19-related death might unravel associations between these two variables. Indeed, while both nutritional excess and deficiency are associated with immunodeficiency, adequate nutrition leading to an optimally functioning immune system may be associated with better outcomes with regards to preventing infection and complications of COVID-19, as well as developing a better immune response to other pathogenic viruses and microorganisms. This article outlines the key functions of the immune system and how macronutrients, micronutrients, and metabolites from the gut microbiome can be essential in the development of an efficient immune system. In addition, the effects of intermittent fasting on the inflammatory state as well as metabolic parameters will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Chaari
- Premedical Department, Weill Cornell Medicine, Qatar Foundation, Education City, Doha, Qatar
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24
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Reis D, Pérez J, Lund I, Acosta N, Abdul-Jalbar B, Bolaños A, Rodríguez C. Esterification and modification of [1-14C] n-3 and n-6 polyunsaturated fatty acids in pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) larvae reared under linoleic or α-linolenic acid-based diets and variable environmental salinities. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2020; 246-247:110449. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2020.110449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2020] [Revised: 05/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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25
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Dietary methionine supplementation improves the European seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax) immune status following long-term feeding on fishmeal-free diets. Br J Nutr 2020; 124:890-902. [PMID: 32475361 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114520001877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Methionine is a limiting amino acid (AA) in fish diets, particularly in those containing high levels of plant protein (PP), and is key in the immune system. Accordingly, outcome on the fish immune mechanisms of methionine-deficient and methionine-supplemented diets within the context of 0 % fishmeal formulation, after a short and prolonged feeding period, was studied in European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax). For this, seabass juveniles were fed a (i) fishmeal-free diet, meeting AA requirements, but deficient in methionine (MET0·65); (ii) as control, the MET0·65 supplemented with l-methionine at 0·22 % of feed weight (CTRL); (iii) two diets, identical to MET0·65 but supplemented at 0·63 and 0·88 % of feed weight of l-methionine (MET1·25 and MET1·5, respectively); and (iv) a fishmeal-based diet (FM), as positive control. After 2 and 12 weeks of feeding, blood and plasma were sampled for leucocyte counting and humoral parameter assays and head-kidney collected for gene expression. After 2 weeks of feeding, a fishmeal-free diet supplemented with methionine led to changes in the expression of methionine- and leucocyte-related genes. A methionine immune-enhancer role was more evident after 12 weeks with an increased neutrophil percentage and a decreased expression of apoptotic genes, possibly indicating an enhancement of fish immunity by methionine dietary supplementation. Furthermore, even though CTRL and FM present similar methionine content, CTRL presented a reduced expression of several immune-related genes indicating that in a practical PP-based diet scenario, the requirement level of methionine for an optimal immune status could be higher.
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26
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Rivero-Ramírez F, Torrecillas S, Betancor MB, Izquierdo MS, Caballero MJ, Montero D. Effects of dietary arachidonic acid in European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) distal intestine lipid classes and gut health. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2020; 46:681-697. [PMID: 31845079 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-019-00744-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of low fishmeal/fish oil in marine fish diets affects dietary essential fatty acids (EFAs) composition and concentration and, subsequently, may produce a marginal deficiency of those fatty acids with a direct impact on the fish intestinal physiology. Supplementation of essential fatty acids is necessary to cover the requirements of the different EFAs, including the ones belonging to the n-6 series, such as arachidonic acid (ARA). ARA, besides its structural role in the configuration of the lipid classes of the intestine, plays an important role in the functionality of the gut-associated immune tissue (GALT). The present study aimed to test five levels of dietary ARA (ARA0.5 (0.5%), ARA1 (1%), ARA2 (2%), ARA4 (4%), and ARA6 (6%)) for European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) juveniles in order to determine (a) its effect in selected distal intestine (DI) lipid classes composition and (b) how these changes affected gut bacterial translocation rates and selected GALT-related gene expression pre and post challenge. No differences were found between distal intestines of fish fed with the graded ARA levels in total neutral lipids and total polar lipids. However, DI of fish fed with the ARA6 diet presented a higher (P < 0.05) level of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) and sphingomyelin (SM) than those DI of fish fed with the ARA0.5 diet. In general terms, fatty acid profiles of DI lipid classes mirrored those of the diet dietary. Nevertheless, selective retention of ARA could be observed in glycerophospholipids when dietary levels are low (diet ARA0.5), as reflected in the higher glycerophospholipids-ARA/dietary-ARA ratio for those animals. Increased ARA dietary supplementation was inversely correlated with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) content in lipid classes, when data from fish fed with the diets with the same basal composition (diets ARA1 to ARA6). ARA supplementation did not affect intestinal morphometry, goblet cell number, or fish survival, in terms of gut bacterial translocation, along the challenge test. However, after the experimental infection with Vibrio anguillarum, the relative expression of cox-2 and il-1β were upregulated (P < 0.05) in DI of fish fed with the diets ARA0.5 and ARA2 compared with fish fed with the rest of the experimental diets. Although dietary ARA did not affect fish survival, it altered the fatty acid composition of glycerophospholipids and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes after infection when included at the lowest concentration, which could be compromising the physical and the immune functionality of the DI, denoting the importance of ARA supplementation when low FO diets are used for marine fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Rivero-Ramírez
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - S Torrecillas
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M B Betancor
- Institute of Aquaculture, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - M S Izquierdo
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - M J Caballero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - D Montero
- Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Instituto Universitario Ecoaqua, University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, ULPGC, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214, Telde, Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
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27
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Cho JM, Choi HS, Cho YS, Park SY, Kim DY, Lee JH. Effect of immune-enhancing enteral nutrition formula enriched with plant-derived n-3 fatty acids on natural killer cell activity in rehabilitation patients. Nutr Res Pract 2019; 13:384-392. [PMID: 31583057 PMCID: PMC6760982 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2019.13.5.384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Enteral nutrition formulas with immune-enhancing nutrients, such as n-3 fatty acids, may manage patients' nutritional status and pathophysiological processes. The aim of our study was to investigate natural killer (NK) cell activity alterations and related cytokine changes resulting from feeding with soybean oil-containing enteral nutrition formula (control group) and plant-derived n-3 fatty acid-enriched enteral nutrition formula. SUBJECTS/METHODS Subjects participated for 14 consecutive days and consumed enteral formula containing canola and flaxseed oil (n3EN, test group) in nonsurgical patients hospitalized for rehabilitation. Blood samples were collected on the first day and 14 days after the consumption of each formula daily, and anthropometric parameters were collected. Hematology and biochemical values were analyzed, and NK cell activities and serum cytokine concentration were measured. A total of sixty subjects were included in the analysis, excluding dropouts. RESULTS No significant differences were found in biochemical parameters. The n3EN group's NK cell activities at effector:tumor cell ratios of 10:1, 5:1, 2.5:1 and 0.625:1 were significantly higher than those of the control group after two weeks (P < 0.05). However, there were no statistically significant differences in serum cytokine interleukin (IL)-12, interferon-γ, IL-1β, IL-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α values between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, this study elucidates the beneficial effects of plant-derived n-3 fatty acid supplementation in enteral formula on NK cell activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Min Cho
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Seon Choi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Nowon Eulji Medical Center, Eulji University, Seoul 01830, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn Soo Cho
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Yonsei University Severance Hospital, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Park
- Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Deog Young Kim
- Department & Research Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Ho Lee
- National Leading Research Laboratory of Clinical Nutrigenetics/Nutrigenomics, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.,Department of Food and Nutrition, College of Human Ecology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
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28
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Fujimura T, Lum SZC, Nagata Y, Kawamoto S, Oyoshi MK. Influences of Maternal Factors Over Offspring Allergies and the Application for Food Allergy. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1933. [PMID: 31507589 PMCID: PMC6716146 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of food allergy has been steadily rising worldwide with the highest incidence noted among younger children, and increasingly recognized as a growing public concern. The first known ingestion of foods often causes allergic reaction, suggesting that sensitization of offspring with food allergens may occur during pregnancy and/or through breastfeeding. This creates a milieu that shapes the neonatal immune responses to these allergens. However, the effects of maternal allergen exposure and maternal sensitization with allergens on development of allergies in offspring remain controversial. This review discusses recent advances from human data in our understanding of how maternal factors, namely, food allergens, allergen-specific immunoglobulins, cytokines, genetics, and environmental factors transferred during pregnancy or breastfeeding influence offspring allergies and how such effects may be applicable to food allergy. Based on information obtained from mouse models of asthma and food allergy, the review also dissects the mechanisms by which maternal factors, including the impact of immune complexes, transforming growth factor-β, vitamin A, and regulatory T-cell responses, contribute to the induction of neonatal tolerance vs. development of allergic responses to maternally transferred allergens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimura
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | | | - Yuka Nagata
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Division of Gastrointestinal Pathophysiology, Institute of Natural Medicine, University of Toyama, Toyama, Japan
| | - Seiji Kawamoto
- Hiroshima Research Center for Healthy Aging (HiHA), Graduate School of Advanced Sciences of Matter, Hiroshima University, Higashi-Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Michiko K Oyoshi
- Division of Immunology, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
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29
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Flaga J, Korytkowski Ł, Górka P, Kowalski ZM. The effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae supplementation in milk replacer on performance and selected immune system functions in calves. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8862-8873. [PMID: 31421880 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-16189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the effect of docosahexaenoic acid-rich algae (DHA-RA) supplementation in milk replacer (MR) on performance, selected cytokine expression in lymphocytes, and blood immunoglobulin concentration in newborn dairy calves. Forty female Holstein-Friesian calves (8.6 ± 0.8 d old and 41.1 ± 4.3 kg; mean ± standard deviation) were blocked by date of birth and allocated into 4 experimental groups (10 animals/group): (1) not supplemented with DHA-RA, (2) supplemented with 9 g of DHA-RA/d in MR, (3) supplemented with 18 g of DHA-RA/d in MR, and (4) supplemented with 27 g of DHA-RA/d in MR. Milk replacer was fed in an amount equal to 900 g of MR powder/d (as fed), 2 times a d, for 49 d. Starter mixture (SM) was fed ad libitum beginning on d 15 of the study. Each calf was in the study over a period of 49 d. The MR and SM intake and fecal score were recorded daily and body weight was recorded weekly. Blood samples were collected before the morning feeding, at the beginning of the study, every consecutive week, and at the end of the study for morphology and smear analysis, serum immunoglobulin level (IgG, IgA, and IgM), and lymphocyte isolation. The mRNA isolated from lymphocytes was checked for TNFα, IL-1β, IL-6, and p65 expression. Average daily gain between d 1 to 14 of the study increased quadratically with increasing dose of DHA-RA. However, average daily gain between d 15 to 49 of the study tended to linearly decrease and over the whole study linearly decreased with increasing dose of DHA-RA. The MR intake decreased linearly between d 1 to 14 of the study and over the whole study, and mean SM intake decreased quadratically with increasing dose of DHA-RA. Feed efficiency increased quadratically and fecal score decreased quadratically during the first 14 d of the study. Increasing dose of DHA-RA led to cubic changes in feed efficiency and fecal score between d 15 and 49 of the study. Overall, over the whole study period a tendency was observed for lower fecal score for the DHA-RA supplemented groups. Interleukin-1β mRNA expression decreased linearly, whereas the mRNA expression of p65 and TNFα as well as serum IgG concentration tended to decrease linearly with increasing dose of supplemental DHA-RA. No effect of group was found on IgA and IgM serum level and the majority of blood parameters. Altogether, treatment worsened production variables but seemed to have a beneficial effect on the immune system of calves.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Flaga
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland.
| | - Ł Korytkowski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - P Górka
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
| | - Z M Kowalski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Agriculture in Krakow, al. Mickiewicza 24/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland
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30
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Long-chain PUFA profiles in parental diets induce long-term effects on growth, fatty acid profiles, expression of fatty acid desaturase 2 and selected immune system-related genes in the offspring of gilthead seabream. Br J Nutr 2019; 122:25-38. [PMID: 31266551 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519000977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the effects of nutritional programming through parental feeding on offspring performance and expression of selected genes related to stress resistance in a marine teleost. Gilthead seabream broodstock were fed diets containing various fish oil (FO)/vegetable oil ratios to determine their effects on offspring performance along embryogenesis, larval development and juvenile on-growing periods. Increased substitution of dietary FO by linseed oil (LO) up to 80 % LO significantly reduced the total number of eggs produced by kg per female per spawn. Moreover, at 30 d after hatching, parental feeding with increasing LO up to 80 % led to up-regulation of the fatty acyl desaturase 2 gene (fads2) that was correlated with the increase in conversion rates of related PUFA. Besides, cyclo-oxygenase 2 (cox2) and TNF-α (tnf-α) gene expression was also up-regulated by the increase in LO in broodstock diets up to 60 or 80 %, respectively. When 4-month-old offspring were challenged with diets having different levels of FO, the lowest growth was found in juveniles from broodstock fed 100 % FO. An increase in LO levels in the broodstock diet up to 60LO raised LC-PUFA levels in the juveniles, regardless of the juvenile's diet. The results showed that it is possible to nutritionally programme gilthead seabream offspring through the modification of the fatty acid profiles of parental diets to improve the growth performance of juveniles fed low FO diets, inducing long-term changes in PUFA metabolism with up-regulation of fads2 expression. The present study provided the first pieces of evidence of the up-regulation of immune system-related genes in the offspring of parents fed increased FO replacement by LO.
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31
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Cooke RF. Early career achievement award: supplementing omega-6 fatty acids to enhance early embryonic development and pregnancy establishment in Bos indicus and B. taurus beef cows. J Anim Sci 2019; 97:485-495. [PMID: 30351357 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Our research group investigated the impacts of supplementing Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO), a source of omega-6 fatty acids (FAs), on reproductive performance of beef cows. Initial studies were conducted with Nelore (Bos indicus) cows grazing tropical pastures. Cows were assigned to fixed-time artificial insemination (AI) and supplemented or not with 100 g/d (as-fed basis) of CSSO, and supplementation regimens ranged from days -11 to 28 relative to AI. Overall, CSSO supplementation during the 21 d after AI increased (P < 0.01) pregnancy rates from 38.1% (623/1,635 as pregnant/total nonsupplemented cows) to 49.0% (843/1,720 as pregnant/total CSSO-supplemented cows), and these outcomes were associated with enhanced early embryonic development and pregnancy establishment when omega-6 FA were supplemented. To verify this rationale, our group compared FA incorporation in grazing Nelore cows (n = 90) supplemented or not with CSSO (100 g/d; as-fed basis) beginning at fixed-time AI until slaughter at day 19 of gestation. Supplementing CSSO increased (P ≤ 0.05) incorporation of linoleic acid and its omega-6 derivatives in plasma, endometrium, corpus luteum, and conceptus, whereas the same responses were not observed (P ≥ 0.25) for omega-3 FA. Complementing these findings, grazing Nelore cows (n = 100) were supplemented or not with CSSO (100 g/d; as-fed basis) beginning at fixed-time AI, and assigned to transcervical uterine flush on day 15 of gestation. Supplementing CSSO increased (P ≤ 0.04) conceptus length (2.58 vs. 1.15 cm) and mRNA expression of interferon-tau (4.1-fold increase) and prostaglandin E synthase 2 (2.6-fold increase), which are critical regulators of pregnancy establishment. These outcomes were recently replicated in B. taurus beef cows consuming temperate forages. Pregnancy rates were greater (P = 0.01) in Angus cows receiving CSSO (100 g/d; as-fed basis) for 21 d after fixed-time AI (60.2%; 226/383 as pregnant/total cows) compared with nonsupplemented cows (51.7%; 193/388 as pregnant/total cows). Supplementing CSSO to Angus × Hereford cows (n = 96) beginning after AI also increased (P = 0.05) mRNA expression of interferon-tau in day 15 conceptuses (1.8-fold increase). Collectively, our research demonstrated that post-AI CSSO supplementation favors incorporation of omega-6 FA into maternal and embryonic tissues, which enhances interferon-tau synthesis by the conceptus and increases pregnancy rates to fixed-time AI in B. indicus and B. taurus beef cows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reinaldo F Cooke
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Zootecnia/Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, UNESP-Univ. Estadual Paulista, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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Abstract
The goal of this review is to present a concise and critical assessment of the literature related to physiologic responses in cattle that are subjected to transportation. Over two-thirds of US cattle are transported. Understanding trends in circulating physiologic parameters is an important part of mitigating the negative effects of transportation. For the producer, linking these effects after transportation to morbidity outcomes within the first 45 days on feed (i.e. especially development of bovine respiratory disease) is critical. Physiologic parameters in circulation are of primary importance and may have value for prediction of bovine respiratory disease on arrival and for the understanding of disease pathogenesis. The results of our literature survey indicated that post-transportation immune function, increased acute phase proteins, glucocorticoids, and inflammation are a pivotal starting point for understanding disease. These potential biomarkers may have utility in identifying disease for targeted therapeutics so that traditional protocols that rely heavily on metaphylaxis can be avoided. Additional research is needed to develop strategies for physiological marker identification, treatment methods, or predictive behaviors to prevent respiratory disease before and after transport. This review examines the significant deleterious effects of transportation handling and stress, and current immune system translation and non-antimicrobial mitigation strategies.
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Lopreiato V, Hosseini A, Rosa F, Zhou Z, Alharthi A, Trevisi E, Loor JJ. Dietary energy level affects adipose depot mass but does not impair in vitro subcutaneous adipose tissue response to short-term insulin and tumor necrosis factor-α challenge in nonlactating, nonpregnant Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10206-10219. [PMID: 30146294 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We assessed effects of overfeeding energy to nonlactating and nonpregnant Holstein cows during a length of time similar to a typical dry period on body lipid storage and the abundance of genes related to insulin signaling, inflammation, and ubiquitination in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in vitro challenged with insulin and recombinant bovine tumor necrosis factor-α. Fourteen cows were randomly assigned to either a high-energy (OVE; net energy for lactation = 1.60 Mcal/kg of dry matter; n = 7) or control (CON; net energy for lactation = 1.30 Mcal/kg of dry matter; n = 7) diet for 6 wk. Immediately after slaughter, liver, kidneys, and mammary gland were separated and weighed. The adipose tissue mass in the omental, mesenteric, and perirenal depots was dissected and weighed. Subcutaneous adipose tissue was collected from the tail-head region and was used as follows: control, bovine insulin (INS) at 1 µmol/L, tumor necrosis factor-α at 5 ng/mL (TNF), and their combination. Despite a lack of difference in final body condition score, OVE cows had greater energy intake and were heavier than CON cows. Furthermore, overfeeding led to greater mass of mesenteric and perirenal adipose, liver, and mammary gland. Overall, SAT incubated with INS had an upregulation of insulin receptor (INSR), interleukin-10 (IL10), small ubiquitin-like modifier 3 (SUMO3), and ubiquitin conjugating enzyme E2I (UBC9), whereas TNF upregulated peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARG), diacylglycerol O-acyltransferase 2 (DGAT2), interleukin-6 (IL6), nuclear factor kappa B subunit 1 (NFKB1), small ubiquitin-like modifier 2 (SUMO2), and UBC9. Regardless of in vitro treatment, feeding OVE upregulated PPARG, fatty acid synthase (FASN), and insulin induced gene 1 (INSIG1). Abundance of PPARG was greater in SAT of OVE cows cultured individually with INS and TNF. The interaction between diet and in vitro treatment revealed that sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBF1) had greater abundance in SAT from the CON group in response to culture with INS, whereas SAT from OVE cows had greater SREBF1 abundance in response to culture with TNF. The mRNA abundance of IL6 and NFKB1 was greater in response to TNF treatment and overall in CON cows. Furthermore, SAT from these cows had greater IL10 abundance when cultured with INS and TNF. Overall, data highlighted that overfeeding energy increases adipose tissue mass in part by stimulating transcription of key genes associated with insulin signaling, adipogenesis, and lipogenesis. Because SAT thickness or mass was not measured, the lack of effect of overfeeding on body condition score limits its use to predict overall body lipid storage. An overt inflammatory response in SAT after a 6-wk period of over-consumption of energy could not be discerned.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Lopreiato
- Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, Department of Health Science, Magna Græcia University, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - A Hosseini
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - F Rosa
- Dairy and Food Science Department, South Dakota State University, 1111 College Ave., 113H Alfred Dairy Science Hall, Brookings 57007
| | - Z Zhou
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, SC 29634
| | - A Alharthi
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801
| | - E Trevisi
- Department of Animal Sciences, Food and Nutrition, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environmental Science, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Via Emilia Parmense, 84, 29122 Piacenza, Italy
| | - J J Loor
- Department of Animal Sciences and Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana 61801.
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Carvalho JRR, Brennan KM, Ladeira MM, Schoonmaker JP. Performance, insulin sensitivity, carcass characteristics, and fatty acid profile of beef from steers fed microalgae. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:3433-3445. [PMID: 29800342 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterotrophic production of microalgae biomass provides a consistent, high-quality source of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; C22:6 n-3) in triglyceride oils that could be used as a ration supplement for feedlot steers to improve nutritional qualities of beef. Sixty Angus × Simmental steers (438 ± 6.4 kg) were allotted to two treatments (30 steers each, six pens, five steers/pen) to determine the effects of ForPLUS (DHA-rich microalgae Aurantiochytrium limacinum; 63.6% fat; 17.9% DHA; 30 mg/kg Sel-Plex; Alltech Inc.) on performance, insulin sensitivity, LM fatty acid composition, and meat quality. Steers were fed basal diets containing 45% corn, 30% distillers dried grains with solubles, 20% corn silage, and 5% supplement. Basal diets were formulated to contain 16.1% CP and 1.32 Mcal/kg NEg. Treatments were delivered to steers in a ground corn-based top-dress (454 g total/steer) and contained no microalgae for control steers or 100 g/steer daily of ForPLUS for microalgae steers. A glucose tolerance test (GTT) was performed 10 d prior to slaughter. Steers were slaughtered when a target pen BW of 621 kg was achieved. Fatty acid oxidation potential was determined by measuring thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) on LM samples collected 24 h after slaughter and aged for 48 h or 21 d. Weight and BW gain did not differ during the study (P ≥ 0.13); however, steers fed microalgae remained in the feedlot seven more days compared to steers fed the control diet (111 vs. 104 d; P = 0.04). Overall DMI decreased (P = 0.002) and G:F increased during the second half of the study (P = 0.04) in steers fed microalgae compared to steers fed the control diet. Steers fed microalgae secreted less insulin (P = 0.01) and took longer to clear glucose (P = 0.01) during a 2-h GTT. Carcass traits did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.23). Microalgae had no effect on n-6 content (P = 0.67), but more than doubled the n-3 fatty acid percentage and the n-3:n-6 ratio of the LM (P < 0.0001). The percentage of n-3 fatty acids C20:5 and C22:6 were increased (P < 0.0001) 4-fold and 6.25-fold, respectively, by microalgae supplementation. Concentration of TBARS did not differ in LM aged for 48 h (P = 0.91); however, when aged for 21 d, steers fed microalgae tended to produce LM with greater TBARS concentration compared to steers fed the control diet (P = 0.08). In conclusion, DHA-rich microalgae decreased DMI of steers, and increased n-3 fatty acids and beef oxidation in steaks aged for 21 d.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcio M Ladeira
- Department of Animal Sciences, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Mu H, Shen H, Liu J, Xie F, Zhang W, Mai K. High level of dietary soybean oil depresses the growth and anti-oxidative capacity and induces inflammatory response in large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 77:465-473. [PMID: 29631026 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2018.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Increasing demand, uncertain availability and high price of fish oil with the expansion of aquaculture made it essential to search alternative lipid sources. Vegetable oil has been proved to be the best candidate for the replacement of fish oil in aquafeeds. However, this replacement especially in high level potentially has some negative effects on fish. The present study was conducted to investigate the growth performance, anti-oxidative and inflammatory responses of large yellow croaker to replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil. Three isonitrogenous (46% crude protein) and isolipidic (13% crude lipids) diets were formulated to feed fish (initial body weight: 36.80 ± 0.39 g) for 12 weeks. The control diet was designed to contain 6.5% of fish oil, and named as FO. On the basis of the control diet, the fish oil was 50% and 100% replaced by soybean oil, and these two diets were named as FS and SO, respectively. Results showed that the specific growth rate significantly decreased in the SO group. Crude lipid contents in muscle and liver of fish fed SO diet were significantly higher than those in the FO group. The ratio of n-3 poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) to identified fatty acids in liver decreased significantly, while n-6 PUFAs increased significantly with increasing dietary soybean oil inclusion. The levels of triacylglycerol, non-esterified fatty acid and tumour necrosis factor α, and the activity of aspartate aminotransferase in serum significantly increased in SO group. The total anti-oxidative capacity and expressions of the anti-oxidation-related genes (superoxide dismutase 1 and 2, catalase, glutathion peroxidase and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2) were significantly decreased by dietary soybean inclusion. Dietary soybean oil significantly decreased the gene expressions of the anti-inflammatory cytokines (arginase I and interleukin 10), and increased the pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumour necrosis factor α and interleukin 1β). The replacement of dietary fish oil by soybean oil also induced an over-expression of toll-like receptor 22 and myeloid differentiation factor 88 in liver. In conclusion, dietary soybean oil could suppress growth performance and liver anti-oxidative capacity, and induce inflammatory responses of large yellow croaker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Mu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Haohao Shen
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Jiahuan Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Fangli Xie
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Wenbing Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Department of Fisheries, College of Animal Science, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434024, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Kangsen Mai
- The Key Laboratory of Mariculture, Ministry of Education, The Key Laboratory of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feeds, Ministry of Agriculture, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Wen Hai Road, Qingdao 266237, China
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Dannenberger D, Tuchscherer M, Nürnberg G, Schmicke M, Kanitz E. Sea Buckthorn Pomace Supplementation in the Diet of Growing Pigs-Effects on Fatty Acid Metabolism, HPA Activity and Immune Status. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19020596. [PMID: 29466282 PMCID: PMC5855818 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19020596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 02/14/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is evidence that sea buckthorn, as a source of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), possesses health-enhancing properties and may modulate neuroendocrine and immune functions. In the present study, we investigated the effect of sea buckthorn pomace (SBP) supplementation in the diet of growing German Landrace pigs on fatty acids in the blood and hypothalamus, peripheral immune parameters and mRNA expression of corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH), mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in the hypothalamus and spleen. Pigs were fed diets supplemented with 12% of dried SBP or 0% SBP (control group) over an intervention period of eight weeks. The fatty acid profiles in blood plasma were significantly affected by SBP supplementation only for C18:2n-6 and n-6/n-3 PUFA ratio compared with the control group. SBP supplementation did not significantly affect the fatty acid concentrations in the hypothalamus. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in mRNA expression of CRH, MR and GR in the hypothalamus or of GR mRNA expression in the spleen. Concerning the immune status, the plasma IgG levels tended to be higher in SBP pigs, whereas the leukocyte distribution, mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte proliferation, and serum IgM levels remained unchanged. In conclusion, the SBP supplementation of the diet only caused moderate effects on fatty acid metabolism, but no significant effects on hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) activity and immunity in growing pigs. It seems that a beneficial effect of dietary n-3 PUFA on health and welfare is more likely to be expected during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Dannenberger
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institutes of Muscle Biology and Growth, Behavioural Physiology, and Genetics and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Germany.
| | - Margret Tuchscherer
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institutes of Muscle Biology and Growth, Behavioural Physiology, and Genetics and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Germany.
| | - Gerd Nürnberg
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institutes of Muscle Biology and Growth, Behavioural Physiology, and Genetics and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Germany.
| | - Marion Schmicke
- University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Clinic for Cattle Endocrinology Laboratory, 30173 Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15, Germany.
| | - Ellen Kanitz
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institutes of Muscle Biology and Growth, Behavioural Physiology, and Genetics and Biometry, 18196 Dummerstorf, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, Germany.
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Holen E, Araujo P, Sissener NH, Rosenlund G, Waagbø R. A comparative study: Difference in omega-6/omega-3 balance and saturated fat in diets for Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) affect immune-, fat metabolism-, oxidative and apoptotic-gene expression, and eicosanoid secretion in head kidney leukocytes. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 72:57-68. [PMID: 29080687 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to compare how different dietary vegetable oil n-6/n-3 ratios affect gene responses involved in inflammation, signaling pathways, fatty acid synthesis and oxidation, oxidation and apoptosis as well as eicosanoid production in salmon head kidney tissues and isolated head kidney leukocytes. Salmon smolts (200 g) were fed four different diets where the main lipid components were palm oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 0.7), rapeseed oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 0.9), and soybean oil (n-6/n-3 ratio = 2.4) and a high soybean oil diet with an n-6/n-3 ratio = 4. Both head kidney tissue and leukocytes isolated from head kidneys were sampled from the four diets, but from different fish. Leukocytes isolated from the head kidneys were seeded into culture wells and added lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to induce inflammatory responses. Controls without LPS were included. Head kidney leukocytes and the tissues should have the same phenotype reflecting the different diets. Interleukin 1β (IL-1β) transcription was elevated in head kidney tissue and especially in LPS treated leukocytes isolated from soybean oil (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) fed salmon, which confirmed the suitability of the in vitro model in this experiment. Leukocytes, treated with LPS, and isolated from salmon fed the soybean oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) also upregulated tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-α), cyclooxygenase (cox2), prostaglandin D and E synthase (ptgds, ptges), fatty acyl synthase (fas), 5 and 6 desaturases (5des, 6 des) and a fatty acid translocase protein (cd36) when compared to the other diets. The results suggest that diets with a specific n-6/n-3 ratio influence the transcription of pro-inflammatory genes and may be cross-linked to transcription of selected fatty acid metabolism genes. Salmon fed the palm oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 0.7) showed a lower expression of inflammatory genes. Instead, peroxisome proliferator activated receptor β1 (pparβ1), acyl coenzyme A (aco), apoptosis regulator (bax) and superoxide dismutase (sod) were upregulated in leukocytes in vitro, while head kidney tissue transcription of a dendritic marker (cd83) was lower than measured in tissues from fish fed the other diets. The concentration of LTB4 (10-20 ng/mL) were relatively constant in leukocyte supernatants, all diets. Head kidney leukocytes from soybean oil (n-6/n-3 = 2.4) fed fish produced LPS induced PGE2 (mean 0.5 ng/mL) while leukocytes isolated from palm oil diet (n-6/n-3 = 0.7) secreted very high amounts of LTB5 (50-70 ng/mL). In addition, equal amounts of LPS induced PGE2 and PGE3 (mean 0, 5 ng/mL) were produced, indicating that the n-6/n-3 ratio of this saturated fatty acid may have a specific impact on eicosanoid production in the head kidney of salmon.
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Can Early Omega-3 Fatty Acid Exposure Reduce Risk of Childhood Allergic Disease? Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9070784. [PMID: 28754005 PMCID: PMC5537898 DOI: 10.3390/nu9070784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A causal link between increased intake of omega-6 (n-6) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and increased incidence of allergic disease has been suggested. This is supported by biologically plausible mechanisms, related to the roles of eicosanoid mediators produced from the n-6 PUFA arachidonic acid. Fish and fish oils are sources of long chain omega-3 (n-3) PUFAs. These fatty acids act to oppose the actions of n-6 PUFAs particularly with regard to eicosanoid synthesis. Thus, n-3 PUFAs may protect against allergic sensitisation and allergic manifestations. Epidemiological studies investigating the association between maternal fish intake during pregnancy and allergic outcomes in infants/children of those pregnancies suggest protective associations, but the findings are inconsistent. Fish oil provision to pregnant women is associated with immunologic changes in cord blood. Studies performed to date indicate that provision of fish oil during pregnancy may reduce sensitisation to common food allergens and reduce prevalence and severity of atopic eczema in the first year of life, with a possible persistence until adolescence. A recent study reported that fish oil consumption in pregnancy reduces persistent wheeze and asthma in the offspring at ages 3 to 5 years. Eating oily fish or fish oil supplementation in pregnancy may be a strategy to prevent infant and childhood allergic disease.
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Loo EXL, Ong L, Goh A, Chia AR, Teoh OH, Colega MT, Chan YH, Saw SM, Kwek K, Gluckman PD, Godfrey KM, Van Bever H, Lee BW, Chong YS, Chong MFF, Shek LPC. Effect of Maternal Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy on Self-Reported Allergic Diseases in the First 3 Years of Life: Results from the GUSTO Study. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2017; 173:105-113. [PMID: 28654921 DOI: 10.1159/000475497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diet during pregnancy has been suggested to be an important early-life exposure that influences immune tolerance and the development of allergic diseases in offspring. METHODS We examined the relationship between maternal dietary patterns assessed using 24-h recalls and food diaries at 26-28 weeks of pregnancy and the subsequent development of allergic outcomes in the offspring in the Growing Up in Singapore towards Healthy Outcomes (GUSTO) birth cohort. Exploratory factor analysis was used to characterize maternal dietary patterns during pregnancy. During repeated visits in the first 36 months of life, questionnaires were administered to ascertain allergic symptoms, namely, eczema, rhinitis, and wheeze. At ages 18 and 36 months, we administered skin-prick testing to inhalant and food allergens. RESULTS Of the 3 maternal dietary patterns that emerged, the seafood and noodles pattern was associated with a reduced risk of developing allergen sensitization at both 18 months (odds ratio [95% confidence interval]: 0.7 [0.5-0.9]) and 36 months (0.7 [0.6-0.9]) after adjustment for a family history of allergy, and ethnicity, sex, and maternal education levels. No associations between the patterns vegetables, fruit, and white rice or pasta, cheese, and processed meat were observed with any of the allergic outcomes in the first 18 and 36 months of life. CONCLUSION Maternal diet during pregnancy can influence the subsequent development of allergic outcomes in offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Xiu Ling Loo
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences (SICS), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), Singapore, Singapore
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Cipriano RS, Cooke RF, Rodrigues AD, Silva LGT, Bohnert DW, Marques RS, Vasconcelos JLM, Pires AV, Cerri RLA. Post-artificial insemination supplementation with calcium salts of soybean oil influences pregnancy establishment factors in beef cows. J Anim Sci 2017; 94:4892-4902. [PMID: 27898968 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this experiment was to compare hormonal, uterine, and conceptus factors associated with pregnancy establishment in beef cows supplemented or not with Ca salts of soybean oil (CSSO) for 21 d beginning after timed AI. One hundred lactating multiparous Nelore cows were allocated to 20 groups of 5 cows/group and timed inseminated on d 0 of the experiment. After AI, groups were randomly assigned to receive (as-fed basis) 100 g of protein-mineral mix + 100 g of ground corn per cow per day, in addition to 1) 100 g/cow daily of CSSO ( = 10) or 2) 100 g/cow daily of kaolin (CON; rumen-inert indigestible substance; = 10). Groups were maintained in 4 pastures (5 groups from the same treatment within each pasture) with ad libitum access to forage. Groups were segregated daily and individually offered treatments from d 0 to 21. Blood samples were collected and transrectal ultrasonography was performed to verify ovulation and corpus luteum (CL) volume immediately before AI (d 0) and on d 7 and 15. After ultrasonography on d 15, 60 cows (30 cows/treatment and 3 cows/group) diagnosed without the presence of a CL on d 0 but with a CL greater than 0.38 cm3 in volume on d 7 and 15 were assigned to conceptus collection via transcervical flushing with PBS followed by endometrial biopsy in the uterine horn ipsilateral to the CL. Additional blood samples were collected for whole-blood RNA extraction (d 20), and pregnancy status was verified by transrectal ultrasonography (d 30) in cows not assigned to conceptus collection. Cows receiving CSSO had greater ( ≤ 0.04) mean plasma linoleic acid concentration, plasma linoleic:linolenic acid ratio, plasma progesterone (P4) concentration, and CL volume during the experiment compared with CON cows. Moreover, CSSO supplementation increased ( ≤ 0.04) length and mRNA expression of and by the conceptus as well as blood mRNA expression of interferon-stimulated genes on d 20 in gestating cows. No treatment differences were detected ( ≥ 0.30) for endometrial mRNA expression of and . In summary, post-AI CSSO supplementation to B. indicus beef cows increased plasma concentration of linoleic acid and enhanced pregnancy establishment factors, which included CL development and plasma P4 concentration, conceptus growth, and mRNA expression of as well as blood mRNA expression of interferon-stimulated genes.
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Beltifa A, Borgi MA, Ferieni A, Elfekih A, Mansour HB, Allagui MS. In vivo protective role against water contamination with cerium via chronic administration of omega 3. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:146-151. [PMID: 27696197 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7764-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, adult, healthy male Wistar rats (120 ± 10 g) were pre-treated by intragastric administration of cerium chloride (CeCl3) 10 mg/kg (BW) each day during 60 days. Control animal were treated with omega 3, a polyunsaturated fatty acid (ω-3), by an intragastric administration at 10 mg/kg of BW for 60 days. Our results showed that CeCl3-induced alterations in all tested oxidative stress markers. In fact, CeCl3-induced the increase the level of both the creatinine concentration and the expression of lactate dehydrogenase, alkaline phosphatase, and transaminase activities in serum. On the other hand, CeCl3 significantly increased the levels of lipid peroxidation in the renal and hepatic tissues. The capacity of CeCl3 to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) could explain his ability to induce morphological alterations, such as centrilobular hemorrhage, hepatic necrosis, and vacuolization of the cytoplasm in hepatic tissues, and the atrophy of the glomerulus and dilatation of urinary space in renal tissues. However, omega 3, after gastric administration, reduced significantly the toxic effect caused by CeCl3 according to his high ability to scavenge ROS. The present study indicates that omega 3 is a significant compound with protective activity against intoxication with heavy metal, the cerium, and thus may be useful for chemoprevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asma Beltifa
- Unité de Biochimie Macromoléculaire et Génétique, Faculté des sciences de Gafsa, cité Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie
- Unité de recherche analyses et procédés appliquées à l'environnement Institut Supérieur des Sciences appliquées et de technologie de Mahdia, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Ali Borgi
- Unité de Biochimie Macromoléculaire et Génétique, Faculté des sciences de Gafsa, cité Zarroug, 2112, Gafsa, Tunisie
| | - Anouar Ferieni
- Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Laboratoire d'Eco Physiologie Animale, BP, 1171, Sfax, 3000, Tunisie
| | - Abdelfettah Elfekih
- Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Laboratoire d'Eco Physiologie Animale, BP, 1171, Sfax, 3000, Tunisie
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Unité de recherche analyses et procédés appliquées à l'environnement Institut Supérieur des Sciences appliquées et de technologie de Mahdia, Université de Monastir, Monastir, Tunisie
| | - Mohamed Sallah Allagui
- Faculté des Sciences de Sfax, Département des Sciences de la Vie, Laboratoire d'Eco Physiologie Animale, BP, 1171, Sfax, 3000, Tunisie.
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Schindler T, Sinn JKH, Osborn DA. Polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation in infancy for the prevention of allergy. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016; 10:CD010112. [PMID: 27788565 PMCID: PMC6464137 DOI: 10.1002/14651858.cd010112.pub2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early dietary intakes may influence the development of allergic disease. It is important to determine if dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) given as supplements or added to infant formula prevent the development of allergy. OBJECTIVES To determine the effect of higher PUFA intake during infancy to prevent allergic disease. SEARCH METHODS We used the standard search strategy of the Cochrane Neonatal Review group to search the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL 2015, Issue 9), MEDLINE (1966 to 14 September 2015), EMBASE (1980 to 14 September 2015) and CINAHL (1982 to 14 September 2015). We also searched clinical trials databases, conference proceedings, and the reference lists of retrieved articles for randomised controlled trials and quasi-randomised trials. SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised and quasi-randomised controlled trials that compared the use of a PUFA with no PUFA in infants for the prevention of allergy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Two review authors independently selected trials, assessed trial quality and extracted data from the included studies. We used fixed-effect analyses. The treatment effects were expressed as risk ratio (RR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used the GRADE approach to assess the quality of evidence. MAIN RESULTS The search found 17 studies that assessed the effect of higher versus lower intake of PUFAs on allergic outcomes in infants. Only nine studies enrolling 2704 infants reported allergy outcomes that could be used in meta-analyses. Of these, there were methodological concerns for eight.In infants up to two years of age, meta-analyses found no difference in incidence of all allergy (1 study, 323 infants; RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.73 to 1.26; risk difference (RD) -0.02, 95% CI -0.12 to 0.09; heterogeneity not applicable), asthma (3 studies, 1162 infants; RR 1.04, 95% CI 0.80 to 1.35, I2 = 0%; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.05, I2 = 0%), dermatitis/eczema (7 studies, 1906 infants; RR 0.93, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.06, I2 = 0%; RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02, I2 = 0%) or food allergy (3 studies, 915 infants; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.56 to 1.19, I2 = 63%; RD -0.02, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.02, I2 = 74%). There was a reduction in allergic rhinitis (2 studies, 594 infants; RR 0.47, 95% CI 0.23 to 0.96, I2 = 6%; RD -0.04, 95% CI -0.08 to -0.00, I2 = 54%; number needed to treat for an additional beneficial outcome (NNTB) 25, 95% CI 13 to ∞).In children aged two to five years, meta-analysis found no difference in incidence of all allergic disease (2 studies, 154 infants; RR 0.69, 95% CI 0.47 to 1.02, I2 = 43%; RD -0.16, 95% CI -0.31 to -0.00, I2 = 63%; NNTB 6, 95% CI 3 to ∞), asthma (1 study, 89 infants; RR 0.45, 95% CI 0.20 to 1.02; RD -0.20, 95% CI -0.37 to -0.02; heterogeneity not applicable; NNTB 5, 95% CI 3 to 50), dermatitis/eczema (2 studies, 154 infants; RR 0.65, 95% CI 0.34 to 1.24, I2 = 0%; RD -0.09 95% CI -0.22 to 0.04, I2 = 24%) or food allergy (1 study, 65 infants; RR 2.27, 95% CI 0.25 to 20.68; RD 0.05, 95% CI -0.07 to 0.16; heterogeneity not applicable).In children aged two to five years, meta-analysis found no difference in prevalence of all allergic disease (2 studies, 633 infants; RR 0.98, 95% CI 0.81 to 1.19, I2 = 36%; RD -0.01, 95% CI -0.08 to 0.07, I2 = 0%), asthma (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 1.12, 95% CI 0.82 to 1.53, I2 = 0%; RD 0.02, 95% CI -0.04 to 0.09, I2 = 0%), dermatitis/eczema (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.59 to 1.09, I2 = 0%; RD -0.04 95% CI -0.11 to 0.02, I2 = 0%), allergic rhinitis (2 studies, 635 infants; RR 1.02, 95% CI 0.83 to 1.25, I2 = 0%; RD 0.01, 95% CI -0.06 to 0.08, I2 = 0%) or food allergy (1 study, 119 infants; RR 0.27, 95% CI 0.06 to 1.19; RD -0.10, 95% CI -0.20 to -0.00; heterogeneity not applicable; NNTB 10, 95% CI 5 to ∞). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS There is no evidence that PUFA supplementation in infancy has an effect on infant or childhood allergy, asthma, dermatitis/eczema or food allergy. However, the quality of evidence was very low. There was insufficient evidence to determine an effect on allergic rhinitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schindler
- Royal Hospital for WomenDepartment of Newborn CareBarker StreetRandwickNSWAustralia2031
| | - John KH Sinn
- Royal North Shore Hospital, The University of SydneyDepartment of NeonatologySt. Leonard'sSydneyNew South WalesAustralia2065
| | - David A Osborn
- University of SydneyCentral Clinical School, Discipline of Obstetrics, Gynaecology and NeonatologySydneyNSWAustralia2050
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Lin J, Peng J, Qdaisat A, Li L, Chen G, Lu Z, Wu X, Gao Y, Zeng Z, Ding P, Pan Z. Severe weight loss during preoperative chemoradiotherapy compromises survival outcome for patients with locally advanced rectal cancer. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2016; 142:2551-2560. [PMID: 27613188 PMCID: PMC5095158 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-016-2225-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Accepted: 08/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose In addition to tumor factors, poor nutritional status before and during anti-tumor treatment might compromise prognosis in several types of cancer. This study was done to determine the impact of weight loss during preoperative chemoradiotherapy (CRT) on the survival outcome of patients with locally advanced rectal cancer (LARC). Methods The retrospective study examined consecutive patients with LARC who underwent preoperative CRT followed by radical resection in a single institute, between 2003 and 2013. Correlation of proportional body mass index (BMI) change after preoperative CRT and patient’s demographics, tumor characteristics, treatment parameters, CRT-related toxicity, disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) were investigated. Results A total of 364 patients were enrolled, and BMI loss was found in 243 patients (66.2 %) after preoperative CRT. Severe weight loss (SWL) was defined as BMI loss ≥7 %. Thirty-nine (10.7 %) cases were enrolled in SWL cohort and found to have higher incidence of diarrhea (P = 0.033), renal disorder (P = 0.033) and grade 3–4 radiation proctitis (P = 0.041). Although no significant difference was found in 3-year DFS, patients in SWL cohort showed significantly worse 3-year OS rate (71.8 vs 88.0 %, P = 0.030) than the others. In univariate analysis, BMI loss ≥7 %, completed dose of preoperative chemotherapy, pathologic T and N stages were correlated with OS (all P < 0.05). In multivariable analysis, BMI loss ≥7 % (HR 1.984; 95 % CI 1.061–3.709; P = 0.032) remained the independent prognostic factor for OS. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that SWL during preoperative CRT indeed compromises survival outcome in patients with LARC. Routine nutritional monitoring and nutritional support during preoperative CRT are suggested as the integral part of the multidisciplinary approach for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junzhong Lin
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhong Peng
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiham Qdaisat
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Liren Li
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Gong Chen
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhai Lu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaojun Wu
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanhong Gao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhifan Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Peirong Ding
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Zhizhong Pan
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, 651 Dongfeng Road East, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
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Mena SJ, Manosalva C, Carretta MD, Teuber S, Olmo I, Burgos RA, Hidalgo MA. Differential free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1/GPR40) signalling is associated with gene expression or gelatinase granule release in bovine neutrophils. Innate Immun 2016; 22:479-89. [DOI: 10.1177/1753425916656765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Fatty acids have been recognized as regulators of immune function in addition to their known metabolic role. Long-chain fatty acids bind free fatty acid receptor (FFAR)-1/GPR40, which is expressed on bovine neutrophils, and increase responses such as granule release and gene expression. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms governing the up-regulation of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and IL-8, as well as matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 granule release in FFAR1/GPR40 agonist-stimulated neutrophils. Our results showed that natural (oleic and linoleic acid) and synthetic (GW9508) FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased ERK1/2, p38 MAPK and Akt phosphorylation, and that the FFAR1/GPR40 antagonist GW1100 reduced these responses. We evaluated the levels of IκBα, a component of the classical activation pathway of the transcription factor NF-κB, and we observed IκBα reduction after stimulation with FFAR1/GPR40 agonists, an effect that was inhibited by GW1100 or the inhibitors UO126, SB203580 or LY294002. FFAR1/GPR40 agonists increased COX-2 and IL-8 expression, which was inhibited by GW1100 and an NF-κB inhibitor. Finally, the FFAR1/GPR40 agonist-induced MMP-9 granule release was reduced by GW1100 and UO126. In conclusion, FFAR1/GPR40 agonists differentially stimulate neutrophil functions; COX-2 and IL-8 are expressed after FFAR1/GPR40 activation via NF-κB, IκBα reduction is FFAR1/GPR40- and PI3K/MAPK-dependent, and MMP-9 granule release is FFAR1/GPR40- and ERK1/2-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra J Mena
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Carolina Manosalva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Institute of Pharmacy, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria D Carretta
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Stefanie Teuber
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Iván Olmo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria A Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Monk JM, Liddle DM, Cohen DJ, Tsang DH, Hillyer LM, Abdelmagid SA, Nakamura MT, Power KA, Ma DW, Robinson LE. The delta 6 desaturase knock out mouse reveals that immunomodulatory effects of essential n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are both independent of and dependent upon conversion. J Nutr Biochem 2016; 32:29-38. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Amiri-Jami M, Abdelhamid AG, Hazaa M, Kakuda Y, Griffths MW. Recombinant production of omega-3 fatty acids by probioticEscherichiacoliNissle 1917. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2015; 362:fnv166. [DOI: 10.1093/femsle/fnv166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
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Montero D, Benitez-Dorta V, Caballero MJ, Ponce M, Torrecillas S, Izquierdo M, Zamorano MJ, Manchado M. Dietary vegetable oils: effects on the expression of immune-related genes in Senegalese sole (Solea senegalensis) intestine. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 44:100-108. [PMID: 25655325 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 01/23/2015] [Accepted: 01/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The decreased availability of fish oil, traditionally used as oil source in marine aquafeeds, has lead to the search for alternatives oils. Vegetable oils (VO) are being extensively used as lipid sources in marine fish diets, inducing an imbalance on certain dietary fatty acids. Alteration on the dietary ratio of w-6/w-3 has been described to have detrimental effects on fish immunity. Senegalese sole has high susceptibility to stress and diseases, and little is known on the effects of dietary VO on its immunity. In this study, Senegalese sole juveniles were fed diets (56% crude protein, 12% crude lipid) containing linseed (100LO), soybean (100SO) or fish (100FO) oils as unique oil source. Growth, cortisol and intestinal fatty acid composition were determined after 90 days. Moreover, at the final of the experiment a stress test (5 min of net chasing) was carried out. To evaluate the effect of diets and stress on intestine immunology, expression profiles of a set of 53 immune-related genes using RT-qPCR was also performed. The use of VO did not induced changes in fish growth, but affected fatty acid profile of intestine and expression of immune-related genes. The use of SO (rich in n-6 fatty acids) induced an over-expression of those genes related to complement pathway, recognizing pathogen associated to molecular patterns, defensive response against bacteria, defensive response against viruses, antigen differentiation, cytokines and their receptors. This general over-expression could indicate an activation of inflammatory processes in fish gut. When a stress was applied, a decrease of mRNA levels of different immune-related genes with respect to the unstressed control could be observed in fish fed 100FO. However, fish fed 100LO, with a higher ALA/LA ratio, seemed to ameliorate the effects of combined effects of FO substitution plus stressful situation whereas fish fed 100SO did not show this type of response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Montero
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain.
| | - Vanessa Benitez-Dorta
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María José Caballero
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marian Ponce
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de pichón S/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Silvia Torrecillas
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Marisol Izquierdo
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - María Jesús Zamorano
- University of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Grupo de Investigación en Acuicultura (GIA), Transmontaña S/n, 35412 Las Palmas, Canary Islands, Spain
| | - Manuel Manchado
- IFAPA Centro El Toruño, Junta de Andalucía, Camino Tiro de pichón S/n, 11500 El Puerto de Santa María, Cádiz, Spain
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Manosalva C, Mena J, Velasquez Z, Colenso CK, Brauchi S, Burgos RA, Hidalgo MA. Cloning, identification and functional characterization of bovine free fatty acid receptor-1 (FFAR1/GPR40) in neutrophils. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119715. [PMID: 25790461 PMCID: PMC4366208 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Long chain fatty acids (LCFAs), which are ligands for the G-protein coupled receptor FFAR1 (GPR40), are increased in cow plasma after parturition, a period in which they are highly susceptible to infectious diseases. This study identified and analyzed the functional role of the FFAR1 receptor in bovine neutrophils, the first line of host defense against infectious agents. We cloned the putative FFAR1 receptor from bovine neutrophils and analyzed the sequence to construct a homology model. Our results revealed that the sequence of bovine FFAR1 shares 84% identity with human FFAR1 and 31% with human FFAR3/GPR41. Therefore, we constructed a homology model of bovine FFAR1 using human as the template. Expression of the bovine FFAR1 receptor in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO)-K1 cells increased the levels of intracellular calcium induced by the LCFAs, oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA); no increase in calcium mobilization was observed in the presence of the short chain fatty acid propionic acid. Additionally, the synthetic agonist GW9508 increased intracellular calcium in CHO-K1/bFFAR1 cells. OA and LA increased intracellular calcium in bovine neutrophils. Furthermore, GW1100 (antagonist of FFAR1) and U73122 (phospholipase C (PLC) inhibitor) reduced FFAR1 ligand-induced intracellular calcium in CHO-K1/bFFAR1 cells and neutrophils. Additionally, inhibition of FFAR1, PLC and PKC reduced the FFAR1 ligand-induced release of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 granules and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. Thus, we identified the bovine FFAR1 receptor and demonstrate a functional role for this receptor in neutrophils activated with oleic or linoleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Manosalva
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Jaqueline Mena
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
- Department of Biology, Universidad de Nariño, Pasto, Colombia
| | - Zahady Velasquez
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Charlotte K. Colenso
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Sebastian Brauchi
- Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Rafael A. Burgos
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
| | - Maria A. Hidalgo
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
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Ganesan B, Brothersen C, McMahon DJ. Fortification of foods with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 54:98-114. [PMID: 24188235 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2011.578221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
A $600 million nutritional supplements market growing at 30% every year attests to consumer awareness of, and interests in, health benefits attributed to these supplements. For over 80 years the importance of polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) consumption for human health has been established. The FDA recently approved the use of ω-3 PUFAs in supplements. Additionally, the market for ω-3 PUFA ingredients grew by 24.3% last year, which affirms their popularity and public awareness of their benefits. PUFAs are essential for normal human growth; however, only minor quantities of the beneficial ω-3 PUFAs eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) are synthesized by human metabolism. Rather PUFAs are obtained via dietary or nutritional supplementation and modified into other beneficial metabolites. A vast literature base is available on the health benefits and biological roles of ω-3 PUFAs and their metabolism; however, information on their dietary sources and palatability of foods incorporated with ω-3 PUFAs is limited. DHA and EPA are added to many foods that are commercially available, such as infant and pet formulae, and they are also supplemented in animal feed to incorporate them in consumer dairy, meat, and poultry products. The chief sources of EPA and DHA are fish oils or purified preparations from microalgae, which when added to foods, impart a fishy flavor that is considered unacceptable. This fishy flavor is completely eliminated by extensively purifying preparations of n-3 PUFA sources. While n-3 PUFA lipid autoxidation is considered the main cause of fishy flavor, the individual oxidation products identified thus far, such as unsaturated carbonyls, do not appear to contribute to fishy flavor or odor. Alternatively, various compound classes such as free fatty acids and volatile sulfur compounds are known to impart fishy flavor to foods. Identification of the causative compounds to reduce and eventually eliminate fishy flavor is important for consumer acceptance of PUFA-fortified foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balasubramanian Ganesan
- a Western Dairy Center, Department of Nutrition, Dietetics, and Food Sciences , Utah State University , Logan , UT , 84322 , USA
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Bunyavanich S, Rifas-Shiman SL, Platts-Mills TA, Workman L, Sordillo JE, Camargo CA, Gillman MW, Gold DR, Litonjua AA. Peanut, milk, and wheat intake during pregnancy is associated with reduced allergy and asthma in children. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 133:1373-82. [PMID: 24522094 PMCID: PMC4004710 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/18/2013] [Accepted: 11/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Maternal diet during pregnancy may affect childhood allergy and asthma. OBJECTIVE We sought to examine the associations between maternal intake of common childhood food allergens during early pregnancy and childhood allergy and asthma. METHODS We studied 1277 mother-child pairs from a US prebirth cohort unselected for any disease. Using food frequency questionnaires administered during the first and second trimesters, we assessed maternal intake of common childhood food allergens during pregnancy. In mid-childhood (mean age, 7.9 years), we assessed food allergy, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis by questionnaire and serum-specific IgE levels. We examined the associations between maternal diet during pregnancy and childhood allergy and asthma. We also examined the cross-sectional associations between specific food allergies, asthma, and atopic conditions in mid-childhood. RESULTS Food allergy was common (5.6%) in mid-childhood, as was sensitization to at least 1 food allergen (28.0%). Higher maternal peanut intake (each additional z score) during the first trimester was associated with 47% reduced odds of peanut allergic reaction (odds ratio [OR], 0.53; 95% CI, 0.30-0.94). Higher milk intake during the first trimester was associated with reduced asthma (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.99) and allergic rhinitis (OR, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.74-0.97). Higher maternal wheat intake during the second trimester was associated with reduced atopic dermatitis (OR, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.46-0.90). Peanut, wheat, and soy allergy were each cross-sectionally associated with increased childhood asthma, atopic dermatitis, and allergic rhinitis (ORs, 3.6 to 8.1). CONCLUSION Higher maternal intake of peanut, milk, and wheat during early pregnancy was associated with reduced odds of mid-childhood allergy and asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Supinda Bunyavanich
- Division of Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.
| | - Sheryl L Rifas-Shiman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Thomas A Platts-Mills
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Lisa Workman
- Asthma and Allergic Diseases Center, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Va
| | - Joanne E Sordillo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Carlos A Camargo
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Department of Emergency Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Matthew W Gillman
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, Boston, Mass; Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass
| | - Diane R Gold
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
| | - Augusto A Litonjua
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass; Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass; Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Mass
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