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Chen HJ, Tsai YC, Hsu YT, Chu J. Effect of recommendations of breakfast and late-evening snack habits on body composition and blood pressure: A pilot randomized trial. Chronobiol Int 2024; 41:1021-1033. [PMID: 38860554 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2024.2363492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024]
Abstract
Breakfast skipping and late-evening snack are prevalent in young adults. This randomized controlled intervention aimed to evaluate the influence of meal habit recommendations on young adults' body composition and blood pressure. Nonpregnant adults (≥20 y old) who were eligible for bioelectrical impedance analysis examination (neither pacemaker installed nor medications that would affect body composition, like diuretics or corticosteroids) were enrolled after they provided informed consent (n = 125). Subjects were randomized into three groups, every group receiving one of the following recommendations: (a) daily breakfast consumption (within 2 h after waking up), (b) avoidance of late-evening snacks (after 21:00h or within 4 h before sleep, with the exception of water), and (c) both recommendations. Body composition and blood pressure were measured before randomization at baseline and at the follow-up 1 y later. Intent-to-treat analysis showed that the recommendation of daily breakfast may contribute to a lower increment of diastolic blood pressure by 3.23 mmHg (95% CI: 0.17-6.28). Receiving the breakfast recommendation was associated with more reduction of total body fat percent by 2.99% (95% CI: 0.23-5.74) and percent trunk fat by 3.63% (95% CI: 0.40-6.86) in inactive youths. Recommendation of avoiding late-evening snack did not significantly affect the outcome measures (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03828812).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Jen Chen
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chi Tsai
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Tien Hsu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jung Chu
- Institute of Public Health, College of Medicine, National Yang-Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Sagun E, Akyol A, Kaymak C. Chrononutrition in Critical Illness. Nutr Rev 2024:nuae078. [PMID: 38904422 DOI: 10.1093/nutrit/nuae078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in humans are biological rhythms that regulate various physiological processes within a 24-hour time frame. Critical illness can disrupt the circadian rhythm, as can environmental and clinical factors, including altered light exposure, organ replacement therapies, disrupted sleep-wake cycles, noise, continuous enteral feeding, immobility, and therapeutic interventions. Nonpharmacological interventions, controlling the ICU environment, and pharmacological treatments are among the treatment strategies for circadian disruption. Nutrition establishes biological rhythms in metabolically active peripheral tissues and organs through appropriate synchronization with endocrine signals. Therefore, adhering to a feeding schedule based on the biological clock, a concept known as "chrononutrition," appears to be vitally important for regulating peripheral clocks. Chrononutritional approaches, such as intermittent enteral feeding that includes overnight fasting and consideration of macronutrient composition in enteral solutions, could potentially restore circadian health by resetting peripheral clocks. However, due to the lack of evidence, further studies on the effect of chrononutrition on clinical outcomes in critical illness are needed. The purpose of this review was to discuss the role of chrononutrition in regulating biological rhythms in critical illness, and its impact on clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eylul Sagun
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Asli Akyol
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Hacettepe University, Ankara, 06100, Turkey
| | - Cetin Kaymak
- Gülhane Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anesthesiology and Reanimation, University of Health Sciences, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Intensive Care Unit, Ankara, 06230, Turkey
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Sepúlveda B, Marín A, Burrows R, Sepúlveda A, Chamorro R. It's About Timing: Contrasting the Metabolic Effects of Early vs. Late Time-Restricted Eating in Humans. Curr Nutr Rep 2024; 13:214-239. [PMID: 38625630 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-024-00532-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Time-restricted eating (TRE), a form of intermittent fasting, restricts feeding time across the day, imposing a daily 'eating window'. The time of day when the eating window occurs could result in differential metabolic effects. Here, we describe recent intervention studies in humans assessing the metabolic consequences of an early- (i.e., eating window starting in the early morning) vs. late (i.e., eating window starting after midday)-TRE protocol. RECENT FINDINGS Well-controlled studies indicate that both TRE protocols effectively reduce body weight and improve altered glucose metabolism, lipid profile, inflammation, or blood pressure levels. An early-TRE (e-TRE) might have a further positive impact on improving blood glucose, insulin levels, and insulin resistance. However, the studies directly assessing the metabolic consequences of an early- vs. late-TRE have shown dissimilar findings, and more well-controlled clinical trials are needed on the metabolic benefits of these two types of TRE. Evidence suggests that an e-TRE might have enhanced metabolic results, particularly regarding glucose homeostasis. More long-term studies, including larger sample sizes, are needed to assess the metabolic, circadian, and adherence benefits, together with socio-cultural acceptance of both TRE approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardita Sepúlveda
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Andrea Marín
- School of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Raquel Burrows
- Food and Nutrition Unit, Luis Calvo Mackenna Hospital, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Sepúlveda
- Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Rodrigo Chamorro
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Av. Independencia 1027, Independencia, Santiago, Chile.
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Strilbytska O, Klishch S, Storey KB, Koliada A, Lushchak O. Intermittent fasting and longevity: From animal models to implication for humans. Ageing Res Rev 2024; 96:102274. [PMID: 38499159 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2024.102274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
In recent years, intermittent fasting (IF) and its numerous modifications have been increasingly suggested as a promising therapy for age-related problems and a non-pharmacological strategy to extend lifespan. Despite the great variability in feeding schedules that we describe in the current work, underlying physiological processes are the same and include a periodic switch from glucose metabolism (generated by glycogenolysis) to fatty acids and fatty acid-derived ketones. Many of the beneficial effects of IF appear to be mediated by optimization of energy utilization. Findings to date from both human and animal experiments indicate that fasting improves physiological function, enhances performance, and slows aging and disease processes. In this review, we discuss some of the remarkable discoveries about the beneficial effects of IF on metabolism, endocrine and cardiovascular systems, cancer prevention, brain health, neurodegeneration and aging. Experimental studies on rodent models and human investigations are summarized to compare the outcomes and underlying mechanisms of IF. Metabolic and cellular responses triggered by IF could help to achieve the aim of preventing disease, and maximizing healthspan and longevity with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olha Strilbytska
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Svitlana Klishch
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine
| | - Kenneth B Storey
- Institute of Biochemistry, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ontario, Ottawa K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Alexander Koliada
- D.F. Chebotarev Institute of Gerontology, NAMS, 67 Vyshgorodska str., Kyiv 04114, Ukraine
| | - Oleh Lushchak
- Deparment of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Vasyl Stefanyk Precarpathian National University, Shevchenka 57, Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine; Research and Development University, 13a Shota Rustaveli str., Ivano-Frankivsk 76018, Ukraine.
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Yan L, Rust BM, Palmer DG. Time-restricted feeding restores metabolic flexibility in adult mice with excess adiposity. Front Nutr 2024; 11:1340735. [PMID: 38425486 PMCID: PMC10902009 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2024.1340735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Obesity is prevalent with the adult population in the United States. Energy-dense diets and erratic eating behavior contribute to obesity. Time-restricted eating is a dietary strategy in humans that has been advanced to reduce the propensity for obesity. We hypothesized that time-restricted feeding (TRF) would improve metabolic flexibility and normalize metabolic function in adult mice with established excess adiposity. Methods Male C57BL/6NHsd mice were initially fed a high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks to establish excess body adiposity, while control mice were fed a normal diet. Then, the HFD-fed mice were assigned to two groups, either ad libitum HFD or TRF of the HFD in the dark phase (12 h) for another 12 weeks. Results and discussion Energy intake and body fat mass were similar in TRF and HFD-fed mice. TRF restored rhythmic oscillations of respiratory exchange ratio (RER), which had been flattened by the HFD, with greater RER amplitude in the dark phase. Insulin sensitivity was improved and plasma cholesterol and hepatic triacylglycerol were decreased by TRF. When compared to HFD, TRF decreased transcription of circadian genes Per1 and Per2 and genes encoding lipid metabolism (Acaca, Fads1, Fads2, Fasn, Scd1, and Srebf1) in liver. Metabolomic analysis showed that TRF created a profile that was distinct from those of mice fed the control diet or HFD, particularly in altered amino acid profiles. These included aminoacyl-tRNA-biosynthesis, glutathione metabolism, and phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis pathways. In conclusion, TRF improved metabolic function in adult mice with excess adiposity. This improvement was not through a reduction in body fat mass but through the restoration of metabolic flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Yan
- United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Grand Forks Human Nutrition Research Center, Grand Forks, ND, United States
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Rastogi S, Verma N, Raghuwanshi GS, Atam V, Kumar Verma D. The Impact of Time-Restricted Meal Intake on Glycemic Control and Weight Management in Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients: An 18-Month Longitudinal Study. Cureus 2024; 16:e53680. [PMID: 38455801 PMCID: PMC10918388 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.53680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS This study aimed to investigate the impact of time-restricted meal intake (TRM) on anthropometric and biochemical parameters in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). METHODS A total of 400 patients diagnosed with T2DM were selected from the Endocrinology Department at King George's Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, based on the American Diabetes Association (ADA) guidelines and specific criteria. A total of 127 patients were lost to follow-up, resulting in 273 patients who completed the study. The patients were randomly assigned to two groups: the TRM group (consenting to have an early dinner at 7 pm) and the control group (non-TRM/late-night eater group). Baseline data were recorded, and follow-up assessments were conducted at six months, 12 months, and 18 months. Informed consent was obtained, and a diet chart was regularly maintained and updated. RESULTS The TRM group experienced a significant weight loss of 3.88 kg (5.45%) and a substantial reduction in BMI by 1.5 units (5.26%). In contrast, the non-TRM/control group had smaller reductions in weight (1.36 kg, 1.77%) and BMI (0.5 units, 1.65%). TRM group showed significant reductions in fasting blood sugar levels by 33.9 mg/dl (21.17%), postprandial blood sugar levels by 94.6 mg/dl (38.88%), and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels by 1.37 (15.87%). These improvements were significantly greater than the reductions observed in the control group, which had decreases of 29.3 mg/dl (17.85%) in fasting blood sugar levels, 41.6 mg/dl (16.84%) in postprandial blood sugar levels, and 0.59 (6.89%) in HbA1c levels. CONCLUSION Our findings underscore the potential of TRM as an effective strategy for weight management and glycemic control in patients with T2DM, even in a long-term context. These results support time-restricted eating as a sustainable lifestyle modification for managing chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Rastogi
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Narsingh Verma
- Physiology, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
| | - Gourav S Raghuwanshi
- Physiology, People's College of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bhopal, IND
| | - Virendra Atam
- Internal Medicine, King George's Medical University, Lucknow, IND
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Damasceno de Lima R, Fudoli Lins Vieira R, Rosetto Muñoz V, Chaix A, Azevedo Macedo AP, Calheiros Antunes G, Felonato M, Rosseto Braga R, Castelo Branco Ramos Nakandakari S, Calais Gaspar R, Ramos da Silva AS, Esper Cintra D, Pereira de Moura L, Mekary RA, Rochete Ropelle E, Pauli JR. Time-restricted feeding combined with resistance exercise prevents obesity and improves lipid metabolism in the liver of mice fed a high-fat diet. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2023; 325:E513-E528. [PMID: 37755454 PMCID: PMC10864020 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00129.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), a condition characterized by the accumulation of fat in the liver, is estimated to be the most common liver disease worldwide. Obesity is a major risk factor and contributor, and, accordingly, weight loss can improve NAFLD. Previous studies in preclinical models of diet-induced obesity and fatty liver disease have shown the independent benefits of resistance exercise training (RT) and time-restricted feeding (TRF) in preventing weight gain and hepatic build-up of fat. Here, we tested the combined effect of TRF and RT on obesity and NAFLD in mice fed a high-fat diet. Our results showed that both TRF-8-h food access in the active phase-and RT-consisting of three weekly sessions of ladder climbing-attenuated body weight gain, improved glycemic homeostasis, and decreased the accumulation of lipids in the liver. TRF combined with RT improved the respiratory exchange rate, energy expenditure, and mitochondrial respiration in the liver. Furthermore, gene expression analysis in the liver revealed lower mRNA expression of lipogenesis and inflammation genes along with increased mRNA of fatty acid oxidation genes in the TRF + RT group. Importantly, combined TRF + RT was shown to be more efficient in preventing obesity and metabolic disorders. In conclusion, TRF and RT exert complementary actions compared with isolated interventions, with significant effects on metabolic disorders and NAFLD in mice.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Whether time-restricted feeding (TRF) combined with resistance exercise training (RT) may be more efficient compared with these interventions alone is still unclear. We show that when combined with RT, TRF provided additional benefits, being more effective in increasing energy expenditure, preventing weight gain, and regulating glycemic homeostasis than each intervention alone. Thus, our results demonstrate that TRF and RT have complementary actions on some synergistic pathways that prevented obesity and hepatic liver accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robson Damasceno de Lima
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renan Fudoli Lins Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Amandine Chaix
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States
| | - Ana Paula Azevedo Macedo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Calheiros Antunes
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Maíra Felonato
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Renata Rosseto Braga
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS) University, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
- Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, Brazil
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
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Daniels LJ, Kay D, Marjot T, Hodson L, Ray DW. Circadian regulation of liver metabolism: experimental approaches in human, rodent, and cellular models. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1158-C1177. [PMID: 37642240 PMCID: PMC10861179 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00551.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous oscillations with approximately a 24-h period that allow organisms to anticipate the change between day and night. Disruptions that desynchronize or misalign circadian rhythms are associated with an increased risk of cardiometabolic disease. This review focuses on the liver circadian clock as relevant to the risk of developing metabolic diseases including nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), insulin resistance, and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Many liver functions exhibit rhythmicity. Approximately 40% of the hepatic transcriptome exhibits 24-h rhythms, along with rhythms in protein levels, posttranslational modification, and various metabolites. The liver circadian clock is critical for maintaining glucose and lipid homeostasis. Most of the attention in the metabolic field has been directed toward diet, exercise, and rather little to modifiable risks due to circadian misalignment or disruption. Therefore, the aim of this review is to systematically analyze the various approaches that study liver circadian pathways, targeting metabolic liver diseases, such as diabetes, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, using human, rodent, and cell biology models.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Over the past decade, there has been an increased interest in understanding the intricate relationship between circadian rhythm and liver metabolism. In this review, we have systematically searched the literature to analyze the various experimental approaches utilizing human, rodent, and in vitro cellular approaches to dissect the link between liver circadian rhythms and metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna J Daniels
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Danielle Kay
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Thomas Marjot
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Leanne Hodson
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David W Ray
- Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Kavli Centre for Nanoscience Discovery, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Talebi S, Shab-Bidar S, Mohammadi H, Moini A, Djafarian K. The effects of intermittent fasting diet alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation in comparison with calorie-restricted diet on metabolic and hormonal profile in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: study protocol for a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2023; 24:690. [PMID: 37880791 PMCID: PMC10601288 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-023-07691-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in females characterized by ovulatory dysfunction, hyperandrogenism, and other metabolic disorders. Both intermittent fasting and specific probiotics have been suggested to help improve patients with PCOS through changes in gut microbial composition, circadian clock, and metabolic regulation. Therefore, the present study aims to investigate the effects of intermittent fasting alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation compared to the calorie-restricted (CR) diet on anthropometric measures, metabolic status, inflammation, and oxidative stress in women with PCOS. METHODS We will carry out a randomized clinical trial for 8 weeks. Participants will be randomly assigned (1:1:1) to one of the three groups: (1) a 14:10 early time-restricted feeding (TRF) diet with probiotic supplementation (n = 30); (2) a 14:10 early TRF diet with placebo supplementation (n = 30); (3) a CR diet (energy-restricted 25% of required calories) with placebo supplementation as a control group (n = 30). The primary outcomes will be changes in body weight and insulin resistance. However, glycemic control, lipid profile, metabolic parameters, sex hormone-binding globulin, dehydroepiandrosterone, anti-Mullerian hormone, free androgen index, hirsutism, acne, antioxidant and oxidant status, inflammation, anthropometric measures, mental health, sleep quality, appetite, eating behavior, food craving, and blood pressure are secondary outcomes. All outcomes of this study will be evaluated in pre- and post-intervention. DISCUSSION We hypothesized that 10-h TRE administered alone or in combination with probiotic supplementation to overweight and obese PCOS subjects would lead to weight loss and improved metabolic, hormonal, inflammatory, and antioxidant markers compared to control subjects following a standard 3-meal-per-day CR diet. ETHICAL ASPECTS The current trial received approval from the Medical Ethics Committee of Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran (IR.TUMS.MEDICNE.REC.1401.425). TRIAL REGISTRATION Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials IRCT20121110011421N5. Registered on 3 October 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sepide Talebi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamed Mohammadi
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ashraf Moini
- Breast Disease Research Center (BDRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Arash Women's Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Endocrinology and Female Infertility, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Abstract
Overweight and obesity are an important public health problem that affects a significant part of the world population and increases the risk of many metabolic diseases. Weight loss is the primary goal in obesity treatment, and many different dietary interventions are tried for this purpose. Intermittent fasting is a diet that has become popular in recent years with the weight loss it provides and includes periods of fasting and feeding. In addition to providing weight loss, intermittent fasting also has positive effects on important risk factors such as glucoregulatory parameters, blood lipids, and oxidative stress. Intermittent fasting appears to be an effective and safe way to achieve weight loss in obesity. It could also have therapeutic effects on obesity-related diseases. The aim of this review was to bring together up-to-date information on the effects of intermittent fasting on obesity and various obesity-related diseases, mechanisms of action, possible benefits and harms, and potential uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caner Özyildirim
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye -
| | - Asli Uçar
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ankara University, Ankara, Türkiye
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11
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Mengi Çelik Ö, Köksal E, Aktürk M. Time-restricted eating (16/8) and energy-restricted diet: effects on diet quality, body composition and biochemical parameters in healthy overweight females. BMC Nutr 2023; 9:97. [PMID: 37559145 PMCID: PMC10410965 DOI: 10.1186/s40795-023-00753-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a current popular dietary strategy for noncommunicable diseases. However, studies demonstrated contradictory results for it and in all dietary strategies, diet quality is an the important part of the well-being. Our study aimed to investigate the effect of TRE and energy-restricted diet (ERD) on the nutritional status and diet quality of individuals. METHODS This pilot study was completed 23 healthy overweight female. Anthropometric and body composition measurements of individuals were taken. The energy expenditure was measured using indirect calorimetry. Blood pressure and heart rate measurements were made. Biochemical parameters were evaluated and food consumption were taken. The quality of dietary intake was assessed using the Healthy Eating Index (HEI) -2015. The physical activity levels of the individuals were estimated using the physical activity record. The Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (version 22.0) software was used for all analyses. A p-value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. RESULTS After 8 weeks of intervention, while no change was observed in the diet quality of the individuals in the TRE group (p > 0.05), a significant increase was found in the diet quality score of the individuals in the ERD group (p < 0.05). There was a 3.2% and 5.5% decrease in body weight of individuals in the TRE and ERD groups, respectively (p < 0.05). While no significant change was observed in the body fat percentage of individuals in the TRE group (p > 0.05), a 7.1% decrease was observed in the ERD group (p < 0.05). A statistically significant decrease was found in the total cholesterol (3.7%) in the ERD group, and in the total cholesterol (6.7%) and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) (6.5%) in the TRE group. In addition, a statistically significant increase was found in adiponectin (77.3%) and total antioxidant status (TAS) (13.2%) in the ERD group. CONCLUSION Energy-restricted diet yielded better results in weight loss and improvement of body composition and diet quality compared to TRE. Also, a decrease in total cholesterol level was found in the ERD group. However, more studies should be done with longer follow-ups and high sample sizes are very important in terms of creating public health-based recommendations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Özge Mengi Çelik
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, University of Health Sciences, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Eda Köksal
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Müjde Aktürk
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Endocrinology, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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12
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da Silva RAD, Szmuchrowski LA, Rosa JPP, Santos MAPD, de Mello MT, Savoi L, Porto YF, de Assis Dias Martins Júnior F, Drummond MDM. Intermittent Fasting Promotes Weight Loss without Decreasing Performance in Taekwondo. Nutrients 2023; 15:3131. [PMID: 37513549 PMCID: PMC10384508 DOI: 10.3390/nu15143131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Intermittent fasting (IF) is commonly used by combat sports athletes for weight loss. However, IF can decrease performance. This study aimed to investigate the effect of IF on total body mass (TBM) and Taekwondo performance. Nine athletes (seven male, two female; 18.4 ± 3.3 years) underwent 4 weeks of 12 h IF. TBM, countermovement jump (CMJ), mean kicks (MK), and total number of kicks (TNK) were compared weekly. Performance was measured in the fed state (FED) and fast state (FAST). Results showed decreased TBM in week 1 (62.20 ± 6.56 kg; p = 0.001) and week 2 (62.38 ± 6.83 kg; p = 0.022) compared to pre-intervention (63.58 ± 6.57 kg), stabilizing in week 3 (62.42 ± 6.12 kg), and no significant change in week 4 (63.36 ± 6.20 kg). CMJ performance in week 1 was lower in FED (35.26 ± 7.15 cm) than FAST (37.36 ± 6.77 cm; p = 0.003), but in week 3, FED (38.24 ± 6.45 cm) was higher than FAST (35.96 ± 5.05 cm; p = 0.047). No significant differences were found in MK and TNK in FSKTmult. RPE, KDI, and HR were similar between FED and FAST (p < 0.05). [LAC] was higher post-test compared to pre-test (p = 0.001), with higher concentrations in FED than FAST (p = 0.020). BG was higher in FED than FAST (p < 0.05) before physical tests. Therefore, IF promotes decreased TBM without decreasing performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronaldo Angelo Dias da Silva
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Leszek Antoni Szmuchrowski
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - João Paulo Pereira Rosa
- Department of Physical Education, Institute of Biosciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Rio Claro 13506-900, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos Antônio Pereira Dos Santos
- Nucleus of Study in Physiology Applied to Performance and Health, Department of Biophysics and Physiology, Federal University of Piauí, Teresina 64049-550, PI, Brazil
| | - Marco Túlio de Mello
- Centro de Estudos em Psicobiologia e Exercício, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Lucas Savoi
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | - Yves Ferreira Porto
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos Daniel Motta Drummond
- Laboratório de Nutrição e Treinamento Esportivo, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
- Laboratório de Avaliação da Carga, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, MG, Brazil
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13
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Marot LP, Lopes TDVC, Balieiro LCT, Crispim CA, Moreno CRC. Impact of Nighttime Food Consumption and Feasibility of Fasting during Night Work: A Narrative Review. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15112570. [PMID: 37299533 DOI: 10.3390/nu15112570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work has been associated with an increased risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases, such as obesity. The reduction in overnight fasting and its physiological consequences seem to affect the metabolic health of shift workers, but little has been discussed regarding the feasibility and implications of maintaining a night-long fast during work. This narrative review aims to discuss the impact of eating behavior on the reduction of overnight fasting in shift workers, as well as possible nutritional strategies involving fasting that have been tested for shift workers, to contribute to the establishment of nutritional guidelines for them. We used various databases and search engines to retrieve relevant articles, reviews, and investigations. Despite the potential benefits of overnight fasting for other groups, few studies have investigated this approach in the context of shift work. Generally, it seems to be a feasible and metabolically beneficial strategy for shift workers. However, it is essential to investigate the potential risks and benefits of reducing the fasting time for shift workers, considering social, hedonic, and stress-related factors. Furthermore, randomized clinical trials are necessary to establish safe and feasible strategies for shift workers to practice different fasting windows.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Pereira Marot
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Tássia do Vale Cardoso Lopes
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | | | - Cibele Aparecida Crispim
- Chrononutrition Research Group, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Uberlândia, Uberlândia 38405-320, Brazil
| | - Cláudia Roberta Castro Moreno
- Department of Health, Life Cycles and Society, School of Public Health, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo 01246-904, Brazil
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14
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Bijnens S, Depoortere I. Controlled light exposure and intermittent fasting as treatment strategies for metabolic syndrome and gut microbiome dysregulation in night shift workers. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114103. [PMID: 36731762 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clocks are entrained by environmental time cues, such as the light-dark cycle and the feeding-fasting cycle. In modern society, circadian misalignment is increasingly more common under the guise of shift work. Shift workers, accounting for roughly 20% of the workforce population, are more susceptible to metabolic disease. Exposure to artificial light at night and eating at inappropriate times of the day uncouples the central and peripheral circadian clocks. This internal circadian desynchrony is believed to be one of the culprits leading to metabolic disease. In this review, we discuss how alterations in the rhythm of gut microbiota and their metabolites during chronodisruption send conflicting signals to the host, which may ultimately contribute to disturbed metabolic processes. We propose two behavioral interventions to improve health in shift workers. Firstly, by carefully timing the moments of exposure to blue light, and hence shifting the melatonin peak, to improve sleep quality of daytime sleeping episodes. Secondly, by timing the daily time window of caloric intake to the biological morning, to properly align the feeding-fasting cycle with the light-dark cycle and to reduce the risk of metabolic disease. These interventions can be a first step in reducing the worldwide burden of health problems associated with shift work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofie Bijnens
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Inge Depoortere
- Gut Peptide Research Lab, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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15
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Huang A, Henderson G, Profeta A, Pfeiffer M, Feinstein LH, deLahunta M, LaHood C, Michael JJ, Mizia AC, Levitsky DA. Lack of compensation of energy intake explains the success of alternate day feeding to produce weight loss. Physiol Behav 2023; 263:114128. [PMID: 36805441 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2023.114128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS This study was designed to obtain daily weighed food intake of participants engaged in Alternate Day Feeding (ADF). Prior ADF studies have used self-reported food intake, a method that has received criticism for its limited accuracy. SUBJECTS AND METHODS Forty-nine university students received academic credit for participating in the study. Following a 10-day baseline period, participants underwent ADF for the next 8 days. Restricted daily intake to ∼ 75% of baseline food intake levels was followed by ad libitum intake on alternate days. Food intake was weighed before and after each meal. Daily body weight was also tracked. INTERVENTION After the baseline period, participants underwent 8 days of ADF during which they consumed ∼ 75% of baseline energy intake by weight followed by ad libitum intake on alternate days. The trial concluded with 2 additional days of ad libitum feeding, for a total study duration of 10 days. RESULTS Daily food intake was constant during the baseline period (slope = -0.93 g/d, p = 0.56), and did not differ significantly (995 g (95% CI [752, 1198]) from the total consumed on ad libitum ADF days (951 g (95% CI [777, 1227]). Intake on ad libitum days did not show a trend to increase during the intervention. Body weight declined significantly during ADF. CONCLUSIONS ADF produces significant weight loss because food intake does not increase on ad libitum feeding days to compensate for reduced intake on restricted energy days. Data are consistent with prior work that suggests humans do not fully compensate for imposed deficits in energy intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Huang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Geoffrey Henderson
- Syracuse VAMC and SUNY Upstate Medical University, Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Syracuse, NY, 13210, United States
| | - Abraham Profeta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Margaret Pfeiffer
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | | | - Max deLahunta
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Christopher LaHood
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - John Jeshurun Michael
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - Alyse C Mizia
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States
| | - David A Levitsky
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States; Department of Psychology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, 14853, United States.
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16
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Kwak J, Jang KA, Kim HR, Kang MS, Lee KW, Shin D. Identifying the Associations of Nightly Fasting Duration and Meal Timing with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Using Data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15061385. [PMID: 36986116 PMCID: PMC10057513 DOI: 10.3390/nu15061385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Nightly fasting duration and meal timing are associated with metabolic disorders. This study aimed to investigate the relationships of nightly fasting duration and meal timing with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) using data from the 2016–2020 Korea National Health and Nutrition Survey. A total of 22,685 adults ≥ 19 years were included in this study. Nightly fasting duration was calculated by subtracting the interval between the day’s first and last meal eating times from 24 h. The meal timing were analyzed using various parameters, including the times of the first and last eating episodes and the percentage of energy intake during the morning (05:00 to 9:00 a.m.), evening (06:00 to 09:00 p.m.), and night (after 09:00 p.m.). Men who fasted nightly for ≥ 12 h had lower odds of T2DM (odds ratio (OR): 0.86; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.75–0.99) than those who fasted for < 12 h. Individuals who had their last meal after 09:00 p.m. had higher odds of T2DM (OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.03–1.38, men; OR: 1.19, 95% CI: 1.01–1.40, women). Additionally, the percentage of energy intake during the evening was associated with increased odds of T2DM (OR: 1.41, 95% CI: 1.08–1.84, men; OR: 1.32, 95% CI: 1.02–1.70, women). These findings emphasize the importance of nightly fasting duration and meal timing in modulating the risk of T2DM among Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junkyung Kwak
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong-A Jang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Haeng-Ran Kim
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Sook Kang
- Department of Agro-Food Resources, National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Wanju 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung Won Lee
- Department of Home Economics Education, Korea National University of Education, Cheongju 28173, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +82-43-230-3746 (K.W.L.); +82-32-860-8123 (D.S.)
| | - Dayeon Shin
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea
- Correspondence: (K.W.L.); (D.S.); Tel.: +82-43-230-3746 (K.W.L.); +82-32-860-8123 (D.S.)
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17
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Fagundes GBP, Tibães JRB, Silva ML, Braga MM, Silveira ALM, Teixeira AL, Ferreira AVM. Metabolic and behavioral effects of time-restricted eating in women with overweight or obesity: Preliminary findings from a randomized study. Nutrition 2023; 107:111909. [PMID: 36571891 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of 8 wk of time-restricted eating (TRE) along with a caloric restriction on metabolic profile, metabolic rate, symptoms of mood, and eating disorders and weight loss in women with overweight or obesity. METHODS Women age 18 to 59 y with a body mass index of ≥25 kg/m2 were enrolled in this parallel-arm, randomized, clinical trial. Participants were randomly allocated into two groups (8-h TRE or non-TRE group) using a 2:1 allocation strategy. Both groups received a diet plan with caloric restriction. Body weight, resting metabolic rate, metabolic profile, and symptoms of mood and eating disorders were evaluated at baseline and on follow up. RESULTS Thirty-six subjects were included in this study, with 24 in the TRE group and 12 in the non-TRE group. Subject in the TRE group showed more pronounced loss of weight, body fat mass, and fat-free mass than those in the non-TRE group. These losses were not associated with changes in resting metabolic rate, metabolic profile, and eating or mood disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that 8 wk of TRE does not influence behavioral parameters in individuals with overweight or obesity, but could lead to weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Mariele Lino Silva
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Marina Marcolino Braga
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Ana Letícia Malheiros Silveira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Antônio Lúcio Teixeira
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, Texas
| | - Adaliene Versiani Matos Ferreira
- Department of Nutrition, Nursing School, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Biological Sciences Institute, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil.
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18
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Li X, Sun Z. Circadian clock and temporal meal pattern. MEDICAL REVIEW (2021) 2023; 3:85-101. [PMID: 37724110 PMCID: PMC10471112 DOI: 10.1515/mr-2022-0021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The central circadian clock in the brain controls the time-of-the-day variations in acute meal responses, with a low glycemic response but a high satiety/thermogenic response to meals consumed at waking compared to other time points. Consistently, studies show that consuming a significant proportion of calories, particularly carbohydrates, in breakfast is beneficial for the chronic management of obesity and its associated metabolic syndrome, compared to consuming identical meals at dinner. Conversely, breakfast skipping or/and late dinner can have unfavorable metabolic outcomes. It remains controversial how meal frequency affects metabolic health. In contrast, irregular meals, especially irregular breakfasts, show consistent adverse metabolic consequences. Time-restricted feeding (TRF), with all calories consumed within less than 12-h per day, can improve metabolism and extend lifespan. A major component of TRF in humans is caloric restriction, which contributes significantly to the beneficial effects of TRF in humans. By comparison, TRF effects in rodents can be independent of caloric restriction and show day/night phase specificity. TRF could alleviate metabolic abnormalities due to circadian disruption, but its effects appear independent of the circadian clock in rodents. Understanding neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying clock-mediated metabolic regulation will shed light on the metabolic effects of temporal meal patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Zheng Sun
- Department of Medicine – Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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19
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Chrononutrition-When We Eat Is of the Essence in Tackling Obesity. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235080. [PMID: 36501110 PMCID: PMC9739590 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic and relapsing public health problem with an extensive list of associated comorbidities. The worldwide prevalence of obesity has nearly tripled over the last five decades and continues to pose a serious threat to wider society and the wellbeing of future generations. The pathogenesis of obesity is complex but diet plays a key role in the onset and progression of the disease. The human diet has changed drastically across the globe, with an estimate that approximately 72% of the calories consumed today come from foods that were not part of our ancestral diets and are not compatible with our metabolism. Additionally, multiple nutrient-independent factors, e.g., cost, accessibility, behaviours, culture, education, work commitments, knowledge and societal set-up, influence our food choices and eating patterns. Much research has been focused on 'what to eat' or 'how much to eat' to reduce the obesity burden, but increasingly evidence indicates that 'when to eat' is fundamental to human metabolism. Aligning feeding patterns to the 24-h circadian clock that regulates a wide range of physiological and behavioural processes has multiple health-promoting effects with anti-obesity being a major part. This article explores the current understanding of the interactions between the body clocks, bioactive dietary components and the less appreciated role of meal timings in energy homeostasis and obesity.
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20
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Does Timing Matter? A Narrative Review of Intermittent Fasting Variants and Their Effects on Bodyweight and Body Composition. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14235022. [PMID: 36501050 PMCID: PMC9736182 DOI: 10.3390/nu14235022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The practice of fasting recently has been purported to have clinical benefits, particularly as an intervention against obesity and its related pathologies. Although a number of different temporal dietary restriction strategies have been employed in practice, they are generally classified under the umbrella term "intermittent fasting" (IF). IF can be stratified into two main categories: (1) intra-weekly fasting (alternate-day fasting/ADF, twice-weekly fasting/TWF) and (2) intra-daily fasting (early time-restricted eating/eTRE and delayed time-restricted eating/dTRE). A growing body of evidence indicates that IF is a viable alternative to daily caloric restriction (DCR), showing effectiveness as a weight loss intervention. This paper narratively reviews the literature on the effects of various commonly used IF strategies on body weight and body composition when compared to traditional DCR approaches, and draws conclusions for their practical application. A specific focus is provided as to the use of IF in combination with regimented exercise programs and the associated effects on fat mass and lean mass.
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21
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Kang J, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, Bush JA, Beller N, Vargas A, Fardman B, Andriopoulos T. Effect of Time-Restricted Feeding on Anthropometric, Metabolic, and Fitness Parameters: A Systematic Review. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN NUTRITION ASSOCIATION 2022; 41:810-825. [PMID: 34491139 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2021.1958719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Time restricted feeding (TRF) as a form of intermittent fasting (IF) has gained popularity because its ability to reduce body mass (BM) without an emphasis on caloric restriction. However, how this dietary protocol may affect health, fitness, and performance in a relatively healthy cohort remains less clear. The purpose of this article was to systematically review the current literature concerning the effect of TRF on anthropometric, metabolic, and fitness parameters in normal-weight adults and overweight and obese individuals. A systematic search of English literature was conducted through databases including PubMed, CINAHL, and Google Scholar. The search was facilitated by using various combinations of key words related to nutritional interventions, i.e., IF and TRF, and outcomes of interest, i.e., BM, body composition, glucose, insulin, lipid, fitness, and performance. The article selection was made based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria concerning the participants' characteristics, study design, intervention protocols, and targeted dependent variables. Twenty-three full-text longitudinal randomized and nonrandomized controlled studies were selected for this review. Our analysis indicates that TRF can reduce BM and improve nutrient metabolism in both normal- and over-weight individuals. TRF does not appear to alter protein synthesis and fat-free mass nor hamper aerobic fitness and muscular performance among physically active individuals including athletes. In conclusion, TRF as a more easily adaptable form of IF is a promising dietary approach to improving body composition and metabolic health while maintaining fitness and muscular function. However, more research is needed before this dietary protocol can be fully recommended for athletes especially those competing in sports that demand strength and power.Key teaching points and nutritional relevanceTime-restricted feeding (TRF) differs from other fasting protocols due to its emphasis on restricting eating window rather than caloric intake and can be more easily adopted by simply skipping a meal.Its deemphasis on caloric restriction appeals to many young and physically active individuals wanting to optimize body composition but needing sufficient energy to support their physical training and daily activity.Much of what is known regarding the impact of TRF on fitness and athletic performance was derived from studies that use the Ramadan fasting protocol, which differs from TRF in terms of protocol duration and feeding schedule.This review concludes that TRF is a promising dietary approach to improving body composition and metabolic health while maintaining fitness and muscular function in both normal- and over-weight individuals.Due to limited evidence concerning TRF and athletic performance, more research is needed before this dietary protocol can be fully recommended for athletes especially those competing in sports that demand strength and power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Kang
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Nicholas A Ratamess
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Avery D Faigenbaum
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jill A Bush
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Noah Beller
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Ariselle Vargas
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Brian Fardman
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
| | - Tyler Andriopoulos
- Human Performance Laboratory, The College of New Jersey, Ewing, New Jersey, USA
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22
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Santos-Báez LS, Garbarini A, Shaw D, Cheng B, Popp CJ, Manoogian ENC, Panda S, Laferrère B. Time-restricted eating to improve cardiometabolic health: The New York Time-Restricted EATing randomized clinical trial - Protocol overview. Contemp Clin Trials 2022; 120:106872. [PMID: 35934281 PMCID: PMC10031768 DOI: 10.1016/j.cct.2022.106872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Re-aligning eating patterns with biological rhythm can reduce the burden of metabolic syndrome in older adults with overweight or obesity. Time-restricted eating (TRE) has been shown to result in weight loss and improved cardiometabolic health while being less challenging than counting calories. The New York Time-Restricted EATing study (NY-TREAT) is a two-arm, randomized clinical trial (RCT) that aims to examine the efficacy and sustainability of TRE (eating window ≤10 h/day) vs. a habitual prolonged eating window (HABIT, ≥14 h/day) in metabolically unhealthy midlife adults (50-75 years) with overweight or obesity and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes (T2D). Our primary hypothesis is that the TRE will result in greater weight loss compared to HABIT at 3 months. The efficacy of the TRE intervention on body weight, fat mass, energy expenditure, and glucose is tested at 3 months, and the sustainability of its effect is measured at 12 months, with ambulatory assessments of sleep and physical activity (ActiGraph), eating pattern (smartphone application), and interstitial glucose (continuous glucose monitoring). The RCT also includes state-of-the-art measurements of body fat (quantitative magnetic resonance), total energy expenditure (doubly-labelled water), insulin secretion, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. Adherence to self-monitoring and reduced eating window are monitored remotely in real-time. This RCT will provide further insight into the effects of TRE on cardiometabolic health in individuals with high metabolic risk. Sixty-two participants will be enrolled, and with estimated 30% attrition, 42 participants will return at 12 months. This protocol describes the design, interventions, methods, and expected outcomes. Clinical trial registration:NCT04465721 IRB: AAAS7791.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leinys S Santos-Báez
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Alison Garbarini
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Delaney Shaw
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Bin Cheng
- Mailman School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Collin J Popp
- New York Langone Health, Department of Population Health, New York, NY, United States of America
| | - Emily N C Manoogian
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Satchidananda Panda
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, United States of America
| | - Blandine Laferrère
- Columbia University Irving Medical Center, Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes Research Center, New York, NY, United States of America.
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Tang Q, Assali DR, Güler AD, Steele AD. Dopamine systems and biological rhythms: Let's get a move on. Front Integr Neurosci 2022; 16:957193. [PMID: 35965599 PMCID: PMC9364481 DOI: 10.3389/fnint.2022.957193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
How dopamine signaling regulates biological rhythms is an area of emerging interest. Here we review experiments focused on delineating dopamine signaling in the suprachiasmatic nucleus, nucleus accumbens, and dorsal striatum to mediate a range of biological rhythms including photoentrainment, activity cycles, rest phase eating of palatable food, diet-induced obesity, and food anticipatory activity. Enthusiasm for causal roles for dopamine in the regulation of circadian rhythms, particularly those associated with food and other rewarding events, is warranted. However, determining that there is rhythmic gene expression in dopamine neurons and target structures does not mean that they are bona fide circadian pacemakers. Given that dopamine has such a profound role in promoting voluntary movements, interpretation of circadian phenotypes associated with locomotor activity must be differentiated at the molecular and behavioral levels. Here we review our current understanding of dopamine signaling in relation to biological rhythms and suggest future experiments that are aimed at teasing apart the roles of dopamine subpopulations and dopamine receptor expressing neurons in causally mediating biological rhythms, particularly in relation to feeding, reward, and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qijun Tang
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Dina R. Assali
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
| | - Ali D. Güler
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Program in Fundamental Neuroscience, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
| | - Andrew D. Steele
- Department of Biological Sciences, California State Polytechnic University Pomona, Pomona, CA, United States
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Tahreem A, Rakha A, Rabail R, Nazir A, Socol CT, Maerescu CM, Aadil RM. Fad Diets: Facts and Fiction. Front Nutr 2022; 9:960922. [PMID: 35866077 PMCID: PMC9294402 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2022.960922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The global prevalence of obesity is alarmingly high and is impacting both developed and underdeveloped countries, beyond the borders of ethnicity, sex, and age. On the other hand, the global interest in dieting has increased, and people are obsessed with certain fad diets, assuming them as a magic bullet for their long-term problems. A fad diet is a popular dietary pattern known to be a quick fix for obesity. These diets are quite appealing due to the proposed claims, but the lack of scientific evidence is a big question mark. Such diets are often marketed with specific claims that defy the basic principles of biochemistry and nutritional adequacy. These diets may have protective effects against obesity and certain chronic diseases like cardiovascular diseases, metabolic syndrome, and certain cancers. Limited evidence exists to support the proposed claims; rather certain studies suggest the negative health consequences of long-term adherence to such dietary patterns. Many fad diets have emerged in the previous few decades. This review article will explore the current evidence related to the health impacts of some most popular diets: Atkins diet, ketogenic diet, Paleolithic diet, Mediterranean diet, vegetarian diet, intermittent fasting and detox diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaiza Tahreem
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Allah Rakha
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- *Correspondence: Allah Rakha,
| | - Roshina Rabail
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | - Aqsa Nazir
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Rana Muhammad Aadil
- National Institute of Food Science and Technology, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad, Pakistan
- Rana Muhammad Aadil,
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Caron JP, Kreher MA, Mickle AM, Wu S, Przkora R, Estores IM, Sibille KT. Intermittent Fasting: Potential Utility in the Treatment of Chronic Pain across the Clinical Spectrum. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122536. [PMID: 35745266 PMCID: PMC9228511 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2022] [Revised: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary behavior can have a consequential and wide-ranging influence on human health. Intermittent fasting, which involves intermittent restriction in energy intake, has been shown to have beneficial cellular, physiological, and system-wide effects in animal and human studies. Despite the potential utility in preventing, slowing, and reversing disease processes, the clinical application of intermittent fasting remains limited. The health benefits associated with the simple implementation of a 12 to 16 h fast suggest a promising role in the treatment of chronic pain. A literature review was completed to characterize the physiologic benefits of intermittent fasting and to relate the evidence to the mechanisms underlying chronic pain. Research on different fasting regimens is outlined and an overview of research demonstrating the benefits of intermittent fasting across diverse health conditions is provided. Data on the physiologic effects of intermittent fasting are summarized. The physiology of different pain states is reviewed and the possible implications for intermittent fasting in the treatment of chronic pain through non-invasive management, prehabilitation, and rehabilitation following injury and invasive procedures are presented. Evidence indicates the potential utility of intermittent fasting in the comprehensive management of chronic pain and warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse P. Caron
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Margaret Ann Kreher
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Angela M. Mickle
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Stanley Wu
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Rene Przkora
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
| | - Irene M. Estores
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
| | - Kimberly T. Sibille
- Pain TRAIL—Translational Research in Assessment & Intervention Lab, Department of Physical Medicine & Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32607, USA; (J.P.C.); (M.A.K.); (A.M.M.); (S.W.); (R.P.); (I.M.E.)
- Department of Anesthesiology, Division of Pain Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA
- Correspondence:
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Берковская МА, Гурова ОЮ, Хайкина ИА, Фадеев ВВ. [Time-restricted eating as a novel strategy for treatment of obesity and it's comorbid conditions]. PROBLEMY ENDOKRINOLOGII 2022; 68:78-91. [PMID: 36104969 PMCID: PMC9762455 DOI: 10.14341/probl13078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The article provides a review of the current literature about time-restricted eating (TRE) as a new tool for the treatment of obesity and comorbid conditions. The search for new nutritional strategies in obesity, one of which is TRE, is due to the weak adherence of patients to hypocaloric diets in the long term, as well as the available data on the importance of -desynchronization of food intake with natural circadian rhythms in the development and progression of obesity and cardio--metabolic complications. The article describes the main mechanisms that regulate the circadian rhythms of food intake and nutrient absorption, substantiates the importance of adhering to a physiological diet for maintaining metabolic health. The main part of the review is devoted to reviewing the currently available researches on the effectiveness of various strategies of intermittent energy restriction for weight loss and the correction of metabolic parameters. Potential mechanisms of the -effect of TRE on health are discussed, including those mediated by an unintentional decrease in caloric intake and changes in eating behavior, and differences in the effectiveness of early and late TRE. The article contains a detailed discussion of the potential problems and contradictions associated with the use of time-restricted eating in clinical practice, namely: the limitations and inconsistencies of the available clinical trials, the lack of data on long-term efficacy and safety, social and psychological limitations that impede the widespread use of TRE.
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Affiliation(s)
- М. А. Берковская
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - О. Ю. Гурова
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - И. А. Хайкина
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
| | - В. В. Фадеев
- Первый Московский государственный медицинский университет имени И.М. Сеченова
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Prates KV, Pavanello A, Gongora AB, Moreira VM, de Moraes AMP, Rigo KP, Vieira E, Mathias PCDF. Time-restricted feeding during embryonic development leads to metabolic dysfunction in adult rat offspring. Nutrition 2022; 103-104:111776. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2022.111776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Adherence to Diet and Meal Timing in a Randomized Controlled Feeding Study of Time-Restricted Feeding. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14112283. [PMID: 35684083 PMCID: PMC9182754 DOI: 10.3390/nu14112283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Revised: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Adherence is critical in feeding studies to determine the efficacy of dietary interventions. This time-restricted intake of meals (TRIM) investigation was a controlled feeding study that randomized 41 participants to follow 12 weeks of time-restricted feeding (TRF) or a usual feeding pattern (UFP). Adherence was optimized through careful screening and participant orientation, flexibility in beverages and seasonings, and frequent contact between participants and staff. Adherence was measured daily using a self-administered diary form. We calculated the percentage of participant-days with perfect adherence to meal timing (ate all meals within their designated time window) and to food consumption (ate all study food and no non-study food). Adherence was compared between study arms, days of the week, and weeks of the study period using generalized estimating equations (GEE) regression. There was perfect adherence to meal timing on 87% of participant-days and to food consumption on 94% of participant-days, with no significant difference by arm. In UFP, but not TRF, participants had lower adherence to meal timing over the weekend (p-value = 0.002) and during the first two weeks of intervention (p-value = 0.03). A controlled feeding study randomizing free-living individuals to different meal timings achieved a high degree of adherence to meal timing and food consumption, utilizing multiple strategies.
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Tsurudome Y, Akamine T, Horiguchi M, Wada Y, Fujimura A, Ushijima K. Potential mechanism of hepatic lipid accumulation during a long-term rest phase restricted feeding in mice. Chronobiol Int 2022; 39:1132-1143. [PMID: 35603436 DOI: 10.1080/07420528.2022.2077746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Eating during a rest phase disrupts the biological clock system and leads to obesity and metabolic diseases. Although a rest phase restricted feeding (RF) is reported to enhance hepatic lipid accumulation, the mechanism(s) of the phenomenon is still unknown. This study evaluated the potential involvement of the CD36-related transport of lipids into the liver in mice with the RF procedure. This study showed that hepatic lipid accumulation was more significant in the RF group compared with mice under an active phase restricted feeding (AF). The RF procedure also elevated the expression of CD36 mRNA and its protein on the cellular membrane throughout the day. The transcription factor profiling array revealed that the RF activated the proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPARγ), one of the CD36 transcript enhancers. In the liver of RF mice, the expression of miR-27b-3p, which is known to interfere with PPARγ gene expression, significantly decreased. These results suggest that the RF procedure inhibits the expression of miR-27b-3p in the liver and subsequently elevates PPARγ activity. Activated PPARγ might lead to CD36 upregulation, which, in turn, stimulates the transport of lipids into the liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuya Tsurudome
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akamine
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Oita University, Oita, Japan
| | - Michiko Horiguchi
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Yukiyo Wada
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Akio Fujimura
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
| | - Kentaro Ushijima
- Division of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Sanyo-Onoda City University, Yamaguchi, Japan.,Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Pharmacology, Jichi Medical University, Tochigi, Japan
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Zeraattalab-Motlagh S, Lesani A, Janbozorgi N, Djafarian K, Majdi M, Shab-Bidar S. Association of nightly fasting duration, meal timing and frequency with the metabolic syndrome among Iranian adults. Br J Nutr 2022; 129:1-8. [PMID: 35411844 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114521005079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Accumulative evidence indicates that meal timing is associated with cardiometabolic risks by deteriorating circadian rhythms. However, evidence is unclear. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relation between nightly fasting duration, meal timing and frequency and metabolic syndrome (MetS) among Iranian adults. Eight hundred fifty adults were recruited in this study. Dietary data were collected by 24-h dietary recalls. Time-related eating patterns were determined as nightly fasting duration, occasions of eating, time and energy proportion of first and last meal and meal frequency on a day. The MetS was recognised on the basis of the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. A binary logistic regression was applied to examine the relation between meal timing and MetS. A significant inverse relation between habitual nightly fasting duration with MetS (OR = 0·74, 95 % CI 0·55, 0·99, P = 0·04) and 'increased TAG' (OR = 0·73, 95 % CI 0·55, 0·98, P = 0·03) was found after confounder adjustment. Also, habitual first and last meal energy had no significant connection with MetS. However, the odds of 'increased fasting blood glucose' were lower in subjects who consumed ≥25% of habitual energy intake in the last meal (OR = 0·60, 95 % CI 0·42, 0·85, P = 0·005). Having longer nightly fasting duration may be useful for decreasing the risk of both MetS and 'elevated TAG'. These findings introduce a new insight that time-related eating patterns, instead of nightly fasting duration alone, might be related to cardiometabolic risks in Iranian adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheida Zeraattalab-Motlagh
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Azadeh Lesani
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasim Janbozorgi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Kurosh Djafarian
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Majdi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
| | - Sakineh Shab-Bidar
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran
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Manoogian ENC, Wei-Shatzel J, Panda S. Assessing temporal eating pattern in free living humans through the myCircadianClock app. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:696-706. [PMID: 34997205 PMCID: PMC9678076 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-01038-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The quality and quantity of nutrition impact health. However, chrononutrition, the timing, and variation of food intake in relation to the daily sleep-wake cycle are also important contributors to health. This has necessitated an urgent need to measure, analyze, and optimize eating patterns to improve health and manage disease. While written food journals, questionnaires, and 24-hour dietary recalls are acceptable methods to assess the quantity and quality of energy consumption, they are insufficient to capture the timing and day-to-day variation of energy intake. Smartphone applications are novel methods for information-dense real-time food and beverage tracking. Despite the availability of thousands of commercial nutrient apps, they almost always ignore eating patterns, and the raw real-time data is not available to researchers for monitoring and intervening in eating patterns. Our lab developed a smartphone app called myCircadianClock (mCC) and associated software to enable long-term real-time logging that captures temporal components of eating patterns. The mCC app runs on iOS and android operating systems and can be used to track multiple cohorts in parallel studies. The logging burden is decreased by using a timestamped photo and annotation of the food/beverage being logged. Capturing temporal data of consumption in free-living individuals over weeks/months has provided new insights into diverse eating patterns in the real world. This review discusses (1) chrononutrition and the importance of understanding eating patterns, (2) the myCircadianClock app, (3) validation of the mCC app, (4) clinical trials to assess the timing of energy intake, and (5) strengths and limitations of the mCC app.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily N C Manoogian
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Regulatory Biology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
| | | | - Satchidananda Panda
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, Regulatory Biology, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
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Manoogian ENC, Chow LS, Taub PR, Laferrère B, Panda S. Time-restricted Eating for the Prevention and Management of Metabolic Diseases. Endocr Rev 2022; 43:405-436. [PMID: 34550357 PMCID: PMC8905332 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnab027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 57.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Time-restricted feeding (TRF, animal-based studies) and time-restricted eating (TRE, humans) are an emerging behavioral intervention approach based on the understanding of the role of circadian rhythms in physiology and metabolism. In this approach, all calorie intake is restricted within a consistent interval of less than 12 hours without overtly attempting to reduce calories. This article will summarize the origin of TRF/TRE starting with concept of circadian rhythms and the role of chronic circadian rhythm disruption in increasing the risk for chronic metabolic diseases. Circadian rhythms are usually perceived as the sleep-wake cycle and dependent rhythms arising from the central nervous system. However, the recent discovery of circadian rhythms in peripheral organs and the plasticity of these rhythms in response to changes in nutrition availability raised the possibility that adopting a consistent daily short window of feeding can sustain robust circadian rhythm. Preclinical animal studies have demonstrated proof of concept and identified potential mechanisms driving TRF-related benefits. Pilot human intervention studies have reported promising results in reducing the risk for obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. Epidemiological studies have indicated that maintaining a consistent long overnight fast, which is similar to TRE, can significantly reduce risks for chronic diseases. Despite these early successes, more clinical and mechanistic studies are needed to implement TRE alone or as adjuvant lifestyle intervention for the prevention and management of chronic metabolic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa S Chow
- University of Minnesota, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Pam R Taub
- University of California, San Diego, Division of Cardiovascular Diseases, Department of Medicine, 9434 Medical Center Drive, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Blandine Laferrère
- New York Nutrition Obesity Research Center, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center; New York, New York 10032, USA
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Parr EB, Devlin BL, Hawley JA. Perspective: Time-Restricted Eating-Integrating the What with the When. Adv Nutr 2022; 13:699-711. [PMID: 35170718 PMCID: PMC9156382 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmac015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE) is a popular dietary strategy that emphasizes the timing of meals in alignment with diurnal circadian rhythms, permitting ad libitum energy intake during a restricted (∼8-10 h) eating window each day. Unlike energy-restricted diets or intermittent fasting interventions that focus on weight loss, many of the health-related benefits of TRE are independent of reductions in body weight. However, TRE research to date has largely ignored what food is consumed (i.e., macronutrient composition and energy density), overlooking a plethora of past epidemiological and interventional dietary research. To determine some of the potential mechanisms underpinning the benefits of TRE on metabolic health, future studies need to increase the rigor of dietary data collected, assessed, and reported to ensure a consistent and standardized approach in TRE research. This Perspective article provides an overview of studies investigating TRE interventions in humans and considers dietary intake (both what and when food is eaten) and their impact on selected health outcomes (i.e., weight loss, glycemic control). Integrating existing dietary knowledge about what food is eaten with our recent understanding on when food should be consumed is essential to optimize the impact of dietary strategies aimed at improving metabolic health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brooke L Devlin
- Department of Dietetics, Nutrition, and Sport, La Trobe University, Bundoora, Victoria, Australia
| | - John A Hawley
- Exercise and Nutrition Research Program, Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research, Australian Catholic University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Frampton J, Edinburgh RM, Ogden HB, Gonzalez JT, Chambers ES. The acute effect of fasted exercise on energy intake, energy expenditure, subjective hunger and gastrointestinal hormone release compared to fed exercise in healthy individuals: a systematic review and network meta-analysis. Int J Obes (Lond) 2022; 46:255-268. [PMID: 34732837 PMCID: PMC8794783 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-021-00993-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the acute effect of fasted and fed exercise on energy intake, energy expenditure, subjective hunger and gastrointestinal hormone release. METHODS CENTRAL, Embase, MEDLINE, PsycInfo, PubMed, Scopus and Web of Science databases were searched to identify randomised, crossover studies in healthy individuals that compared the following interventions: (i) fasted exercise with a standardised post-exercise meal [FastEx + Meal], (ii) fasted exercise without a standardised post-exercise meal [FastEx + NoMeal], (iii) fed exercise with a standardised post-exercise meal [FedEx + Meal], (iv) fed exercise without a standardised post-exercise meal [FedEx + NoMeal]. Studies must have measured ad libitum meal energy intake, within-lab energy intake, 24-h energy intake, energy expenditure, subjective hunger, acyl-ghrelin, peptide YY, and/or glucagon-like peptide 1. Random-effect network meta-analyses were performed for outcomes containing ≥5 studies. RESULTS 17 published articles (23 studies) were identified. Ad libitum meal energy intake was significantly lower during FedEx + Meal compared to FedEx + NoMeal (MD: -489 kJ; 95% CI, -898 to -80 kJ; P = 0.019). Within-lab energy intake was significantly lower during FastEx + NoMeal compared to FedEx + NoMeal (MD: -1326 kJ; 95% CI, -2102 to -550 kJ; P = 0.001). Similarly, 24-h energy intake following FastEx + NoMeal was significantly lower than FedEx + NoMeal (MD: -2095 kJ; 95% CI, -3910 kJ to -280 kJ; P = 0.024). Energy expenditure was however significantly lower during FastEx + NoMeal compared to FedEx+NoMeal (MD: -0.67 kJ/min; 95% CI, -1.10 to -0.23 kJ/min; P = 0.003). Subjective hunger was significantly higher during FastEx + Meal (MD: 13 mm; 95% CI, 5-21 mm; P = 0.001) and FastEx + NoMeal (MD: 23 mm; 95% CI, 16-30 mm; P < 0.001) compared to FedEx + NoMeal. CONCLUSION FastEx + NoMeal appears to be the most effective strategy to produce a short-term decrease in energy intake, but also results in increased hunger and lowered energy expenditure. Concerns regarding experimental design however lower the confidence in these findings, necessitating future research to rectify these issues when investigating exercise meal timing and energy balance. PROSPERO REGISTRATION NUMBER CRD42020208041. KEY POINTS Fed exercise with a standardised post-exercise meal resulted in the lowest energy intake at the ad libitum meal served following exercise completion. Fasted exercise without a standardised post-exercise meal resulted in the lowest within-lab and 24-h energy intake, but also produced the lowest energy expenditure and highest hunger. Methodological issues lower the confidence in these findings and necessitate future work to address identified problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Frampton
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
- Section of Endocrinology and Investigative Medicine, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | | | - Henry B Ogden
- Faculty of Sport, Health and Wellbeing, Plymouth Marjon University, Plymouth, UK
| | - Javier T Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
- Centre for Nutrition, Exercise and Metabolism, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Edward S Chambers
- Section for Nutrition Research, Department of Metabolism, Digestion and Reproduction, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
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Zhao L, Hutchison AT, Liu B, Yates CL, Teong XT, Wittert GA, Thompson CH, Nguyen L, Au J, Manoogian EN, Le HD, Williams AE, Panda S, Banks S, Heilbronn LK. Time restricted eating improves glycaemic control and dampens energy-consuming pathways in human adipose tissue. Nutrition 2022; 96:111583. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Revised: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Tucker JM, Siegel R, Murray PJ, Han JC, Boyer K, Reed N, Allenby T, Novick M. Acceptability of Time-Limited Eating in Pediatric Weight Management. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022; 13:811489. [PMID: 35527997 PMCID: PMC9068968 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.811489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adherence to dietary interventions is a significant barrier in the treatment of childhood obesity. Time-limited eating (TLE) is a simple dietary approach that limits food intake to a given number of consecutive hours per day, but parental and youth acceptability of TLE in youth with obesity is unknown. This study explored the feasibility of utilizing TLE among parents and youth attending pediatric weight management (PWM). METHODS Members of COMPASS (Childhood Obesity Multi-Program Analysis and Study System) developed a survey to assess the acceptability of TLE in families attending PWM, which included patient characteristics, current diet and sleep schedules, and interests in trying TLE. The survey was administered electronically via REDCap or manually to parents of patients between the ages of 8-17 years old and to patients 11-17 years old attending one of five PWM practices in the COMPASS network. RESULTS Patients (n=213) were 13.0 ± 2.5 years old, 58% female, 52% White, 22% Black, 17% Hispanic/Latino, and 47% reported a diagnosed psychological disorder. On average, parents reported their child's daily eating spanned 12.5 ± 1.9 hours (7:35am - 8:05pm) and included 5.6 ± 1.6 eating bouts (meals + snacks). Most parents reported being likely to try TLE ≤12 hours/d (TLE12: 66%), which was similar to the likelihood of following a nutrient-balanced diet (59%). Likelihood was lower for TLE ≤10 hours/d (TLE10: 39%) or ≤8 hours/d (TLE8: 26%) (p<0.001 for both). Interest in TLE was not consistently related to patient age, sex, or ethnicity, but was lower in patients with a psychiatric diagnosis vs. no diagnosis (TLE8: 19% vs. 32%; p=0.034). Patients of parents who reported being likely to try TLE, compared to those unlikely to try TLE, had shorter eating windows (p<0.001) and ate fewer snacks (p=0.006). CONCLUSIONS Two-thirds of parents with children attending PWM programs report interest in TLE ≤12 hours/d regardless of demographic characteristics, but interest wanes when limiting eating to ≤10 or ≤8 hours per day. Time-limited eating appears to be a feasible option in PWM settings provided treatment options are individualized based on the interests and barriers of patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Tucker
- Healthy Weight Center, Helen DeVos Children's Hospital, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
- *Correspondence: Jared M. Tucker,
| | - Robert Siegel
- Center for Better Health and Nutrition, Cincinnati Children's Hospital, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Pamela J. Murray
- Department of Pediatrics, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV, United States
- Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard University Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Joan C. Han
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Katherine Boyer
- Department of Pediatrics and Human Development, Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, United States
| | - Nichole Reed
- Department of Pediatrics, Le Bonheur Children’s Hospital and University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, United States
| | - Taylor Allenby
- Department of General Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Marsha Novick
- Pennsylvania State Medical Center, Harrisburg, PA, United States
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Time-restricted feeding induces Lactobacillus- and Akkermansia-specific functional changes in the rat fecal microbiota. NPJ Biofilms Microbiomes 2021; 7:85. [PMID: 34862421 PMCID: PMC8642412 DOI: 10.1038/s41522-021-00256-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Diet is a key factor influencing gut microbiota (GM) composition and functions, which in turn affect host health. Among dietary regimens, time-restricted (TR) feeding has been associated to numerous health benefits. The impact of TR feeding on the GM composition has been mostly explored by means of metagenomic sequencing. To date, however, little is known about the modulation of GM functions by this dietary regimen. Here, we analyzed the effects of TR feeding on GM functions by evaluating protein expression changes in a rat model through a metaproteomic approach. We observed that TR feeding has a relevant impact on GM functions, specifically leading to an increased abundance of several enzymes involved in carbohydrate and protein metabolism and expressed by Lactobacillus spp. and Akkermansia muciniphila. Taken together, these results contribute to deepening our knowledge about the key relationship between diet, GM, and health.
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Sebastian RS, Wilkinson Enns C, Goldman JD, Murayi T, Moshfegh AJ. Late Evening Eating Patterns among US Adults Vary in Their Associations With, and Impact on, Energy Intake and Diet Quality: Evidence from What We Eat in America, National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. J Acad Nutr Diet 2021; 122:932-948.e3. [PMID: 34800696 DOI: 10.1016/j.jand.2021.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evening eating has been associated with higher energy intake and lower nutrient density. However, these qualities may not characterize all late evening (LE) eating patterns. OBJECTIVE We sought to characterize US adults' LE eating patterns on a given day and identify differences, if any, in pattern-specific associations with, and impact on, daily energy intake and total diet quality. DESIGN LE eating patterns, energy intakes, and Healthy Eating Index (HEI) scores were identified using Day-1 dietary recall data from the cross-sectional National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013-2016. PARTICIPANTS/SETTING The sample included adults aged ≥ 20 years (n = 9,861). LE reporters were respondents who consumed foods/beverages between 20:00 and 23:59 on the intake day. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Energy intake and HEI-2015 scores by LE status/pattern and the impact of LE consumption on these measures. STATISTICAL ANALYSES Cluster analysis assigned individuals to LE eating patterns based on the LE energy contribution of food/beverage groups. Regression models estimated energy intake and HEI-2015 scores; estimates were compared between LE reporters and nonreporters. Similarly, LE's contribution to total energy and the difference in total HEI inclusive vs exclusive of LE consumption were estimated and compared among patterns. RESULTS Among US adults, 64.4% were LE reporters. Eleven LE patterns were identified; the six most prevalent patterns (representing 89% of LE reporters) were further analyzed. Daily energy intake in all prevalent patterns except the fruit pattern exceeded that of nonreporters by ≥ 268 kcal (unadjusted; P < 0.001), varying by pattern. Conversely, total HEI score did not differ from that of nonreporters (51.0) in any pattern except the fruit pattern, where it was higher (57.4, unadjusted; P < 0.001). Generally, LE consumption's impact on energy was high and its impact on HEI scores was low. CONCLUSIONS Late evening food/beverage consumption is common among US adults, and LE patterns are not monolithic in their associations with, and impact on, total energy intake and dietary quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rhonda S Sebastian
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland.
| | - Cecilia Wilkinson Enns
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Joseph D Goldman
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Theophile Murayi
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
| | - Alanna J Moshfegh
- US Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Food Surveys Research Group, Beltsville, Maryland
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Phoi YY, Bonham MP, Rogers M, Dorrian J, Coates AM. Content Validation of a Chrononutrition Questionnaire for the General and Shift Work Populations: A Delphi Study. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13114087. [PMID: 34836341 PMCID: PMC8620673 DOI: 10.3390/nu13114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Unusual meal timing has been associated with a higher prevalence of chronic disease. Those at greater risk include shift workers and evening chronotypes. This study aimed to validate the content of a Chrononutrition Questionnaire for shift and non-shift workers to identify temporal patterns of eating in relation to chronotype. Content validity was determined using a Delphi study of three rounds. Experts rated the relevance of, and provided feedback on, 46 items across seven outcomes: meal regularity, times of first eating occasion, last eating occasion, largest meal, main meals/snacks, wake, and sleep, which were edited in response. Items with greater than 70% consensus of relevance were accepted. Rounds one, two, and three had 28, 26, and 24 experts, respectively. Across three rounds, no outcomes were irrelevant, but seven were merged into three for ease of usage, and two sections were added for experts to rate and comment on. In the final round, all but one of 29 items achieved greater than 70% consensus of relevance with no further changes. The Chrononutrition Questionnaire was deemed relevant to experts in circadian biology and chrononutrition, and could represent a convenient tool to assess temporal patterns of eating in relation to chronotype in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yin Phoi
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
| | - Maxine P. Bonham
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia;
| | - Michelle Rogers
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia;
| | - Jillian Dorrian
- UniSA Justice and Society, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia;
- Behaviour-Brain-Body Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5072, Australia
| | - Alison M. Coates
- UniSA Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Alliance for Research in Exercise, Nutrition and Activity (ARENA) Research Centre, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA 5001, Australia;
- Correspondence:
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Veronda AC, Kline CE, Irish LA. The impact of circadian timing on energy balance: an extension of the energy balance model. Health Psychol Rev 2021; 16:161-203. [PMID: 34387140 DOI: 10.1080/17437199.2021.1968310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
A significant proportion of the population is classified as having overweight or obesity. One framework which has attempted to explain biobehavioral mechanisms influencing the development of overweight and obesity is the energy balance model. According to this model, the body continually attempts to balance energy intake with energy expenditure. When energy intake and energy expenditure become imbalanced, there is an increase in homeostatic and allostatic pressure, generally to either increase energy intake or decrease energy expenditure, so as to restore energy homeostasis.Recent research has indicated that circadian aspects of energy intake and energy expenditure may influence energy balance. This paper provides a narrative review of existing evidence of the role of circadian timing on components of energy balance. Research on the timing of food intake, physical activity, and sleep indicates that unhealthy timing is likely to increase risk of weight gain. Public health guidelines focus on how much individuals eat and sleep, what foods are consumed, and the type and frequency of exercise, but the field of circadian science has begun to demonstrate that when these behaviors occur may also influence overweight and obesity prevention and treatment efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allison C Veronda
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Christopher E Kline
- Department of Health and Human Development, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Leah A Irish
- Department of Psychology, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA.,Sanford Center for Biobehavioral Research, Sanford Research, Fargo, ND, USA
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Christensen RAG, High S, Wharton S, Kamran E, Dehlehhosseinzadeh M, Fung M, Kuk JL. Sequential diets and weight loss: Including a low-carbohydrate high-fat diet with and without time-restricted feeding. Nutrition 2021; 91-92:111393. [PMID: 34399399 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to assess the effectiveness of a low-carbohydrate high-fat (LCHF) diet with and without a time-restricted feeding (TRF) protocol on weight loss and participating in three sequential dietary interventions (standard calorie-deficit diet, LCHF, and LCHF + TRF) on weight loss outcomes. METHODS Data from 227 adults from the Wharton Medical Clinic (WMC) were analyzed using a unidirectional case crossover design. Data was imputed for 154 patients to create a pseudo-sample in which everyone participated in three dietary interventions: standard calorie restriction, LCHF, and LCHF + TRF. RESULTS Patients lost an average of 11.1 ± 1.3 kg (9.8 ± 1.1%) after three sequential dietary interventions (P < 0.0001). Patients lost a statistically significant amount of weight from the standard WMC, LCHF, and LCHF+TRF diets (P < 0.05). With and without adjustment for age, sex, body mass index at the start of the dietary protocol, and treatment time, patients lost a similar amount of weight regardless of the dietary intervention (P > 0.05). Approximately 78.6% of patients achieved ≥5% weight loss with at least one of the diets. CONCLUSION Patients can lose a similar amount of weight regardless of the diet they are following. Approximately 78.9% of patients achieved 5% weight loss with at least one of the diets and lost an average 11.1 kg (or 9.8%). This is nearly double what has been previously reported for one dietary intervention. Thus, participating in sequential diets may be associated with greater absolute weight loss, and likelihood of achieving a clinically significant weight loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A G Christensen
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | | | - Sean Wharton
- Wharton Medical Clinic, Toronto, Canada; Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
| | | | | | - Michael Fung
- Department of Epidemiology, Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Jennifer L Kuk
- Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, York University, Toronto, Canada
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Jefcoate PW, Robertson MD, Ogden J, Johnston JD. Identification of factors influencing motivation to undertake time-restricted feeding in humans. Appetite 2021; 164:105240. [PMID: 33812936 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2021.105240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The interaction between time of day and energy intake, termed chrono-nutrition, has received considerable recent interest. One aspect of chrono-nutrition with potential to benefit long-term cardio-metabolic health is time-restricted feeding (TRF). Current support for TRF primarily derives from animal research, although recent small-scale human studies indicate possible translational benefit. Whether free-living humans, however, can incorporate TRF into their daily lives is poorly understood. This study reports data from participants (n = 608) who completed an online questionnaire to investigate daily routine, likelihood of TRF incorporation within work vs free-days, and key considerations influencing TRF uptake. The majority of participants reported a typical daily feeding window (time between first and last energy intake) of between 10 and 14 h on workdays and free days, 62.7 and 65.5% respectively. Likelihood of adherence to TRF declined with an increase in the proposed restriction of the feeding window by 0.5 to 4-h per day. We then examined data from participants with a typical daily feeding window of 12+ h on workdays (n = 221) and free-days (n = 223) to investigate the likelihood of using TRF, and the most important considerations in making this decision. Of these participants, (n = 132) on workdays and (n = 125) on free days would likely reduce their feeding window by 3-h. Multiple regression analysis revealed that key considerations determining the likelihood of adopting TRF were: cost, time availability, and perceived health benefits (on workdays); wake time, bed time, time availability, motivation to change and perceived health benefits (on free-days). These data provide novel information regarding public attitudes towards TRF and highlight important aspects to be considered when translating controlled laboratory studies to public dietary advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul W Jefcoate
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK.
| | - M Denise Robertson
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Jane Ogden
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- School of Biosciences and Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, UK
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Cavalcante LP, Lima TDR, de Almeida PC, Tolazzi GJ, Ávila ETP, Navalta JW, Vieira Junior RC, Voltarelli FA. Intermittent fasting compromises the performance of eutrophic rats submitted to resistance training. Nutrition 2021; 86:111187. [PMID: 33735653 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2021.111187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of intermittent fasting (IF) on the performance of rats subjected to resistance training ladder climbs (RTLCs). METHODS Thirty-two Wistar rats (80-d-old) were placed into one of the following four groups (n = 8/group): control (C), which were fed a standard diet with no exercise; intermittent fasting (IF) rats underwent IF for 16 h/d, fed a standard diet for a period of 8 h/d with no exercise; trained control (TC) were fed a standard diet and submitted to RTLC; and trained intermittent fasting (TIF) underwent IF for 16 h/d, fed a standard diet for a period of 8 h/d, and submitted to RTLC. Training groups completed 6-wk of RTLC (3 × /wk). The maximal load test (MLT) was applied on two occasions: before the first RTLC session and at the end of week 6 of physical training. Its purpose was to compare changes in performance over time. Both blood collection and total extraction of the organs were performed at the end of the experimental period. RESULTS Food intake was higher in the TC group than in either the IF or TIF groups. TC supported a higher load (g) during the final MLT compared with the C, IF, and TIF groups, respectively. TC (initial MLT: 371.4 ± 31.1; final MLT: 593.9 ± 33.5) and TIF (initial MLT: 402.3 ± 31.8; final MLT: 495.4 ± 83.3) presented higher values when the pre- and post-RTLC moments were compared. The relative weight of the stomach was higher in TIF than in C and TC rats. There was no difference in aspartate transaminase and alanine transaminase enzyme activities or in creatinine and total cholesterol levels. CONCLUSIONS IF negatively affected RTLC performance. IF plus RTLC increased the relative weight of the stomach as well as reduced food intake, without an increase in body weight, suggesting this combination may have promoted dilation of this organ, due, hypothetically, to the scarcity of food for several hours and the energy expenditure generated by physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Letícia Pereira Cavalcante
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Thiago da Rosa Lima
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil; University Centre of Várzea Grande, Várzea Grande, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Paula Caroline de Almeida
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Geovane José Tolazzi
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Eudes Thiago Pereira Ávila
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | | | - Roberto Carlos Vieira Junior
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil; Faculty of Health Sciences, Mato Grosso State University, Cáceres, Mato Grosso, Brazil
| | - Fabrício Azevedo Voltarelli
- Graduate Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Federal University of Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Pilot Clinical Trial of Time-Restricted Eating in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13020346. [PMID: 33498955 PMCID: PMC7911880 DOI: 10.3390/nu13020346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) and erratic eating patterns are associated with circadian rhythm disruption which contributes to an increased cardiometabolic risks. Restricting eating period (time-restricted eating, TRE) can restore robust circadian rhythms and improve cardiometabolic health. We describe a protocol of the Time-Restricted Eating on Metabolic and Neuroendocrine homeostasis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress (TREMNIOS) pilot clinical trial in Polish adult patients with MetS and eating period of ≥14 h/day. The study aims to test the feasibility of TRE intervention and methodology for evaluating its efficacy for improving metabolic, neuroendocrine, inflammatory, oxidative stress and cardiac biomarkers, and daily rhythms of behavior for such population. Participants will apply 10-h TRE over a 12-week monitored intervention followed by a 12-week self-directed intervention. Changes in eating window, body weight and composition, biomarkers, and rhythms of behavior will be evaluated. Dietary intake, sleep, activity and wellbeing will be monitored with the myCircadianClock application and questionnaires. Adherence to TRE defined as the proportion of days recorded with app during the monitored intervention in which participants satisfied 10-h TRE is the primary outcome. TREMNIOS will also provide an exploratory framework to depict post-TRE changes in cardiometabolic outcomes and behavior rhythms. This protocol extends previous TRE-related protocols by targeting European population with diagnosed MetS and including long-term intervention, validated tools for monitoring dietary intake and adherence, and comprehensive range of biomarkers. TREMNIOS trial will lay the groundwork for a large-scale randomized controlled trial to determine TRE efficacy for improving cardiometabolic health in MetS population.
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Vieira RFL, Muñoz VR, Junqueira RL, de Oliveira F, Gaspar RC, Nakandakari SCBR, Costa SDO, Torsoni MA, da Silva ASR, Cintra DE, de Moura LP, Ropelle ER, Zaghloul I, Mekary RA, Pauli JR. Time-restricted feeding combined with aerobic exercise training can prevent weight gain and improve metabolic disorders in mice fed a high-fat diet. J Physiol 2021; 600:797-813. [PMID: 33450053 DOI: 10.1113/jp280820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Time-restricted feeding (TRF, in which energy intake is restricted to 8 h/day during the dark phase) alone or combined with aerobic exercise (AE) training can prevent weight gain and metabolic disorders in Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet. The benefits of TRF combined with AE are associated with improved hepatic metabolism and decreased hepatic lipid accumulation. TRF combined with AE training increased fatty acid oxidation and decreased expression of lipogenic and gluconeogenic genes in the liver of young male Swiss mice. TRF combined with AE training attenuated the detrimental effects of high-fat diet feeding on the insulin signalling pathway in the liver. ABSTRACT Time-restricted feeding (TRF) or physical exercise have been shown to be efficient in the prevention and treatment of metabolic disorders; however, the additive effects of TRF combined with aerobic exercise (AE) training on liver metabolism have not been widely explored. In this study TRF (8 h in the active phase) and TRF combined with AE (TRF+Exe) were compared in male Swiss mice fed a high-fat diet, with evaluation of the effects on insulin sensitivity and expression of hepatic genes involved in fatty acid oxidation, lipogenesis and gluconeogenesis. As in previous reports, we show that TRF alone (eating only between zeitgeber time 16 and 0) was sufficient to reduce weight and adiposity gain, increase fatty acid oxidation and decrease lipogenesis genes in the liver. In addition, we show that mice of the TRF+Exe group showed additional adaptations such as increased oxygen consumption ( V ̇ O 2 ), carbon dioxide production ( V ̇ C O 2 ) and production of ketone bodies (β-hydroxybutyrate). Also, TRF+Exe attenuated the negative effects of high-fat diet feeding on the insulin signalling pathway (insulin receptor, insulin receptor substrate, Akt), and led to increased fatty acid oxidation (Ppara, Cpt1a) and decreased gluconeogenic (Fbp1, Pck1, Pgc1a) and lipogenic (Srebp1c, Cd36) gene expression in the liver. These molecular results were accompanied by increased glucose metabolism, lower serum triglycerides and reduced hepatic lipid content in the TRF+Exe group. The data presented in this study show that TRF alone has benefits but TRF+Exe has additive benefits and can mitigate the harmful effects of consuming a high-fat diet on body adiposity, liver metabolism and glycaemic homeostasis in young male Swiss mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renan Fudoli Lins Vieira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vitor Rosetto Muñoz
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Lima Junqueira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fellipe de Oliveira
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rafael Calais Gaspar
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Suleyma de Oliveira Costa
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcio Alberto Torsoni
- Laboratory of Metabolism Disorders, Faculty of Applied Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, and Postgraduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Laboratory of Nutritional Genomics (LabGeN), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Leandro Pereira de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Iman Zaghloul
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS), Boston, MA, USA
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences (MCPHS), Boston, MA, USA.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil.,Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), University of Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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47
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Świątkiewicz I, Woźniak A, Taub PR. Time-Restricted Eating and Metabolic Syndrome: Current Status and Future Perspectives. Nutrients 2021; 13:nu13010221. [PMID: 33466692 PMCID: PMC7828812 DOI: 10.3390/nu13010221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) occurs in ~30% of adults and is associated with increased risk of cardiovascular disease and diabetes mellitus. MetS reflects the clustering of individual cardiometabolic risk factors including central obesity, elevated fasting plasma glucose, dyslipidemia, and elevated blood pressure. Erratic eating patterns such as eating over a prolonged period per day and irregular meal timing are common in patients with MetS. Misalignment between daily rhythms of food intake and circadian timing system can contribute to circadian rhythm disruption which results in abnormal metabolic regulation and adversely impacts cardiometabolic health. Novel approaches which aim at restoring robust circadian rhythms through modification of timing and duration of daily eating represent a promising strategy for patients with MetS. Restricting eating period during a day (time-restricted eating, TRE) can aid in mitigating circadian disruption and improving cardiometabolic outcomes. Previous pilot TRE study of patients with MetS showed the feasibility of TRE and improvements in body weight and fat, abdominal obesity, atherogenic lipids, and blood pressure, which were observed despite no overt attempt to change diet quantity and quality or physical activity. The present article aims at giving an overview of TRE human studies of individuals with MetS or its components, summarizing current clinical evidence for improving cardiometabolic health through TRE intervention in these populations, and presenting future perspectives for an implementation of TRE to treat and prevent MetS. Previous TRE trials laid the groundwork and indicate a need for further clinical research including large-scale controlled trials to determine TRE efficacy for reducing long-term cardiometabolic risk, providing tools for sustained lifestyle changes and, ultimately, improving overall health in individuals with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Świątkiewicz
- Department of Cardiology and Internal Medicine, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-858-249-1308
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland;
| | - Pam R. Taub
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA;
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48
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Schuppelius B, Peters B, Ottawa A, Pivovarova-Ramich O. Time Restricted Eating: A Dietary Strategy to Prevent and Treat Metabolic Disturbances. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:683140. [PMID: 34456861 PMCID: PMC8387818 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.683140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Time-restricted eating (TRE), a dietary approach limiting the daily eating window, has attracted increasing attention in media and research. The eating behavior in our modern society is often characterized by prolonged and erratic daily eating patterns, which might be associated with increased risk of obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. In contrast, recent evidence suggests that TRE might support weight loss, improve cardiometabolic health, and overall wellbeing, but the data are controversial. The present work reviews how TRE affects glucose and lipid metabolism based on clinical trials published until June 2021. A range of trials demonstrated that TRE intervention lowered fasting and postprandial glucose levels in response to a standard meal or oral glucose tolerance test, as well as mean 24-h glucose and glycemic excursions assessed using continuous glucose monitoring. In addition, fasting insulin decreases and improvement of insulin sensitivity were demonstrated. These changes were often accompanied by the decrease of blood triglyceride and cholesterol levels. However, a number of studies found that TRE had either adverse or no effects on glycemic and lipid traits, which might be explained by the different study designs (i.e., fasting/eating duration, daytime of eating, changes of calorie intake, duration of intervention) and study subject cohorts (metabolic status, age, gender, chronotype, etc.). To summarize, TRE represents an attractive and easy-to-adapt dietary strategy for the prevention and therapy of glucose and lipid metabolic disturbances. However, carefully controlled future TRE studies are needed to confirm these effects to understand the underlying mechanisms and assess the applicability of personalized interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Schuppelius
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Potsdam, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Beeke Peters
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Christian-Albrecht-University Kiel, Kiel, Germany
| | - Agnieszka Ottawa
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Research Group Molecular Nutritional Medicine, Department of Molecular Toxicology, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
- Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Olga Pivovarova-Ramich,
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49
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Flanagan A, Bechtold DA, Pot GK, Johnston JD. Chrono-nutrition: From molecular and neuronal mechanisms to human epidemiology and timed feeding patterns. J Neurochem 2020; 157:53-72. [PMID: 33222161 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The circadian timing system governs daily biological rhythms, synchronising physiology and behaviour to the temporal world. External time cues, including the light-dark cycle and timing of food intake, provide daily signals for entrainment of the central, master circadian clock in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), and of metabolic rhythms in peripheral tissues, respectively. Chrono-nutrition is an emerging field building on the relationship between temporal eating patterns, circadian rhythms, and metabolic health. Evidence from both animal and human research demonstrates adverse metabolic consequences of circadian disruption. Conversely, a growing body of evidence indicates that aligning food intake to periods of the day when circadian rhythms in metabolic processes are optimised for nutrition may be effective for improving metabolic health. Circadian rhythms in glucose and lipid homeostasis, insulin responsiveness and sensitivity, energy expenditure, and postprandial metabolism, may favour eating patterns characterised by earlier temporal distribution of energy. This review details the molecular basis for metabolic clocks, the regulation of feeding behaviour, and the evidence for meal timing as an entraining signal for the circadian system in animal models. The epidemiology of temporal eating patterns in humans is examined, together with evidence from human intervention studies investigating the metabolic effects of morning compared to evening energy intake, and emerging chrono-nutrition interventions such as time-restricted feeding. Chrono-nutrition may have therapeutic application for individuals with and at-risk of metabolic disease and convey health benefits within the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Flanagan
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,Section of Metabolic Medicine, Food and Macronutrients, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - David A Bechtold
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology & Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Gerda K Pot
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, UK.,Nutrition and Health Department, Louis Bolk Instituut, Bunnik, the Netherlands
| | - Jonathan D Johnston
- Section of Chronobiology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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50
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Prolonged, Controlled Daytime versus Delayed Eating Impacts Weight and Metabolism. Curr Biol 2020; 31:650-657.e3. [PMID: 33259790 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2020.10.092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A delayed eating schedule is associated with increased risk of obesity and metabolic dysfunction in humans.1-9 However, there are no prolonged, highly controlled experimental studies testing the effects of meal timing on weight and metabolism in adults with a body mass index (BMI) of 19-27 kg/m2.10-18 Twelve healthy adults (age: 26.3 ± 3.4 years; BMI: 21.9 ± 1.7 kg/m2; 5 females) participated in a randomized crossover study in free-living conditions. Three meals and two snacks with comparable energy and macronutrient contents were provided during two, 8-week, counterbalanced conditions separated by a 2-week washout period: (1) daytime (intake limited to 0800 h-1900 h) and (2) delayed (intake limited to 1200 h-2300 h). Sleep-wake cycles and exercise levels were held constant. Weight, adiposity, energy expenditure, and circadian profiles of hormones and metabolites were assessed during four inpatient visits occurring before and after each condition. Body weight, insulin resistance (homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance [HOMA-IR]), trunk-to-leg fat ratio, resting energy expenditure, respiratory quotient, and fasting glucose, insulin, total and high-density lipoprotein (dHDL) cholesterol, and adiponectin decreased on the daytime compared to the delayed schedule. These measures, as well as triglycerides, increased on the delayed compared to the daytime schedule (effect size range: d = 0.397-1.019). Circadian phase and amplitude of melatonin, cortisol, ghrelin, leptin, and glucose were not differentially altered by the eating schedules. Overall, an 8-week daytime eating schedule, compared to a delayed eating schedule, promotes weight loss and improvements in energy metabolism and insulin in adults with BMI 19-27 kg/m2, underscoring the efficacy and feasibility of daytime eating as a behavioral modification for real-world conditions.
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