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Wu Z, Hernandez A. Thyroid Hormone Clearance in the Paraventricular Nucleus of Male Mice Regulates Lean Mass and Physical Activity. Neuroendocrinology 2024:1-11. [PMID: 39293416 DOI: 10.1159/000541525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/17/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The actions of thyroid hormones (THs) in the central nervous system are relevant to food intake and energy expenditure. TH receptors exhibit high expression in brain areas modulating energy balance, including the arcuate, paraventricular (PVN), supraoptic, and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. METHODS To examine the role of THs in the regulation of energy balance via action in specific hypothalamic nuclei of the adult mouse, we performed experiments of conditional inactivation of DIO3, the enzyme responsible for the clearance of THs, in the lateral hypothalamus (LH), and VMH and PVN hypothalamic nuclei. We accomplished DIO3 genetic inactivation via stereotaxic injection of the AAV-cre vector into adult mice homozygous for a "floxed" Dio3 allele. RESULTS Dio3 inactivation in the LH and VMH of males or females did not result in significant changes in body weight 8 weeks after injection. However, inactivation of Dio3 in the PVN resulted in increased body weight (both fat mass and lean mass) and locomotor activity, and decreased hypothalamic Mc4r expression in male, but not female mice. However, PNV-specific Dio3 KO did not cause hyperphagia. CONCLUSION These results suggest local TH action influences MC4R signaling and possibly other PVN-associated circuitries, with consequences for body composition and energy balance endpoints, but not for orexigenic pathways. They also support a regulatory role for PVN Dio3 in the central regulation of energy homeostasis in adult life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaofei Wu
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
| | - Arturo Hernandez
- Department of Molecular Medicine, MaineHealth Institute for Research, MaineHealth, Scarborough, Maine, USA
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Hua D, Huang W, Huang W, Xie Q, Tang L, Wu X, Gao M, Xu T, Zhang Y, Li P, Sun W, Kong X. TRPV1 signaling of perirenal adipose tissue promotes DOCA-Salt-induced hypertension and kidney injury. J Hypertens 2024; 42:1409-1420. [PMID: 38690943 DOI: 10.1097/hjh.0000000000003748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Denervation of renal or perirenal adipose tissue (PRAT) can reduce arterial blood pressure in various hypertensive experimental models. Trpv1 (transient receptor potential vanillin 1) channel is highly expressed in the renal sensory nerves and the dorsal root ganglias (DRGs) projected by PRAT. However, it is currently unclear whether Trpv1 in DRGs projected from PRAT can regulate renal hypertension. METHODS We used resintoxin (RTX) to block the afferent sensory nerves of rat PRAT. We also constructed Trpv1 -/- mice and Trpv1 +/- mice or used the injection of AAV2-retro-shTrpv1 to detect the effects of Trpv1 knockout or knockdown of PRAT-projected DRGs on deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-Salt-induced hypertension and kidney injury. RESULTS Blocking the afferent sensory nerves of PRAT with RTX can alleviate DOCA-Salt-induced hypertension and renal injury in rats. And this blockade reduces the expression of Trpv1 in the DRGs projected by PRAT. Injecting AAV2-retro-shTrpv1 into the PRAT of DOCA-Salt mice also achieved the same therapeutic effect. However, DOCA-Salt-induced hypertension and renal injury can be treated in Trpv1 +/- mice but not alleviated or even worsened in Trpv1 -/- mice, possibly because of compensatory increase of Trpv5 in DRG of Trpv1 -/- mice. CONCLUSION Reducing, rather than eliminating, Trpv1 in DRG from PRAT-projection can reduce blood pressure and kidney damage in DOCA-Salt in rats or mice. Trpv1 in PRAT-DRGs may serve as a therapeutic target for salt-sensitive hypertension and its renal complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongxu Hua
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Wanlin Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Wen Huang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Qiyang Xie
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Lu Tang
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoguang Wu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Min Gao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Tianhua Xu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine
| | - Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine
| | - Xiangqing Kong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing
- Key Laboratory of Targeted Intervention of Cardiovascular Disease, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disease Translational Medicine
- Department of Cardiology, The Affiliated Suzhou Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou Municipal Hospital, Gusu School, Nanjing Medical University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, P.R. China
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Vijayashankar U, Ramashetty R, Rajeshekara M, Vishwanath N, Yadav AK, Prashant A, Lokeshwaraiah R. Leptin and ghrelin dynamics: unraveling their influence on food intake, energy balance, and the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes mellitus. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2024; 23:427-440. [PMID: 38932792 PMCID: PMC11196531 DOI: 10.1007/s40200-024-01418-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024]
Abstract
Purpose Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and impaired glucose homeostasis. In recent years, there has been growing interest in the role of hunger and satiety hormones such as ghrelin and leptin in the development and progression of T2DM. In this context, the present literature review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current understanding of how ghrelin and leptin influences food intake and maintain energy balance and its implications in the pathophysiology of T2DM. Methods A thorough literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar to choose the studies that associated leptin and ghrelin with T2DM. Original articles and reviews were included, letters to editors and case reports were excluded. Results This narrative review article provides a comprehensive summary on mechanism of action of leptin and ghrelin, its association with obesity and T2DM, how they regulate energy and glucose homeostasis and potential therapeutic implications of leptin and ghrelin in managing T2DM. Conclusion Ghrelin, known for its appetite-stimulating effects, and leptin, a hormone involved in the regulation of energy balance, have been implicated in insulin resistance and glucose metabolism. Understanding the complexities of ghrelin and leptin interactions in the context of T2DM may offer insights into novel therapeutic strategies for this prevalent metabolic disorder. Further research is warranted to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying these hormone actions and to explore their clinical implications for T2DM prevention and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Vijayashankar
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajalakshmi Ramashetty
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Mahesh Rajeshekara
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology, Bangalore Medical College and Research Institute, Bangalore, 560002 India
| | - Nagashree Vishwanath
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Anshu Kumar Yadav
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Akila Prashant
- Department of Biochemistry, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru-15, Mysuru, 570015 India
| | - Rajeshwari Lokeshwaraiah
- Department of Physiology, JSS Medical College, JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research, Mysuru, 570015 India
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Huang H, Liao X, Zhang A, Qiu B, Mei F, Liu F, Zeng K, Yang C, Ma H, Ding W, Qi S, Bao Y. Cerebrospinal Fluid from Patients After Craniotomy with the Appearance of Interleukin-6 Storm Can Activate Microglia to Damage the Hypothalamic Neurons in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:2707-2718. [PMID: 37924484 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-023-03693-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
We monitored CSF (cerebrospinal fluid) for Th1/Th2 inflammatory cytokines in a patient with unexplained postoperative disturbance of consciousness after craniotomy and found that the level of IL-6 (interleukin-6) concentrations was extremely high, meeting the traditional criteria for an inflammatory cytokine storm. Subsequently, the cerebrospinal fluid specimens of several patients were tested, and it was found that IL-6 levels were increased in different degrees after craniotomy. Previous studies have focused more on mild and long-term IL-6 elevation, but less on the effects of this short-term IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm. Cerebrospinal fluid rich in IL-6 may play a significant role in patients after craniotomy. The objective is to explore the degree of IL-6 elevation and the incidence of IL-6 inflammatory cytokine storm in patients after craniotomy, as well as the effect of IL-6 elevation on the brain. In this study, the levels and clinical manifestations of inflammatory factors in cerebrospinal fluid after craniotomy were statistically classified, and the underlying mechanisms were discussed preliminarily. CSF specimens of patients after craniotomy were collected, IL-6 level was measured at 1, 5, and 10 days after operation, and cognitive function was analyzed at 1, 10, and 180 days after surgery. Craniotomy mouse model, cerebrospinal fluid of patients with the appearance of IL-6 storm after craniotomy, and IL-6 at the same concentration stimulation model were established. Behavioral tests, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), pathological means, western blot, and ELISA (enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay) were performed for verification. CSF from patients after craniotomy caused disturbance of consciousness in mice, affected neuronal damage in the hypothalamus, activation of microglia in the hypothalamus, and decreased expression of barrier proteins in the hypothalamus and brain. The large amount of interleukin-6 in CSF after craniotomy was found to be mainly derived from astrocytes. The IL-6 level in CSF after craniotomy correlated inversely with patients' performance in MoCA test. High levels of IL-6 in the cerebrospinal fluid derived from astrocytes after craniotomy may lead to disruption of the brain-cerebrospinal fluid barrier, most notably around the hypothalamus, which might result in inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons and impaired cognitive function/more gradual cognitive repairment in patients after craniotomy with the appearance of IL-6 storm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haorun Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Xixian Liao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - An Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Binghui Qiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fen Mei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Kai Zeng
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Chunen Yang
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Haidie Ma
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Wenjie Ding
- The First Clinical College, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
| | - Yun Bao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou City, Guangdong Province, China.
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Mourino N, Zhang Z, Pérez-Ríos M, Yolton K, Lanphear BP, Chen A, Buckley JP, Kalkwarf HJ, Cecil KM, Braun JM. Early life exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke and eating behaviors at age 12 years. Environ Health 2024; 23:37. [PMID: 38609912 PMCID: PMC11015554 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-024-01076-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prenatal or early childhood secondhand tobacco smoke (SHS) exposure increases obesity risk. However, the potential mechanisms underlying this association are unclear, but obesogenic eating behaviors are one pathway that components of SHS could perturb. Our aim was to assess associations of prenatal and early childhood SHS exposure with adolescent eating behaviors. METHODS Data came from a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort (N = 207, Cincinnati, OH). With multiple informant models, we estimated associations of prenatal (mean of 16 and 26 weeks of gestation maternal serum cotinine concentrations) and early childhood cotinine (average concentration across ages 12, 24, 36, and 48 months) with eating behaviors at age 12 years (Child Eating Behaviors Questionnaire). We tested whether associations differed by exposure periods and adolescent's sex. Models adjusted for maternal and child covariates. RESULTS We found no statistically significant associations between cotinine measures and adolescent's eating behaviors. Yet, in females, prenatal cotinine was associated with greater food responsiveness (β: 0.23; 95% CI: 0.08, 0.38) and lower satiety responsiveness (β: -0.14; 95% CI: -0.26, -0.02); in males, prenatal and postnatal cotinine was related to lower food responsiveness (prenatal: β: -0.25; 95% CI: -0.04, -0.06; postnatal: β: -0.36; 95% CI: -0.06, -0.11). No significant effect modification by sex or exposure window was found for other eating behaviors. CONCLUSION Prenatal and early childhood SHS exposures were not related to adolescent's eating behavior in this cohort; however, biological sex may modify these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nerea Mourino
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Zhuoya Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, USA.
| | - Mónica Pérez-Ríos
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Consortium for Biomedical Research in Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
- Health Research Institute of Santiago de Compostela (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jessie P Buckley
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Gillings School of Global Public Health, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Heidi J Kalkwarf
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
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Levine JA. The Fidget Factor and the obesity paradox. How small movements have big impact. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1122938. [PMID: 37077429 PMCID: PMC10106700 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1122938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis is that the Fidget Factor is the innate neurological pulse that propels humans and other species to move to support their health. Fidgets, previously thought to be spontaneous, are neurologically regulated and highly ordered (non-random). Modern societies being chair-based overwhelm Fidget Factor pulses and consequently inflict chair-based living for transportation, labor, and leisure. Despite impulses firing through the nervous system, people sit because environmental design overwhelms the biology. Urbanization and chair-based societies were designed after the industrial revolution to promote productivity; however, the consequence has been opposite. Crushing the natural urge to move—the Fidget Factor—is a public health calamity. Excess sitting is associated with a myriad of detrimental health consequences and impairs productivity. Fidgeting may reduce all-cause mortality associated with excessive sitting. The Fidget Factor offers hope; data demonstrate that workplaces and schools can be designed to promote activity and free people's Fidget Factors. Evidence shows that people are happier, healthier, wealthier, and more successful if their Fidget Factors are freed.
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Acharya KD, Graham M, Raman H, Parakoyi AER, Corcoran A, Belete M, Ramaswamy B, Koul S, Sachar I, Derendorf K, Wilmer JB, Gottipati S, Tetel MJ. Estradiol-mediated protection against high-fat diet induced anxiety and obesity is associated with changes in the gut microbiota in female mice. Sci Rep 2023; 13:4776. [PMID: 36959275 PMCID: PMC10036463 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-31783-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Decreased estrogens during menopause are associated with increased risk of anxiety, depression, type 2 diabetes and obesity. Similarly, depleting estrogens in rodents by ovariectomy, combined with a high-fat diet (HFD), increases anxiety and adiposity. How estrogens and diet interact to affect anxiety and metabolism is poorly understood. Mounting evidence indicates that gut microbiota influence anxiety and metabolism. Here, we investigated the effects of estradiol (E) and HFD on anxiety, metabolism, and their correlation with changes in gut microbiota in female mice. Adult C57BL/6J mice were ovariectomized, implanted with E or vehicle-containing capsules and fed a standard diet or HFD. Anxiety-like behavior was assessed and neuronal activation was measured by c-fos immunoreactivity throughout the brain using iDISCO. HFD increased anxiety-like behavior, while E reduced this HFD-dependent anxiogenic effect. Interestingly, E decreased neuronal activation in brain regions involved in anxiety and metabolism. E treatment also altered gut microbes, a subset of which were associated with anxiety-like behavior. These findings provide insight into gut microbiota-based therapies for anxiety and metabolic disorders associated with declining estrogens in menopausal women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana D Acharya
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Madeline Graham
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Harshini Raman
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | | | - Alexis Corcoran
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Merzu Belete
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Bharath Ramaswamy
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Shashikant Koul
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | | | - Kevin Derendorf
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Jeremy B Wilmer
- Department of Psychology, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA
| | - Srikanth Gottipati
- Otsuka Pharmaceutical Development & Commercialization, Inc., Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - Marc J Tetel
- Neuroscience Department, Wellesley College, Wellesley, MA, 02481, USA.
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Anti-hypothalamus autoantibodies in anorexia nervosa: a possible new mechanism in neuro-physiological derangement? Eat Weight Disord 2022; 27:2481-2496. [PMID: 35297008 PMCID: PMC9556421 DOI: 10.1007/s40519-022-01388-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious and complex mental disorder affecting mainly young adult women. AN patients are characterized by low body weight in combination with self-induced starvation, intense fear of gaining weight, and distortion of body image. AN is a multifactorial disease, linked by recent evidence to a dysregulation of the immune system. METHODS In this pilot study, 22 blood serums from AN patients were tested for the presence of autoantibodies against primate hypothalamic periventricular neurons by immunofluorescence and by a home-made ELISA assay. Cellular fluorescence suggests the presence of autoantibodies which are able to recognize these neurons (both to body cell and fiber levels). By means of ELISA, these autoantibodies are quantitatively evaluated. In addition, orexigenic and anorexigenic molecules were measured by ELISA. As control, 18 blood serums from healthy age matched woman were analysed. RESULTS All AN patients showed a reactivity against hypothalamic neurons both by immunofluorescence and ELISA. In addition, ghrelin, pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC), and agouti-related peptide (AGRP) were significantly higher than in control serums (p < 0.0001). In contrast, leptin was significantly lower in AN patients than controls (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Immunoreaction and ELISA assays on AN blood serum suggest the presence of autoantibodies AN related. However, it is not easy to determine the action of these antibodies in vivo: they could interact with specific ligands expressed by hypothalamic cells preventing their physiological role, however, it is also possible that they could induce an aspecific stimulation in the target cells leading to an increased secretion of anorexigenic molecules. Further studies are needed to fully understand the involvement of the immune system in AN pathogenesis. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE V, descriptive study.
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Ainiwan Y, Chen Y, Mao C, Peng J, Chen S, Wei S, Qi S, Pan J. Adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma cyst fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamic neurons by inducing the production of β-amyloid. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:108. [PMID: 35525962 PMCID: PMC9080190 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02470-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The mechanism by which adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP) damages the hypothalamus is still unclear. Cyst fluid rich in lipids and inflammatory factors is a characteristic pathological manifestation of ACP and may play a very important role in hypothalamic injury caused by tumors. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to construct a reliable animal model of ACP cyst fluid-induced hypothalamic injury and explore the specific mechanism of hypothalamic injury caused by cyst fluid. METHODS An animal model was established by injecting human ACP cyst fluid into the bilateral hypothalamus of mice. ScRNA-seq was performed on the mice hypothalamus and on an ACP sample to obtain a complete gene expression profile for analysis. Data verification was performed through pathological means. RESULTS ACP cystic fluid caused growth retardation and an increased obesity index in mice, affected the expression of the Npy, Fgfr2, Rnpc3, Sst, and Pcsk1n genes that regulate growth and energy metabolism in hypothalamic neurons, and enhanced the cellular interaction of Agrp-Mc3r. ACP cystic fluid significantly caused inflammatory activation of hypothalamic microglia. The cellular interaction of CD74-APP is significantly strengthened between inflammatory activated microglia and hypothalamic neurons. Beta-amyloid, a marker of neurodegenerative diseases, was deposited in the ACP tumor tissues and in the hypothalamus of mice injected with ACP cyst fluid. CONCLUSION In this study, a novel animal model of ACP cystic fluid-hypothalamic injury was established. For the first time, it was found that ACP cystic fluid can trigger inflammatory activation of microglia to damage the hypothalamus, which may be related to the upregulation of the CD74-APP interaction and deposition of β-amyloid, implying that there may be a similar mechanism between ACP cystic fluid damage to the hypothalamus and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilamujiang Ainiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yiguang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Chaofu Mao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Junxiang Peng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Siyuan Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Songtao Qi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jun Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, No. 1838, Guangzhou North Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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Forstenpointner J, Elman I, Freeman R, Borsook D. The Omnipresence of Autonomic Modulation in Health and Disease. Prog Neurobiol 2022; 210:102218. [PMID: 35033599 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2022.102218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
The Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) is a critical part of the homeostatic machinery with both central and peripheral components. However, little is known about the integration of these components and their joint role in the maintenance of health and in allostatic derailments leading to somatic and/or neuropsychiatric (co)morbidity. Based on a comprehensive literature search on the ANS neuroanatomy we dissect the complex integration of the ANS: (1) First we summarize Stress and Homeostatic Equilibrium - elucidating the responsivity of the ANS to stressors; (2) Second we describe the overall process of how the ANS is involved in Adaptation and Maladaptation to Stress; (3) In the third section the ANS is hierarchically partitioned into the peripheral/spinal, brainstem, subcortical and cortical components of the nervous system. We utilize this anatomical basis to define a model of autonomic integration. (4) Finally, we deploy the model to describe human ANS involvement in (a) Hypofunctional and (b) Hyperfunctional states providing examples in the healthy state and in clinical conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Forstenpointner
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division of Neurological Pain Research and Therapy, Department of Neurology, University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Kiel, SH, Germany.
| | - Igor Elman
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Cambridge Health Alliance, Harvard Medical School, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Roy Freeman
- Department of Neurology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David Borsook
- Center for Pain and the Brain, Boston Children's Hospital, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Departments of Psychiatry and Radiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Jašarević E, Hill EM, Kane PJ, Rutt L, Gyles T, Folts L, Rock KD, Howard CD, Morrison KE, Ravel J, Bale TL. The composition of human vaginal microbiota transferred at birth affects offspring health in a mouse model. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6289. [PMID: 34725359 PMCID: PMC8560944 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-26634-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Newborns are colonized by maternal microbiota that is essential for offspring health and development. The composition of these pioneer communities exhibits individual differences, but the importance of this early-life heterogeneity to health outcomes is not understood. Here we validate a human microbiota-associated model in which fetal mice are cesarean delivered and gavaged with defined human vaginal microbial communities. This model replicates the inoculation that occurs during vaginal birth and reveals lasting effects on offspring metabolism, immunity, and the brain in a community-specific manner. This microbial effect is amplified by prior gestation in a maternal obesogenic or vaginal dysbiotic environment where placental and fetal ileum development are altered, and an augmented immune response increases rates of offspring mortality. Collectively, we describe a translationally relevant model to examine the defined role of specific human microbial communities on offspring health outcomes, and demonstrate that the prenatal environment dramatically shapes the postnatal response to inoculation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldin Jašarević
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Hill
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Patrick J Kane
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lindsay Rutt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Trevonn Gyles
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lillian Folts
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kylie D Rock
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Christopher D Howard
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Kathleen E Morrison
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Jacques Ravel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
- Institute for Genome Sciences, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Tracy L Bale
- Center for Epigenetic Research in Child Health and Brain Development, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
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12
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Luo JJ, Wen FJ, Qiu D, Wang SZ. Nesfatin-1 in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 522:23-30. [PMID: 34389280 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nesfatin-1, an anorexic neuropeptide discovered in 2006, is widely distributed in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues. It has been shown to be involved in the regulation of food intake and lipid metabolism, inhibiting fat accumulation, accelerating lipid decomposition, and in general, inhibiting the development of lipid-related diseases, such as obesity and metabolic syndrome. Potential mechanisms of Nesfatin-1 action in lipid metabolism and lipid-related diseases will be discussed as well as its role as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. This review expected to provide a new strategy for the diagnosis and prevention of clinically related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Jing Luo
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Feng-Jiao Wen
- Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Hunan International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Arteriosclerotic Disease, Department of Cell Biology and Geneties, University of South China, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, Hengyang Medical College, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - Dan Qiu
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shu-Zhi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
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13
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Niiranen L, Mäkelä KA, Dona A, Krumsiek J, Karhu T, Mäkinen MJ, Thalmann O, Saarela S, Herzig KH. Seasonal Regulation of Metabolism: The Effect of Wintertime Fasting and Autumnal Fattening on Key Central Regulators of Metabolism and the Metabolic Profile of the Raccoon Dog ( Nyctereutes Procyonoides). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094965. [PMID: 34067001 PMCID: PMC8125260 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Investigations into the mechanisms regulating obesity are frantic and novel translational approaches are needed. The raccoon dog (Nyctereutes procyonoides) is a canid species representing a promising model to study metabolic regulation in a species undergoing cycles of seasonal obesity and fasting. To understand the molecular mechanisms of metabolic regulation in seasonal adaptation, we analyzed key central nervous system and peripheral signals regulating food intake and metabolism from raccoon dogs after autumnal fattening and winter fasting. Expressions of neuropeptide Y (NPY), orexin-2 receptor (OX2R), pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and leptin receptor (ObRb) were analyzed as examples of orexigenic and anorexigenic signals using qRT-PCR from raccoon dog hypothalamus samples. Plasma metabolic profiles were measured with 1H NMR-spectroscopy and LC-MS. Circulating hormones and cytokines were determined with canine specific antibody assays. Surprisingly, NPY and POMC were not affected by the winter fasting nor autumn fattening and the metabolic profiles showed a remarkable equilibrium, indicating conserved homeostasis. However, OX2R and ObRb expression changes suggested seasonal regulation. Circulating cytokine levels were not increased, demonstrating that the autumn fattening did not induce subacute inflammation. Thus, the raccoon dog developed seasonal regulatory mechanisms to accommodate the autumnal fattening and prolonged fasting making the species unique in coping with the extreme environmental challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Niiranen
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Kari A. Mäkelä
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Anthony Dona
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia;
| | - Jan Krumsiek
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Englander Institute for Precision Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA;
| | - Toni Karhu
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
| | - Markus J. Mäkinen
- Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit, Department of Pathology, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
- Medical Research Center Oulu, P.O Box 8000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland
| | - Olaf Thalmann
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
| | - Seppo Saarela
- Ecology and Genetics Research Unit, Faculty of Science, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 3000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland;
| | - Karl-Heinz Herzig
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, P.O. Box 5000, FIN-90014 Oulu, Finland; (L.N.); (K.A.M.); (T.K.); (O.T.)
- Institute of Pediatrics, Poznań University of Medical Sciences, 60-572 Poznań, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +358-29-448-5280
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14
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Santos LS, Matos RJB, Cordeiro GS, Perez GS, Santo DAE, Silva RT, Gonçalves MS, Boaventura GT, Deiró TCBJ, Barreto-Medeiros JM. Perinatal exposure to a high-fat diet alters proopiomelanocortin, neuropeptide Y and dopaminergic receptors gene expression and the food preference in offspring adult rats. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 82:e234855. [PMID: 33729380 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.234855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to the hight-fat diet may alter the control of food intake promoting hyperphagia and obesity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of this diet on dopamine receptors (drd1 and drd2), proopiomelanocortin (pomc), neuropeptideY (npy) genes expression, and preference food in adult rats. Wistar female rats were fed a hight-fat or control diet during pregnancy and lactation. The offspring were allocated into groups: Lactation - Control (C) and High-fat (H). Post-weaning - Control Control (CC), offspring of mothers C, fed a control diet after weaning; Control Hight-fat (CH), offspring of mothers C, fed a hight-fat diet after weaning; Hight-fat Control (HC), offspring of mothers H, fed with control diet after weaning; and Hight-fat Hight-fat (HH), offspring of mothers H, fed a H diet after weaning. The groups CH and HH presented greater expression of drd1 in comparison to the CC. The drd2 of CH and HC presented higher gene expression than did CC. HH presented higher pomc expression in comparison to the other groups. HC also presented greater expression in comparison to CH. The npy of HH presented greater expression in relation to CH and HC. HH and HC have had a higher preference for a high-fat diet at 102º life's day. The high-fat diet altered the gene expression of the drd1, drd2, pomc and npy, and influencing the food preference for high-fat diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Santos
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - R J B Matos
- Universidade Federal de Pernambuco - UFPE, Centro Acadêmico de Vitória de Santo Antão, Núcleo de Educação Física e Ciências do Esporte, Recife, PE, Brasil
| | - G S Cordeiro
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - G S Perez
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - D A E Santo
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - R T Silva
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - M S Gonçalves
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - G T Boaventura
- Universidade Federal Fluminense - UFF, Departamento de Nutrição e Dietética, Niterói, RJ, Brasil
| | - T C B J Deiró
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
| | - J M Barreto-Medeiros
- Universidade Federal da Bahia - UFBA, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Alimentos, Nutrição e Saúde, Salvador, BA, Brasil
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15
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Van Drunen R, Eckel-Mahan K. Circadian Rhythms of the Hypothalamus: From Function to Physiology. Clocks Sleep 2021; 3:189-226. [PMID: 33668705 PMCID: PMC7931002 DOI: 10.3390/clockssleep3010012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The nearly ubiquitous expression of endogenous 24 h oscillations known as circadian rhythms regulate the timing of physiological functions in the body. These intrinsic rhythms are sensitive to external cues, known as zeitgebers, which entrain the internal biological processes to the daily environmental changes in light, temperature, and food availability. Light directly entrains the master clock, the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) which lies in the hypothalamus of the brain and is responsible for synchronizing internal rhythms. However, recent evidence underscores the importance of other hypothalamic nuclei in regulating several essential rhythmic biological functions. These extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei also express circadian rhythms, suggesting distinct regions that oscillate either semi-autonomously or independent of SCN innervation. Concurrently, the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei are also sensitized to fluctuations in nutrient and hormonal signals. Thus, food intake acts as another powerful entrainer for the hypothalamic oscillators' mediation of energy homeostasis. Ablation studies and genetic mouse models with perturbed extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei function reveal their critical downstream involvement in an array of functions including metabolism, thermogenesis, food consumption, thirst, mood and sleep. Large epidemiological studies of individuals whose internal circadian cycle is chronically disrupted reveal that disruption of our internal clock is associated with an increased risk of obesity and several neurological diseases and disorders. In this review, we discuss the profound role of the extra-SCN hypothalamic nuclei in rhythmically regulating and coordinating body wide functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Van Drunen
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Kristin Eckel-Mahan
- MD Anderson UTHealth School Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Houston TX 77030, USA;
- Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine University of Texas McGovern Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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16
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Abstract
Twenty-two years after their discovery, the hypocretins (Hcrts), also known as orexins, are two of the most studied peptidergic systems, involved in myriad physiological systems that range from sleep, arousal, motivation, homeostatic regulation, fear, anxiety and learning. A causal relationship between activity of Hcrt and arousal stability was established shortly after their discovery and have led to the development of a new class of drugs to treat insomnia. In this review we discuss the many faces of the Hcrt system and examine recent findings that implicate decreased Hcrt function in the pathogenesis of a number of neuropsychiatric conditions. We also discuss future therapeutic strategies to replace or enhance Hcrt function as a treatment option for these neuropsychiatric conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erica Seigneur
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
| | - Luis de Lecea
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA
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17
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Gurunathan S, Kang MH, Kim JH. Role and Therapeutic Potential of Melatonin in the Central Nervous System and Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061567. [PMID: 32545820 PMCID: PMC7352348 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Melatonin (MLT) is a powerful chronobiotic hormone that controls a multitude of circadian rhythms at several levels and, in recent times, has garnered considerable attention both from academia and industry. In several studies, MLT has been discussed as a potent neuroprotectant, anti-apoptotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidative agent with no serious undesired side effects. These characteristics raise hopes that it could be used in humans for central nervous system (CNS)-related disorders. MLT is mainly secreted in the mammalian pineal gland during the dark phase, and it is associated with circadian rhythms. However, the production of MLT is not only restricted to the pineal gland; it also occurs in the retina, Harderian glands, gut, ovary, testes, bone marrow, and lens. Although most studies are limited to investigating the role of MLT in the CNS and related disorders, we explored a considerable amount of the existing literature. The objectives of this comprehensive review were to evaluate the impact of MLT on the CNS from the published literature, specifically to address the biological functions and potential mechanism of action of MLT in the CNS. We document the effectiveness of MLT in various animal models of brain injury and its curative effects in humans. Furthermore, this review discusses the synthesis, biology, function, and role of MLT in brain damage, and as a neuroprotective, antioxidative, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer agent through a collection of experimental evidence. Finally, it focuses on the effect of MLT on several neurological diseases, particularly CNS-related injuries.
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18
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Ghule A, Rácz I, Bilkei-Gorzo A, Leidmaa E, Sieburg M, Zimmer A. Modulation of feeding behavior and metabolism by dynorphin. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3821. [PMID: 32123224 PMCID: PMC7052232 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60518-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The neuronal regulation of metabolic and behavioral responses to different diets and feeding regimens is an important research area. Herein, we investigated if the opioid peptide dynorphin modulates feeding behavior and metabolism. Mice lacking dynorphin peptides (KO) were exposed to either a normal diet (ND) or a high-fat diet (HFD) for a period of 12 weeks. Additionally, mice had either time-restricted (TR) or ad libitum (AL) access to food. Body weight, food intake and blood glucose levels were monitored throughout the 12-week feeding schedule. Brain samples were analyzed by immunohistochemistry to detect changes in the expression levels of hypothalamic peptides. As expected, animals on HFD or having AL access to food gained more weight than mice on ND or having TR access. Unexpectedly, KO females on TR HFD as well as KO males on AL ND or AL HFD demonstrated a significantly increased body weight gain compared to the respective WT groups. The calorie intake differed only marginally between the genotypes: a significant difference was present in the female ND AL group, where dynorphin KO mice ate more than WT mice. Although female KO mice on a TR feeding regimen consumed a similar amount of food as WT controls, they displayed significantly higher levels of blood glucose. We observed significantly reduced levels of hypothalamic orexigenic peptides neuropeptide Y (NPY) and orexin-A in KO mice. This decrease became particularly pronounced in the HFD groups and under AL condition. The kappa opiod receptor (KOR) levels were higher after HFD compared to ND feeding in the ventral pallidum of WT mice. We hypothesize that HFD enhances dynorphin signaling in this hedonic center to maintain energy homeostasis, therefore KO mice have a more pronounced phenotype in the HFD condition due to the lack of it. Our data suggest that dynorphin modulates metabolic changes associated with TR feeding regimen and HFD consumption. We conclude that the lack of dynorphin causes uncoupling between energy intake and body weight gain in mice; KO mice maintained on HFD become overweight despite their normal food intake. Thus, using kappa opioid receptor agonists against obesity could be considered as a potential treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Ghule
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ildiko Rácz
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases & Geriatric Psychiatry University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andras Bilkei-Gorzo
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.
| | - Este Leidmaa
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
| | - Meike Sieburg
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany.,Aarhus University, Department of Biomedicine/DANDRITE Capogna group, Ole Worms Alé 6, 8000, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Zimmer
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, University of Bonn, Medical Faculty, Venusberg-Campus 1, 53127, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Liu Y, Yu J, Shi YC, Zhang Y, Lin S. The role of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress in obesity-related cognitive impairment. Life Sci 2019; 233:116707. [PMID: 31374234 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.116707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The epidemiological investigations and animal model experiments have confirmed the impact of obesity on the brain, behavior, and cognition. However, the mechanism by which obesity affects cognitive function is not fully understood. With the development of an aging society, there is an increase in the economic and social burden caused by the decline in cognitive function. This manuscript reviews the effects of inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) on the hypothalamus, hippocampus, and the possible impact on cognitive impairment. These findings provide new insights into the pathophysiological mechanisms that lead to the development of cognitive impairment in the context of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilan Liu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Jing Yu
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China
| | - Yan-Chuan Shi
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Quanzhou First Hospital, Fujian Medical University, China.
| | - Shu Lin
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), China; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong 2522, Australia.
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20
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Adeboye OO. Nonpain Symptom Management. Prim Care 2019; 46:335-351. [PMID: 31375185 DOI: 10.1016/j.pop.2019.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The burden of nonpain symptoms such as anorexia, constipation, nausea, and vomiting contribute to patient suffering throughout the course of advanced illness. It is important to address symptom control throughout the disease trajectory, and especially at the end of life. Primary care clinicians must recognize these symptoms early, provide ongoing assessment, and keep abreast of evidence-based management strategies, including valid clinical protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olumuyiwa O Adeboye
- Palliative Care, Ascension Wisconsin, Ascension St. Elizabeth Hospital Campus, 1611 South Madison Street, Office 1A005, Appleton, WI 54915, USA.
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21
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Al-Zubaidi A, Heldmann M, Mertins A, Brabant G, Nolde JM, Jauch-Chara K, Münte TF. Impact of Hunger, Satiety, and Oral Glucose on the Association Between Insulin and Resting-State Human Brain Activity. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:162. [PMID: 31178708 PMCID: PMC6544009 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
To study the interplay of metabolic state (hungry vs. satiated) and glucose administration (including hormonal modulation) on brain function, resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and blood samples were obtained in 24 healthy normal-weight men in a repeated measurement design. Participants were measured twice: once after a 36 h fast (except water) and once under satiation (three meals/day for 36 h). During each session, rs-fMRI and hormone concentrations were recorded before and after a 75 g oral dose of glucose. We calculated the amplitude map from blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signals by using the fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuation (fALFF) approach for each volunteer per condition. Using multiple linear regression analysis (MLRA) the interdependence of brain activity, plasma insulin and blood glucose was investigated. We observed a modulatory impact of fasting state on intrinsic brain activity in the posterior cingulate cortex (PCC). Strikingly, differences in plasma insulin levels between hunger and satiety states after glucose administration at the time of the scan were negatively related to brain activity in the posterior insula and superior frontal gyrus (SFG), while plasma glucose levels were positively associated with activity changes in the fusiform gyrus. Furthermore, we could show that changes in plasma insulin enhanced the connectivity between the posterior insula and SFG. Our results indicate that hormonal signals like insulin alleviate an acute hemostatic energy deficit by modifying the homeostatic and frontal circuitry of the human brain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus Heldmann
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Alfred Mertins
- Institute for Signal Processing, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Georg Brabant
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
| | | | - Kamila Jauch-Chara
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Christian-Albrechts-University, Kiel, Germany
| | - Thomas F. Münte
- Department of Neurology, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
- Institute of Psychology II, University of Lübeck, Lübeck, Germany
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22
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Cakir I, Diaz-Martinez M, Lining Pan P, Welch EB, Patel S, Ghamari-Langroudi M. Leptin Receptor Signaling in Sim1-Expressing Neurons Regulates Body Temperature and Adaptive Thermogenesis. Endocrinology 2019; 160:863-879. [PMID: 30802281 PMCID: PMC6435012 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Leptin signals to regulate food intake and energy expenditure under conditions of normative energy homeostasis. The central expression and function of leptin receptor B (LepRb) have been extensively studied during the past two decades; however, the mechanisms by which LepRb signaling dysregulation contributes to the pathophysiology of obesity remains unclear. The paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) plays a crucial role in regulating energy balance as well as the neuroendocrine axes. The role of LepRb expression in the PVN in regard to the regulation of physiological function of leptin has been controversial. The single-minded homolog 1 gene (Sim1) is densely expressed in the PVN and in parts of the amygdala, making Sim1-Cre mice a useful model for examining molecular mechanisms regulating PVN function. In this study, we characterized the physiological role of LepRb in Sim1-expressing neurons using LepRb-floxed × Sim1-Cre mice. Sim1-specific LepRb-deficient mice were surprisingly hypophagic on regular chow but gained more weight upon exposure to a high-fat diet than did their control littermates. We show that Sim1-specific deletion of a single LepRb gene copy caused decreased surface and core body temperatures as well as decreased energy expenditure in ambient room temperatures in both female and male mice. Furthermore, cold-induced adaptive (nonshivering) thermogenesis is disrupted in homozygous knockout mice. A defective thermoregulatory response was associated with defective cold-induced upregulation of uncoupling protein 1 in brown adipose tissue and reduced serum T4. Our study provides novel functional evidence supporting LepRb signaling in Sim1 neurons in the regulation of body weight, core body temperature, and cold-induced adaptive thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isin Cakir
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Myriam Diaz-Martinez
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | | | - E Brian Welch
- Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Sachin Patel
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
| | - Masoud Ghamari-Langroudi
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee
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23
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Chapelot D, Charlot K. Physiology of energy homeostasis: Models, actors, challenges and the glucoadipostatic loop. Metabolism 2019; 92:11-25. [PMID: 30500561 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2018.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this review is to discuss the physiology of energy homeostasis (EH), which is a debated concept. Thus, we will see that the set-point theory is highly challenged and that other models integrating an anticipative component, such as energy allostasis, seem more relevant to experimental reports and life preservation. Moreover, the current obesity epidemic suggests that EH is poorly efficient in the modern human dietary environment. Non-homeostatic phenomena linked to hedonism and reward seem to profoundly impair EH. In this review, the apparent failed homeostatic responses to energy challenges such as exercise, cafeteria diet, overfeeding and diet-induced weight loss, as well as their putative determinants, are analyzed to highlight the mechanisms of EH. Then, the hormonal, neuronal, and metabolic factors of energy intake or energy expenditure are briefly presented. Last, this review focuses on the contributions of two of the most pivotal and often overlooked determinants of EH: the availability of endogenous energy and the pattern of energy intake. A glucoadipostatic loop model is finally proposed to link energy stored in adipose tissue to EH through changes in eating behavior via leptin and sympathetic nervous system activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier Chapelot
- Université Paris 13, Centre de Recherche en Epidémiologie et Statistique, Equipe de Recherche en Epidémiologie Nutritionnelle (EREN), Inserm (U1153), Inra (U1125), Cnam, Bobigny, France.
| | - Keyne Charlot
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, Unité de Physiologie des Exercices et Activités en Conditions Extrêmes, Département Environnements Opérationnels, Brétigny-sur-Orge, France
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24
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Kinyua AW, Ko CM, Doan KV, Yang DJ, Huynh MKQ, Moh SH, Choi YH, Kim KW. 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid regulates orexigenic peptides and hepatic glucose homeostasis through phosphorylation of FoxO1. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e437. [PMID: 29391540 PMCID: PMC5903816 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2017] [Revised: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid, FA) is known to have numerous beneficial health effects, including anti-obesity and anti-hyperglycemic properties. However, the molecular networks that modulate the beneficial FA-induced metabolic effects have not been well elucidated. In this study, we explored the molecular mechanisms mediating the beneficial metabolic effects of FA. In mice, FA protected against high-fat diet-induced weight gain, reduced food intake and exhibited an overall improved metabolic phenotype. The food intake suppression by FA was accompanied by a specific reduction in hypothalamic orexigenic neuropeptides, including agouti-related protein and neuropeptide Y, with no significant changes in the anorexigenic peptides pro-opiomelanocortin and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript. FA treatment also inhibited fat accumulation in the liver and white adipose tissue and suppressed the expression of gluconeogenic genes, including phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase and glucose-6-phosphatase. Furthermore, we show that FA phosphorylated and inactivated the transcription factor FoxO1, which positively regulates the expression of gluconeogenic and orexigenic genes, providing evidence that FA might exert its beneficial metabolic effects through inhibition of FoxO1 function in the periphery and the hypothalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann W Kinyua
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang Mann Ko
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Khanh V Doan
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Joo Yang
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - My Khanh Q Huynh
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Moh
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co. Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Hee Choi
- Anti-aging Research Institute of BIO-FD&C Co. Ltd., Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Departments of Pharmacology and Global Medical Science, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
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25
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Abstract
The obesity epidemic continues to escalate each year in the United States more than anywhere else in the world. The existing pharmaceutical and other nonsurgical treatments for morbid obesity produce suboptimal physiologic outcomes compared with those of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery. RYGB has been the gold standard of bariatric surgery because the beneficial long-term outcomes, which include sustainable weight loss and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) resolution, are far superior to those obtained with other bariatric surgeries. However, the current understanding of RYGB's mechanisms of actions remains limited and incomplete. There is an urgent need to understand these mechanisms as gaining this knowledge may lead to the development of innovative and less invasive procedures and/or medical devices, which can mirror the favorable outcomes of RYGB surgery. In this review, we highlight current observations of the metabolic and physiologic events following RYGB, with a particular focus on the role of the anatomical reconfiguration of the gastrointestinal tract after RYGB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin L Yarmush
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Matthew D'Alessandro
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
| | - Nima Saeidi
- Center for Engineering in Medicine, Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, and Shriners Burn Hospital for Children, Boston, Massachusetts 02114;
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26
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van der Meer TP, Artacho-Cordón F, Swaab DF, Struik D, Makris KC, Wolffenbuttel BHR, Frederiksen H, van Vliet-Ostaptchouk JV. Distribution of Non-Persistent Endocrine Disruptors in Two Different Regions of the Human Brain. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14091059. [PMID: 28902174 PMCID: PMC5615596 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14091059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Non-persistent endocrine disrupting chemicals (npEDCs) can affect multiple organs and systems in the body. Whether npEDCs can accumulate in the human brain is largely unknown. The major aim of this pilot study was to examine the presence of environmental phenols and parabens in two distinct brain regions: the hypothalamus and white-matter tissue. In addition, a potential association between these npEDCs concentrations and obesity was investigated. Post-mortem brain material was obtained from 24 individuals, made up of 12 obese and 12 normal-weight subjects (defined as body mass index (BMI) > 30 and BMI < 25 kg/m², respectively). Nine phenols and seven parabens were measured by isotope dilution TurboFlow-LC-MS/MS. In the hypothalamus, seven suspect npEDCs (bisphenol A, triclosan, triclocarban and methyl-, ethyl-, n-propyl-, and benzyl paraben) were detected, while five npEDCs (bisphenol A, benzophenone-3, triclocarban, methyl-, and n-propyl paraben) were found in the white-matter brain tissue. We observed higher levels of methylparaben (MeP) in the hypothalamic tissue of obese subjects as compared to controls (p = 0.008). Our findings indicate that some suspected npEDCs are able to cross the blood-brain barrier. Whether the presence of npEDCs can adversely affect brain function and to which extent the detected concentrations are physiologically relevant needs to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P van der Meer
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | | | - Dick F Swaab
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, an Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, 1105 BA Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Dicky Struik
- Section of Molecular Metabolism and Nutrition, Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Konstantinos C Makris
- Cyprus International Institute for Environmental and Public Health, Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol 3041, Cyprus.
| | - Bruce H R Wolffenbuttel
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hanne Frederiksen
- Department of Growth and Reproduction, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Jana V van Vliet-Ostaptchouk
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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27
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McIsaac W, Ferguson AV. Glucose concentrations modulate brain-derived neurotrophic factor responsiveness of neurones in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. J Neuroendocrinol 2017; 29. [PMID: 28258626 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Revised: 02/07/2017] [Accepted: 02/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN) is critical for normal energy balance and has been shown to contain high levels of both brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and tropomyosin-receptor kinase B mRNA. Microinjections of BDNF into the PVN increase energy expenditure, suggesting that BDNF plays an important role in energy homeostasis through direct actions in this nucleus. The present study aimed to examine the postsynaptic effects of BDNF on the membrane potential of PVN neurones, and also to determine whether extracellular glucose concentrations modulated these effects. We used hypothalamic PVN slices from male Sprague-Dawley rats to perform whole cell current-clamp recordings from PVN neurones. BDNF was bath applied at a concentration of 2 nmol L-1 and the effects on membrane potential determined. BDNF caused depolarisations in 54% of neurones (n=25; mean±SEM, 8.9±1.2 mV) and hyperpolarisations in 23% (n=11; -6.7±1.4 mV), whereas the remaining cells were unaffected. These effects were maintained in the presence of tetrodotoxin (n=9; 56% depolarised, 22% hyperpolarised, 22% nonresponders), or the GABAa antagonist bicuculline (n=12; 42% depolarised, 17% hyperpolarised, 41% nonresponders), supporting the conclusion that these effects on membrane potential were postsynaptic. Current-clamp recordings from PVN neurones next examined the effects of BDNF on these neurones at varying extracellular glucose concentrations. Larger proportions of PVN neurones hyperpolarised in response to BDNF as the glucose concentrations decreased [10 mmol L-1 glucose 23% (n=11) of neurones hyperpolarised, whereas, at 0.2 mmol L-1 glucose, 71% showed hyperpolarising effects (n=12)]. Our findings reveal that BDNF has direct GABAA independent effects on PVN neurones, which are modulated by local glucose concentrations. The latter observation further emphasises the critical importance of using physiologically relevant conditions in an investigation of the central pathways involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- W McIsaac
- Centre for Neuroscience, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
| | - A V Ferguson
- Centre for Neuroscience, Queens University, Kingston, ON, Canada
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28
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Novo AM, Batista S. Multiple Sclerosis: Implications of Obesity in Neuroinflammation. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2017; 19:191-210. [PMID: 28933066 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-63260-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Since the discovery of the remarkable properties of adipose tissue as a metabolically active organ, several evidences on the possible link between obesity and the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) have been gathered. Obesity in early life, mainly during adolescence, has been proposed as a relevant risk factor for late MS development. Moreover, once MS is initiated, obesity can contribute to increase disease severity by negatively influencing disease progress. Despite the fact that clinical data are not yet conclusive, many biochemical links have been recently disclosed. The "low-grade inflammation" that characterizes obesity can lead to neuroinflammation through different mechanisms, including choroid plexus and blood-brain barrier disruption. Furthermore, it is well known that resident immune cells of central nervous system and peripheral immune cells are involved in the pathogenesis of MS, and adipokines and neuropeptides such as neuropeptide Y may mediate the cross talk between them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Margarida Novo
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Sónia Batista
- Neurology Department, Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal. .,CNC-Center for Neuroscience and Cell Biology, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal.
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29
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Harrell CS, Gillespie CF, Neigh GN. Energetic stress: The reciprocal relationship between energy availability and the stress response. Physiol Behav 2016; 166:43-55. [PMID: 26454211 PMCID: PMC4826641 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide epidemic of metabolic syndromes and the recognized burden of mental health disorders have driven increased research into the relationship between the two. A maladaptive stress response is implicated in both mental health disorders and metabolic disorders, implicating the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis as a key mediator of this relationship. This review explores how an altered energetic state, such as hyper- or hypoglycemia, as may be manifested in obesity or diabetes, affects the stress response and the HPA axis in particular. We propose that changes in energetic state or energetic demands can result in "energetic stress" that can, if prolonged, lead to a dysfunctional stress response. In this review, we summarize the role of the hypothalamus in modulating energy homeostasis and then briefly discuss the relationship between metabolism and stress-induced activation of the HPA axis. Next, we examine seven mechanisms whereby energetic stress interacts with neuroendocrine stress response systems, including by glucocorticoid signaling both within and beyond the HPA axis; by nutrient-induced changes in glucocorticoid signaling; by impacting the sympathetic nervous system; through changes in other neuroendocrine factors; by inducing inflammatory changes; and by altering the gut-brain axis. Recognizing these effects of energetic stress can drive novel therapies and prevention strategies for mental health disorders, including dietary intervention, probiotics, and even fecal transplant.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Harrell
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - C F Gillespie
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - G N Neigh
- Department of Physiology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA;; Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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30
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Briski KP, Shrestha PK. Hindbrain estrogen receptor-beta antagonism normalizes reproductive and counter-regulatory hormone secretion in hypoglycemic steroid-primed ovariectomized female rats. Neuroscience 2016; 331:62-71. [PMID: 27316550 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.06.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Hindbrain dorsal vagal complex A2 noradrenergic signaling represses the pre-ovulatory luteinizing hormone (LH) surge in response to energy deficiency. Insulin-induced hypoglycemia augments A2 neuron adenosine 5'-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activity and estrogen receptor-beta (ERβ) expression, coincident with LH surge suppression. We hypothesized that ERβ is critical for hypoglycemia-associated patterns of LH secretion and norepinephrine (NE) activity in key reproduction-relevant forebrain structures. The neural mechanisms responsible for tight coupling of systemic energy balance and procreation remain unclear; here, we investigated whether ERβ-dependent hindbrain signals also control glucose counter-regulatory responses to hypoglycemia. Gonadal steroid-primed ovariectomized female rats were pretreated by caudal fourth ventricular administration of the ERβ antagonist 4-[2-phenyl-5,7-bis(trifluoromethyl)pyrazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-3-yl]phenol (PHTPP) or vehicle before insulin injection at LH surge onset. Western blot analysis of laser-microdissected A2 neurons revealed hypoglycemic intensification of AMPK activity and dopamine-β-hydroxylase protein expression; the latter response was attenuated by PHTPP pretreatment. PHTPP regularized LH release, but not preoptic GnRH-I precursor protein expression in insulin-injected rats, and reversed hypoglycemic stimulation of glucagon and corticosterone secretion. Hypoglycemia caused PHTPP-reversible changes in NE and prepro-kisspeptin protein content in the hypothalamic arcuate (ARH), but not anteroventral periventricular nucleus. Results provide novel evidence for ERβ-dependent caudal hindbrain regulation of LH and counter-regulatory hormone secretion during hypoglycemia. Observed inhibition of LH likely involves mechanisms at the axon terminal that impede GnRH neurotransmission. Data also show that caudal hindbrain ERβ exerts site-specific control of NE activity in forebrain projection sites during hypoglycemia, including the ARH where prepro-kisspeptin may be a target of that signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen P Briski
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71291, United States.
| | - Prem K Shrestha
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, LA 71291, United States
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31
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Abstract
UNLABELLED In mammals, daily changes in body temperature (Tb) depend on the integrity of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Fasting influences the Tb in the resting period and the presence of the SCN is essential for this process. However, the origin of this circadian/metabolic influence is unknown. We hypothesized that, not only the SCN but also the arcuate nucleus (ARC), are involved in the Tb setting through afferents to the thermoregulatory median preoptic nucleus (MnPO). Therefore, we investigated by neuronal tracing and microdialysis experiments the possible targeting of the MnPO by the SCN and the ARC in male Wistar rats. We observed that vasopressin release from the SCN decreases the temperature just before light onset, whereas α-melanocyte stimulating hormone release, especially at the end of the dark period, maintains high temperature. Both peptides have opposite effects on the brown adipose tissue activity through thermoregulatory nuclei such as the dorsomedial nucleus of the hypothalamus and the dorsal raphe nucleus. The present study indicates that the coordination between circadian and metabolic signaling within the hypothalamus is essential for an adequate temperature control. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT When circadian and metabolic systems are not well synchronized, individuals may develop metabolic diseases. The underlying mechanisms are unknown. Here, we demonstrate that the balance between the releases of neuropeptides derived from the biological clock and from a metabolic sensory organ as the arcuate nucleus, are essential for an adequate temperature control. These observations show that brain areas involved in circadian and metabolic functions of the body need to interact to produce a coherent arrangement of physiological processes associated with temperature control.
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32
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Wright H, Li X, Fallon NB, Crookall R, Giesbrecht T, Thomas A, Halford JCG, Harrold J, Stancak A. Differential effects of hunger and satiety on insular cortex and hypothalamic functional connectivity. Eur J Neurosci 2016; 43:1181-9. [PMID: 26790868 PMCID: PMC4982083 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The insula cortex and hypothalamus are implicated in eating behaviour, and contain receptor sites for peptides and hormones controlling energy balance. The insula encompasses multi‐functional subregions, which display differential anatomical and functional connectivities with the rest of the brain. This study aimed to analyse the effect of fasting and satiation on the functional connectivity profiles of left and right anterior, middle, and posterior insula, and left and right hypothalamus. It was hypothesized that the profiles would be altered alongside changes in homeostatic energy balance. Nineteen healthy participants underwent two 7‐min resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans, one when fasted and one when satiated. Functional connectivity between the left posterior insula and cerebellum/superior frontal gyrus, and between left hypothalamus and inferior frontal gyrus was stronger during fasting. Functional connectivity between the right middle insula and default mode structures (left and right posterior parietal cortex, cingulate cortex), and between right hypothalamus and superior parietal cortex was stronger during satiation. Differences in blood glucose levels between the scans accounted for several of the altered functional connectivities. The insula and hypothalamus appear to form a homeostatic energy balance network related to cognitive control of eating; prompting eating and preventing overeating when energy is depleted, and ending feeding or transferring attention away from food upon satiation. This study provides evidence of a lateralized dissociation of neural responses to energy modulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Wright
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Xiaoyun Li
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Nicholas B Fallon
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Rebecca Crookall
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | | | | | - Jason C G Halford
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Joanne Harrold
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
| | - Andrej Stancak
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Eleanor Rathbone Building, Bedford Street South, Liverpool, L69 7ZA, UK
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33
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Chaker Z, George C, Petrovska M, Caron JB, Lacube P, Caillé I, Holzenberger M. Hypothalamic neurogenesis persists in the aging brain and is controlled by energy-sensing IGF-I pathway. Neurobiol Aging 2016; 41:64-72. [PMID: 27103519 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Revised: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Hypothalamic tanycytes are specialized glial cells lining the third ventricle. They are recently identified as adult stem and/or progenitor cells, able to self-renew and give rise to new neurons postnatally. However, the long-term neurogenic potential of tanycytes and the pathways regulating lifelong cell replacement in the adult hypothalamus are largely unexplored. Using inducible nestin-CreER(T2) for conditional mutagenesis, we performed lineage tracing of adult hypothalamic stem and/or progenitor cells (HySC) and demonstrated that new neurons continue to be born throughout adult life. This neurogenesis was targeted to numerous hypothalamic nuclei and produced different types of neurons in the dorsal periventricular regions. Some adult-born neurons integrated the median eminence and arcuate nucleus during aging and produced growth hormone releasing hormone. We showed that adult hypothalamic neurogenesis was tightly controlled by insulin-like growth factors (IGF). Knockout of IGF-1 receptor from hypothalamic stem and/or progenitor cells increased neuronal production and enhanced α-tanycyte self-renewal, preserving this stem cell-like population from age-related attrition. Our data indicate that adult hypothalamus retains the capacity of cell renewal, and thus, a substantial degree of structural plasticity throughout lifespan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zayna Chaker
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche UMR938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Caroline George
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche UMR938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Marija Petrovska
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | | | - Philippe Lacube
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche UMR938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Caillé
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France; IBPS, Team Development and Plasticity of Neural Networks, CNRS UMR8246, INSERM U1130, Paris, France
| | - Martin Holzenberger
- INSERM, Centre de Recherche UMR938, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, Paris, France; Sorbonne Universités, UPMC - Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France.
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34
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Interacting Neural Processes of Feeding, Hyperactivity, Stress, Reward, and the Utility of the Activity-Based Anorexia Model of Anorexia Nervosa. Harv Rev Psychiatry 2016; 24:416-436. [PMID: 27824637 PMCID: PMC5485261 DOI: 10.1097/hrp.0000000000000111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric illness with minimal effective treatments and a very high rate of mortality. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of the disease is imperative for improving outcomes and can be aided by the study of animal models. The activity-based anorexia rodent model (ABA) is the current best parallel for the study of AN. This review describes the basic neurobiology of feeding and hyperactivity seen in both ABA and AN, and compiles the research on the role that stress-response and reward pathways play in modulating the homeostatic drive to eat and to expend energy, which become dysfunctional in ABA and AN.
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Three-dimensional visualization of the distribution of melanin-concentrating hormone producing neurons in the mouse hypothalamus. J Chem Neuroanat 2016; 71:20-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2015.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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McMillin M, Frampton G, Quinn M, Divan A, Grant S, Patel N, Newell-Rogers K, DeMorrow S. Suppression of the HPA Axis During Cholestasis Can Be Attributed to Hypothalamic Bile Acid Signaling. Mol Endocrinol 2015; 29:1720-30. [PMID: 26431088 DOI: 10.1210/me.2015-1087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Suppression of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis has been shown to occur during cholestatic liver injury. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that in a model of cholestasis, serum bile acids gain entry into the brain via a leaky blood brain barrier and that hypothalamic bile acid content is increased. Therefore, the aim of the current study was to determine the effects of bile acid signaling on the HPA axis. The data presented show that HPA axis suppression during cholestatic liver injury, specifically circulating corticosterone levels and hypothalamic corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH) expression, can be attenuated by administration of the bile acid sequestrant cholestyramine. Secondly, treatment of hypothalamic neurons with various bile acids suppressed CRH expression and secretion in vitro. However, in vivo HPA axis suppression was only evident after the central injection of the bile acids taurocholic acid or glycochenodeoxycholic acid but not the other bile acids studied. Furthermore, we demonstrate that taurocholic acid and glycochenodeoxycholic acid are exerting their effects on hypothalamic CRH expression after their uptake through the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter and subsequent activation of the glucocorticoid receptor. Taken together with previous studies, our data support the hypothesis that during cholestatic liver injury, bile acids gain entry into the brain, are transported into neurons through the apical sodium-dependent bile acid transporter and can activate the glucocorticoid receptor to suppress the HPA axis. These data also lend themselves to the broader hypothesis that bile acids may act as central modulators of hypothalamic peptides that may be altered during liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew McMillin
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Gabriel Frampton
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Matthew Quinn
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Ali Divan
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Stephanie Grant
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Nisha Patel
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Karen Newell-Rogers
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
| | - Sharon DeMorrow
- Central Texas Veterans Health Care System 76504 (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.); Department of Internal Medicine (M.M., G.F., S.G., N.P., S.D.), Texas A&M Health Science Center College of Medicine 76508; Digestive Disease Research Center (M.M., G.F., S.G., S.D.) 76508; and Department of Surgery (A.D., M.K.N.-R.), Baylor Scott & White Health, Temple 76508, Texas; and Signal Transduction Laboratory (M.Q.), National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709
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Pirnik Z, Železná B, Kiss A, Maletínská L. Peripheral administration of palmitoylated prolactin-releasing peptide induces Fos expression in hypothalamic neurons involved in energy homeostasis in NMRI male mice. Brain Res 2015; 1625:151-8. [PMID: 26362395 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.08.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Energy homeostasis is the result of a balance between energy intake and expenditure, and the hypothalamus plays a key role in the regulation of these processes. The hypothalamic prolactin-releasing peptide (PrRP) is involved in food intake regulation and energy homeostasis, although only its lipidized analogs exert central anorexigenic effects after peripheral administration. The aim of the present study was to delineate the extent of the Fos expression as a marker of neuronal activation within the hypothalamic structures involved in food intake regulation after peripherally administered palmitoylated PrRP31 (palm-PrRP31) and to determine whether the anorexigenic effect of peripherally administered palm-PrRP31 influence the activity of hypocretin (HCRT) and oxytocin (OXY) neurons, i.e., the neuropeptides crucially involved in the regulation of energy homeostasis. The data confirmed an anorexigenic effect of palm-PrRP31 treatment (5mg/kg, s.c.) in mice. In the palm-PrRP31-treated animals, a significant increase in Fos expression was observed in the hypothalamic paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMN), and arcuate (Arc) nuclei and in the neurons of the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS). Moreover, significant Fos expression was observed in the lateral hypothalamic area (LHA) HCRT neurons and PVN OXY neurons after palm-PrRP31 administration. The present findings may indicate that palm-PrRP31 may be involved in energy homeostasis via the activation of several hypothalamic structures. Fos activation of the hypothalamic OXY and HCRT neurons in the PVN and LHA emphasizes the importance of the areas mentioned in the central action of palm-PrRP31.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zdenko Pirnik
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic; Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic; Department of Human and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Veterinary Medicine, Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Blanka Železná
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Alexander Kiss
- Laboratory of Functional Neuromorphology, Institute of Experimental Endocrinology, SAS, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lenka Maletínská
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, AS CR, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Kalló I, Molnár CS, Szöke S, Fekete C, Hrabovszky E, Liposits Z. Area-specific analysis of the distribution of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the rat ventral tegmental area, with special reference to the GABAergic and glutamatergic efferents. Front Neuroanat 2015; 9:112. [PMID: 26388742 PMCID: PMC4559648 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2015.00112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ventral tegmental area (VTA) is a main regulator of reward and integrates a wide scale of hormonal and neuronal information. Feeding-, energy expenditure-, stress, adaptation- and reproduction-related hypothalamic signals are processed in the VTA and influence the reward processes. However, the neuroanatomical origin and chemical phenotype of neurons mediating these signals to the VTA have not been fully characterized. In this study we have systematically mapped hypothalamic neurons that project to the VTA using the retrograde tracer Choleratoxin B subunit (CTB) and analyzed their putative gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and/or glutamate character with in situ hybridization in male rats. 23.93 ± 3.91% of hypothalamic neurons projecting to the VTA was found in preoptic and 76.27 ± 4.88% in anterior, tuberal and mammillary hypothalamic regions. Nearly half of the retrogradely-labeled neurons in the preoptic, and more than one third in the anterior, tuberal and mammillary hypothalamus appeared in medially located regions. The analyses of vesicular glutamate transporter 2 (VGLUT2) and glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) mRNA expression revealed both amino acid markers in different subsets of retrogradely-labeled hypothalamic neurons, typically with the predominance of the glutamatergic marker VGLUT2. About one tenth of CTB-IR neurons were GAD65-positive even in hypothalamic nuclei expressing primarily VGLUT2. Some regions were populated mostly by GAD65 mRNA-containing retrogradely-labeled neurons. These included the perifornical part of the lateral hypothalamus where 58.63 ± 19.04% of CTB-IR neurons were GABAergic. These results indicate that both the medial and lateral nuclear compartments of the hypothalamus provide substantial input to the VTA. Furthermore, colocalization studies revealed that these projections not only use glutamate but also GABA for neurotransmission. These GABAergic afferents may underlie important inhibitory mechanism to fine-tune the reward value of specific signals in the VTA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imre Kalló
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csilla S Molnár
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Sarolta Szöke
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Csaba Fekete
- Laboratory of Integrative Neuroendocrinology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Tupper Research Institute, Tufts Medical Center Boston, MA, USA
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Liposits
- Laboratory of Endocrine Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Hungarian Academy of Sciences Budapest, Hungary ; Faculty of Information Technology and Bionics, Pázmány Péter Catholic University Budapest, Hungary
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Jirtle RL. The Agouti mouse: a biosensor for environmental epigenomics studies investigating the developmental origins of health and disease. Epigenomics 2015; 6:447-50. [PMID: 25431934 DOI: 10.2217/epi.14.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Randy L Jirtle
- Department of Sport & Exercise Sciences, University of Bedfordshire, Bedford, UK
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Mazidi M, Baghban Taraghdari S, Rezaee P, Kamgar M, Jomezadeh MR, Akbarieh Hasani O, Soukhtanloo M, Hosseini M, Gholamnezhad Z, Rakhshandeh H, Norouzy A, Esmaily H, Patterson M, Nematy M. The effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Cannabis Sativa on appetite hormone in rat. JOURNAL OF COMPLEMENTARY & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 11:253-7. [PMID: 25324458 DOI: 10.1515/jcim-2014-0006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 07/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ghrelin is an orexigenic peptide which is secreted from stomach. Cannabis sativa is known as an orexigenic herb in Iranian traditional medicine. Little evidence is published about its effect on energy intake and its mechanism. In the current study, the possible effect of hydroalcoholic extract of C. sativa on appetite and ghrelin is evaluated. METHODS Thirty male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups. Two control groups were selected, the first group received 0.5 mL water per day (vehicle group) and another group did not receive anything (control group). The other three groups were treated daily with 50, 100 or 150 mg/kg of C. sativa for 7 days, respectively. Daily energy intake of the rats was calculated for 10 days prior to the> intervention and for the 7 day intervention. To investigate changes in plasma ghrelin as a potential mechanism, an orexigenic dose (150 mg/kg) of C. sativa or distilled water (vehicle) was fed to two separate groups of six rats by gavage. Total ghrelin levels in plasma were measured for 3 h post-gavage. RESULTS There was no significant difference in energy intake between control and vehicle groups. Treatment with 100 and 150 mg/kg of the extract significantly increased energy intake vs the other groups (p<0.05). Total ghrelin levels were significantly elevated in the C. sativa group vs vehicle 30 and 60 min post-gavage. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that C. sativa had both positive and dose-related effects on appetite of rats. Future studies are warranted to evaluate the orexigenic effect of this plant in human.
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Tohma Y, Akturk M, Altinova A, Yassibas E, Cerit ET, Gulbahar O, Arslan M, Sanlier N, Toruner F. Circulating Levels of Orexin-A, Nesfatin-1, Agouti-Related Peptide, and Neuropeptide Y in Patients with Hyperthyroidism. Thyroid 2015; 25:776-83. [PMID: 25915725 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2014.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is insufficient information about the appetite-related hormones orexin-A, nesfatin-1, agouti-related peptide (AgRP), and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in hyperthyroidism. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of hyperthyroidism on the basal metabolic rate (BMR) and energy intake, orexin-A, nesfatin-1, AgRP, NPY, and leptin levels in the circulation, and their relationship with each other and on appetite. METHODS In this prospective study, patients were evaluated in hyperthyroid and euthyroid states in comparison with healthy subjects. Twenty-one patients with overt hyperthyroidism and 33 healthy controls were included in the study. RESULTS Daily energy intake in the hyperthyroid state was found to be higher than that in the euthyroid state patient group (p=0.039). BMR was higher in hyperthyroid patients than the control group (p=0.018). Orexin-A was lower and nesfatin-1 was higher in hyperthyroid patients compared to the controls (p<0.001), whereas orexin-A increased and nesfatin-1 decreased after euthyroidism (p=0.003, p<0.001). No differences were found in the AgRP, NPY, and leptin levels between the hyperthyroid and euthyroid states and controls (p>0.05). Orexin-A correlated negatively with nesfatin-1 (p=0.042), BMR (p=0.013), free triiodothyronine (fT3; p<0.001), and free thyroxine (fT4; p<0.001) and positively with thyrotropin (TSH; p<0.001). Nesfatin-1 correlated negatively with orexin-A (p=0.042) and TSH (p<0.001) and positively with fT3 (p=0.005) and fT4 (p=0.001). In the regression analysis, "diagnosis of hyperthyroidism" was the main factor affecting orexin-A (p<0.001). CONCLUSIONS Although it seems that no relationship exists among orexin-A, nesfatin-1, and increased appetite in hyperthyroidism, the orexin-A and nesfatin-1 levels are markedly affected by hyperthyroidism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuf Tohma
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mujde Akturk
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alev Altinova
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emine Yassibas
- 2 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ethem Turgay Cerit
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ozlem Gulbahar
- 3 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Metin Arslan
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Nevin Sanlier
- 2 Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
| | - Fusun Toruner
- 1 Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Gazi University , Ankara, Turkey
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Sobrino Crespo C, Perianes Cachero A, Puebla Jiménez L, Barrios V, Arilla Ferreiro E. Peptides and food intake. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:58. [PMID: 24795698 PMCID: PMC4005944 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms for controlling food intake involve mainly an interplay between gut, brain, and adipose tissue (AT), among the major organs. Parasympathetic, sympathetic, and other systems are required for communication between the brain satiety center, gut, and AT. These neuronal circuits include a variety of peptides and hormones, being ghrelin the only orexigenic molecule known, whereas the plethora of other factors are inhibitors of appetite, suggesting its physiological relevance in the regulation of food intake and energy homeostasis. Nutrients generated by food digestion have been proposed to activate G-protein-coupled receptors on the luminal side of enteroendocrine cells, e.g., the L-cells. This stimulates the release of gut hormones into the circulation such as glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1), oxyntomodulin, pancreatic polypeptides, peptide tyrosine tyrosine, and cholecystokinin, which inhibit appetite. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted from the stomach and, in contrast to other gut hormones, plasma levels decrease after a meal and potently stimulate food intake. Other circulating factors such as insulin and leptin relay information regarding long-term energy stores. Both hormones circulate at proportional levels to body fat content, enter the CNS proportionally to their plasma levels, and reduce food intake. Circulating hormones can influence the activity of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons of the hypothalamus, after passing across the median eminence. Circulating factors such as gut hormones may also influence the nucleus of the tractus solitarius (NTS) through the adjacent circumventricular organ. On the other hand, gastrointestinal vagal afferents converge in the NTS of the brainstem. Neural projections from the NTS, in turn, carry signals to the hypothalamus. The ARC acts as an integrative center, with two major subpopulations of neurons influencing appetite, one of them coexpressing neuropeptide Y and agouti-related protein (AgRP) that increases food intake, whereas the other subpopulation coexpresses pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) and cocaine and amphetamine-regulated transcript that inhibits food intake. AgRP antagonizes the effects of the POMC product, α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH). Both populations project to areas important in the regulation of food intake, including the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus, which also receives important inputs from other hypothalamic nuclei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Sobrino Crespo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Aránzazu Perianes Cachero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Lilian Puebla Jiménez
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
| | - Vicente Barrios
- Department of Endocrinology, Hospital Infantil Universitario Niño Jesús, Instituto de Investigación La Princesa, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología Obesidad y Nutrición, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Spain
- *Correspondence: Eduardo Arilla Ferreiro, Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Systems Biology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid E-28871, Spain e-mail:
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Abstract
Obesity is one of the largest and fastest growing public health problems in the world. Last century social changes have set an obesogenic milieu that calls for micro and macro environment interventions for disease prevention, while treatment is mandatory for individuals already obese. The cornerstone of overweight and obesity treatment is diet and physical exercise. However, many patients find lifestyle modifications difficult to comply and prone to failure in the long-term; therefore many patients consider anti-obesity drugs an important adjuvant if not a better alternative to behavioral approach or obesity surgery. Since the pharmacological options for obesity treatment remain quite limited, this is an exciting research area, with new treatment targets and strategies on the horizon. This review discusses the development of innovative therapeutic agents, focusing in energy homeostasis regulation and the use of molecular vaccines, targeting hormones such as somatostatin, GIP and ghrelin, to reduce body weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana P Monteiro
- Department of Anatomy; Unit for Multidisciplinary Biomedical Research (UMIB); Institute for Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS); University of Porto; Porto, Portugal
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Jotty K, Ojeda ML, Nogales F, Murillo ML, Carreras O. Selenium dietary supplementation as a mechanism to restore hepatic selenoprotein regulation in rat pups exposed to alcohol. Alcohol 2013; 47:545-52. [PMID: 24113570 DOI: 10.1016/j.alcohol.2013.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2013] [Revised: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Ethanol exposure during gestation and lactation decreases selenium (Se) intake, disrupting body Se balance and inducing oxidative stress in rat offspring. Selenium-supplemented diet (0.5 ppm) was administered to ethanol-exposed (20% v/v) dams during gestation and lactation. When the dams' pups were 21 days old, the pups' levels of the main hepatic selenoproteins glutathione peroxidase (GPx1 and GPx4) and selenoprotein P (SelP) were measured. The pups were divided into control (C), alcohol (A), control-selenium (CS), and alcohol-selenium (AS) groups. The purpose was to evaluate the effect of the selenium-supplemented diet on the levels of Se deposits present in the livers of their pups. Alcohol decreases hepatic Se deposits, GPx activity, and GPx1 expression; alcohol increases GPx4 and SelP expression. Se was measured by furnace graphite atomic absorption spectrometry, the antioxidant activity of GPx and concentration of hepatic phospholipids (PL) were determined by spectrophotometry, and the selenoprotein expressions were detected by Western blotting. Selenite treatment prevented alcohol's effects of diminishing the Se deposits, GPx activity, and GPx1 expression, while maintaining the high levels of the expression of GPx4 and SelP. These results suggest that depletion of hepatic Se levels in rat pups, caused by ethanol exposure to their dams, affects the synthesis of the 3 main hepatic selenoproteins in different ways, which is related to a decrease in GPx activity and PL concentration, and an increase in serum Se levels. Selenium supplementation to the dams increased the expression of GPx1, GPx4, and SelP in their pups.
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Wang Y, Wang A, Donovan SM, Teran-Garcia M. Individual genetic variations related to satiety and appetite control increase risk of obesity in preschool-age children in the STRONG kids program. Hum Hered 2013; 75:152-9. [PMID: 24081231 DOI: 10.1159/000353880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The burden of the childhood obesity epidemic is well recognized; nevertheless, the genetic markers and gene-environment interactions associated with the development of common obesity are still unknown. In this study, candidate genes associated to satiety and appetite control pathways with obesity-related traits were tested in Caucasian preschoolers from the STRONG Kids project. METHODS Eight genetic variants in genes related to obesity (BDNF, LEPR, FTO, PCSK1, POMC, TUB, LEP, and MC4R) were genotyped in 128 children from the STRONG Kids project (mean age 39.7 months). Data were analyzed for individual associations and to test for genetic predisposition scores (GPSs) with body mass index (BMI) and anthropometric traits (Z-scores, e.g. height-for-age Z-score, HAZ). Covariates included age, sex, and breastfeeding (BF) duration. RESULTS Obesity and overweight prevalence was 6.3 and 19.5%, respectively, according to age- and sex-specific BMI percentiles. Individual genetic associations of MC4R and LEPR markers with HAZ were strengthened when BF duration was included as a covariate. Our GPSs show that, as the number of risk alleles increased, the risk of higher BMI and HAZ also increased. Overall, the GPSs assembled were able to explain 2-3% of the variability in BMI and HAZ phenotypes. CONCLUSION Genetic associations with common obesity-related phenotypes were found in the STRONG Kids project. GPSs assembled for specific candidate genes were associated with BMI and HAZ phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Ill., USA
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Duntas LH, Biondi B. The interconnections between obesity, thyroid function, and autoimmunity: the multifold role of leptin. Thyroid 2013; 23:646-53. [PMID: 22934923 DOI: 10.1089/thy.2011.0499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that changes in thyroid function are associated with obesity, a condition associated with a chronic low-grade state of inflammation. Meanwhile, recent data have disclosed a relation between obesity and thyroid autoimmunity, with the adipocyte hormone leptin appearing to be the key factor linking these two conditions. SUMMARY Leptin has variably been implicated in thyroid function, while recent findings suggest that leptin resistance may mitigate leptin deficiency and enhance autoimmunity in obese subjects via mechanisms operating independently of thyroid function. The development of resistance to the weight-lowering effects of leptin in obesity might well be initiated by activation of inflammatory signaling, which substantially contributes to the derangement of immune response and propagation of autoimmunity in susceptible individuals. CONCLUSIONS Regulation of inflammasome-derived cytokines in obesity is an important step in controlling the trigger of thyroid autoimmunity. The clarification of the pathways may offer innovative therapeutic targets in obesity and thyroid autoimmunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonidas H Duntas
- Endocrine Unit, Evgenidion Hospital, University of Athens, Medical School, 115 28 Athens, Greece.
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Li B, Matter EK, Hoppert HT, Grayson BE, Seeley RJ, Sandoval DA. Identification of optimal reference genes for RT-qPCR in the rat hypothalamus and intestine for the study of obesity. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013; 38:192-7. [PMID: 23736358 DOI: 10.1038/ijo.2013.86] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Revised: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity has a complicated metabolic pathology, and defining the underlying mechanisms of obesity requires integrative studies with molecular end points. Real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) is a powerful tool that has been widely utilized. However, the importance of using carefully validated reference genes in RT-qPCR seems to have been overlooked in obesity-related research. The objective of this study was to select a set of reference genes with stable expressions to be used for RT-qPCR normalization in rats under fasted vs re-fed and chow vs high-fat diet (HFD) conditions. DESIGN Male long-Evans rats were treated under four conditions: chow/fasted, chow/re-fed, HFD/fasted and HFD/re-fed. Expression stabilities of 13 candidate reference genes were evaluated in the rat hypothalamus, duodenum, jejunum and ileum using the ReFinder software program. The optimal number of reference genes needed for RT-qPCR analyses was determined using geNorm. RESULTS Using geNorm analysis, we found that it was sufficient to use the two most stably expressed genes as references in RT-qPCR analyses for each tissue under specific experimental conditions. B2M and RPLP0 in the hypothalamus, RPS18 and HMBS in the duodenum, RPLP2 and RPLP0 in the jejunum and RPS18 and YWHAZ in the ileum were the most suitable pairs for a normalization study when the four aforementioned experimental conditions were considered. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that gene expression levels of reference genes commonly used in obesity-related studies, such as ACTB or RPS18, are altered by changes in acute or chronic energy status. These findings underline the importance of using reference genes that are stable in expression across experimental conditions when studying the rat hypothalamus and intestine, because these tissues have an integral role in the regulation of energy homeostasis. It is our hope that this study will raise awareness among obesity researchers on the essential need for reference gene validation in gene expression studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Li
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - E K Matter
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - H T Hoppert
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - B E Grayson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - R J Seeley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - D A Sandoval
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
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Epigenetics: How Genes and Environment Interact. ENVIRONMENTAL EPIGENOMICS IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23380-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Andrade S, Pinho F, Ribeiro AM, Carreira M, Casanueva FF, Roy P, Monteiro MP. Immunization against active ghrelin using virus-like particles for obesity treatment. Curr Pharm Des 2013; 19:6551-8. [PMID: 23859551 PMCID: PMC3850261 DOI: 10.2174/13816128113199990506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Ghrelin is a gut hormone that stimulates food intake. In physiological conditions, ghrelin plasma levels rise with fasting and decrease after meals. Obese individuals have low fasting ghrelin levels that rise after food restriction, which is pointed out as a reason for the difficulty in maintaining weight loss. Some bariatric surgery procedures prevent rise in ghrelin levels with weight loss and this has been hypothesised to contribute to the long-term success of the treatment. The main goal of this study was to develop a safe and effective anti-ghrelin vaccine for obesity, through the chemical conjugation of ghrelin with a virus like particle, namely NS1 protein tubules from the Bluetongue Virus (BTV) using a hetero-bifunctional cross linker. Male adult C57BL/6 mice, with a normal weight and with diet-induced obesity (DIO), were randomized into six weight matched groups (n=6/group) and each group of mice received three intra-peritoneal injections with two weeks intervals, containing either 75 μg of ghrelin- NS1 immunoconjugate, 75 μg of NS1 or PBS. Our data show that immunized animals present increasing titres of anti-ghrelin antibodies, while their cumulative food intake significantly decreased and energy expenditure was significantly enhanced, although there were no significative changes in body weight.Vaccinated DIO mice also displayed significant decrease of NPY gene expression in the basal hypothalamus reflecting a decrease in central orexigenic signals. This study suggests that this anti-ghrelin vaccine has a positive impact on energy homeostasis and may be an additional therapeutical tool to be used with diet and exercise for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Andrade
- Rua Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, 228, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal.
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Bernal AJ, Dolinoy DC, Huang D, Skaar DA, Weinhouse C, Jirtle RL. Adaptive radiation-induced epigenetic alterations mitigated by antioxidants. FASEB J 2012; 27:665-71. [PMID: 23118028 DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-220350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to low-dose ionizing radiation (LDIR) from a number of environmental and medical sources. In addition to inducing genetic mutations, there is concern that LDIR may also alter the epigenome. Such heritable effects early in life can either be positively adaptive or result in the enhanced formation of diseases, including cancer, diabetes, and obesity. Herein, we show that LDIR significantly increased DNA methylation at the viable yellow agouti (A(vy)) locus in a sex-specific manner (P=0.004). Average DNA methylation was significantly increased in male offspring exposed to doses between 0.7 and 7.6 cGy, with maximum effects at 1.4 and 3.0 cGy (P<0.01). Offspring coat color was concomitantly shifted toward pseudoagouti (P<0.01). Maternal dietary antioxidant supplementation mitigated both the DNA methylation changes and coat color shift in the irradiated offspring. Thus, LDIR exposure during gestation elicits epigenetic alterations that lead to positive adaptive phenotypic changes that are negated with antioxidants, indicating they are mediated in part by oxidative stress. These findings provide evidence that in the isogenic A(vy) mouse model, epigenetic alterations resulting from LDIR play a role in radiation hormesis, bringing into question the assumption that every dose of radiation is harmful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Autumn J Bernal
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina,, USA
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