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Zhao J, Sun R, Shangguan M. Childhood psychological maltreatment and social anxiety in college students: The roles of parasympathetic nervous system activity and parent-child separation experience. CHILD ABUSE & NEGLECT 2024; 151:106723. [PMID: 38461709 DOI: 10.1016/j.chiabu.2024.106723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Childhood psychological maltreatment is a risk factor for social anxiety in adulthood. Parent-child separation, as one of the most serious adversities in early life, may exacerbate the risk of psychological maltreatment and influence the interactions between childhood psychological maltreatment and biological sensitivity to stress in relation to social anxiety. However, there has been a dearth of work on this issue. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the interactive effects between childhood psychological maltreatment and parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) activity on social anxiety in college students by comparing those who experienced parent-child separation versus those who did not. Potential sex differences in the aforementioned associations were tested as an exploratory aim. PARTICIPANTS AND SETTING Data were obtained from 264 college students (Mage = 18.45 years, SD = 0.69), including 156 students who experienced parent-child separation and 108 students without this experience. METHODS Participants completed measures of childhood psychological maltreatment and social anxiety and reported their parent-child separation experience. The data of PNS activity, measured by respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity, were obtained during the Trier Social Stress Test (TSST) in the lab. RESULTS Childhood psychological maltreatment was positively associated with college students' social anxiety. RSA reactivity moderated the relationship between childhood psychological maltreatment and college students' social anxiety, and the moderating role of RSA reactivity varied with parent-child separation experience and sex. CONCLUSIONS Parent-child separation experience influenced the biosocial interactions between childhood psychological maltreatment and PNS activity in relation to individuals' social anxiety, and this effect persisted in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Zhao
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China.
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
| | - Mengqi Shangguan
- Department of Psychology, Shandong Normal University, Jinan, China
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Harris JL, Swanson B, Petersen IT. A Developmentally Informed Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Strength of General Psychopathology in Childhood and Adolescence. Clin Child Fam Psychol Rev 2024; 27:130-164. [PMID: 38112921 PMCID: PMC10938301 DOI: 10.1007/s10567-023-00464-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Considerable support exists for higher-order dimensional conceptualizations of psychopathology in adults. A growing body of work has focused on understanding the structure of general and specific psychopathology in children and adolescents. No prior meta-analysis has examined whether the strength of the general psychopathology factor (p factor)-measured by explained common variance (ECV)-changes from childhood to adolescence. The primary objective of this multilevel meta-analysis was to determine whether general psychopathology strength changes across development (i.e. across ages) in childhood and adolescence. Several databases were searched in November 2021; 65 studies, with 110 effect sizes (ECV), nested within shared data sources, were identified. Included empirical studies used a factor analytic modeling approach that estimated latent factors for child/adolescent internalizing, externalizing, and optionally thought-disordered psychopathology, and a general factor. Studies spanned ages 2-17 years. Across ages, general psychopathology explained over half (~ 56%) of the reliable variance in symptoms of psychopathology. Age-moderation analyses revealed that general factor strength remained stable across ages, suggesting that general psychopathology strength does not significantly change across childhood to adolescence. Even if the structure of psychopathology changes with development, the prominence of general psychopathology across development has important implications for future research and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan L Harris
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 340 Iowa Avenue G60, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA.
| | - Benjamin Swanson
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Isaac T Petersen
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Iowa, 340 Iowa Avenue G60, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
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Susman ES, Weisz JR, McLaughlin KA, Coulombe P, Evans SC, Thomassin K. Is respiratory sinus arrhythmia a modifiable index of symptom change in cognitive behavioral therapy for youth? A pooled-data analysis of a randomized trial. Psychother Res 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38285175 DOI: 10.1080/10503307.2024.2308149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/30/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We evaluated whether respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity and resting RSA-physiological markers reflecting the increase in heart rate with inspiration and decrease during expiration related to parasympathetic influence on the heart-are modifiable and predict symptom change during youth psychotherapy. Methods: Diverse youth (N = 158; ages 7-15; 48.1% female) received the Modular Approach to Therapy for Children and completed pre-treatment (pre), post-treatment (post), and 18-months postbaseline (18Mo) assessments. We measured resting RSA, RSA reactivity during stress induction, and psychopathology symptoms. Results: Pre-to-post and pre-to-18Mo, reactivity decreased, and resting RSA increased. Changes in reactivity and resting RSA, separately, did not predict reduced psychopathology. Yet, decreased reactivity combined with increased resting RSA predicted reduced psychopathology over time, suggesting that observed RSA changes were beneficial for some. Higher dosage of a module utilizing slow-breathing, muscle-relaxation, and imagery predicted greater pre-to-18Mo changes in reactivity and resting RSA, whereas a similar module with less emphasis on slow-breathing did not. Conclusions: Findings raise the possibility that youth reactivity and resting RSA could be modifiable during cognitive behavioral therapy and contribute to the amelioration of psychopathology. More studies are needed to determine whether resting RSA and RSA reactivity are modifiable indices of symptom change in slow-breathing practices and psychotherapy. CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03153904, registered May 15, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eli S Susman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - John R Weisz
- Department of Psychology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Spencer C Evans
- Department of Psychology, University of Miami, Coral Gables, FL, USA
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Skov H, Glackin EB, Drury SS, Lockman J, Gray SAO. Pre-COVID respiratory sinus arrhythmia moderates associations between COVID-19 stress and child externalizing behaviors: Testing neurobiological stress theories. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-12. [PMID: 38273710 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to stress related to the COVID-19 pandemic contributes to psychopathology risk, yet not all children are negatively impacted. The current study examined a parasympathetic biomarker of stress sensitivity, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), as a moderator of the effects of exposure to pandemic stress on child internalizing and externalizing behaviors in a sample of children experiencing economic marginalization. Three to five years pre-pandemic, when children were preschool-aged, RSA during baseline and a challenging parent-child interaction were collected. Mid-pandemic, between November 2020 and March 2021, children's exposure to pandemic stress and internalizing and externalizing behaviors were collected. Results demonstrated that children who, pre-pandemic, demonstrated blunted parasympathetic reactivity (i.e., no change in RSA relative to baseline) during the dyadic challenge exhibited elevated risk for externalizing behaviors mid-pandemic. Further, this risk was greatest for children exposed to high and moderate levels of pandemic stress. Consistent with diathesis stress and polyvagal frameworks, these conditional effects suggest that blunted parasympathetic reactivity in response to stress in early childhood may escalate the development of externalizing behaviors following stress exposure at school age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary Skov
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
| | - Erin B Glackin
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Stacy S Drury
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Lockman
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Sarah A O Gray
- Department of Psychological Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA
- Department of Psychology, Tulane University School of Science and Engineering, New Orleans, LA, USA
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5
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Bista S, Tait RJ, Straker LM, Lin A, Steinbeck K, Graham PL, Kang M, Lymer S, Robinson M, Marino JL, Skinner SR. Joint developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from mid-childhood to late adolescence and childhood risk factors: Findings from a prospective pre-birth cohort. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-16. [PMID: 38174409 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579423001505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
There is limited evidence on heterogenous co-developmental trajectories of internalizing (INT) and externalizing (EXT) problems from childhood to adolescence and predictors of these joint trajectories. We utilized longitudinal data from Raine Study participants (n = 2393) to identify these joint trajectories from 5 to 17 years using parallel-process latent class growth analysis and analyze childhood individual and family risk factors predicting these joint trajectories using multinomial logistic regression. Five trajectory classes were identified: Low-problems (Low-INT/Low-EXT, 29%), Moderate Externalizing (Moderate-EXT/Low-INT, 26.5%), Primary Internalizing (Moderate High-INT/Low-EXT, 17.5%), Co-occurring (High-INT/High-EXT, 17%), High Co-occurring (Very High-EXT/High-INT, 10%). Children classified in Co-occurring and High Co-occurring trajectories (27% of the sample) exhibited clinically meaningful co-occurring problem behaviors and experienced more adverse childhood risk-factors than other three trajectories. Compared with Low-problems: parental marital problems, low family income, and absent father predicted Co-occurring and High Co-occurring trajectories; maternal mental health problems commonly predicted Primary Internalizing, Co-occurring, and High Co-occurring trajectories; male sex and parental tobacco-smoking uniquely predicted High Co-occurring membership; other substance smoking uniquely predicted Co-occurring membership; speech difficulty uniquely predicted Primary Internalizing membership; child's temper-tantrums predicted all four trajectories, with increased odds ratios for High Co-occurring (OR = 8.95) and Co-occurring (OR = 6.07). Finding two co-occurring trajectories emphasizes the importance of early childhood interventions addressing comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarita Bista
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert J Tait
- National Drug Research Institute & enAble Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Leon M Straker
- School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Science, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Ashleigh Lin
- The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Katharine Steinbeck
- Discipline of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
| | - Petra L Graham
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Macquarie University, Macquarie Park, NSW, Australia
| | - Melissa Kang
- General Practice Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Sharyn Lymer
- Biostatistics Consultant, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Monique Robinson
- Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Telethon Kids Institute, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jennifer L Marino
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Royal Women's Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Adolescent Health, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - S Rachel Skinner
- Specialty of Child and Adolescent Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW, Australia
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW, Australia
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Seidman AJ, Bylsma LM, Yang X, Jennings JR, George CJ, Kovacs M. Long-term stability of respiratory sinus arrhythmia among adults with and without a history of depression. Psychophysiology 2024; 61:e14427. [PMID: 37646340 PMCID: PMC10872939 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.14427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an index of parasympathetic nervous system activity reflecting respiratory influences on heart rate. This influence is typically measured as high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) or root mean square of successive differences (RMSSD) of adjacent inter-beat intervals. Examining the long-term stability of its measurement is important as levels of resting RSA have been conceptualized as a marker of individual differences; in particular, of an individual's autonomic regulation and affect-related processes, including emotion regulation. At present, it is not known if resting RSA levels reflect stable differences over a long-term period (i.e., >1 year). Even less is known about how RSA stability differs as a function of depression history and whether it relates to depression risk trajectories. In the present study, we examined the 1.5-year test-retest reliability of resting RSA using the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) in 82 adults: n = 41 with a history of depression (ever-depressed); n = 41 controls with no depression history (never-depressed). HF-HRV was fairly stable in both groups (ever-depressed ICC = 0.55, never-depressed ICC = 0.54). RMSSD was also fairly stable in ever-depressed adults (ICC = 0.57) and never-depressed controls (ICC = 0.40). ICC values for both indices did not differ between groups per overlapping 95% confidence intervals. Therefore, RSA stability as assessed by both frequency (HF-HRV) and time domain (RMSSD) measures was not attenuated by a depression history. Implications and the need for future research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Seidman
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Lauren M. Bylsma
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- University of Pittsburgh, Department of Psychology, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Xiao Yang
- Old Dominion University, Department of Psychology, 250 Mills Godwin Life Sciences Building, Norfolk, VA, 23529, USA
| | - J. Richard Jennings
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Charles J. George
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Maria Kovacs
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, 3811 O’Hara Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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7
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Battaglini AM, Grocott B, Jopling E, Rnic K, Tracy A, LeMoult J. Patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and trajectories of anxiety and depressive symptoms in early adolescence. Biol Psychol 2024; 185:108723. [PMID: 37981096 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2023.108723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 11/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
In children and adults, individual differences in patterns of respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA; i.e., interactions between resting RSA and RSA reactivity to stress) have emerged as a central predictor of internalizing symptoms. However, it is unclear whether individual differences in patterns of RSA also contribute to internalizing symptoms during the key developmental period of early adolescence, when rates of internalizing symptoms sharply increase. In the present multi-wave longitudinal study, we assessed whether patterns of RSA predicted trajectories of the two most common types of internalizing symptoms among adolescents: anxiety and depression. In the baseline session, we assessed RSA at rest and in response to a psychosocial stressor (Trier Social Stress Test [TSST]) in a sample of 75 early adolescents (Mage = 12.85). Youth then completed measures of anxiety and depressive symptoms at baseline and four times over approximately two years. Findings indicate that RSA patterns predicted trajectories of anxiety, but not depression. Specifically, region of significance analyses indicated that individuals with high resting RSA who demonstrated RSA augmentation to the lab stressor evinced decreasing anxiety over the follow-up period. In direct contrast, adolescents with high resting RSA in combination with RSA withdrawal to the stressor exhibited a trajectory of increasing anxiety. Findings provide preliminary evidence for understanding RSA as a developmentally salient risk or protective factor.
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8
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Gong X, Guo N, Huebner ES, Tian L. Gender-specific co-developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle childhood to early adolescence: Environmental and individual predictors. Dev Psychopathol 2023; 35:1468-1483. [PMID: 35491705 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579422000207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to identify gender-specific co-developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems from middle childhood to early adolescence, along with key environmental and individual predictors among Chinese youth. A total of 1653 Chinese elementary school students (M age = 9.40; SD = 0.51; 54.57% boys) participated in assessments at six time points, using 6-month assessment intervals. Parallel process latent class growth modeling identified four trajectories for boys: Congruent-low (65.74%), moderate-decreasing internalizing and moderate-stable externalizing problems (18.40%), high increasing-internalizing and low-stable externalizing problems (8.20%), and high decreasing-internalizing and low-stable externalizing problems (7.65%). Three trajectories were identified for girls: Congruent-low (81.09%), moderate co-occurring (7.19%), and high increasing-internalizing and low-stable externalizing problems (11.72%). Multivariate logistic regression analyses revealed that peer victimization served as an environmental risk predictor for the adverse co-developmental trajectories of internalizing and externalizing problems for boys and girls. High sensation-seeking and low self-control served as individual risk variables predicting the trajectories of high increasing-internalizing and low-stable externalizing problems, and low self-control also predicted the trajectories of high decreasing-internalizing and low-stable externalizing problems for boys. The findings highlight the importance of gender differences in understanding the progression of internalizing and externalizing problems and inform effective strategies for prevention and intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Gong
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nan Guo
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
- School of Psychology, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - E Scott Huebner
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Lili Tian
- Philosophy and Social Science Laboratory of Reading and Development in Children and Adolescents, South China Normal University, Ministry of Education, Guangzhou, China
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Co-occurrence, stability and manifestation of child and adolescent mental health problems: a latent transition analysis. BMC Psychol 2022; 10:267. [PMID: 36376939 PMCID: PMC9664619 DOI: 10.1186/s40359-022-00969-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Complex constellations of socio-emotional and behavioural problems (i.e., mental health problems) in childhood and adolescence are common and heighten the risk for subsequent personality, anxiety and mood disorders in adulthood. Aims of this study included the examination of patterns of mental health problems (e.g., externalizing-internalizing co-occurrence) and their transitions to reported mental disorders by using a longitudinal person-centered approach (latent class and latent transition analysis). Methods The sample consisted of 1255 children and adolescents (51.7% female, mean age = 12.3 years, age range 8–26 years) from three time points of the comprehensive mental health and wellbeing BELLA study. Children and their parents completed the German SDQ (Strength and Difficulties Questionnaire, Goodman, 1997) and reported on diagnoses of ADHD, depression, and anxiety. Results Latent class analysis identified a normative class, an emotional problem class, and a multiple problem class. According to latent transition analysis, the majority of the sample (91.6%) did not change latent class membership over time; 14.7% of individuals showed a persistent pattern of mental health problems. Diagnoses of mental disorders were more likely to be reported by individuals in the emotional problem or multiple problem class.
Conclusions Results highlight the need for early prevention of mental health problems to avoid accumulation and manifestation in the transition to adolescence and young adulthood.
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Zhou AM, Morales S, Youatt EA, Buss KA. Autonomic nervous system activity moderates associations between temperament and externalizing behaviors in early childhood. Dev Psychobiol 2022; 64:e22323. [PMID: 36282741 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Temperamental risk, such as surgency, negative affect, and poor effortful control, has been posited as a predictor of externalizing symptom development. However, autonomic nervous system (ANS) activity underlying processes of reactivity and regulation may moderate associations between early temperament and later externalizing behaviors during early childhood. The aim of the present study was to examine how interactions between resting sympathetic (SNS) and parasympathetic (PNS) activity at age 5 may moderate associations between temperamental risk at age 3 and externalizing behavior at age 6 (n = 87). Results demonstrate different interactions between resting ANS activity and temperamental risk to predict externalizing behaviors. For children with lower SNS activation at rest, surgency was positively associated with externalizing behaviors. Negative affect was positively associated with externalizing behaviors except when there were either high levels of SNS and PNS activity or low levels of SNS and PNS activity. Effortful control was not associated with externalizing behaviors, though SNS and PNS activity interacted to predict externalizing behaviors after accounting for effortful control. Taken together, the results highlight the importance to examine multisystem resting physiological activity as a moderator of associations between temperamental risk and the development of externalizing behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zhou
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Santiago Morales
- Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Youatt
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Kristin A Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gao R, Raygoza A, Distefano C, Greer F, Dowdy E. Assessing measurement equivalence of PSC-17 across teacher and parent respondents. SCHOOL PSYCHOLOGY INTERNATIONAL 2022. [DOI: 10.1177/01430343221108874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The Pediatric Symptom Checklist-17 (PSC-17) is a popular screening instrument used by parents and clinicians to assess children's behavioral functioning. However, more schools are examining the potential of the PSC-17 as part of a Multi-Tier System of Support framework. To investigate the potential of the PSC-17 in the schools, a sample of 1,779 U.S. preschool and kindergarten-aged children rated by parents (n = 667) and teachers (n = 1,112) was used to assess the measurement invariance of the PSC-17 across respondent groups. Multiple-group Confirmatory Factor Analysis supported partial scalar invariance for the PSC-17, indicating functional equivalence across teacher and parent respondents. Latent mean testing revealed teachers rated children as exhibiting a lower level of Externalizing Problems relative to parents; however, no significant differences in children's Internalizing Problems and Attention Problems were found between teacher and parent ratings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiqin Gao
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Alyssa Raygoza
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, United States
| | | | - Fred Greer
- College of Education, University of South Carolina, United States
| | - Erin Dowdy
- Department of Counseling, Clinical, and school psychology, University of California at Santa Barbara, United States
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Mikolajewski AJ, Scheeringa MS. Links between Oppositional Defiant Disorder Dimensions, Psychophysiology, and Interpersonal versus Non-interpersonal Trauma. JOURNAL OF PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND BEHAVIORAL ASSESSMENT 2022; 44:261-275. [PMID: 35669529 PMCID: PMC9165763 DOI: 10.1007/s10862-021-09930-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) is not well understood but appears to have both biologically-based roots and can develop following adverse experiences. The current study is the first to examine the interaction between biologically-based factors and type of trauma experience (i.e., interpersonal and non-interpersonal) and associations with ODD. The psychophysiological factors included baseline resting heart rate, respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA), and cortisol. ODD was measured as two dimensions of irritable and defiant/vindictive. The sample included 330 children, 3-7 years-old, oversampled for a history of trauma. Results showed the interactions between baseline physiological arousal variables and trauma type in predicting ODD dimensions were not supported. However, the baseline RSA by trauma interaction was a significant predictor of defiance/vindictiveness among boys, but not girls, when interpersonal trauma was compared to controls. Several other gender differences emerged. Among boys, both interpersonal and non-interpersonal trauma were predictive of ODD dimensions; however, among girls, non-interpersonal trauma was not. Among girls, there was a significant negative bivariate relationship between baseline cortisol and irritability. Also, when the sample was restricted to those with interpersonal trauma only and controls, baseline RSA was negatively associated with irritability in girls only (controlling for trauma). Finally, retrospective reports revealed that children who met criteria for ODD diagnosis and experienced interpersonal trauma were more likely to exhibit ODD symptoms prior to their trauma compared to those who experienced non-interpersonal trauma. Results are discussed in the context of previous mixed findings, and avenues for future research are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy J Mikolajewski
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
| | - Michael S Scheeringa
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Tulane University School of Medicine
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Li X, Zhu YT, Jiao DD, Sawada Y, Tanaka E, Watanabe T, Tomisaki E, Zhu Z, Ajmal A, Matsumoto M, Zhang JR, Banu AA, Liu Y, Cui MY, Graça Y, Wang YL, Qian ML, Anme T. Subtyping of Internalizing and Externalizing Behaviors in Japanese Community-Based Children: A Latent Class Analysis and Association with Family Activities. CHILDREN 2022; 9:children9020210. [PMID: 35204930 PMCID: PMC8870000 DOI: 10.3390/children9020210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing and internalizing behavioral problems occurs at a high rate among children. However, this has rarely been examined among Japanese children using a person-oriented method. Hence, this study aims to explore its subtypes and clarify their association with family-based group activities. We conducted a cross-sectional survey in a typical community-based suburban area for all families with primary school children in Japan. We investigated children’s internalizing and externalizing behaviors based on the Japanese version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ), and different types of activities that family members frequently engaged in. Data from 206 families were collected and used for the analysis. The subtypes were explored using latent class analysis (LCA). The relationship between family activities and latent class membership was analyzed using a logistic regression model. Moreover, three latent class models and their probabilities were identified, namely, risk group (31.3%), moderate group (44.9%), and normal group (23.8%). Frequent family activities including play sports, traveling or hiking, watching TV and communicating, cooking or making a dessert, and doing housework, which were significantly related to the normal group. These results would add evidence to potential types of children’s behavioral problems and preventive childcare practices needed in the primary gate of families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Yan-Tong Zhu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Dan-Dan Jiao
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Yuko Sawada
- Faculty of Health Medicine, Morinomiya University of Medical Sciences, Osaka 5598611, Japan;
| | - Emiko Tanaka
- Faculty of Nursing, Musashino University, Tokyo 2028585, Japan;
| | - Taeko Watanabe
- Faculty of Nursing, Shukutoku University, Chiba 2608701, Japan;
| | | | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Ammara Ajmal
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Munenori Matsumoto
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Jin-Rui Zhang
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Alpona Afsari Banu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Ming-Yu Cui
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Yolanda Graça
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Yan-Lin Wang
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Mei-Ling Qian
- School of Comprehensive Human Science, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan; (X.L.); (Y.-T.Z.); (D.-D.J.); (Z.Z.); (A.A.); (M.M.); (J.-R.Z.); (A.A.B.); (Y.L.); (M.-Y.C.); (Y.G.); (Y.-L.W.); (M.-L.Q.)
| | - Tokie Anme
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba 3058577, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-029-853-3436
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14
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Gonçalves SF, Chaplin TM, López R, Regalario IM, Niehaus CE, McKnight PE, Stults-Kolehmainen M, Sinha R, Ansell EB. High-Frequency Heart Rate Variability and Emotion-Driven Impulse Control Difficulties During Adolescence: Examining Experienced and Expressed Negative Emotion as Moderators. THE JOURNAL OF EARLY ADOLESCENCE 2021; 41:1151-1176. [PMID: 35197657 PMCID: PMC8863321 DOI: 10.1177/0272431620983453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Emotion-driven impulse control difficulties are associated with negative psychological outcomes. Extant research suggests that high frequency heart rate variability (HF-HRV) may be indicative of emotion-driven impulse control difficulties and potentially moderated by negative emotion. In the current study, 248 eleven- to 14-year-olds and their parent engaged in a negatively emotionally arousing conflict task at Time 1. Adolescents' HF-HRV and negative emotional expression and experience were assessed before, during, and/or after the task. Adolescents reported on their levels of emotion-driven impulse control difficulties at Time 1 and one year later. Results revealed that higher levels of HF-HRV reactivity (i.e., higher HF-HRV augmentation) predicted higher levels of emotion-driven impulse control difficulties one year later among adolescents who experienced higher negative emotion. These findings suggest that negative emotional context should be considered when examining HF-HRV reactivity as a risk factor for emotion-driven impulse control difficulties and associated outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie F. Gonçalves
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | - Tara M. Chaplin
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | - Roberto López
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | - Irene M. Regalario
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | - Claire E. Niehaus
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | - Patrick E. McKnight
- Department of Psychology, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia, 22030, United States
| | | | - Rajita Sinha
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, 06519, United States
| | - Emily B. Ansell
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, State College, Pennsylvania, 16802, United States
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15
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Oh Y, Greenberg MT, Willoughby MT. Examining Longitudinal Associations between Externalizing and Internalizing Behavior Problems at Within- and Between-Child Levels. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL CHILD PSYCHOLOGY 2021; 48:467-480. [PMID: 31925637 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-019-00614-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Externalizing and internalizing behavior problems are known to often co-occur, but mechanisms underlying this co-occurrence remain unclear: whether the associations are due to causal influences of one domain on the other or due to common risk processes influencing both domains. This study aimed to better understand the sources of co-occurring behavior problems by disentangling within- and between-child levels of associations between the two across the five years of childhood, from pre-kindergarten to Grade 3. We analyzed a longitudinal sample of 1060 children from non-urban settings in the U.S. using random-intercept cross-lagged panel models (RI-CLPMs) as an alternative to the commonly-used standard CLPMs. Results indicate that co-occurring externalizing and internalizing problems can be explained partly by a unidirectional influence from externalizing to internalizing problems operating within children and partly by stable differences between children that influence both domains of problems. Further analyses indicate that an executive function deficit in early childhood is an important shared risk factor for both problems, suggesting the utility of executive function interventions in preventing or addressing externalizing and internalizing problems in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoonkyung Oh
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas-Health Science Center at Houston, 7000 Fannin St., Suite 2478, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| | - Mark T Greenberg
- Prevention Research Center, 306 BBH, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, 16802, USA
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16
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Association Between Dynamic Parasympathetic Reactivity to Frustration and Children's Social Success with Peers in Kindergarten. Res Child Adolesc Psychopathol 2021; 49:1537-1549. [PMID: 34213718 DOI: 10.1007/s10802-021-00844-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The inability to regulate affective arousal in the context of frustration may jeopardize children's ability to form successful friendships, especially as new peer groups are formed during the transition to kindergarten. While substantial research has utilized teacher reports of children's socioemotional behavior, there is less empirical evidence on the peer perspective. The present study utilized data from n = 235 kindergarteners (54% high in disruptive behavior) recruited for a multicomponent intervention. We examined whether physiological reactivity to frustration was associated with children's social success. Peer nominations of liking or disliking to play with the child were used to compute a social preference score, where negative values reflect greater rejection than acceptance. Multilevel growth modeling was employed to capture changes in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) reactivity across a manipulated inhibitory control task administered in 3 blocks, with differing algorithms embedded to induce affect: points were earned in the 1st and 3rd blocks (reward) and lost during the 2nd block (frustration). Groups did not differ in RSA reactivity during the 1st block, but children who experience greater peer rejection showed significant decreases in RSA (increases in arousal) across frustration. This increased arousal persisted across the 3rd block despite the reinstatement of reward, indicating a greater degree of reactivity and a lack of recovery relative to peer-accepted children. Teacher screenings of disruptive behavior only partially aligned with peer ratings of acceptance, highlighting the benefits of leveraging peer report to capture regulatory functioning and identify children for intervention recruitment.
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17
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Zhou AM, Buss KA. Trajectories of internalizing symptoms in early childhood: Associations with maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology. Dev Psychobiol 2021; 63:1295-1308. [PMID: 33569780 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Research has shown that children's internalizing symptom development during early childhood are shaped by biopsychosocial processes including physiology and parental symptoms. However, associations between maternal internalizing symptoms, child physiology and trajectories of child internalizing symptoms are not well understood. We used growth curve models to examine how maternal internalizing symptoms, child physiology and the interaction between maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology may be associated with trajectories of internalizing symptoms during early childhood. Mothers reported their children's internalizing symptoms when children were 3, 4, 5 and 6 years of age, and mothers self-reported their own internalizing symptoms when children were 3. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia (RSA) was collected when children were 3.5-years-old. Results showed that there is a non-linear, quadratic trajectory across all participants from age 3 to 6. Maternal internalizing symptoms were not associated with children's internalizing symptoms at age 6, but were associated with both linear and quadratic change. Lower resting RSA was associated with greater increases in children's internalizing symptoms over time. Interactions between maternal internalizing symptoms and RSA were not associated with children's internalizing symptom development. The findings demonstrate that maternal internalizing symptoms and child physiology are independently associated with internalizing symptom development during early childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna M Zhou
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
| | - Kristin A Buss
- Department of Psychology, The Pennsylvania State University, State College, PA, USA
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18
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Morales A, Melero S, Tomczyk S, Espada JP, Orgilés M. Subtyping of Strengths and Difficulties in a Spanish Children Sample: A Latent Class Analysis. J Affect Disord 2021; 280:272-278. [PMID: 33221712 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2020.11.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Externalizing and internalizing problems are frequent during childhood and are often comorbid. The current study aimed to explore subtypes of strengths and difficulties among Spanish children. METHODS The Spanish version of the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire was administered to 325 children (47.1% girls), aged 7-12 years (M = 9.64; SD = 1.34). Latent Class Analysis (LCA) was carried out to identify risk profiles in children according to their symptoms. ANOVA and multinomial logistic regression were performed to explore associations between latent classes and SDQ subscales, gender, age and number of siblings. RESULTS Five latent classes were found: "high difficulties" (34.2%), "internalizing" (5.2%), "externalizing" (26.5%), "hyperactive" (14.5%), and "well-adjusted" (19.7%). Children belonging to "High difficulties" group showed the highest scores for emotional symptoms, conduct problems, and hyperactivity/inattention. The most prevalent pure profiles were the "externalizing" and "hyperactivity" group, which represent children with elevated behavioral problems, restlessness and distraction. Children in the "internalizing" class showed the highest risk of peer problems. CONCLUSIONS These results support the diversity in the patterns of psychological strengths and difficulties and highlight the importance of early detection and intervention, especially in children's behavioral problems, in order to avoid vulnerability to comorbidity and more severe symptoms in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Samuel Tomczyk
- University of Greifswald, Institute of Psychology, Germany
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19
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Addressing educational inequalities and promoting learning through studies of stress physiology in elementary school students. Dev Psychopathol 2021; 32:1899-1913. [PMID: 33427176 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420001443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
To be ready to learn, children need to be focused, engaged, and able to bounce back from setbacks. However, many children come to school with heightened or diminished physiological arousal due to exposure to poverty-related risks. While stress physiology plays a role in explaining how adversity relates to processes that support students' cognitive development, there is a lack of studies of physiological stress response in educational settings. This review integrates relevant studies and offers future directions for research on the role of stress physiology in the school adaptation of elementary school students, focusing on these important questions: (a) What are the links between physiological stress response and learning-related skills and behaviors, and do they vary as a function of proximal and distal experiences outside of school? (b) How are school experiences associated with students' physiological stress response and related cognitive and behavioral adaptations? (c) How can we leverage measures of students' physiological stress response in evaluations of school-based interventions to better support the school success of every student? We hope to stimulate a new wave of research that will advance the science of developmental stress physiology, as well as improve the application of these findings in educational policy and practice.
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20
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Zhang R, Yang X, Liu D, Lü W, Wang Z. Intraindividual reaction time variability, respiratory sinus arrhythmia, and children's externalizing problems. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 157:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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21
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Overbeek G, Creasey N, Wesarg C, Huijzer-Engbrenghof M, Spencer H. When mummy and daddy get under your skin: A new look at how parenting affects children's DNA methylation, stress reactivity, and disruptive behavior. New Dir Child Adolesc Dev 2020; 2020:25-38. [PMID: 32909678 DOI: 10.1002/cad.20362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Child maltreatment is a global phenomenon that affects the lives of millions of children. Worldwide, as many as one in three to six children encounter physical, sexual, or emotional abuse from their caregivers. Children who experience abuse often show alterations in stress reactivity. Although this alteration may reflect a physiological survival response, it can nevertheless be harmful in the long run-increasing children's disruptive behavior and jeopardizing their development in multiple domains. But can we undo this process in at-risk children? Based on several lines of pioneering research, we hypothesize that we indeed can. Specifically, we hypothesize that highly dysfunctional parenting leads to an epigenetic pattern in children's glucocorticoid genes that contributes to stress dysregulation and disruptive behavior. However, we also hypothesize that it is possible to "flip the methylation switch" by improving parenting with known-effective parenting interventions in at-risk families. We predict that improved parenting will change methylation in genes in the glucocorticoid pathway, leading to improved stress reactivity and decreased disruptive behavior in children. Future research testing this theory may transform developmental and intervention science, demonstrating how parents can get under their children's skins-and how this mechanism can be reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geertjan Overbeek
- University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Nicole Creasey
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Christiane Wesarg
- Department of Developmental Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Hannah Spencer
- Research Institute of Child Development and Education, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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22
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Oshri A, Liu S, Huffman LG, Koss KJ. Firm parenting and youth adjustment: Stress reactivity and dyadic synchrony of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 63:470-480. [PMID: 32677062 DOI: 10.1002/dev.22019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Parental behaviors are potent risk and protective factors for youth development of externalizing problems. Firm control is a parenting strategy that is inconsistently linked to youth adjustment, possibly due to variations in individual biological contexts. Growing research shows that dyadic coregulation of the autonomic nervous system (e.g., parent-child physiological synchrony) is a neurobiological mechanism that links parenting to youth adjustment. However, physiological synchrony may be context-dependent (e.g., adaptive in positive interactions, maladaptive in negative interactions). We aimed to test the role of dyadic synchrony in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) during parent-child conflict as a mediator between parent firm control and youth's externalizing problems. To capture youth's stress reactivity, we also tested how galvanic skin response reactivity (GSR-R) moderated this indirect path. The sample included 101 dyads of low socioeconomic-status at-risk preadolescents and parents. Results indicated that youth higher levels of GSR-R significantly intensified the link between parent firm control and dyadic RSA synchrony during conflict. Dyadic RSA synchrony further predicted youth increased in externalizing problems. Overall, results suggest that when parents employ firm control parenting with highly reactive teens, dyadic RSA synchrony elevates, potentially modeling less optimal coping with conflict for the youth, which is associated with increased externalizing problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Oshri
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Youth Development Institute, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Neuroscience Program, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Sihong Liu
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Youth Development Institute, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Landry G Huffman
- Youth Development Institute, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA.,Neuroscience Program, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Kalsea J Koss
- Department of Human Development and Family Science, the University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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23
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Frontal EEG asymmetry moderates the associations between negative temperament and behavioral problems during childhood. Dev Psychopathol 2020; 33:1016-1025. [PMID: 32536352 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579420000309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Fearful inhibition and impulsivity-anger significantly predict internalizing and externalizing problems, respectively. An important moderator that may affect these associations is frontal EEG asymmetry (FA). We examined how temperament and FA at 6 years interactively predicted behavioral problems at 9 years. A community sample of 186 children (93 boys, 93 girls) participated in the study. Results indicated that the effect of fearful inhibition on parent-reported internalizing problems increased as children exhibited greater right FA. The effect of impulsivity-anger on parent-reported externalizing problems increased as children showed greater left FA. Because FA was allowed to vary rather than children being dichotomized into membership in left FA and right FA groups, we observed that children's FA contributed to the resilience process only when FA reached specific asymmetry levels. These findings highlight the importance of considering the different functions of FA in combination with specific dimensions of temperament in predicting children's socioemotional outcomes. Clinical implications include providing suggestions for intervention services by demonstrating the role of FA in developing behavioral problems and inspiring research on whether it is possible to alter EEG activation and thus potentially improve developmental outcomes.
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24
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Oerlemans AM, Wardenaar KJ, Raven D, Hartman CA, Ormel J. The association of developmental trajectories of adolescent mental health with early-adult functioning. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0233648. [PMID: 32520969 PMCID: PMC7286481 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0233648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Mental health problems during adolescence may create a problematic start into adulthood for affected individuals. Usually, categorical indicators of adolescent mental health issues (yes/no psychiatric disorder) are used in studies into long-term functional outcomes. This however does not take into account the full spectrum of mental health, nor does it consider the trajectory of mental health problem development over time. The aim of this study was twofold: (1) to identify distinct developmental trajectories of (co-occurring) internalizing and externalizing mental health symptoms over the course of adolescence (ages 11–19), and (2) to document the associations between these adolescent trajectories and economic, social, and health outcomes in young adulthood (age 22), unadjusted and adjusted for childhood functioning, putative confounders and current mental health. Methods Data were used from the Dutch TRAILS cohort study (subsample n = 1524, 47.3% males). Self-reported INT and EXT symptoms using the Youth/Adult Self Report were assessed four times (ages 11y, 13y, 16y, 19y). Adolescent mental health trajectories were estimated using Parallel-Processes Latent Class Growth Analyses. Self-reported economic, social, and health outcomes and parent-reported current mental health (using Adult Behaviour Checklist) were assessed at age 22. Multiple logistic regression analyses were performed to test associations between trajectories and outcomes. Results Four distinct trajectory classes were identified: (1) a normative class with decreasing-low INT+EXT symptoms (n = 460), (2) continuous moderately-high INT+EXT (n = 298), (3) continuous moderate, INT>EXT (n = 414), and (4) decreasing moderate, EXT>INT (n = 352). Compared to the normative class, the other three trajectories generally predicted less optimal early-adult outcomes, with the strongest effects observed for individuals with continuous moderate-high levels of both INT and EXT symptoms throughout adolescence. The associations largely remained after adjustment for pre-adolescent functioning, selected confounders and current mental health. Conclusions Both adolescent trajectories and current mental health had substantial independent effects on early-adult functioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoek M. Oerlemans
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Klaas J. Wardenaar
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis Raven
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Catharina A. Hartman
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Johan Ormel
- Department of Psychiatry, Interdisciplinary Center Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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25
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The utility of combining respiratory sinus arrhythmia indices in association with internet addiction. Int J Psychophysiol 2020; 151:35-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2020.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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26
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Smiley PA, Partington LC, Cochran CR, Borelli JL. Autonomy-restrictive socialization of anger: Associations with school-aged children's physiology, trait anxiety, state distress, and relationship closeness. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:1134-1149. [PMID: 32314361 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Parental socialization that infringes on children's autonomy may have consequences for physiological regulation, trait anxiety, and state distress. One such practice is the use of positive conditional regard (CR)-the provision of extra attention/affection when children meet parents' expectations. Self-determination theory proposes that CR thwarts satisfaction of children's basic needs for relatedness and autonomy by placing these needs in conflict. We evaluate associations among children's (N = 106, 51% male, Mage = 10.27 years, SD = 1.09) reports of their mothers' use of positive CR to suppress anger expression (PCR-anger), their physiological regulation (resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia, RSA), and their trait anxiety and state distress, in light of perceived relationship closeness. After controlling demographics, mothers' reports of positive and negative CR-anger, children's reports of mothers' negative CR-anger and depressive symptoms, greater child-reported positive CR-anger was significantly associated with greater child anxiety and with lower resting RSA. Resting RSA mediated associations of child-reported positive CR-anger with greater child anxiety and post-failure distress. These indirect effects were significant for children low or moderate in closeness to mother. We conclude that autonomy-restrictive socialization is a concurrent correlate of children's physiological regulation, anxiety, and state distress, with these associations dependent on relational distance.
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27
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Winsper C, Bilgin A, Wolke D. Associations between infant and toddler regulatory problems, childhood co-developing internalising and externalising trajectories, and adolescent depression, psychotic and borderline personality disorder symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2020; 61:182-194. [PMID: 31469175 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.13125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Early regulatory problems (RPs) are associated with childhood internalising and externalising symptoms. Internalising and externalising symptoms, in turn, are associated with adolescent psychopathology (e.g. personality disorders, depression). We examined whether RPs are directly associated with adolescent psychopathology, or whether associations are indirect via childhood internalising and externalising symptoms. METHODS We used data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Mothers reported on their child's RPs at 6, 15-18 and 24-30 months, and internalising and externalising symptoms at 4, 7, 8 and 9.5 years. Adolescent psychotic, depression and BPD symptoms were assessed at 11-12 years. Children were grouped by their patterns of co-developing internalising and externalising symptoms using parallel process latent class growth analysis (PP-LCGA). Path analysis was used to examine direct and indirect associations from RPs to the three adolescent outcomes. RESULTS There were four groups of children with distinct patterns of co-developing internalising and externalising (INT/EXT) symptoms. Most children (53%) demonstrated low-moderate and stable levels of INT/EXT symptoms. A small proportion (7.7%) evidenced moderate and increasing INT and high stable EXT symptoms: this pattern was strongly predictive of adolescent psychopathology (e.g. depression at 11 years: unadjusted odds ratio = 5.62; 95% confidence intervals = 3.82, 8.27). The other two groups were differentially associated with adolescent outcomes (i.e. moderate-high increasing INT/moderate decreasing EXT predicted mother-reported depression at 12, while low stable INT/moderate-high stable EXT predicted child-reported depression at 11). In path analysis, RPs at each time-point were significantly indirectly associated with symptoms of BPD and child- and mother-reported depression symptoms via the most severe class of INT/EXT symptoms. CONCLUSIONS Consistent with a cascade model of development, RPs are predictive of higher levels of co-developing INT/EXT symptoms, which in turn increase risk of adolescent psychopathology. Clinicians should be aware of, and treat, early RPs to prevent chronic psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Winsper
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,R & I Department, Caludon Centre, Coventry and Warwickshire Partnership Trust, Coventry, UK
| | - Ayten Bilgin
- Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Berlin Psychological University, Berlin, Germany
| | - Dieter Wolke
- Division of Mental Health and Wellbeing, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK.,Department of Psychology, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
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Davis EL, Brooker RJ, Kahle S. Considering context in the developmental psychobiology of self‐regulation. Dev Psychobiol 2020; 62:423-435. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Davis
- Department of Psychology University of California, Riverside Riverside CA USA
| | | | - Sarah Kahle
- University of California, Davis Davis CA USA
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29
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Whittle S, Vijayakumar N, Simmons JG, Allen NB. Internalizing and Externalizing Symptoms Are Associated With Different Trajectories of Cortical Development During Late Childhood. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2020; 59:177-185. [PMID: 31047992 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2019.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2018] [Revised: 03/21/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Investigation of neurobiological differences between internalizing and externalizing symptoms in children is needed to better understand the unique pathophysiology of each, which may ultimately better target treatments and interventions. Longitudinal studies are critical, given the marked brain development that occurs in childhood; however, few such studies exist, and results are inconsistent. The aim of this study was to longitudinally investigate associations between internalizing and externalizing symptoms, and cortical thinning during late childhood. METHOD Participants were 105 children (49 male) from the community, who underwent magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) brain scans, and completed questionnaire measures of depressive and anxiety symptoms at two time points (mean age: 8.4 years at baseline, 10.0 years at follow-up); and, mothers, who reported on child internalizing and externalizing symptoms at both time points. Whole-brain vertex-wise regression analyses were performed to assess associations between change in cortical thickness and symptoms between baseline and follow-up. RESULTS Increases in internalizing symptoms over time were associated with reduced thinning in the orbitofrontal cortex, whereas increases in externalizing symptoms were associated with reduced thinning in the postcentral gyrus. The interaction between internalizing and externalizing symptom change was not associated with cortical thinning. CONCLUSION Results suggest that the development of internalizing and externalizing symptoms are associated with unique neurodevelopmental patterns in late childhood, potentially implicating differential deficits in affective reactivity, emotion regulation, and social cognition. Further research is required to elucidate the implications of these patterns for ongoing brain development, psychopathology, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Whittle
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Nandita Vijayakumar
- University of Oregon, Eugene; School of Psychology, Deakin University, Burwood, Australia
| | - Julian G Simmons
- Melbourne Neuropsychiatry Centre, The University of Melbourne and Melbourne Health, Victoria, Australia; Melbourne School of Psychological Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Australia
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30
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Hodgins S. Sex differences in antisocial and aggressive disorders that onset in childhood and persist into adulthood. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2020; 175:405-422. [PMID: 33008540 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00027-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
As many as 10.7% of males and 7.5% of females display early-onset, stable, antisocial and aggressive behavior (ESAAB). Most research has focused on males. These individuals are diagnosed with conduct disorder in childhood and antisocial personality disorder in adulthood, and a very few, almost all males, present the syndrome of psychopathy. ESAAB includes three subgroups: (1) conduct problems and callousness; (2) conduct problems, callousness, and anxiety; and (3) conduct problems. Heritability of the first two subtypes is high. This high heritability derives, at least in part, from genes involved in regulating serotonergic functioning early in life and to genotypes that confer sensitivity to trauma. The first subtype is rare and characterized by difficulty in face emotion recognition, especially fear and sadness, and hypoarousal as indexed by both autonomic and neural measures, and by structural brain abnormalities. By contrast, those with conduct problems, callousness, and anxiety are more common. They include a greater proportion of females and show hypersensitivity to threat that triggers reactive aggression and that is reflected in both autonomic and neural functioning. In sum, fewer females than males present ESAAB, but many characteristics, autonomic and neural correlates, and etiology are similar. Importantly, however, females with ESAAB play a critical role in the intergenerational transfer of antisocial behavior. Despite higher prevalence of EASSB in males than females, few sex differences in neural abnormalities have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheilagh Hodgins
- Institut Universitaire en Santé Mentale de Montréal, and Department of Psychiatry, University of Montreal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
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31
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Ip KI, Jester JM, Sameroff A, Olson SL. Linking Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs to developmental psychopathology: The role of self-regulation and emotion knowledge in the development of internalizing and externalizing growth trajectories from ages 3 to 10. Dev Psychopathol 2019; 31:1557-1574. [PMID: 30719962 PMCID: PMC6682471 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579418001323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Identifying Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) constructs in early childhood is essential for understanding etiological pathways of psychopathology. Our central goal was to identify early emotion knowledge and self-regulation difficulties across different RDoC domains and examine how they relate to typical versus atypical symptom trajectories between ages 3 and 10. Particularly, we assessed potential contributions of children's gender, executive control, delay of gratification, and regulation of frustration, emotion recognition, and emotion understanding at age 3 to co-occurring patterns of internalizing and externalizing across development. A total of 238 3-year-old boys and girls were assessed using behavioral tasks and parent reports and reassessed at ages 5 and 10 years. Results indicated that very few children developed "pure" internalizing or externalizing symptoms relative to various levels of co-occurring symptoms across development. Four classes of co-occurring internalizing and externalizing problems were identified: low, low-moderate, rising, and severe-decreasing trajectories. Three-year-old children with poor executive control but high emotion understanding were far more likely to show severe-decreasing than low/low-moderate class co-occurring internalizing and externalizing symptom patterns. Child gender and poor executive control differentiated children in rising versus low trajectories. Implications for early intervention targeting self-regulation of executive control are discussed.
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32
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Khurshid S, Peng Y, Wang Z. Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia Acts as a Moderator of the Relationship Between Parental Marital Conflict and Adolescents' Internalizing Problems. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:500. [PMID: 31178683 PMCID: PMC6543905 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.00500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study examined the potential moderating role respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) plays in the relationship between parental marital conflict and adolescents' internalizing problems. To examine this issue, data were collected from 330 adolescents (13-14 years, 182 boys). The Chinese version of the Achenbach Youth Self-Report-2001 and the Chinese version of the Children's Perception of Interparental Conflict were used to assess the adolescents' internalizing problems and their perceptions of parental marital conflict. To obtain RSA data, electrocardiogram monitoring was performed on the adolescents at baseline and during a series of stress tasks (watching a film clip depicting marital conflict, a mental arithmetic task, and a speech task). The results indicated that baseline RSA and RSA reactivity to the film clip moderated the relationship between parental marital conflict and internalizing problems in early adolescents. The moderating effect of baseline RSA supported the BSCT hypothesis. Specifically, adolescents with low baseline RSA have both the highest and lowest levels of internalizing problems, depending on the level of marital conflict. In contrast, adolescents with high levels of baseline RSA have moderate levels in internalizing problems, regardless of the level of marital conflict they experience. Similarly, high marital conflict was related to internalizing problems for adolescents with less RSA suppression or RSA augmentation but not for those with greater RSA suppression. This effect was specific to stress related to marital conflict, as RSA reactivity to the mental arithmetic task and speech task did not moderate the relationship between marital conflict and internalizing problems. These findings suggest that certain profile of parasympathetic nervous activity is a risk factor for internalizing problems particularly for those who experience high-conflict environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaira Khurshid
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Key Research Centre of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China
| | - Yuan Peng
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Key Research Centre of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhenhong Wang
- School of Psychology, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China.,Shaanxi Province Key Research Centre of Child Mental and Behavioral Health, Xi'an, China
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33
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Tu KM, Li X, Cohen JR. The “Heart” of depression during early adolescence. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1168-1179. [DOI: 10.1002/dev.21862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 02/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly M. Tu
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
| | - Joseph R. Cohen
- Department of Psychology University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana Illinois
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Fox AR, Aldrich JT, Ahles JJ, Mezulis AH. Stress and parenting predict changes in adolescent respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Dev Psychobiol 2019; 61:1214-1224. [PMID: 31077349 DOI: 10.1002/dev.21863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a critical period for the development of physiological emotion regulatory systems. While stressful life experiences are known to inhibit adaptive regulation, less is known about how parental socialization of emotion regulation may affect this relation. We examined the effect of stressful life experiences on changes in the resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) levels of 107 (Mage = 12.84, SD = 0.85) young adolescents over a year, moderated by supportive parental responses to negative emotions. The significant interaction (B = 0.02, p = 0.04) indicated that young adolescents who experienced low levels of supportive parenting in the context of high levels of stressful life experiences showed significant decreases in resting RSA over the year, while adolescents who experienced high levels of supportive parenting showed minimal decreases in RSA. Thus, more supportive parenting significantly compensated for the effect of greater stressful life experiences on changes in resting RSA over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew R Fox
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jaclyn T Aldrich
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua J Ahles
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
| | - Amy H Mezulis
- Department of Clinical Psychology, Seattle Pacific University, Seattle, Washington
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Callous-unemotional traits, low cortisol reactivity and physical aggression in children: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study. Transl Psychiatry 2019; 9:79. [PMID: 30741941 PMCID: PMC6370839 DOI: 10.1038/s41398-019-0406-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits are thought to confer risk for aggression via reduced amygdala responsivity to distress cues in others. Low cortisol reactivity is thought to confer risk for aggression via reduced arousal and this effect may be confined to boys. We tested the hypothesis that the association between childhood CU traits and aggression would be greatest in the absence of the inhibitory effects of cortisol reactivity, and that this effect would be sex dependent. Participants were 283 members of a stratified subsample within an epidemiological longitudinal cohort (WCHADS). Cortisol reactivity to a social stressor was assessed at 5 years. CU traits were reported by mothers at 5 years, and physical aggression by mothers and teachers at age 7. Results showed that CU traits were associated with elevated aggression at 7 years controlling for earlier aggression. There was no main effect of cortisol reactivity on regression. The association between CU traits and aggression was moderated by cortisol reactivity (p = .011) with a strong association between CU traits and aggression in the presence of low reactivity, and a small and non-significant association in the presence of high reactivity. This association was further moderated by child sex (p = .041) with the joint effect of high CU traits and low cortisol reactivity seen only in boys (p = .016). We report first evidence that a combined deficit in inhibitory processes associated with CU traits and low cortisol reactivity increases risk for childhood aggression, in a sex-dependent manner.
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36
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Beauchaine TP, Bell Z, Knapton E, McDonough-Caplan H, Shader T, Zisner A. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia reactivity across empirically based structural dimensions of psychopathology: A meta-analysis. Psychophysiology 2019; 56:e13329. [PMID: 30672603 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Revised: 12/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Low resting respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is observed in many mental health conditions, including anxiety disorders, mood disorders, schizophrenia spectrum disorders, disruptive behavior disorders, and nonsuicidal self-injury, among others. Findings for RSA reactivity are more mixed. We evaluate associations between RSA reactivity and empirically derived structural categories of psychopathology-including internalizing, externalizing, and thought problems-among physically healthy adults. We searched multiple electronic databases for studies of RSA among participants who were assessed either dimensionally using well-validated measures or diagnostically using structured interviews. Strict inclusion criteria were used to screen 3,605 published reports, which yielded 37 studies including 2,347 participants and 76 effect sizes. We performed a meta-analysis, with meta-analytic regressions of potential moderators, including psychopathology subtypes. The sample-wide meta-analytic association between RSA reactivity and psychopathology was quite small, but heterogeneity was considerable. Moderation analyses revealed significant RSA reactivity (withdrawal) specifically in externalizing samples. Additional moderators included (a) stimulus conditions used to elicit RSA reactivity (only negative emotion inductions were effective), (b) sex (women showed greater RSA reactivity than men), and (c) adherence to established methodological guidelines (e.g., higher electrocardiographic sampling rates yielded greater RSA reactivity). These findings indicate that associations between RSA reactivity and psychopathology are complex and suggest that future studies should include more standardized RSA assessments to increase external validity and decrease measurement error.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ziv Bell
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Erin Knapton
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | | | - Tiffany Shader
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Aimee Zisner
- Department of Psychology, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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37
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Respiratory Sinus Arrhythmia in Cognitive Behavioral Therapy for Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms in Children: Preliminary Treatment and Gender Effects. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2018; 42:309-321. [PMID: 28840391 DOI: 10.1007/s10484-017-9377-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is an efficacious treatment for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptoms, but the effect of CBT on physiological indicators is largely unknown. Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is an established parasympathetic marker of self-regulatory capacity and stress responsivity. The present study tested if and how resting RSA and RSA reactivity changed following treatment among a sample of children (n = 48) who experienced at least one traumatic event and presented with PTSD symptoms. RSA reactivity was measured in response to personalized trauma-related scripts. Results indicated that changes in RSA after treatment were dependent on pretreatment resting levels of RSA, with individuals with high and low pretreatment resting RSA levels appearing to converge over time in both resting RSA and RSA reactivity by the 3-month follow up. Specific to RSA reactivity, a sex difference was evident, as following treatment, females showed less RSA withdrawal whereas males showed more RSA withdrawal. PTSD symptoms were significantly reduced after CBT but symptom change was not associated with pretreatment resting RSA levels. Overall, these results suggest that there may be multiple physiological patterns within children with PTSD and the direction of the physiological changes after CBT may depend on initial differences in resting RSA levels.
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Rottenberg J, Kovacs M, Yaroslavsky I. Non-response to sad mood induction: implications for emotion research. Cogn Emot 2018; 32:431-436. [PMID: 28466682 PMCID: PMC6174537 DOI: 10.1080/02699931.2017.1321527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Revised: 04/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/13/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Experimental induction of sad mood states is a mainstay of laboratory research on affect and cognition, mood regulation, and mood disorders. Typically, the success of such mood manipulations is reported as a statistically significant pre- to post-induction change in the self-rated intensity of the target affect. The present commentary was motivated by an unexpected finding in one of our studies concerning the response rate to a well-validated sad mood induction. Using the customary statistical approach, we found a significant mean increase in self-rated sadness intensity with a moderate effect size, verifying the "success" of the mood induction. However, that "success" masked that, between one-fifth and about one-third of our samples (adolescents who had histories of childhood-onset major depressive disorder and healthy controls) reported absolutely no sadness in response to the mood induction procedure. We consider implications of our experience for emotion research by (1) commenting upon the typically overlooked phenomenon of nonresponse, (2) suggesting changes in reporting practices regarding mood induction success, and (3) outlining future directions to help scientists determine why some subjects do not respond to experimental mood induction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Kovacs
- b Department of Psychiatry , University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh , PA , USA
| | - Ilya Yaroslavsky
- c Department of Psychology , Cleveland State University , Cleveland , OH , USA
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Associations between maternal prenatal cortisol and fetal growth are specific to infant sex: findings from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2018; 9:425-431. [PMID: 29631648 DOI: 10.1017/s2040174418000181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings highlight that there are prenatal risks for affective disorders that are mediated by glucocorticoid mechanisms, and may be specific to females. There is also evidence of sex differences in prenatal programming mechanisms and developmental psychopathology, whereby effects are in opposite directions in males and females. As birth weight is a risk for affective disorders, we sought to investigate whether maternal prenatal cortisol may have sex-specific effects on fetal growth. Participants were 241 mothers selected from the Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS) cohort (n=1233) using a psychosocial risk stratifier, so that responses could be weighted back to the general population. Mothers provided saliva samples, which were assayed for cortisol, at home over 2 days at 32 weeks gestation (on waking, 30-min post-waking and during the evening). Measures of infant birth weight (corrected for gestational age) were taken from hospital records. General population estimates of associations between variables were obtained using inverse probability weights. Maternal log of the area under the curve cortisol predicted infant birth weight in a sex-dependent manner (interaction term P=0.029). There was a positive and statistically significant association between prenatal cortisol in males, and a negative association in females that was not statistically significant. A sex interaction in the same direction was evident when using the waking (P=0.015), and 30-min post-waking (P=0.013) cortisol, but not the evening measure. There was no interaction between prenatal cortisol and sex to predict gestational age. Our findings add to an emerging literature that suggests that there may be sex-specific mechanisms that underpin fetal programming.
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40
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Braithwaite EC, Murphy SE, Ramchandani PG, Hill J. Associations between biological markers of prenatal stress and infant negative emotionality are specific to sex. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2017; 86:1-7. [PMID: 28888992 PMCID: PMC5667634 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Fetal programming is the idea that environmental stimuli can alter the development of the fetus, which may have a long-term effect on the child. We have recently reported that maternal prenatal cortisol predicts infant negative emotionality in a sex-dependent manner: high prenatal cortisol was associated with increased negative emotionality in females, and decreased negative emotionality in males. This study aims to test for this sex-specific effect in a different cohort, and investigate whether sex differences in fetal programming may be specific to glucocorticoid mechanisms by also examining a maternal salivary alpha-amylase (sAA) by sex interaction. METHODS 88 pregnant women (mean gestational age=27.4 weeks, SD=7.4) collected saliva samples at home over two working days to be assayed for the hormone cortisol (range=0.13-88.22nmol/l) and the enzyme alpha-amylase (range=4.57-554.8units/ml). Samples were collected at waking, 30-min post-waking and 12h post-waking. Two months after birth participants reported infant negative emotionality using the distress to limits subscale of the Infant Behavior Questionnaire. RESULTS The interaction between maternal prenatal cortisol and infant sex to predict distress to limits approached significance (p=0.067). In line with our previous finding there was a positive association between prenatal cortisol and negative emotionality in females, and a negative association in males. The interaction between sAA and sex to predict distress was significant (p=0.025), and the direction of effect was the same as for the cortisol data; high sAA associated with increased negative emotionality in females and reduced negative emotionality in males. CONCLUSIONS In line with our previous findings, this research adds to an emerging body of literature, which suggests that fetal programming mechanisms may be sex-dependent. This is the first study to demonstrate that maternal prenatal sAA may be an important biomarker for infant behavior, and the findings have implications for understanding sex differences in developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Braithwaite
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, 9 South Parks Road, Oxford, UK.
| | - Susannah E Murphy
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford, UK.
| | - Paul G Ramchandani
- The Centre for Psychiatry, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London, W12 ONN, UK.
| | - Jonathan Hill
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Rabinowitz JA, Drabick DA. Do children fare for better and for worse? Associations among child features and parenting with child competence and symptoms. DEVELOPMENTAL REVIEW 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dr.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Vidal‐Ribas P, Pickles A, Tibu F, Sharp H, Hill J. Sex differences in the associations between vagal reactivity and oppositional defiant disorder symptoms. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 2017; 58:988-997. [PMID: 28573761 PMCID: PMC5575540 DOI: 10.1111/jcpp.12750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vagal reactivity to stress in children has been associated with future psychiatric outcomes. However, results have been mixed possibly because these effects are in opposite direction in boys and girls. These sex differences are relevant in the context of development of psychopathology, whereby the rates of psychiatric disorders differ by sex. In this study, we aimed to examine the association between vagal reactivity, assessed as a reduction in respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) in response to a challenge, and the development of future oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) symptoms in boys and girls. In addition, we examine the specific associations with ODD symptom dimensions, named irritability and headstrong. We hypothesized that increased vagal reactivity was associated with increased ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction in ODD symptoms in boys. METHODS Participants were members of the Wirral Child Health and Development Study, a prospective epidemiological longitudinal study of 1,233 first-time mothers recruited at 20 weeks' gestation. RSA during four nonstressful and one stressful (still-face) procedures was assessed when children were aged 29 weeks in a sample stratified by adversity (n = 270). Maternal reports of ODD symptoms were collected when children were 2.5 years old (n = 253), 3.5 years old (n = 826), and 5 years old (n = 770). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test our hypotheses. RESULTS There was a significant sex difference in the prediction of ODD symptoms due to the opposite directionality in which increasing vagal reactivity was associated with an increase in ODD symptoms in girls and a reduction of ODD symptoms in boys. This Sex by Vagal reactivity interaction was common for both ODD dimensions, with no sex by dimension-specific associations. CONCLUSIONS Physiological reactivity to a stressful situation predicts differently ODD symptoms in boys and girls very early in life, with no difference across irritability and headstrong components. Findings are discussed in the context of the several mechanisms involved on the later development of distinct psychiatric disorders in boys and girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Vidal‐Ribas
- Department of Child and Adolescent PsychiatryInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Department of Biostatistics and Health InformaticsInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and NeuroscienceKing's College LondonLondonUK
| | - Florin Tibu
- Institute of Child DevelopmentBucharest Early Intervention Project LabBucharestRomania
| | - Helen Sharp
- Institute of Psychology, Health and SocietyUniversity of LiverpoolLiverpoolUK
| | - Jonathan Hill
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language SciencesUniversity of ReadingReadingUK
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Emotion regulation as a transdiagnostic factor in the development of internalizing and externalizing psychopathology: Current and future directions. Dev Psychopathol 2017; 28:927-946. [PMID: 27739387 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 256] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
In response to rapidly growing rates of comorbidity among psychiatric disorders, clinical scientists have become interested in identifying transdiagnostic processes that can help explain dysfunction across diagnostic categories (e.g., Kring & Sloan, 2009). One factor that has received a great deal of attention is that of emotion regulation, namely, the ability to modulate the intensity and/or duration of emotional states (e.g., Cicchetti, Ackerman, & Izard, 1995; Gross, 1998). Recent theoretical and empirical work has begun to emphasize the role that emotion regulation plays in the temporal comorbidity between internalizing and externalizing conditions (e.g., Aldao & De Los Reyes, 2015; De Los Reyes & Aldao, 2015; Drabick & Kendall, 2010; Jarrett & Ollendick, 2008; Patrick & Hajcak, 2016). However, close inspection of this work reveals two very pertinent areas of growth: (a) this literature is characterized by mixed findings that are likely explained, in part, by methodological heterogeneity; and (b) emotion regulation tends to be studied in relatively narrow terms. To address these issues, we provide a series of recommendations for facilitating cross-study comparisons and leveraging multifaceted approaches to studying emotion regulation processes within a developmental psychopathology framework. We hope that our perspective can enhance the organization and growth of this very important area of inquiry, and ultimately result in more effective prevention and treatment programs.
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Linking child temperament, physiology, and adult personality: Relations among retrospective behavioral inhibition, salivary cortisol, and shyness. PERSONALITY AND INDIVIDUAL DIFFERENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.paid.2017.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Braithwaite EC, Pickles A, Sharp H, Glover V, O'Donnell KJ, Tibu F, Hill J. Maternal prenatal cortisol predicts infant negative emotionality in a sex-dependent manner. Physiol Behav 2017; 175:31-36. [PMID: 28322912 PMCID: PMC5429387 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Revised: 01/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prenatal stress influences fetal developmental trajectories, which may implicate glucocorticoid mechanisms. There is also emerging evidence that effects of prenatal stress on offspring development are sex-dependent. However, little is known about the prospective relationship between maternal prenatal cortisol levels and infant behaviour, and whether it may be different in male and female infants. We sought to address this question using data from a prospective longitudinal cohort, stratified by risk. METHOD The Wirral Child Health and Development Study (WCHADS) cohort (n=1233) included a stratified random sub-sample (n=216) who provided maternal saliva samples, assayed for cortisol, at home over two days at 32weeks of pregnancy (on waking, 30-min post-waking and during the evening) and a measure of infant negative emotionality from the Neonatal Behavioural Assessment Scale (NBAS) at five weeks-of-age. General population estimates of associations among measures were obtained using inverse probability weights. RESULTS Maternal prenatal cortisol sampled on waking predicted infant negative emotionality in a sex-dependent manner (interaction term, p=0.005); female infants exposed to high levels of prenatal cortisol were more negative (Beta=0.440, p=0.042), whereas male infants were less negative (Beta=-0.407, p=0.045). There was no effect of the 30-min post-waking measure or evening cortisol. DISCUSSION Our findings add to an emerging body of work that has highlighted sex differences in fetal programming, whereby females become more reactive following prenatal stress, and males less reactive. A more complete understanding of sex-specific developmental trajectories in the context of prenatal stress is essential for the development of targeted prevention strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C Braithwaite
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK; Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Andrew Pickles
- Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, Kings College London, London, UK.
| | - Helen Sharp
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Vivette Glover
- Institute of Reproductive and Developmental Biology, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Kieran J O'Donnell
- Douglas Hospital Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Canadian Institute For Advanced Research, Child and Brain Development Program, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Florin Tibu
- Institute of Child Development, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Jonathan Hill
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading, Reading, UK.
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Fong MC, Measelle J, Conradt E, Ablow JC. Links between early baseline cortisol, attachment classification, and problem behaviors: A test of differential susceptibility versus diathesis-stress. Infant Behav Dev 2017; 46:158-168. [PMID: 28171802 DOI: 10.1016/j.infbeh.2017.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the current study was to predict concurrent levels of problem behaviors from young children's baseline cortisol and attachment classification, a proxy for the quality of caregiving experienced. In a sample of 58 children living at or below the federal poverty threshold, children's baseline cortisol levels, attachment classification, and problem behaviors were assessed at 17 months of age. We hypothesized that an interaction between baseline cortisol and attachment classification would predict problem behaviors above and beyond any main effects of baseline cortisol and attachment. However, based on limited prior research, we did not predict whether or not this interaction would be more consistent with diathesis-stress or differential susceptibility models. Consistent with diathesis-stress theory, the results indicated no significant differences in problem behavior levels among children with high baseline cortisol. In contrast, children with low baseline cortisol had the highest level of problem behaviors in the context of a disorganized attachment relationship. However, in the context of a secure attachment relationship, children with low baseline cortisol looked no different, with respect to problem behavior levels, then children with high cortisol levels. These findings have substantive implications for the socioemotional development of children reared in poverty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Fong
- Department of Psychology, University of Oregon, United States.
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Sleep and Development: Familial and Socio-cultural Considerations. FAMILY CONTEXTS OF SLEEP AND HEALTH ACROSS THE LIFE COURSE 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-64780-7_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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Fletcher AC, Buehler C, Buchanan CM, Weymouth BB. Parenting stressors and young adolescents' depressive symptoms: Does high vagal suppression offer protection? Physiol Behav 2016; 170:78-87. [PMID: 27979628 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2016.11.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Grounded in a dual-risk, biosocial perspective of developmental psychopathology, this study examined the role of higher vagal suppression in providing young adolescents protection from four parenting stressors. It was expected that lower vagal suppression would increase youth vulnerability to the deleterious effects of these parenting stressors. Depressive symptoms were examined as a central marker of socioemotional difficulties during early adolescence. The four parenting stressors examined were interparental hostility, maternal use of harsh discipline, maternal inconsistent discipline, and maternal psychological control. Participants were 68 young adolescents (Grade 6) and their mothers. Greater vagal suppression provided protection (i.e., lower depressive symptoms) from interparental hostility, harsh discipline, and maternal psychological control for boys but not for girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Fletcher
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Human Development & Family Studies, 228 Stone Building, HDFS, United States.
| | - Cheryl Buehler
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Human Development & Family Studies, 228 Stone Building, HDFS, United States
| | | | - Bridget B Weymouth
- The University of North Carolina at Greensboro, Human Development & Family Studies, 228 Stone Building, HDFS, United States
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The adaptive calibration model of stress responsivity: An empirical test in the Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 29:1001-1021. [PMID: 27772536 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579416000985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The adaptive calibration model (ACM) is a theory of developmental programing focusing on calibration of stress response systems and associated life history strategies to local environmental conditions. In this article, we tested some key predictions of the ACM in a longitudinal study of Dutch adolescent males (11-16 years old; N = 351). Measures of sympathetic, parasympathetic, and adrenocortical activation, reactivity to, and recovery from social-evaluative stress validated the four-pattern taxonomy of the ACM via latent profile analysis, though with some deviations from expected patterns. The physiological profiles generally showed predicted associations with antecedent measures of familial and ecological conditions and life stress; as expected, high- and low-responsivity patterns were found under both low-stress and high-stress family conditions. The four patterns were also differentially associated with aggressive/rule-breaking behavior and withdrawn/depressed behavior. This study provides measured support for key predictions of the ACM and highlights important empirical issues and methodological challenges for future research.
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Identifying early pathways of risk and resilience: The codevelopment of internalizing and externalizing symptoms and the role of harsh parenting. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:1295-312. [PMID: 26439075 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Psychological disorders co-occur often in children, but little has been done to document the types of conjoint pathways internalizing and externalizing symptoms may take from the crucial early period of toddlerhood or how harsh parenting may overlap with early symptom codevelopment. To examine symptom codevelopment trajectories, we identified latent classes of individuals based on internalizing and externalizing symptoms across ages 3-9 and found three symptom codevelopment classes: normative symptoms (low), severe-decreasing symptoms (initially high but rapidly declining), and severe symptoms (high) trajectories. Next, joint models examined how parenting trajectories overlapped with internalizing and externalizing symptom trajectories. These trajectory classes demonstrated that, normatively, harsh parenting increased after toddlerhood, but the severe symptoms class was characterized by a higher level and a steeper increase in harsh parenting and the severe-decreasing class by high, stable harsh parenting. In addition, a transactional model examined the bidirectional relationships among internalizing and externalizing symptoms and harsh parenting because they may cascade over time in this early period. Harsh parenting uniquely contributed to externalizing symptoms, controlling for internalizing symptoms, but not vice versa. In addition, internalizing symptoms appeared to be a mechanism by which externalizing symptoms increase. Results highlight the importance of accounting for both internalizing and externalizing symptoms from an early age to understand risk for developing psychopathology and the role harsh parenting plays in influencing these trajectories.
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