1
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Kang W, Mu L, Hu X. Marine Colloids Boost Nitrogen Fixation in Trichodesmium erythraeum by Photoelectrophy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:9236-9249. [PMID: 38748855 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Nitrogen fixation by the diazotrophic cyanobacterium Trichodesmium contributes up to 50% of the bioavailable nitrogen in the ocean. N2 fixation by Trichodesmium is limited by the availability of nutrients, such as iron (Fe) and phosphorus (P). Although colloids are ubiquitous in the ocean, the effects of Fe limitation on nitrogen fixation by marine colloids (MC) and the related mechanisms are largely unexplored. In this study, we found that MC exhibit photoelectrochemical properties that boost nitrogen fixation by photoelectrophy in Trichodesmium erythraeum. MC efficiently promote photosynthesis in T. erythraeum, thus enhancing its growth. Photoexcited electrons from MC are directly transferred to the photosynthetic electron transport chain and contribute to nitrogen fixation and ammonia assimilation. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that MC significantly upregulates genes related to the electron transport chain, photosystem, and photosynthesis, which is consistent with elevated photosynthetic capacities (e.g., Fv/Fm and carboxysomes). As a result, MC increase the N2 fixation rate by 67.5-89.3%. Our findings highlight a proof-of-concept electron transfer pathway by which MC boost nitrogen fixation, broadening our knowledge on the role of ubiquitous colloids in marine nitrogen biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weilu Kang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Li Mu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment and Product Safety, Key Laboratory for Environmental Factors Controlling Agro-Product Quality Safety (Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs), Institute of Agro-Environmental Protection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin 300191, China
| | - Xiangang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Carbon Neutrality Interdisciplinary Science Centre, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
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2
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Kou B, Yuan Y, Zhu X, Ke Y, Wang H, Yu T, Tan W. Effect of soil organic matter-mediated electron transfer on heavy metal remediation: Current status and perspectives. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170451. [PMID: 38296063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Soil contamination by heavy metals poses major risks to human health and the environment. Given the current status of heavy metal pollution, many remediation techniques have been tested at laboratory and contaminated sites. The effects of soil organic matter-mediated electron transfer on heavy metal remediation have not been adequately studied, and the key mechanisms underlying this process have not yet been elucidated. In this review, microbial extracellular electron transfer pathways, organic matter electron transfer for heavy metal reduction, and the factors affecting these processes were discussed to enhance our understanding of heavy metal pollution. It was found that microbial extracellular electrons delivered by electron shuttles have the longest distance among the three electron transfer pathways, and the application of exogenous electron shuttles lays the foundation for efficient and persistent remediation of heavy metals. The organic matter-mediated electron transfer process, wherein organic matter acts as an electron shuttle, promotes the conversion of high valence state metal ions, such as Cr(VI), Hg(II), and U(VI), into less toxic and morphologically stable forms, which inhibits their mobility and bioavailability. Soil type, organic matter structural and content, heavy metal concentrations, and environmental factors (e.g., pH, redox potential, oxygen conditions, and temperature) all influence organic matter-mediated electron transfer processes and bioremediation of heavy metals. Organic matter can more effectively mediate electron transfer for heavy metal remediation under anaerobic conditions, as well as when the heavy metal content is low and the redox potential is suitable under fluvo-aquic/paddy soil conditions. Organic matter with high aromaticity, quinone groups, and phenol groups has a stronger electron transfer ability. This review provides new insights into the control and management of soil contamination and heavy metal remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Kou
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xiaoli Zhu
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China.
| | - Yuxin Ke
- College of Urban and Environmental Science, Northwest University, Xi'an 710127, China
| | - Hui Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Tingqiao Yu
- International Education College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing 102442, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
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3
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Yu W, Zheng X, Tan M, Wang J, Wu B, Ma J, Pan Y, Chen B, Chu C. Field Quantification of Hydroxyl Radicals by Flow-Injection Chemiluminescence Analysis with a Portable Device. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:2808-2816. [PMID: 38227742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c09140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is a powerful oxidant abundantly found in nature and plays a central role in numerous environmental processes. On-site detection of •OH is highly desirable for real-time assessments of •OH-centered processes and yet is restrained by a lack of an analysis system suitable for field applications. Here, we report the development of a flow-injection chemiluminescence analysis (FIA-CL) system for the continuous field detection of •OH. The system is based on the reaction of •OH with phthalhydrazide to generate 5-hydroxy-2,3-dihydro-1,4-phthalazinedione, which emits chemiluminescence (CL) when oxidatively activated by H2O2 and Cu3+. The FIA-CL system was successfully validated using the Fenton reaction as a standard •OH source. Unlike traditional absorbance- or fluorescence-based methods, CL detection could minimize interference from an environmental medium (e.g., organic matter), therefore attaining highly sensitive •OH detection (limits of detection and quantification = 0.035 and 0.12 nM, respectively). The broad applications of FIA-CL were illustrated for on-site 24 h detection of •OH produced from photochemical processes in lake water and air, where the temporal variations on •OH productions (1.0-12.2 nM in water and 1.5-37.1 × 107 cm-3 in air) agreed well with sunlight photon flux. Further, the FIA-CL system enabled field 24 h field analysis of •OH productions from the oxidation of reduced substances triggered by tidal fluctuations in coastal soils. The superior analytical capability of the FIA-CL system opens new opportunities for monitoring •OH dynamics under field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanchao Yu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoshan Zheng
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Mengxi Tan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jingyi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Binbin Wu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Junye Ma
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yishuai Pan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Baoliang Chen
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Chiheng Chu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- ZJU-Anqing Yangtze Delta Future Industry Institute, Anqing 246003, China
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4
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Mensah AT, Xiang Y, Berne F, Soreau S, Gallard H. Reactions of Monobromamine and Dibromamine with Phenolic Compounds and Organic Matter: Kinetics and Formation of Bromophenols and Bromoform. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:18981-18990. [PMID: 37226837 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Monobromamine (NH2Br) and dibromamine (NHBr2) produced from reactions of hypobromous acid (HOBr) with ammonia can react with phenolic structures of natural organic matter (NOM) to produce disinfection byproducts such as bromoform (CHBr3). The reactivity of NH2Br was controlled by the reaction of the bromoammonium ion (NH3Br+) with phenolate species, with specific rate constants ranging from 6.32 × 102 for 2,4,6-tribromophenol to 1.22 × 108 M-1 s-1 for phenol. Reactions of NHBr2 with phenol and bromophenols were negligible compared to its self-decomposition; rate constants could be determined only with resorcinol for pH > 7. At pH 8.1-8.2, no formation of CHBr3 was observed from the reaction of NH2Br with phenol while the reaction of NH2Br with resorcinol produced a significant concentration of CHBr3. In contrast to NH2Br, a significant amount of CHBr3 produced with an excess of NHBr2 over phenol was explained by the reactions of HOBr produced from NHBr2 decomposition. A comprehensive kinetic model including the formation and decomposition of bromamines and the reactivity of HOBr and NH2Br with phenolic compounds was developed at pH 8.0-8.3. Furthermore, the kinetic model was used to evaluate the significance of the NH2Br and NHBr2 reactions with the phenolic structures of two NOM isolates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anette T Mensah
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Florence Berne
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
| | - Sylvie Soreau
- EDF - Recherche et Développement, Laboratoire National d'Hydraulique et Environnement (LNHE), 6 quai Watier, 78401 Chatou Cedex, France
| | - Hervé Gallard
- Institut de Chimie des Milieux et des Matériaux de Poitiers IC2MP UMR 7285 CNRS Université de Poitiers, ENSI Poitiers, 1 rue Marcel Doré TSA 41105, 86 073 Cedex 9, Poitiers, France
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5
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Li Z, Samonte PRV, Cao H, Miesel JR, Xu W. Assess the formation of disinfection by-products from pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM): impact of wildfire on the water quality of forest watershed. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 898:165496. [PMID: 37451447 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Wildfires can release pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) into the forest watershed, which may pose challenges for water treatment operations downstream due to the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs). In this study, we systematically assessed the physio-chemical properties of pyDOM (e.g., electron-donating and -accepting capacities; EDC and EAC) and their contributions to DBP formation under different disinfection scenarios using (1) ten lab samples produced from various feedstocks and pyrolysis temperatures, and (2) pre- and post-fire field samples with different burning severities. A comprehensive suite of DBPs-four trihalomethanes (THMs), nine haloacetic acids (HAAs), and seven N-nitrosamines-were included. The formations of THM and HAA showed an up to 5.7- and 8.9-fold decrease as the pyrolysis temperature increased, while the formation of N-nitrosamines exhibited an up to 6.6-fold increase for the laboratory-derived pyDOM. These results were supported by field pyDOM samples, where the post-fire samples consistently showed a higher level of N-nitrosamine formation (i.e., up to 5.3-fold), but lower THMs and HAAs compared to the pre-fire samples. To mimic environmental reducing conditions, two field samples were further reduced electrochemically and compared with Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) to evaluate their DBP formation. We found increased DBP formation in pyDOM samples following electrochemical reduction but not for SRNOM, which showed increased N-nitrosamines but decreased THMs and HAAs post-electrochemical reduction. Furthermore, this study reported for the first time the formation of two previously overlooked N-nitrosamines (i.e., nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA), N-nitrosodi-n-propylamine (NDPA)) in both laboratory and field pyDOM samples, raising concerns for drinking water safety given their higher toxicity as compared to the regulated counterparts. Results from this study provide new insights for DBP mitigation during post-fire recovery, which are particularly relevant to communities that rely on forest watersheds as their drinking water sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Pamela Rose V Samonte
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Han Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America
| | - Jessica R Miesel
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, 220 Trowbridge Rd, East Lansing, MI 48824, United States of America
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, 800 E. Lancaster Ave., Villanova, PA 19085, United States of America.
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6
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Yang P, Jiang T, Cao D, Sun T, Liu G, Guo Y, Liu Y, Yin Y, Cai Y, Jiang G. Unraveling Multiple Pathways of Electron Donation from Phenolic Moieties in Natural Organic Matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:16895-16905. [PMID: 37870506 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Natural organic matter (NOM) exhibits a distinctive electron-donating capacity (EDC) that serves a pivotal role in the redox reactions of contaminants and minerals through the transformation of electron-donating phenolic moieties. However, the ambiguity of the molecular transformation pathways (MTPs) that engender the EDC during NOM oxidation remains a significant issue. Here, MTPs that contribute to EDC were investigated by identifying the oxidized products of phenolic model compounds and NOM samples in direct or mediated electrochemical oxidation (DEO or MEO, respectively) using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS). It was found that the oxidation of newly formed phenolic-OH (ArOH) and the oxidative coupling reaction of the phenoxy radical are the main MTPs that directly contribute to EDC, in addition to the transformation of hydroquinones to quinones. Notably, the oxidative coupling reaction of ArOH contributed at least 22-42% to the EDC. Ferulic acid-like structures can also directly contribute to EDC by incorporating H2O into their acrylic substituents. Furthermore, the opening of C rings can indirectly attenuate the EDC through structural alterations in the electron-donating process of NOM. Decarboxylation can either weaken or enhance the EDC depending on the structure of the phenolic moieties in NOM. These findings suggest that the EDC of NOM is a comprehensive result of multiple NOM MTPs, involving not only ArOH oxidation but also the addition of H2O to olefinic bonds and bond-breaking reactions. Our work provides molecular evidence that aids in the comprehension of the multiple EDC-associated transformation pathways of NOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peijie Yang
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- Interdisciplinary Research Centre for Agriculture Green Development in Yangtze River Basin, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Dong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tianran Sun
- State Key Lab of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guangliang Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Yingying Guo
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yanwei Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yongguang Yin
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Yong Cai
- Laboratory of Environmental Nanotechnology and Health Effect, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199, United States
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Liu X, Qin H, Xing S, Liu Y, Chu C, Yang D, Duan X, Mao S. Selective Removal of Organic Pollutants in Groundwater and Surface Water by Persulfate-Assisted Advanced Oxidation: The Role of Electron-Donating Capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13710-13720. [PMID: 37639499 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency of persulfate-assisted advanced oxidation processes (PS-AOPs) in degrading organic pollutants is affected by the electron-donating capability of organic substances present in the water source. In this study, we systematically investigate the electron-donating capacity (EDC) difference between groundwater and surface water and demonstrate the dependence of removal efficiency on the EDC of target water by PS-AOPs with carbon nanotubes (CNTs) as a catalyst. Laboratory analyses and field experiments reveal that the CNT/PS system exhibits higher performance in organic pollutant removal in groundwater with a high concentration of phenols, compared to surface water, which is rich in quinones. We attribute this disparity to the selective electron transfer pathway induced by potential difference between PS-CNT and organic substance-CNT intermediates, which preferentially degrade organic substances with stronger electron-donating capability. This study provides valuable insights into the inherent selective removal mechanism and application scenarios of electron transfer process-dominated PS-AOPs for water treatment based on the electron-donating capacity of organic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Hehe Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Siyang Xing
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ying Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chengcheng Chu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Dianhai Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Xiaoguang Duan
- School of Chemical Engineering, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA 5005, Australia
| | - Shun Mao
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai 200092, China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
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8
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An Y, Ma XY, Chen W, Li W, Yang S, Chen R, Wang XC. The impact of inorganic ions on the solar photolysis of chlorinated dissolved organic matter from different sources: Spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts, and biotoxicities. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131135. [PMID: 36889069 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) from wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluent is chlorinated and then discharged into natural waters, where it is subject to solar irradiation. However, the impacts of inorganic ions in natural waters on the photochemical transformations of the chlorinated DOM (DOM-Cl) have not been studied comprehensively. In this study, variations in the spectral characteristics, disinfection byproducts (DBPs), and biotoxicities of DOM-Cl under solar irradiation at different pH values and in the presence of NO3- and HCO3- were revealed. Three sources of DOM, including DOM from a WWTP effluent, natural organic matter from the Suwannee River, and DOM from plant leaf leachate, were investigated. Solar irradiation resulted in the oxidation of the highly reactive aromatic structures and then reduced the amounts of chromophoric and fluorescent DOM, especially under alkaline conditions. Moreover, alkaline conditions significantly promoted the detected DBPs degradation and the biotoxicities attenuation, while NO3- and HCO3- generally impeded them (or did not work). Dehalogenation of the unknown halogenated DBPs and photolysis of the nonhalogenated organics were the main mechanisms for the DOM-Cl biotoxicity reductions. Hence, improving the ecological safety of WWTP effluents could be achieved through solar irradiation by removing the DBPs formed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali An
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaoyan Y Ma
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China.
| | - Wenfeng Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Wei Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Siyan Yang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Rong Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
| | - Xiaochang C Wang
- Key Lab of Environmental Engineering (Shaanxi province), School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China; International Science & Technology Cooperation Center for Urban Alternative Water Resources Development, Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology (Ministry of Education), Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, No.13 Yanta Road, Xi'an 710055, PR China
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9
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Kurek MR, Garcia-Tigreros F, Nichols NA, Druschel GK, Wickland KP, Dornblaser MM, Striegl RG, Niles SF, McKenna AM, Aukes PJK, Kyzivat ED, Wang C, Smith LC, Schiff SL, Butman D, Spencer RGM. High Voltage: The Molecular Properties of Redox-Active Dissolved Organic Matter in Northern High-Latitude Lakes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37235632 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active functional groups in dissolved organic matter (DOM) are crucial for microbial electron transfer and methane emissions. However, the extent of aquatic DOM redox properties across northern high-latitude lakes and their relationships with DOM composition have not been thoroughly described. We quantified electron donating capacity (EDC) and electron accepting capacity (EAC) in lake DOM from Canada to Alaska and assessed their relationships with parameters from absorbance, fluorescence, and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) analyses. EDC and EAC are strongly tied to aromaticity and negatively related to aliphaticity and protein-like content. Redox-active formulae spanned a range of aromaticity, including highly unsaturated phenolic formulae, and correlated negatively with many aliphatic N and S-containing formulae. This distribution illustrates the compositional diversity of redox-sensitive functional groups and their sensitivity to ecosystem properties such as local hydrology and residence time. Finally, we developed a reducing index (RI) to predict EDC in aquatic DOM from FT-ICR MS spectra and assessed its robustness using riverine DOM. As the hydrology of the northern high-latitudes continues to change, we expect differences in the quantity and partitioning of EDC and EAC within these lakes, which have implications for local water quality and methane emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin R Kurek
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 1011 Academic Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Fenix Garcia-Tigreros
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 3715 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Natalie A Nichols
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Gregory K Druschel
- Department of Earth Sciences, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, 723 W Michigan Street, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, United States
| | - Kimberly P Wickland
- Geosciences and Environmental Change Science Center, United States Geological Survey, Denver Federal Center, Denver, Colorado 80225-0046, United States
| | - Mark M Dornblaser
- Water Resources Mission Area, United States Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Robert G Striegl
- Water Resources Mission Area, United States Geological Survey, 3215 Marine Street, Boulder, Colorado 80303, United States
| | - Sydney F Niles
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
| | - Amy M McKenna
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Ion Cyclotron Resonance Facility, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
- Department of Soil & Crop Sciences, Colorado State University, 307 University Avenue, Fort Collins, Colorado 80521, United States
| | - Pieter J K Aukes
- Department of Earth & Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
- Geography & Environmental Studies, Wilfrid Laurier University, 75 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3C5, Canada
| | - Ethan D Kyzivat
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Planetary Sciences and Institute at Brown for Environment & Society, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Chao Wang
- Department of Earth, Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of North Carolina, 104 South Road, CB#3315, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514, United States
| | - Laurence C Smith
- Department of Earth, Environmental & Planetary Sciences and Institute at Brown for Environment & Society, Brown University, 324 Brook Street, Providence, Rhode Island 02912, United States
| | - Sherry L Schiff
- Department of Earth & Environmental Studies, University of Waterloo, 200 University Avenue W, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - David Butman
- School of Environmental and Forest Sciences, University of Washington, 3715 W Stevens Way NE, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, 201 More Hall, Seattle, Washington 98195-2700, United States
| | - Robert G M Spencer
- Department of Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, 1011 Academic Way, Tallahassee, Florida 32304, United States
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group, 1800 E Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, Florida 32310, United States
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10
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Cao H, Pavitt AS, Hudson JM, Tratnyek PG, Xu W. Electron exchange capacity of pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM): complementarity of square-wave voltammetry in DMSO and mediated chronoamperometry in water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:767-780. [PMID: 36891820 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00009e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM) is derived from black carbon, which is important in the global carbon cycle and other biogeochemical redox processes. The electron-exchange capacity (EEC) of pyDOM has been characterized in water using mediated chronoamperometry (MCA), which gives precise results under specific operational conditions, but the broader significance of these EECs is less clear. In this study, we described a novel but complementary electrochemical approach to quantify EECs of pyDOM without mediation using square-wave voltammetry (SWV) in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Using both the SWV and MCA methods, we determined EECs for 10 pyDOMs, 6 natural organic matter (NOM) samples, and 2 model quinones. The two methods gave similar EECs for model quinones, but SWV gave larger EECs than MCA for NOM and pyDOM (by several-fold and 1-2 orders of magnitude, respectively). The differences in the EECs obtained by SWV and MCA likely are due to multiple factors, including the potential range of electrons sampled, kinetics of electron transfer from (macro)molecular structures, and coupling of electron and proton transfer steps. Comparison of the results obtained by these two methods should provide new insights into important environmental processes such as carbon-cycling, wildfire recovery, and contaminant mitigation using carbon-based amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Cao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA.
| | - Ania S Pavitt
- OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Jeffrey M Hudson
- OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, OR 97239, USA.
| | - Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, USA.
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11
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Berg SM, Wammer KH, Remucal CK. Dissolved Organic Matter Photoreactivity Is Determined by Its Optical Properties, Redox Activity, and Molecular Composition. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6703-6711. [PMID: 37039298 PMCID: PMC11095828 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Predicting the formation of photochemically produced reactive intermediates (PPRI) during the irradiation of dissolved organic matter (DOM) has remained challenging given the complex nature of this material and differences in PPRI formation mechanisms. We investigate the role of DOM composition in photoreactivity using 48 samples that span the range of DOM in freshwater systems and wastewater. We relate quantum yields for excited triplet-state organic matter (fTMP), singlet oxygen (Φ1O2), and hydroxylating species (Φ•OH) to DOM composition determined using spectroscopy, Fourier-transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, and electron-donating capacity (EDC). fTMP and Φ1O2 follow similar trends and are correlated with bulk properties derived from UV-vis spectra and EDC. In contrast, no individual bulk property can be used to predict Φ•OH. At the molecular level, the subset of DOM that is positively correlated to both Φ•OH and EDC is distinct from DOM formulas related to Φ1O2, demonstrating that •OH and 1O2 are formed from different DOM fractions. Multiple linear regressions are used to relate quantum yields of each PPRI to DOM composition parameters derived from multiple techniques, demonstrating that complementary methods are ideal for characterizing DOM because each technique only samples a subset of DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Berg
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
| | - Kristine H. Wammer
- Department of Chemistry, University of St. Thomas, St. Paul, Minnesota 55105
| | - Christina K. Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Wisconsin – Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706
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12
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Kou B, He Y, Wang Y, Qu C, Tang J, Wu Y, Tan W, Yuan Y, Yu T. The relationships between heavy metals and bacterial communities in a coal gangue site. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 322:121136. [PMID: 36736561 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Coal is the main source of energy for China's economic development, but coal gangue dumps are a major source of heavy metal pollution. Bacterial communities have a major effect on the bioremediation of heavy metals in coal gangue dumps. The effects of different concentrations of heavy metals on the composition of bacterial communities in coal gangue sites remain unclear. Soil bacterial communities from four gangue sites that vary in natural heavy metal concentrations were investigated using high-throughput sequencing in this study. Correlations among bacterial communities, heavy metal concentrations, physicochemical properties of the soil, and the composition of dissolved organic matter of soil in coal gangue dumps were also analyzed. Our results indicated that Actinobacteriota, Proteobacteria, Chloroflexi, Acidobacteriota, and Gemmatimonadota were the bacterial taxa most resistant to heavy metal stress at gangue sites. Heavy metal contamination may be the main cause of changes in bacterial communities. Heavy metal pollution can foster mutually beneficial symbioses between microbial species. Microbial-derived organic matter was the main source of soil organic matter in unvegetated mining areas, and this could affect the toxicity and transport of heavy metals in soil. Polar functional groups such as hydroxyl and ester groups (A226-400) play an important role in the reaction of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb), and organic matter with low molecular weight (SR) tends to bind more to mercury (Hg). In addition to heavy metals, the content of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and total organic carbon (TOC) also affected the composition of the bacterial communities; TOC had the strongest effect, followed by N, SOM, and P. Our findings have implications for the microbial remediation of heavy metal-contaminated soils in coal gangue sites and sustainable development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Kou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Yue He
- Beijing Guozhong Biotechnology Co., LTD, Beijing, 102211, China
| | - Yang Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chengtun Qu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Jun Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yuman Wu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xi'an Shiyou University, Xi'an, 710065, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Ying Yuan
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Tingqiao Yu
- International Education College, Beijing Vocational College of Agriculture, Beijing, 102442, China
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13
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Remke SC, Houska J, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Impact of chlorination and ozonation of dissolved organic matter on its photo-induced production of long-lived photooxidants and excited triplet states. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 239:119921. [PMID: 37230030 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that long-lived photooxidants (LLPO), which are reactive intermediates formed during irradiation of dissolved organic matter (DOM), may consist of phenoxyl radicals derived from phenolic moieties of the DOM. Besides the well-studied excited triplet states of chromophoric DOM (3CDOM*), LLPO presumably are important photooxidants for the transformation of electron-rich contaminants in surface waters. The main objective of this study was to further test the potential role of phenoxyl radical as LLPO. Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) as a model DOM was pre-oxidised using the phenol-reactive oxidants chlorine and ozone, followed by its characterization by the specific UV absorption at 254 nm (SUVA254), the ratio of absorbance at λ = 254 nm and λ = 365 nm (E2:E3), and the electron donating capacity (EDC). Subsequently, the photoreactivity of pre-oxidized SRFA was tested using 3,4-dimethoxyphenol (DMOP) as a LLPO probe compound at two initial concentrations ([DMOP]0 = 0.1 and 5.0 μM). Linear inter-correlations were observed for the relative changes in SUVA254, E2:E3, and EDC for increasing oxidant doses. Pseudo-first-order transformation rate constants normalized to the changing SRFA absorption rate (i.e., k0.1obs/rCDOMabsand k5.0obs/rCDOMabs, for 0.1 and 5.0 µM, respectively) exhibited the following distinct trends: The LLPO-dominated k0.1obs/rCDOMabsratio decreased with increasing oxidant dose and with decreasing SUVA254 and EDC, while the 3CDOM*-dominated k5.0obs/rCDOMabsratio positively correlated with E2:E3. Finally, it was concluded that precursors of 3CDOM* and LLPO are chemically modified differently by pre-oxidation of DOM, and LLPO precursors likely consist of phenolic moieties of DOM, suggesting phenoxyl radicals as LLPO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C Remke
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Houska
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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14
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Ou J, Wen J, Tan W, Luo X, Cai J, He X, Zhou L, Yuan Y. A data-driven approach for understanding the structure dependence of redox activity in humic substances. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 219:115142. [PMID: 36566968 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.115142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Humic substances (HS) can facilitate electron transfer during biogeochemical processes due to their redox properties, but the structure-redox activity relationships are still difficult to describe and poorly understood. Herein, the linear (Partial Least Squares regressions; PLS) and nonlinear (artificial neural network; ANN) models were applied to monitor the structure dependence of HS redox activities in terms of electron accepting (EAC), electron donating (EDC) and overall electron transfer capacities (ETC) using its physicochemical features as input variables. The PLS model exhibited a moderate ability with R2 values of 0.60, 0.53 and 0.65 to evaluate EAC, EDC and ETC, respectively. The variable influence in the projection (VIP) scores of the PLS identified that the phenols, quinones and aromatic systems were particularly important for describing the redox activities of HS. Compared with the PLS model, the back-propagation ANN model achieved higher performance with R2 values of 0.81, 0.65 and 0.78 for monitoring the EAC, EDC and ETC, respectively. Sensitivity analysis of the ANN separately identified that the EAC highly depended on quinones, aromatics and protein-like fluorophores, while the EDC depended on phenols, aromatics and humic-like fluorophores (or stable free radicals). Additionally, carboxylic groups were the best indicator for evaluating both the EAC and EDC. Good model performances were obtained from the selected features via the PLS and sensitivity analysis, further confirming the accuracy of describing the structure-redox activity relationships with these analyses. This study provides a potential approach for identifying the structure-activity relationships of HS and an efficient machine-learning model for predicting HS redox activities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Ou
- School of Automation, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Junlin Wen
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaoshan Luo
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Jiexuan Cai
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Xiaosong He
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Lihua Zhou
- School of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yong Yuan
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Health Risk Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510006, China.
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15
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Li J, Zhang Z, Xiang Y, Jiang J, Yin R. Role of UV-based advanced oxidation processes on NOM alteration and DBP formation in drinking water treatment: A state-of-the-art review. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:136870. [PMID: 36252895 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative treatment of drinking water has been practiced for more than a century. UV-based advanced oxidation processes (UV-AOPs) have emerged as promising oxidative treatment technologies to eliminate recalcitrant chemicals and biological contaminants in drinking water. UV-AOPs inevitably alter the properties of natural organic matter (NOM) and affect the disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation in the post-disinfection. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review on the effects of UV-AOPs on the changes of NOM properties and the consequent impacts on DBP formation in the post-chlorination process. A tutorial review to the connotations of NOM properties (e.g., bulk properties, fractional constituents, and molecular structures) and the associated state-of-the-art analytical methods are firstly presented. The impacts of different radical-based AOPs on the changes of NOM properties together with the underlying NOM-radical reaction mechanisms are discussed. The impacts of alteration of NOM properties on DBP formation in the post-chlorination process are then reviewed. The current knowledge gaps and future research needs are finally presented, with emphases on the needs to strengthen the comparability of research data in literature, the accuracy in quantifying the reactive moieties of NOM, and the awareness of unknown DBPs in oxidative water treatment processes. The review and discussion improve the fundamental understanding of NOM-radical and NOM-chlorine chemistry. They also provide useful implications on the engineering design and operation of next-generation drinking water treatment plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, PR China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China.
| | - Zhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Yingying Xiang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China
| | - Jin Jiang
- Key Laboratory for City Cluster Environmental Safety and Green Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Ecology, Environment and Resources, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Ran Yin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon 999066, Hong Kong, PR China.
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16
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Hui K, Xi B, Tan W, Song Q. Long-term application of nitrogen fertilizer alters the properties of dissolved soil organic matter and increases the accumulation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114267. [PMID: 36100105 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Soil is a key component of terrestrial ecosystems, as it provides nutrients and energy for all terrestrial organisms and is the site of various physical, chemical, and biological processes. Soil organic matter is particularly important for the role that it plays in element cycling, as well as the adsorption and degradation of soil pollutants. Nitrogen (N) fertilizer is an important nutrient element in the soil microenvironment. Applications of N fertilizer can improve soil quality, but the long-term excessive application of N fertilizer can lead to the deterioration of the soil environment, alter the properties of organic matter, and affect the adsorption and accumulation of soil pollutants. In recent years, several pollutants, especially polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have accumulated in farmland soil due to long-term sewage irrigation. However, few studies have examined the response of soil PAHs accumulation to long-term N application, as well as the relationship between this response and changes in soil microenvironmental indicators caused by N application. Here, we conducted field experiments to study changes in soil pH, total organic carbon, and dissolved organic matter (DOM) under long-term N application, as well as their effects on PAHs accumulation. The application of N fertilizer resulted in the aromatization and humification of soil DOM, enhanced the accumulation response ratio (-0.05-0.32) and the amount of PAHs accumulated in soil (more than 30%), and exacerbated the environmental risks of PAHs. Our findings provide new insights that could aid the management and control of PAHs pollution of soil in sewage-irrigated areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunlong Hui
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; School of Chemical Engineering, Guizhou Institute of Technology, Guiyang, 550003, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wenbing Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Qidao Song
- Institute of Scientific and Technical Information, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, 571101, China.
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17
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Chen Y, D'Errico G, Fabbricino M, Gallucci N, Pontoni L, Race M, Yao S. Role of organic nanoparticles on transport and fate of various dyes in aqueous solution. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114179. [PMID: 36100103 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This work studies the interaction of organic nanoparticles (ON) with various dyes in aqueous solution, to elucidate the role of ON on transport and fate of dyes in the environment, and on dyes removal from wastewater. Studied dyes are Acid Red 66 (AR66), Methylene Blue (MB), Reactive Black 5 (RB5), and Reactive Violet 5 (RV5). ON are extracted from organic matter of anthropogenic origin through resuspension of its colloidal fraction, and successive filtration and dialysis of the obtained suspension. Mechanisms of interaction are investigated initially through three-dimensional excitation emission matrix (3DEEM) analysis. Obtained data indicate that dynamic interactions occur strongly between dye molecules and ON aggregates. 3DEEM spectra of mixed samples containing ON together with one of the tested dyes, present a shape similar to the one of ON alone, but each of them is characterized by specific differences in terms of peaks quenching and shift. The analysis of these singularities suggests that dye molecules are bound to the functional groups of ON through H-bonds, according to the following steps: i) dyes reach the surface of ON aggregates; ii) the molecules pass through the hydrophilic surface of ON aggregates, and reach their hydrophobic core; iii) the dyes are sequestrated into the hydrophobic core of ON aggregates. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopies analysis confirm the formation of supramolecular aggregates with stable micellar hydrophobic structure, mainly consisting of aliphatic fractions of ON, which explain the disappearance of aromatic groups signals from dyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Gerardino D'Errico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Fabbricino
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy.
| | - Noemi Gallucci
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso di Monte Sant'Angelo Angelo, Via Cinthia, I-80126, Naples, NA, Italy
| | - Ludovico Pontoni
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy
| | - Marco Race
- Department of Civil and Mechanical Engineering, University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, Via di Biasio 43, 03043, Cassino, Italy
| | - Sicong Yao
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Via Claudio 21, Naples, 80125, Italy
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18
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Yang X, Rosario-Ortiz FL, Lei Y, Pan Y, Lei X, Westerhoff P. Multiple Roles of Dissolved Organic Matter in Advanced Oxidation Processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:11111-11131. [PMID: 35797184 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) can degrade a wide range of trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) to improve the quality of potable water or discharged wastewater effluents. Their effectiveness is impacted, however, by the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that is ubiquitous in all water sources. During the application of an AOP, DOM can scavenge radicals and/or block light penetration, therefore impacting their effectiveness toward contaminant transformation. The multiple ways in which different types or sources of DOM can impact oxidative water purification processes are critically reviewed. DOM can inhibit the degradation of TrOCs, but it can also enhance the formation and reactivity of useful radicals for contaminants elimination and alter the transformation pathways of contaminants. An in-depth analysis highlights the inhibitory effect of DOM on the degradation efficiency of TrOCs based on DOM's structure and optical properties and its reactivity toward oxidants as well as the synergistic contribution of DOM to the transformation of TrOCs from the analysis of DOM's redox properties and DOM's transient intermediates. AOPs can alter DOM structure properties as well as and influence types, mechanisms, and extent of oxidation byproducts formation. Research needs are proposed to advance practical understanding of how DOM can be exploited to improve oxidative water purification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-3005, United States
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19
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Zhao X, Zhang C, Dang Q, Xi B. Insights into phenol monomers in response to electron transfer capacity of humic acid during corn straw composting process. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 307:119548. [PMID: 35644430 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quinone is the important redox functional group for electron transfer capacity (ETC) of humic acid (HA). Lignin, as major component in corn straw, can be decomposed into phenol monomers, then oxidation into quinones for synthesis of HA during composting process. However, it is still unclear that the effects of type and variation characteristics of phenol monomers on redox characteristics of HA during straw composting process. In this study, p-hydroxybenzoic acid (P1), vanillic acid (P2), syringic acid (P3), p-hydroxy benzaldehyde (P4), 4-coumaric acid (P5), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (P6), ferulic acid (P7) and 4-hydroxy-3-methylacetophenone (P8) were recognized and clustered into three groups. The concentration of polyphenol presented a significant downward trend during the straw composting process. Based on the relationships among phenol monomers to ETC, electron donating capacity (EDC), electron accepting capacity (EAC) and quinone, we found that P1, P2, P3, P5 and P7 were significantly related to ETC, EDC and EAC of HA (P < 0.05). Furthermore, NH4+-N and NO3--N were the main micro-environmental factors linking to ETC-related phenol monomers and redox characteristics of HA in straw composts (P < 0.05). Finally, two groups of core microflora that promoting the ETC-related phenol monomers and NH4+-N, and ETC-related phenol monomers and NO3--N were identified by Mantel test, respectively. This study contributes a new insight for polyphenol way for redox capacity of HA in traditional composting and utilization of straw compost in contaminated environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chuanyan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Qiuling Dang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Hazardous Waste Identification and Risk Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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20
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Shao B, Dong H, Zhou G, Ma J, Sharma VK, Guan X. Degradation of Organic Contaminants by Reactive Iron/Manganese Species: Progress and Challenges. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 221:118765. [PMID: 35749920 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Many iron(II, III, VI)- and manganese(II, IV, VII)-based oxidation processes can generate reactive iron/manganese species (RFeS/RMnS, i.e., Fe(IV)/Fe(V) and Mn(III)/Mn(V)/Mn(VI)), which have mild and selective reactivity toward a wide range of organic contaminants, and thus have drawn significant attention. The reaction mechanisms of these processes are rather complicated due to the simultaneous involvement of multiple radical and/or nonradical species. As a result, the ambiguity in the occurrence of RFeS/RMnS and divergence in the degradation mechanisms of trace organic contaminants in the presence of RFeS/RMnS exist in literature. In order to improve the critical understanding of the RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes, the detection methods of RFeS/RMnS and their roles in the destruction of trace organic contaminants are reviewed with special attention to some specific problems related to the scavenger and probe selection and experimental results analysis potentially resulting in some questionable conclusions. Moreover, the influence of background constituents, such as organic matter and halides, on oxidation efficiency of RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes and formation of byproducts are discussed through their comparison with those in free radicals-dominated oxidation processes. Finally, the prospects of the RFeS/RMnS-mediated oxidation processes and the challenges for future applications are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Hongyu Dong
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Gongming Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China
| | - Jun Ma
- State Key Lab of Urban Water Resource and Environment (HIT), School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, PR China
| | - Virender K Sharma
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, 77843, United States
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, P. R. China.
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21
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Brainina KZ, Shpigun LK. State‐of‐the‐art electrochemistry for the assessment of oxidative stress and integral antioxidant activity of biological environments. ELECTROCHEMICAL SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/elsa.202100219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Khiena Z. Brainina
- Laboratory of analytical chemisty and separation methods N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
| | - Liliya K. Shpigun
- Laboratory of analytical chemisty and separation methods N. S. Kurnakov Institute of General and Inorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences Moscow Russia
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22
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Walpen N, Joss A, von Gunten U. Application of UV absorbance and electron-donating capacity as surrogates for micropollutant abatement during full-scale ozonation of secondary-treated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 209:117858. [PMID: 34864343 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of secondary-treated wastewater for the abatement of micropollutants requires a reliable control of ozone doses. Changes in the UV absorbance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) during ozonation allow to estimate micropollutant abatement on-line and were therefore identified as feed-back control parameter. In this study, the suitability of the electron-donating capacity (EDC) as an additional surrogate parameter which is independent of optical DOM properties was evaluated during full-scale ozonation. For this purpose, a recently developed EDC analyzer was enhanced to enable continuous on-line EDC and UV absorbance measurements. During a multi-week monitoring campaign at the wastewater treatment plant of Zurich, Switzerland, specific ozone doses were varied from 0.13 to 0.91 mgO3⋅mgDOC-1 and selected micropollutants with different ozone reactivities were analyzed by LC-MS in conjunction with bromate analysis by IC-MS. In agreement with previous laboratory studies, the relative residual UV absorbance and EDC both decreased exponentially as a function of the specific ozone dose and, in comparison to the residual UV absorbance, residual EDC values showed a more pronounced decrease at low specific ozone doses ≤0.34 mgO3⋅mgDOC-1. Logistic regression models allowed to estimate relative residual micropollutant concentrations in the ozonation effluent using either the residual UV absorbance or EDC as explanatory variable. Averaging those models along the explanatory variables allowed to estimate target values in relative residual UV absorbances and EDC for specific micropollutant abatement targets. In addition, both parameters allowed to identify conditions with elevated conversions of bromide to bromate. Taken together, these findings show that the integration of relative residual EDC values as a second control parameter can improve existing absorbance-based ozonation control systems to meet micropollutant abatement targets, particularly for treatment systems where low ozone doses are applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Walpen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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23
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Athanasakoglou A, Fenner K. Toward Characterizing the Genetic Basis of Trace Organic Contaminant Biotransformation in Activated Sludge: The Role of Multicopper Oxidases as a Case Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:313-324. [PMID: 34932304 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c05803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Activated sludge treatment leverages the ability of microbes to uptake and (co)-metabolize chemicals and has shown promise in eliminating trace organic contaminants (TrOCs) during wastewater treatment. However, targeted interventions to optimize the process are limited as the fundamental drivers of the observed reactions remain elusive. In this work, we present a comprehensive workflow for the identification and characterization of key enzymes involved in TrOCs biotransformation pathways in complex microbial communities. To demonstrate the applicability of the workflow, we investigated the role of the enzymatic group of multicopper oxidases (MCOs) as one putatively relevant driver of TrOCs biotransformation. To this end, we analyzed activated sludge metatranscriptomic data and selected, synthesized, and heterologously expressed three phylogenetically distinct MCO-encoding genes expressed in communities with different TrOCs oxidation potentials. Following the purification of the encoded enzymes, we screened their activities against different substrates. We saw that MCOs exhibit significant activities against selected TrOCs in the presence of the mediator compound 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid and, in some cases, also in the presence of the wastewater contaminant 4'-hydroxy-benzotriazole. In the first case, we identified oxidation products previously reported from activated sludge communities and concluded that in the presence of appropriate mediators, bacterial MCOs could contribute to the biological removal of TrOCs. Similar investigations of other key enzyme systems may significantly advance our understanding of TrOCs biodegradation and assist the rational design of biology-based water treatment strategies in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anastasia Athanasakoglou
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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24
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Houska J, Salhi E, Walpen N, von Gunten U. Oxidant-reactive carbonous moieties in dissolved organic matter: Selective quantification by oxidative titration using chlorine dioxide and ozone. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 207:117790. [PMID: 34740166 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 10/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The application of oxidants for disinfection or micropollutant abatement during drinking water and wastewater treatment is accompanied by oxidation of matrix components such as dissolved organic matter (DOM). To improve predictions of the efficiency of oxidation processes and the formation of oxidation products, methods to determine concentrations of oxidant-reactive phenolic, olefinic or amine-type DOM moieties are critical. Here, a novel selective oxidative titration approach is presented, which is based on reaction kinetics of oxidation reactions towards certain DOM moieties. Phenolic moieties were determined by oxidative titration with ClO2 and O3 for five DOM isolates and two secondary wastewater effluent samples. The determined concentrations of phenolic moieties correlated with the electron-donating capacity (EDC) and the formation of inorganic ClO2-byproducts (HOCl, ClO2-, ClO3-). ClO2-byproduct yields from phenol and DOM isolates and changes due to the application of molecular tagging for phenols revealed a better understanding of oxidant-reactive structures within DOM. Overall, oxidative titrations with ClO2 and O3 provide a novel and promising tool to quantify oxidant-reactive moieties in complex mixtures such as DOM and can be expanded to other matrices or oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Houska
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Walpen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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25
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Wang M, Liu J, Peng L, Tian S, Yang C, Xu G, Wang D, Jiang T. Estimation of the biogeochemical reactivities of dissolved organic matter from modified biochars using color. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 790:147974. [PMID: 34380277 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Modified biochar is widely used as a soil amendment in agricultural systems to improve crop yields and remove environmental pollutants. The water-soluble fraction of biochar, called biochar-derived dissolved organic matter (DOMBC), is the most active biochar component. However, the correlation between the optical properties of DOMBC and its biogeochemical activity remain unclear. In this study, one biochar and six modified derivatives were used to extract DOMBC and characterize its optical properties. The biogeochemical reactivities of DOMBC were determined using biodegradation, photodegradation, and electron-donating capacity assays. The results show that modification changes the biochar characteristics, leading to a variety of DOMBC properties. The DOMBC from modified biochars degrades more rapidly than the original biochar. On the other hand, modification reduces the redox functional groups in DOMBC, resulting in a lower electron-donating capacity of DOM samples. However, the modifications did not seem to affect photodegradation. Not all spectral parameters provide information about the correlations between the DOMBC properties and biogeochemical reactivity. However, two fundamental properties, that is, the specific UV absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254, showing aromaticity) and spectral slopes over the ranges of 275-295 nm of the UV absorbance (S275-295, showing molecular weight), are the dominant factors affecting the biodegradation and electron-donating capacities of DOMBC. In this study, a rapid and straightforward method is presented, which can be used to characterize DOMBC and predict the reactivity of biochar that is used as an environmental amendment to minimize toxic organic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Wang
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-Agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550002, China
| | - Luo Peng
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-Agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Shanyi Tian
- Soil Ecology Laboratory, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Caiyun Yang
- Research Center of Bioenergy and Bioremediation, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Guomin Xu
- National Engineering Research Center for Compounding and Modification of Polymer Materials, Guiyang 550014, China; Guizhou Material Industrial Technology Institute, Guiyang 550014, China
| | - Dingyong Wang
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-Agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Tao Jiang
- State Cultivation Base of Eco-Agriculture for Southwest Mountainous Land, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, College of Resources and Environment, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China.
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26
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Le Roux DM, Powers LC, Blough NV. Photoproduction Rates of One-Electron Reductants by Chromophoric Dissolved Organic Matter via Fluorescence Spectroscopy: Comparison with Superoxide and Hydrogen Peroxide Rates. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12095-12105. [PMID: 34383497 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
One-electron reductants (OER) photoproduced by chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) have been shown to be likely precursors for the formation of superoxide and subsequently hydrogen peroxide. An improved method that employs a nitroxide radical probe (3AP) has been developed and utilized to determine the photoproduction rates of OER from a diverse set of CDOM samples. 3AP reacts with OER to produce the hydroxylamine, which is then derivatized with fluorescamine and quantified spectrofluorometrically. Although less sensitive than traditional methods for measuring RO2•-, measuring RH provides a simpler and faster method of estimating RO2•- and is amenable to continuous measurement via flow injection analysis. Production rates of OER (RH), superoxide (RO2•-), and hydrogen peroxide (RH2O2) have a similar wavelength dependence, indicating a common origin. If all the OER react with molecular oxygen to produce superoxide, then the simplest mechanism predicts that RH/RH2O2 and RO2•-/RH2O2 should be equal to 2. However, our measurements reveal RH/RH2O2 values as high as 16 (5.7-16), consistent with prior results, and RO2•-/RH2O2 values as high as 8 (5.4-8.2). These results indicate that a substantial fraction of superoxide (65-88%) is not undergoing dismutation. A reasonable oxidative sink for superoxide is reaction with photoproduced phenoxy radicals within CDOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle M Le Roux
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
| | - Leanne C Powers
- University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland 20688, United States
| | - Neil V Blough
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
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27
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Xu W, Walpen N, Keiluweit M, Kleber M, Sander M. Redox Properties of Pyrogenic Dissolved Organic Matter (pyDOM) from Biomass-Derived Chars. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:11434-11444. [PMID: 34319700 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Chars are ubiquitous in the environment and release significant amounts of redox-active pyrogenic dissolved organic matter (pyDOM). Yet, the redox properties of pyDOM remain poorly characterized. This work provides a systematic assessment of the quantity and redox properties of pyDOM released at circumneutral pH from a total of 14 chars pyrolyzed from wood and grass feedstocks from 200 to 700 °C. The amount of released pyDOM decreased with increasing pyrolysis temperature of chars, reflecting the increasing degree of condensation and decreasing char polarity. Using flow-injection analysis coupled to electrochemical detection, we demonstrated that electron-donating capacities (EDCpyDOM; up to 6.5 mmole-·gC-1) were higher than electron-accepting capacities (EACpyDOM; up to 1.2 mmole-·gC-1) for all pyDOM specimens. The optical properties and low metal contents of the pyDOM implicate phenols and quinones as the major redox-active moieties. Oxidation of a selected pyDOM by the oxidative enzyme laccase resulted in a 1.57 mmole-·gC-1 decrease in EDCpyDOM and a 0.25 mmole-·gC-1 increase in EACpyDOM, demonstrating a largely irreversible oxidation of presumably phenolic moieties. Non-mediated electrochemical reduction of the same pyDOM resulted in a 0.17 mmole-·gC-1 increase in EDCpyDOM and a 0.24 mmole-·gC-1 decrease in EACpyDOM, consistent with the largely reversible reduction of quinone moieties. Our results imply that pyDOM is an important dissolved redox-active phase in the environment and requires consideration in assessing and modeling biogeochemical redox processes and pollutant redox transformations, particularly in char-rich environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Xu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, Pennsylvania 19085, United States
| | - Nicolas Walpen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Keiluweit
- School of Earth & Sustainability and Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Markus Kleber
- Department of Crop and Soil Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon 97331, United States
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Müller E, von Gunten U, Bouchet S, Droz B, Winkel LHE. Reaction of DMS and HOBr as a Sink for Marine DMS and an Inhibitor of Bromoform Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:5547-5558. [PMID: 33788559 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we suggested that hypobromous acid (HOBr) is a sink for the marine volatile organic sulfur compound dimethyl sulfide (DMS). However, HOBr is also known to react with reactive moieties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) such as phenolic compounds to form bromoform (CHBr3) and other brominated compounds. The reaction between HOBr and DMS may thus compete with the reaction between HOBr and DOM. To study this potential competition, kinetic batch and diffusion-reactor experiments with DMS, HOBr, and DOM were performed. Based on the reaction kinetics, we modeled concentrations of DMS, HOBr, and CHBr3 during typical algal bloom fluxes of DMS and HOBr (10-13 to 10-9 M s-1). For an intermediate to high HOBr flux (≥10-11 M s-1) and a DMS flux ≤10-11 M s-1, the model shows that the DMS degradation by HOBr was higher than for photochemical oxidation, biological consumption, and sea-air gas exchange combined. For HOBr fluxes ≤10-11 M s-1 and a DMS flux of 10-11 M s-1, our model shows that CHBr3 decreases by 86% compared to a lower DMS flux of 10-12 M s-1. Therefore, the reaction between HOBr and DMS likely not only presents a sink for DMS but also may lead to suppressed CHBr3 formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuel Müller
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Sylvain Bouchet
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Boris Droz
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Lenny H E Winkel
- Department of Water Resources and Drinking Water (W+T), Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Ueberlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Duebendorf, Switzerland
- Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Universitätsstrasse 16, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
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29
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Zhou Y, Cheng F, He D, Zhang YN, Qu J, Yang X, Chen J, Peijnenburg WJGM. Effect of UV/chlorine treatment on photophysical and photochemical properties of dissolved organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2021; 192:116857. [PMID: 33517044 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.116857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matter (DOM) is a ubiquitous component in effluents, DOM discharged with an effluent can affect the composition and properties of natural DOM in the receiving waters. As the photophysical and photochemical properties of effluent DOM can be changed by wastewater treatment processes, the effect of UV/chlorine treatment on the photophysical and photochemical properties of DOM was investigated using Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA) and Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) as representatives. Results showed that the absorbance of the two DOM was significantly decreased. The evolution trends of three representative photophysical parameters upon increase of chlorine dosages were observed. Also, a decrease in DOM aromaticity, molecular weight and electron-donating capacity was observed upon increasing chlorine dosage. Quantum yields of excited triplet state of DOM (3DOM*), singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radicals (·OH) first decreases and then increased in the UV/chlorine systems upon increasing chlorine dosages due to the different reaction pathways of the two DOM. Moreover, 3DOM* can not only be regarded as a "controller" of other reactive intermediates, but also effectively promote the photodegradation of bezafibrate, which is classified as a persistent organic contaminant. This study gives deep insights into effects of UV/chlorine on the photophysical and photochemical properties of DOM, and is helpful for understanding the dynamic roles of DOM in the photodegradation of micropollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangjian Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Fangyuan Cheng
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Dongyang He
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Jiao Qu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China.
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Ecology and Environmental Engineering (MOE), School of Environmental Science and Technology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116024, China
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Leiden University, Leiden, the Netherlands; National Institute of Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Center for Safety of Substances and Products, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
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Huang W, Li Y, Liu X, Wang W, Wen P, Yu Z, Zhou S. Linking the electron transfer capacity with the compositional characteristics of dissolved organic matter during hyperthermophilic composting. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 755:142687. [PMID: 33049538 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Redox-active functional groups in dissolved organic matter (DOM) can mediate reductions in organic pollutants and the passivation of heavy metals, which are related to the humification process of composting. Hyperthermophilic composting (HTC) has been shown to promote changes in the composition and structure of DOM and accelerate humification. However, how HTC affects the redox properties of DOM remains unclear. Here, we fractionated DOM into humic acid (HA), fulvic acid (FA) and hydrophilic (HyI) fraction to study their electron transfer capacities (ETC) and the relationship between ETC and compositional characteristics using electrochemical method and excitation-emission matrix-parallel factor analysis. HTC accelerated the formation of component 3 containing quinone-like moieties, which mainly existed in the HA, improving the electron accepting capacity (EAC) of DOM. The rapid degradation of component 4 containing tryptophan-like substances of HA, FA and HyI strengthened the electron donating capacity of DOM in HTC. Partial least squares path model also showed that compositional changes and the stronger ETC of DOM in HTC had a positive effect on the maturity degree, revealing that the EAC of HA could be used as a maturity index for compost. This study advances our understanding of the humification process and the contamination control mechanism of HTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenfeng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Youming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Weiwu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China; National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Ping Wen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Zhen Yu
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Shungui Zhou
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China; Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil Environmental Health and Regulation, College of Resources and Environment, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
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Rougé V, von Gunten U, Allard S. Efficiency of pre-oxidation of natural organic matter for the mitigation of disinfection byproducts: Electron donating capacity and UV absorbance as surrogate parameters. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116418. [PMID: 33011567 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pre-oxidation is often used before disinfection with chlorine to decrease the reactivity of the water matrix and mitigate the formation of regulated disinfection byproducts (DBPs). This study provides insights on the impact of oxidative pre-treatment with chlorine dioxide (ClO2), ozone (O3), ferrate (Fe(VI)) and permanganate (Mn(VII)) on Suwannee River Natural Organic Matter (SRNOM) properties characterized by the UV absorbance at 254 nm (UV254) and the electron donating capacity (EDC). Changes in NOM reactivity and abatement of DBP precursors are also assessed. The impact of pre-oxidants (based on molar concentration) on UV254 abatement ranked in the order O3 > Mn(VII) > Fe(VI)/ClO2, while the efficiency of pre-oxidation on EDC abatement followed the order Mn(VII) > ClO2 > Fe(VI) > O3 and two phases were observed. At low specific ClO2, Fe(VI) and Mn(VII) doses corresponding to < 50% EDC abatement, a limited relative abatement of UV254 compared to the EDC was observed (~ 8% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement). This suggests the oxidation of phenolic-type moieties to quinone-type moieties which absorb UV254 and don't contribute to EDC. At higher oxidant doses (> 50% EDC abatement), a similar abatement of EDC and UV254 (~ 0.9-1.2% EDC abatement per 1% UV254 abatement) suggested aromatic ring cleavage. In comparison to the other oxidants, O3 abated the relative UV254 more effectively, due to a more efficient cleavage of aromatic rings. For a pre-oxidation with Mn(VII), ClO2 and Fe(VI), similar correlations between the EDC abatement and the chlorine demand or the adsorbable organic halide (AOX) formation were obtained. In contrast, O3 pre-treatment led to a lower chlorine demand and AOX formation for equivalent EDC abatement. For all oxidants, trihalomethane formation was poorly correlated with both EDC and UV254. The EDC abatement was found to be a pre-oxidant-independent surrogate for haloacetonitrile formation. These results emphasize the benefits of combining EDC and UV254 measurement to understand and monitor oxidant-induced changes of NOM and assessing DBP formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth, Western Australia, Australia; School of Earth Sciences and Environmental Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; ETH Zurich, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), Universitätstrasse 16, CH-8092 Zürich.
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry, Curtin University, GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
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Leresche F, Ludvíková L, Heger D, von Gunten U, Canonica S. Quenching of an Aniline Radical Cation by Dissolved Organic Matter and Phenols: A Laser Flash Photolysis Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:15057-15065. [PMID: 33200941 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Aromatic amines are relevant aquatic organic contaminants whose photochemical transformation is affected by dissolved organic matter (DOM). The goal of this study is to elucidate the underlying mechanism of the inhibitory effect of DOM on such reactions. The selected model aromatic amine, 4-(dimethylamino)benzonitrile (DMABN), was subjected to laser flash photolysis in the presence and absence of various model photosensitizers. The produced radical cation (DMABN•+) was observed to react with several phenols and different types of DOM on a time scale of ∼100 μs. The determined second-order rate constants for the quenching of DMABN•+ by phenols were in the range of (1.4-26) × 108 M-1 s-1 and increased with increasing electron donor character of the aromatic ring substituent. For DOM, quenching rate constants increased with the phenolic content of the DOM. These results indicate the reduction of DMABN•+ to re-form its parent compound as the basic reaction governing the inhibitory effect. In addition, the photosensitized oxidation of the sulfonamide antibiotic sulfadiazine (SDZ) was studied. The observed radical intermediate of SDZ was quenched by 4-methoxyphenol less effectively than DMABN•+, which was attributed to the lower reduction potential of the SDZ-derived radical compared to DMABN•+.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Leresche
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Lucie Ludvíková
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Dominik Heger
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 62500 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Canonica
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Eawag, Überlandstrasse 133, CH-8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
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Liu Y, Zheng X, Yin S, Wei C, Zhu D. A significant correlation between kinetics of nitrobenzene reduction by sulfide and electron transfer capacity of mediating dissolved humic substances. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:139911. [PMID: 32927563 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved humic substances (DHS) are ubiquitous in surface and subsurface aquatic environments and greatly affect the redox transformation of organic contaminants as reactants and/or electron transfer mediators. However, little is known about the quantitative relationship between the mediation efficiency of DHS and the physicochemical properties of DHS. Using sulfide-induced nitrobenzene reduction as a model system, we measured the reduction rate of nitrobenzene in the presence of 12 different DHS (20 mgC·L-1), including 4 commercial humic substances (Suwannee River humic and fulvic acids and Pahokee Peat humic and fulvic acids) and 8 soil humic substances collected as leachates from a wide variety of soils. In addition to the UV-vis absorption and fluorescence spectra, the electron donating/accepting capacities (EDC/EAC) of the tested DHS were measured using an electrochemical approach. A significant linear correlation (r = 0.99, P < .0001) was observed between the observed pseudo-first-order rate constant (kobs) of nitrobenzene reduction and the sum of EDC and EAC which is defined as electron transfer capacity (ETC) of DHS. A relatively good positive correlation (r = 0.69, P < .2) was shown between the kobs and the specific UV-absorbance at 254 nm (SUVA254), whereas no good correlation was shown between the kobs and the fluorescence of the C1-C4 components identified by the excitation emission matrices and parallel factor (EEM-PARAFAC) analysis. This study provides a new framework for accurate prediction of the capability of DHS in mediating the redox transformation of organic contaminants. CAPSULE: A significant linear correlation exists between the kinetics of nitrobenzene reduction by sulfide and electron transfer capacity of mediating dissolved humic substances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yafang Liu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xiaojian Zheng
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Shujun Yin
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Chenhui Wei
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongqiang Zhu
- School of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Earth Surface Processes, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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Walpen N, Houska J, Salhi E, Sander M, von Gunten U. Quantification of the electron donating capacity and UV absorbance of dissolved organic matter during ozonation of secondary wastewater effluent by an assay and an automated analyzer. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 185:116235. [PMID: 32823195 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of secondary wastewater treatment plant effluent for the abatement of organic micropollutants requires an accurate process control, which can be based on monitoring ozone-induced changes in dissolved organic matter (DOM). This study presents a novel automated analytical system for monitoring changes in the electron donating capacity (EDC) and UV absorbance of DOM during ozonation. In a first step, a quantitative photometric EDC assay was developed based on electron-transfer reactions from phenolic moieties in DOM to an added chemical oxidant, the radical cation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate) (ABTS·+). The assay is highly sensitive (limit of quantification ∼0.5 mgDOC·L-1) and EDC values of model DOM isolates determined by this assay were in good agreement with values determined previously by mediated electrochemical oxidation (slope = 1.01 ± 0.07, R2 = 0.98). In a second step, the photometric EDC measurement method was transferred onto an automated fluidic system coupled to a photometer (EDC analyzer). The EDC analyzer was then used to monitor changes in EDC and UV absorbance of secondary wastewater effluent treated with ozone. While both parameters exhibited a dose-dependent decrease, a more pronounced decrease in EDC as compared to UV absorbance was observed at specific ozone doses up to 0.4 mgO3·gDOC-1. The concentration of 17α-ethinylestradiol, a phenolic micropollutant with a high ozone reactivity, decreased proportionally to the EDC decrease. In contrast, abatement of less ozone-reactive micropollutants and bromate formation started only after a pronounced initial decrease in EDC. The on-line EDC analyzer presented herein will enable a comprehensive assessment of the combination of EDC and UV absorbance as control parameters for full-scale ozonation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Walpen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Joanna Houska
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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35
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Pan Y, Ruan X, Garg S, Waite TD, Lei Y, Yang X. Copper Inhibition of Triplet-Sensitized Phototransformation of Phenolic and Amine Contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:9980-9989. [PMID: 32687340 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c01693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Excited triplet states of natural organic matter (3NOM*) are important reactive intermediates in phototransformation of organic contaminants in sunlit waters. The main goal of this study was to explore the influence of Cu on triplet-sensitized transformation rates of 20 selected phenolic and amine contaminants. Fourteen of the compounds examined exhibited a marked decrease in their 4-carboxybenzophenone (CBBP)-mediated phototransformation rate in the presence of trace amounts of Cu(II) (25-500 nM). Both mathematical modeling of these rate data and transient absorption spectroscopy measurements support the hypothesis that the decrease in the rate and extent of phototransformation of organic contaminants is due to the reduction of radical intermediates of the contaminants by photochemically formed Cu(I). The Cu-induced inhibition of oxidation of organic contaminants photosensitized by Suwannee River NOM (SRNOM) could also take place in the presence of nanomolar concentrations of Cu. The inhibitory effect of Cu on the oxidation rates of amine contaminants in SRNOM solutions was found to be significantly weaker compared to that in CBBP solutions, but little difference was observed on depletion of phenols. This behavior was attributed to the intrinsic inhibitory effect of the antioxidant moieties present in NOM on phototransformation of amine compounds, partially neutralizing the potential for further Cu inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanheng Pan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xiaoxue Ruan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shikha Garg
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Yu Lei
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Xin Yang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
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36
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Remucal CK, Salhi E, Walpen N, von Gunten U. Molecular-Level Transformation of Dissolved Organic Matter during Oxidation by Ozone and Hydroxyl Radical. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10351-10360. [PMID: 32697081 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation of drinking and wastewater relies on ozone (O3) and hydroxyl radical (•OH) as oxidants. Both oxidants react with dissolved organic matter (DOM) and alter its composition, but the selectivity of the two oxidants and mechanisms of reactivity with DOM moieties are largely unknown. The reactions of O3 and •OH with two DOM isolates were studied by varying specific ozone doses (0.1-1.3 mg-O3/mg-C) at pH 7. Additionally, conditions that favor O3 (i.e., addition of an •OH scavenger) or •OH (i.e., pH 11) were investigated. Ozonation decreases aromaticity, apparent molecular weight, and electron donating capacity (EDC) of DOM with large changes observed when O3 is the main oxidant (e.g., EDC decreases 63-77% for 1.3 mg-O3/mg-C). Both O3 and •OH react with highly aromatic, reduced formulas detected using high-resolution mass spectrometry (O:C = 0.48 ± 0.12; H:C = 1.06 ± 0.23), while •OH also oxidizes more saturated formulas (H:C = 1.64 ± 0.26). Established reactions between model compounds and O3 (e.g., addition of one to two oxygen atoms) or •OH (e.g., addition of one oxygen atom and decarboxylation) are observed and produce highly oxidized DOM (O:C > 1.0). This study provides molecular-level evidence for the selectivity of O3 as an oxidant within DOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina K Remucal
- Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering,University of Wisconsin-Madison,Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Walpen
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag),8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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37
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Rodríguez EM, von Gunten U. Generation of hydroxyl radical during chlorination of hydroxyphenols and natural organic matter extracts. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 177:115691. [PMID: 32304908 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The generation of hydroxyl radicals (•OH) during the chlorination of air saturated solutions of different hydroxyphenols (hydroquinone, resorcinol, catechol, gallic and tannic acids) at pH 7 has been determined by the formation of phenol (in presence of benzene in excess) or 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (in presence of terephthalic acid). Formation of •OH was only detected during the chlorination of o- or p-hydroxyphenols, compounds that react with chlorine by electron transfer forming the corresponding semiquinones/quinones. In aerated solutions, oxygen is reduced by the semiquinone to the superoxide radical, O2•-, which reacts with HOCl to •OH. Compared to the studied o-hydroxyphenols, the lower reactivity of hydroquinone towards chlorine favours the reaction between chlorine and O2•-, and its •OH formation potential is ∼50 times higher. The extent of •OH generated increased with the concentration of the hydroxyphenol and chlorine, but the •OH yield (moles formed per mole of hydroxyphenol eliminated), decreased due to the formation of the quinone, that acts as O2•- scavenger. The yield was almost not affected by the pH (6 ≤ pH ≤ 7.5), whereas a strong impact of dissolved O2 was observed. The •OH production was null in absence of O2 and 2.5-3 times higher at oxygen saturated conditions compared to air-saturated. Contrary to chlorination, during bromination of hydroquinone •OH was not formed, which can be attributable to a much faster consumption of the oxidant, with no chance for O2•- to react with bromine. Formation of •OH during the chlorination of different NOM extracts (SRHA, SRFA, PLFA and Nordic Lake NOM) and water from Lake Greifensee (Switzerland) was also studied using terephthalic acid as •OH scavenger. For SRHA, SRFA and Nordic Lake NOM (all of allochthonous origin and presenting high electron-donating capacity, EDC), •OH yields expressed as moles formed per mole of DOC0 (%), were between 1.1 and 2.0, similar to that of hydroquinone (∼1.5). For PLFA and Lake Greifensee water (autochthonous, lower EDC) much lower •OH yields were observed (0.1-0.3). Both chlorination rate and EDC, the later favouring the formation/stabilization of O2•-, seem to be key factors involved in •OH generation during the chlorination of NOM. A mechanism for these findings is proposed based on kinetic simulations of hydroquinone chlorination at pH 7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva M Rodríguez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Química Física, Universidad de Extremadura, Avda. Elvas s/n, 06006, Badajoz, Spain; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Urs von Gunten
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics (IBP), Department of Environment Systems (D-USYS), ETH Zurich, Universitätsstrasse 16, CH-8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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McKay G. Emerging investigator series: critical review of photophysical models for the optical and photochemical properties of dissolved organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1139-1165. [PMID: 32270849 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00056f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Optical measurements (absorbance and fluorescence) are widely used to track dissolved organic matter (DOM) quantity and quality in natural and engineered systems. Despite many decades of research on the optical properties of DOM, there is a lack of understanding with regards to the underlying photophysical model that is the basis for these optical properties. This review both summarizes advances to date on the photophysical properties of DOM and seeks to critically evaluate the photophysical models for DOM optical properties. Recent studies have refined the quantitative understanding of DOM photophysical properties such as excited state lifetimes and energies, rates of different photophysical processes, and quantum yields. Considering fundamental models, more clarity is needed on whether DOM photophysical processes are due to a superposition of non-interacting components (superposition model), or whether a portion of optical signals can be ascribed to electronically interacting moieties, for example in the form of electron donor-acceptor complexes (charge transfer model). Multiple studies over more than two decades have provided evidence for the charge transfer model. Questions have been raised, however, about the broad applicability of the charge transfer model. The charge transfer and superposition model are critically reviewed in light of this current research. Recommendations are given for future studies to help clarify the accuracy of these competing photophysical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Garrett McKay
- Zachry Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
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Zhang X, Roopnarine KK, Dong S, Jans U. Stereoisomer specific reaction of hexabromocyclododecane with Fe(ii) associated with iron oxides. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1026-1036. [PMID: 32118215 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00587k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The reactions of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) isomers with Fe(ii) associated with iron oxides were performed in a pH range from 6.15 to 7.50 at room temperature. It was observed that Fe(ii) associated with iron oxides (i.e., goethite, magnetite, hematite) is a better reductant than just an aqueous solution of Fe(ii) to potentially reduce HBCD in subsurface environments. The reaction of HBCD with Fe(ii) associated with iron oxides is also stereoisomer specific with α-HBCD reacting much slower than β-HBCD and γ-HBCD. The reaction is pH dependent and it is faster with increased pH. The initial concentration of Fe(ii) and HBCD can also affect the reaction rate. The reaction is negligible when all the Fe(ii) is sorbed to magnetite and no Fe(ii) remains dissolved. It was also observed that the reaction of 100 nM HBCD is slower than the reaction of 1.0 μM HBCD with Fe(ii) associated with magnetite. In addition, natural organic matter (NOM) was found to inhibit the degradation of HBCD by Fe(ii) associated with iron oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianmiao Zhang
- Chemistry Program, The Graduate Center of the City University of New York, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Wang J, Wang K, Guo Y, Niu J. Photochemical degradation of nebivolol in different natural organic matter solutions under simulated sunlight irradiation: Kinetics, mechanism and degradation pathway. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 173:115524. [PMID: 32006808 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.115524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Nebivolol (NEB) is widely used for the treatment of hypertension and chronic heart failure and has become an ubiquitous emerging organic pollutant. It has been shown to undergo direct photolysis, but the role of DOM in its degradation kinetics and mechanism is not well understood. In this study, we studied the photochemical behavior of NEB in the presence of seawater DOM (SW-DOM) and freshwater DOM (SRNOM) under simulated sunlight irradiation. SW-DOM had a promotion effect on NEB photodegradation, whereas SRNOM retarded its photolytic transformation. After eliminating the influence of light screening, we found that the indirect photodegradation rate of NEB in the presence of SRNOM was lower than that in the presence of SW-DOM. Results show that the indirect photodegradation pathway occurred by reaction with triplet-excited DOM (3DOM*). The second-order rate constants for 3SW-DOM* and 3SRNOM* reaction with NEB are 3.7 × 109 M-1 s-1 and 3.7 × 108 M-1 s-1, respectively. The electron donating capacity of SRNOM is higher than that of SW-DOM, indicating that SRNOM may contain more activated phenolic moieties. SRNOM may thus have higher antioxidant activity, leading a higher inhibitory effect on NEB photodegradation. A total of six degradation products were identified in the absence and presence of DOM by HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The substitution of F by OH-groups and further oxidation a OH-group in the lateral chain to a ketone, and cleavage of N-C bond by the attack of 3DOM* are here proposed as the main degradation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Kai Wang
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Yuchen Guo
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China
| | - Junfeng Niu
- Research Center for Eco-environmental Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, 523808, PR China.
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41
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Wu QY, Zhou TH, Du Y, Ye B, Wang WL, Hu HY. Characterizing the molecular weight distribution of dissolved organic matter by measuring the contents of electron-donating moieties, UV absorbance, and fluorescence intensity. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 137:105570. [PMID: 32078873 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Electron-donating moieties (EDM) have recently been used to characterize the redox properties and treatability of dissolved organic matter during water and wastewater treatment. In this study, size exclusion chromatography followed by a derivatization-spectrometric method was developed to determine the molecular weight (MW) distribution of EDM in dissolved organic matter. The relationships between EDM concentration and chromophore content (indicated by UVA254), fluorophore content (indicated by fluorescence), and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentration were analyzed for different MW fractions. In general, natural organic matter (NOM) showed higher total EDM concentration and higher EDM average MW than effluent organic matter (EfOM). For NOM, fractions with MW between 1.8 k and 6.9 k Da accounted for most of the EDM (45.4%-48.6%), followed by the fractions with MW < 1.8 k Da (25.6%-42.4%). By contrast, the EDM in EfOM occurred predominantly in fractions with MW < 1 k Da (51.8%-58.6%), with lower concentrations in fractions with MW > 1.8 k Da (<20.2%). The heterogeneous MW distribution of EDM was strongly correlated to the presence of chromophores, but not DOC or fluorophores. The EDM difference between MW fractions suggested that the fraction with MW 1.8-6.9 k Da (40.7%-47.1%) and the fractions with MW < 1 k Da (50.2%-58.8%) should be the dominant oxidant consumers in NOM and EfOM, respectively. When the EDM was normalized by the DOC for each MW fraction (EDMMW/DOCMW), the EDMMW/DOCMW of relatively high-MW fractions (>1.8 k Da) is 1.2-1.9 times of relatively low-MW (<1 k Da) fractions for both NOM and EfOM, which indicates that higher-MW fractions are more susceptible to chemical oxidations. The relationship between EDM change and UVA254 change varied for different MW fractions during advanced ozonation treatment, because of the different oxidation mechanisms in operation for MW fractions. The ozonation of EfOM fractions with higher MW (>1.8 k Da) and lower MW (<1 k Da) preferentially resulted in benzoquinone formation and ring-cleavage, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian-Yuan Wu
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Tian-Hui Zhou
- Shenzhen Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Ye Du
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, PR China; Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
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42
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Ma J, Nie J, Zhou H, Wang H, Lian L, Yan S, Song W. Kinetic Consideration of Photochemical Formation and Decay of Superoxide Radical in Dissolved Organic Matter Solutions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:3199-3208. [PMID: 32073838 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b06018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The photochemical formation and decay rates of superoxide radical ions (O2•-) in irradiated dissolved organic matter (DOM) solutions were directly determined by the chemiluminescent method. Under irradiation, uncatalyzed and catalyzed O2•- dismutation account for ∼25% of the total O2•- degradation in air-saturated DOM solutions. Light-induced O2•- loss, which does not produce H2O2, was observed. Both the O2•- photochemical formation and light-induced loss rates are positively correlated with the electron-donating capacities of the DOM, suggesting that phenolic moieties play a dual role in the photochemical behavior of O2•-. In air-saturated conditions, the O2•- quantum yields of 12 DOM solutions varied in a narrow range, from 1.8 to 3.3‰, and the average was (2.4 ± 0.5)‰. The quantum yield of O2•- nonlinearly increased with increasing dissolved oxygen concentration. Therefore, the quantum yield of one-electron reducing intermediates, the precursor of O2•-, was calculated as (5.0 ± 0.4)‰. High-energy triplets (3DOM*, ET > 200 kJ mol-1) and 1O2 quenching experiments indicate that 3DOM* and 1O2 play minor roles in O2•- production. These results are useful for predicting the photochemical formation and decay of O2•- in sunlit surface waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Ma
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - JianXin Nie
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Huaxi Zhou
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Lushi Lian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Weihua Song
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Yuan Y, Zhang H, Wei Y, Si Y, Li G, Zhang F. Onsite quantifying electron donating capacity of dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:57-64. [PMID: 30690379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Electron donating capacity (EDC) of dissolved organic matter (DOM) impacts the redox behaviors of DOM in surface waters, groundwaters, wetlands, sediments and soils but lacks applicable onsite quantification methods. To address these disadvantages, a simple and portable device with pre-injected [2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonicacid), ABTS·+] was developed that can be used for EDC onsite measurements of DOM in this work. The proposed device and method had better limits of quantification of Trolox (0.2 nmol) and more flexible DOC concentration requirement of 0.5-20 mg L-1 than that of flow injection analysis (FIA) (5-10 mg L-1) or mediated electrochemical oxidation (MEO) (>20 mg L-1). The proposed device and method greatly reduced the preparation and measurement time for sample tests compared to MEO or FIA method, enabling time-efficient EDC determination for large amount of samples. Meanwhile, the proposed device presented comparable accuracy with established MEO method when quantifying the EDCs of 7 standard humic and fulvic acids. Humic acids with higher molecular weight (MW) (<15,000 Da) had higher EDC than that with low MW (<5000 Da). EDCs of DOM in natural and reclaim water samples were both presented significantly positive correlations with their corresponding chemical oxygen demand, chromophoric DOM content, molecular weight and humification of the DOM in water samples. These results suggested that our device could accurately quantify the EDCs of DOM onsite and had promising applications on the fast quality assessment of natural and reclaimed waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yuan
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yanxiao Si
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghe Li
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- School of Environment and State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Xin D, Xian M, Chiu PC. New methods for assessing electron storage capacity and redox reversibility of biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:827-834. [PMID: 30359952 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Black carbon such as biochar has been shown to support microbial redox transformation by accepting and/or donating electrons. Electron storage capacity (ESC) is an important property that determines the capacity of a biochar to mediate redox processes in natural and engineered systems. However, it remained unclear whether a biochar's ESC is constant and reversible and if so to what extent, over what redox potential range ESC is distributed, and what fraction of the ESC is microbially accessible. In this study, we developed chemical methods that employed combinations of reductants and oxidants of different potentials - Ti(III) citrate, ferricyanide, dithionite, and dissolved O2 - to measure the ESC of Soil Reef biochar, a wood-derived biochar that can serve as an electron donor or acceptor for Geobacter metallireducens. For a given oxidant-reductant pair, the ESC obtained over multiple redox cycles was constant and fully reversible, though lower than that of the virgin biochar. Pore diffusion within biochar particles was rate-limiting and controlled the timescale for redox equilibrium. Results suggest that redox-facile functional groups in biochar were distributed over a broad range of potentials. The ESC measured using dithionite indicates approximately 22% of the biochar's reversible ESC was accessible to G. metallireducens. We propose that reversible ESC may be regarded as a constant and quantifiable property of black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Xin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Minghan Xian
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States
| | - Pei C Chiu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716, United States.
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45
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Serna-Galvis EA, Troyon JA, Giannakis S, Torres-Palma RA, Minero C, Vione D, Pulgarin C. Photoinduced disinfection in sunlit natural waters: Measurement of the second order inactivation rate constants between E. coli and photogenerated transient species. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 147:242-253. [PMID: 30315992 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This work uncovers the implications of the estimation of exogenous inactivation rates for E. coli after the initial lag phase, and presents a strategy for the determination of the second-order inactivation rate constants (k2nd) of these bacteria with relevant transient species promoted by solar light in natural waters. For this purpose, specific precursors were considered (nitrate ion, rose bengal, anthraquinone-2-sulfonate) as well as the respective photo-generated transient species (i.e., hydroxyl radical (•OH), singlet oxygen (1O2) and triplet excited states). Under these conditions and by using suitable reference compounds (acesulfame K and 2,4,6-trimethylphenol in different series of experiments), the k2nd values were obtained after developing a proper competition kinetics methodology. The k2nd values were (2.5 ± 0.9) × 1011, (3.8 ± 1.6) × 107 and (1.8 ± 0.7) × 1010 M-1 s-1 for the inactivation of E. coli by •OH, 1O2 and the triplet state of anthraquinone-2-sulfonate (3AQ2S*), respectively. The measurement of a reaction rate constant that is higher than the diffusion-control limit for small molecules in aqueous solution implies that bacteria behave differently from molecules, e.g., because of the large size difference between bacteria and the transients. The obtained k2nd values were used for the modeling of the bacteria inactivation kinetics in outdoor systems (both water bodies and SODIS bottles), limited to the exponential decay phase that follows the initial lag time. Afterwards, the role of dissolved organic matter (DOM) as precursor of transient species for bacterial elimination was systematically studied. The interaction of different sunlight wavelength regions (UVB, UV-A, blue, green and yellow light) with Suwannee river (SW) and Nordic Lake organic matter (ND) was tested, and the photoinduced disinfection exerted by DOM isolates (SW DOM, Suwannee River Humic Acid, Suwannee River Fulvic Acid or Pony Lake Fulvic Acid) was compared. It was not possible to achieve a complete differentiation of the individual contributions of DOM triplet states (3DOM*) and 1O2 to bacterial inactivation. However, the application of competition kinetics to E. coli under solar irradiation in the presence of SW led to a k2nd value of (2.17 ± 0.40) × 1010 M-1 s-1, which is very near the value for inactivation by 3AQ2S* and suggests that the latter behaved very similar to SW-3DOM* and was a good 3DOM* proxy in the present case. The determination of the second-order inactivation rate constants of E. coli with •OH, 3DOM* and 1O2 represents a significant progress in the understanding of the external inactivation pathways of bacteria. It also allows predicting that, after the lag phase, 1O2 would contribute to photoinactivation to a far lesser extent than •OH and 3DOM*.
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Affiliation(s)
- Efraim A Serna-Galvis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland; Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Jean A Troyon
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Stefanos Giannakis
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquía UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Claudio Minero
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy
| | - Davide Vione
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Università di Torino, Via P. Giuria 5, 10125, Torino, Italy.
| | - Cesar Pulgarin
- School of Basic Sciences (SB), Institute of Chemical Science and Engineering (ISIC), Group of Advanced Oxidation Processes (GPAO), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 6, CH-1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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46
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Rougé V, Allard S, Croué JP, von Gunten U. In Situ Formation of Free Chlorine During ClO 2 Treatment: Implications on the Formation of Disinfection Byproducts. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13421-13429. [PMID: 30372050 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Chlorine dioxide (ClO2) is commonly used as an alternative disinfectant to chlorine in drinking water treatment because it produces limited concentrations of halogenated organic disinfection byproducts. During drinking water treatment, the primary ClO2 byproducts are the chlorite (50-70%) and the chlorate ions (0-30%). However, a significant portion of the ClO2 remains unaccounted for. This study demonstrates that when ClO2 was reacting with phenol, one mole of free available chlorine (FAC) was produced per two moles of consumed ClO2. The in situ formed FAC completed the mass balance on Cl for inorganic ClO2 byproducts (FAC + ClO2- + ClO3-). When reacting with organic matter extracts at near neutral conditions (pH 6.5-8.1), ClO2 also yielded a significant amount of FAC (up to 25%). Up to 27% of this in situ formed FAC was incorporated in organic matter forming adsorbable organic chlorine, which accounted for up to 7% of the initial ClO2 dose. Only low concentrations of regulated trihalomethanes were produced because of an efficient mitigation of their precursors by ClO2 oxidation. Conversely, dichloroacetonitrile formation from ClO2-induced generation of FAC was higher than from addition of FAC in absence of ClO2. Overall, these findings provide important information on the formation of FAC and disinfection byproducts during drinking water treatment with ClO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Rougé
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia
| | - Sébastien Allard
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia
| | - Jean-Philippe Croué
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Department of Chemistry , Curtin University , GPO Box U1987, 6845 Perth , Western Australia Australia
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology , CH-8600 Dübendorf , Switzerland
- School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC) , Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale Lausanne (EPFL) , CH-1015 Lausanne , Switzerland
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47
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Önnby L, Walpen N, Salhi E, Sander M, von Gunten U. Two analytical approaches quantifying the electron donating capacities of dissolved organic matter to monitor its oxidation during chlorination and ozonation. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:677-689. [PMID: 30096693 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron-donating activated aromatic moieties, including phenols, in dissolved organic matter (DOM) partially control its reactivity with the chemical oxidants ozone and chlorine. This comparative study introduces two sensitive analytical systems to directly and selectively quantify the electron-donating capacity (EDC) of DOM, which corresponds to the number of electrons transferred from activated aromatic moieties, including phenols, to the added chemical oxidant 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) radical cation (i.e., ABTS•+). The first system separates DOM by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) followed by a post-column reaction with ABTS•+ and a spectrophotometric quantification of the reduction of ABTS•+ by DOM. The second system employs flow-injection analysis (FIA) coupled to electrochemical detection to quantify ABTS•+ reduction by DOM. Both systems have very low limits of quantification, allowing determination of EDC values of dilute DOM samples with <1 mg carbon per liter. When applied to ozonated and chlorinated model DOM isolates and real water samples, the two analytical systems showed that EDC values of the treated DOM decrease with increasing specific oxidant doses. The EDC decreases detected by the two systems were in overall good agreement except for one sample containing DOM with a very low EDC. The combination of EDC with UV-absorbance measurements gives further insights into the chemical reaction pathways of DOM with chemical oxidants such as ozone or chlorine. We propose the use of EDC in water treatment facilities as a readily measurable parameter to determine the content of electron-donating aromatic moieties in DOM and thereby its reactivity with added chemical oxidants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Önnby
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas Walpen
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Michael Sander
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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48
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Önnby L, Salhi E, McKay G, Rosario-Ortiz FL, von Gunten U. Ozone and chlorine reactions with dissolved organic matter - Assessment of oxidant-reactive moieties by optical measurements and the electron donating capacities. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 144:64-75. [PMID: 30014980 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.06.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxidation processes are impacted by the type, concentration and reactivity of the dissolved organic matter (DOM). In this study, the reactions between various types of DOM (Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA), Nordic Reservoir NOM (NNOM) and Pony Lake fulvic acid (PLFA)) and two oxidants (ozone and chlorine) were studied in the pH range 2-9 by using a combination of optical measurements and electron donating capacities. The relationships between residual electron donating capacity (EDC) and residual absorbance showed a strong pH dependence for the ozone-DOM reactions with phenolic functional groups being the main reacting moieties. Relative EDC and absorbance abatements (UV254 or UV280) were similar at pH 2. At pH 7 or 9, the relative abatement of EDC was more pronounced than for absorbance, which could be explained by the formation of UV-absorbing products such as benzoquinone from the transformation of phenolic moieties. An increase in fluorescence abatement with increasing pH was also observed during ozonation. The increase in fluorescence quantum yields could not be attributed to formation of benzoquinone, but related to a faster abatement of phenolic moieties relative to fluorophores with low ozone reactivity. The overall •OH yields as a result of DOM-induced ozone consumption increased significantly with increasing pH, which could be related to the higher reactivity of phenolic moieties at higher pH. The •OH yields for SRFA and PLFA were proportional to the phenolic contents, whereas for NNOM, the •OH yield was about 30% higher. During chlorination of DOM at pH 7 an efficient relative EDC abatement was observed whereas the relative absorbance abatement was much less pronounced. This is due to the formation of chlorophenolic moieties, which exert a significant absorbance, and partly lose their electron donating capacity. Pre-ozonation of SRFA leads to a decrease of chloroform and haloacetic acid formation, however, only after a threshold of > ∼50% abatement of the EDC and under conditions which are not precursor limited. The decrease in chloroform and haloacetic acid formation after the threshold EDC abatement was proportional to the relative residual EDC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Önnby
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Garrett McKay
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Fernando L Rosario-Ortiz
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, Environmental Engineering Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil & Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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49
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Zhou C, Wang H, Si Y, Wu K, Yousaf A. Electron shuttles enhance the degradation of sulfamethoxazole coupled with Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2018; 62:156-163. [PMID: 30029095 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The ability of anthraquinone-2,6-disulfonate (AQDS) and riboflavin to enhance the sulfamethoxazole (SMX) degradation coupled with the Fe(III) reduction by Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 was investigated. The results indicated that the SMX degradation rate was 38.5% with an initial SMX concentration at 0.04 mM. For the overall performance of AQDS and riboflavin mediated SMX degradation and iron reduction, the SMX degradation rate was gradually increased with the enhancement of iron reduction. Riboflavin had a stronger enhancement on SMX degradation and iron reduction than AQDS, but the enhancement was not positively correlated with electron shuttles concentration. A quantitative characterization of the electron transfer capacity (ETC) of the electron shuttles showed that the ETC was higher for riboflavin than AQDS. The S. oneidensis MR-1 16S rRNA gene copies results indicated that electron shuttles had a positive effect on the microbial activity of S. oneidensis MR-1. The LCMS result indicated that the products of the SMX biodegradation were 3-amino-5-methylisoxazole and 4-aminobenzenesulfonic acid, which suggested that the SMX biodegradation was caused by SN bond cleavage. This study indicates that the biochemical mechanisms play a vital role in SMX transformation and Fe(II) generation in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhou
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Huiqing Wang
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Youbin Si
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China.
| | - Kang Wu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
| | - Amina Yousaf
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Farmland Ecological Conservation and Pollution Prevention, School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, China
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Klayprasert P, Jakmunee J. Flow Injection Amperometric System Coupled with a Well-Plate for Fast Screening of Total Antioxidant Capacity. ANAL LETT 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/00032719.2017.1392547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puttaporn Klayprasert
- Research Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Jaroon Jakmunee
- Research Laboratory for Analytical Instrument and Electrochemistry Innovation, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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