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Zhu K, Kerry M, Serr B, Mintert M, Pursch M, Eeltink S, Desmet G. Highly sensitive two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry method for nitrite determination in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 248:116330. [PMID: 38981329 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Due to their potential adverse health effects, some N-nitrosamines in drug products are strictly regulated with very low maximum daily intake limits. Nitrosamines can be formed from the reaction of nitrite and secondary or tertiary amines when both species co-exist in the drug synthesis or formulation process. One key strategy to mitigate nitrosamine risk in drugs is to select low-nitrite containing pharma excipients for formulation. It is necessary to develop a sensitive method for trace nitrite determination in pharma excipients as it enables drug producers to study nitrosamine formation kinetics and select excipient suppliers. This study details the development and validation of a two-dimensional ion chromatography mass spectrometry (2D-IC/MS) method for trace nitrite determination in hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), one of the most important pharmaceutical excipients used in many drug formulations. The 2D-IC system was operated in heart-cutting mode with a concentrator column coupling the two dimensions. A standard bore anion-exchange column was used in the first dimension (1D) to enable a large volume injection for increased sensitivity and provide improved resolution between nitrite and the interfering chloride peak. A high efficiency microbore anion-exchange column with different selectivity was used in the second dimension (2D) to resolve nitrite from other interfering species. The use of 2D-IC resulted in significantly improved resolution, solving the sensitivity loss issue due to ion suppression from an otherwise 1D separation. MS detection with selective ion monitoring and isotope labeled nitrite internal standard further improve the method specificity, accuracy, and ruggedness, as compared with conductivity detection. For trace determination, it is also extremely important to have a clean blank. For this purpose, a novel cleaning procedure using a strong anion wash was developed to remove nitrite contamination from labware. The optimized method was validated with linearity of nitrite in the concentration range of 18.5-5005.8 ng/g having a regression coefficient of >0.9999, precision with RSD at 3.5-10.1 % and recovery of 90.5-102.4 %. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 8.9 and 29.6 ng/g relative to the HPMC sample, or equivalent to 89 and 296 pg/g in the sample solution, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- Pharma Solutions, IFF, Midland, MI 48640, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Markus Mintert
- DDP Specialty Products Germany GmbH & Co. KG, August-Wolff-Str. 13, Walsrode 29699, Germany
| | - Matthias Pursch
- Dow Deutschland Anlagen GmbH, Analytical Science, Wiesbaden 65201, Germany
| | - Sebastiaan Eeltink
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium
| | - Gert Desmet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Vrije Universititeit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, Brussel 1050, Belgium.
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Lautner-Csorba O, Gorur R, Major T, Wu J, Sheet P, Hill J, Yu M, Xi C, Bartlett RH, Schwendeman SP, Lautner G, Meyerhoff ME. Antithrombotic and Antimicrobial Potential of S-Nitroso-1-Adamantanethiol-Impregnated Extracorporeal Circuit. ASAIO J 2024:00002480-990000000-00526. [PMID: 39037705 DOI: 10.1097/mat.0000000000002276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
This study presents the utilization of a novel, highly lipophilic nitric oxide (NO) donor molecule, S-nitroso-1-adamantanethiol (SNAT), for developing an NO-emitting polymer surface aimed at preventing thrombus formation and bacterial infection in extracorporeal circuits (ECCs). S-nitroso-1-adamantanethiol, a tertiary nitrosothiol-bearing adamantane species, was synthesized, characterized, and used to impregnate polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubing for subsequent in vivo evaluation. The impregnation process with SNAT preserved the original mechanical strength of the PVC. In vitro assessments revealed sustained NO release from the SNAT-impregnated PVC tubing (iSNAT), surpassing or matching endothelial NO release levels for up to 42 days. The initial NO release remained stable even after 1 year of storage at -20°C. The compatibility of iSNAT with various sterilization techniques (OPA Plus, hydrogen peroxide, EtO) was tested. Acute in vivo experiments in a rabbit model demonstrated significantly reduced thrombus formation in iSNAT ECCs compared with controls, indicating the feasibility of iSNAT to mitigate coagulation system activation and potentially eliminate the need for systemic anticoagulation. Moreover, iSNAT showed substantial inhibition of microbial biofilm formation, highlighting its dual functionality. These findings underscore the promising utility of iSNAT for long-term ECC applications, offering a multifaceted approach to enhancing biocompatibility and minimizing complications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Roopa Gorur
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Terry Major
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Jianfeng Wu
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Partha Sheet
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Joseph Hill
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Minzhi Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Chuanwu Xi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Robert H Bartlett
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Steven P Schwendeman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Gergely Lautner
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Mark E Meyerhoff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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3
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Aishwarya D, Nikhil P, Natesan S, Velayutham R, Peraman R. Development and validation of high-performance liquid chromatography-Orbitrap mass spectrometric method for quantification of NDMA in ranitidine drug products and evaluation of antioxidants as inhibitors of classical nitrosation reaction. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2024; 38:e9747. [PMID: 38600640 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
RATIONALE N-Nitroso dimethylamine (NDMA) is a mutagenic impurity detected in several ranitidine products. The amino functional group of ranitidine is a risk factor for classical nitrosation-induced NDMA formation in ranitidine drug products during storage conditions. The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) recommended the use of antioxidants to control NDMA in drug products. Considering the need for sensitive analytics, a liquid chromatography/high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method was developed and validated to detect NDMA in this pilot study to demonstrate the antioxidants as inhibitors of nitrosation reactions. METHODS The method, utilizing an EC-C18 column and tuned to atmospheric pressure chemical ionization/selected ion monitoring (APCI/SIM) mode, separated NDMA (m/z: 75.0553; tR: 3.71 min) and ranitidine (m/z: 315.1485; tR: 8.61 min). APCI mode exhibited four times higher sensitivity to NDMA than electrospray ionization (ESI) mode. Classical nitrosation of the dimethyl amino group of ranitidine was studied with sodium nitrite in solid pellets. Antioxidants (alpha-tocopherol, ascorbic acid, and trolox) were evaluated as NDMA attenuators in ranitidine pellets under vulnerable storage conditions. The developed method quantified NDMA levels in samples, extracted with methanol through vortex shaking for 45 min. RESULTS The method achieved a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 0.01 and 0.05 ng/mL, respectively, with linearity within 1-5000 ng/mL (R1: 0.9995). It demonstrated good intra-day and inter-day precision (% RSD [relative standard deviation]: <2) and accuracy (96.83%-101.72%). Nitrosation of ranitidine induced by nitrite was significant (p < 0.001; R2 = 0.9579) at various sodium nitrite levels. All antioxidants efficiently attenuated NDMA formation during ranitidine nitrosation. Ascorbic acid exhibited the highest NDMA attenuation (96.98%), followed by trolox (90.58%). This study recommends 1% ascorbic acid and trolox as potent NDMA attenuators in ranitidine drug products. CONCLUSIONS This study compared the effectiveness of antioxidants as NDMA attenuators in ranitidine under storage conditions susceptible to NDMA generation. The study concluded that ascorbic acid and trolox are potent inhibitors of NDMA formation and nitrosation attenuators in ranitidine drug products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dande Aishwarya
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Pallaprolu Nikhil
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India
| | - Subramanian Natesan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ravichandiran Velayutham
- Department of Natural Products, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Ramalingam Peraman
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), Hajipur, Bihar, India
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Nakka S, Katari NK, Muchakayala SK, Jonnalagadda SB, Manabolu Surya SB. Synthesis and Trace-Level Quantification of Mutagenic and Cohort-of-Concern Ciprofloxacin Nitroso Drug Substance-Related Impurities (NDSRIs) and Other Nitroso Impurities Using UPLC-ESI-MS/MS-Method Optimization Using I-Optimal Mixture Design. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:8773-8788. [PMID: 38434810 PMCID: PMC10905725 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c05170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Globally, the pharmaceutical industry has been facing challenges from nitroso drug substance-related impurities (NDSRIs). In the current study, we synthesized and developed a rapid new UPLC-MS/MS method for the trace-level quantification of ciprofloxacin NDSRIs and a couple of N-nitroso impurities simultaneously. (Q)-SAR methodology was employed to assess and categorize the genotoxicity of all ciprofloxacin N-nitroso impurities. The projected results were positive, and the cohort of concern (CoC) for all three N-nitroso impurities indicates potential genotoxicity. AQbD-driven I-optimal mixture design was used to optimize the mixture of solvents in the method. The chromatographic resolution was accomplished using an Agilent Poroshell 120 Aq-C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm, 2.7 μm) in isocratic elution mode with 0.1% formic acid in a mixture of water, acetonitrile, and methanol in the ratio of 475:500:25 v/v/v at a flow rate of 0.5 mL/min. Quantification was carried out using triple quadrupole mass detection with electrospray ionization (ESI) in a multiple reaction monitoring technique. The finalized method was validated successfully, affording ICH guidelines. All N-nitroso impurities revealed excellent linearity over the concentration range of 0.00125-0.0250 ppm. The Pearson correlation coefficient of each N-nitroso impurity was >0.999. The method accuracy recoveries ranged from 93.98 to 108.08% for the aforementioned N-nitrosamine impurities. Furthermore, the method was effectively applied to quantify N-nitrosamine impurities simultaneously in commercially available formulated samples, with its efficiency recurring at trace levels. Thus, the current method is capable of determining the trace levels of three N-nitroso ciprofloxacin impurities simultaneously from the marketed tablet dosage forms for commercial release and stability testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Srinivas Nakka
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed
to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
| | - Naresh Kumar Katari
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed
to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Siva Krishna Muchakayala
- Department
of Chemistry, School of Science, GITAM Deemed
to be University, Hyderabad 502329, India
| | - Sreekantha Babu Jonnalagadda
- School
of Chemistry & Physics, College of Agriculture, Engineering &
Science, Westville Campus, University of
KwaZulu-Natal, P Bag X 54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
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5
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Paustenbach DJ, Brown SE, Heywood JJ, Donnell MT, Eaton DL. Risk characterization of N-nitrosodimethylamine in pharmaceuticals. Food Chem Toxicol 2024; 186:114498. [PMID: 38341171 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2024.114498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Since 2018, N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) has been a reported contaminant in numerous pharmaceutical products. To guide the pharmaceutical industry, FDA identified an acceptable intake (AI) of 96 ng/day NDMA. The approach assumed a linear extrapolation from the Carcinogenic Potency Database (CPDB) harmonic-mean TD50 identified in chronic studies in rats. Although NDMA has been thought to act as a mutagenic carcinogen in experimental animals, it has not been classified as a known human carcinogen by any regulatory agency. Humans are exposed to high daily exogenous and endogenous doses of NDMA. Due to the likelihood of a threshold dose for NDMA-related tumors in animals, we believe that there is ample scientific basis to utilize the threshold-based benchmark dose or point-of-departure (POD) approach when estimating a Permissible Daily Exposure limit (PDE) for NDMA. We estimated that 29,000 ng/kg/day was an appropriate POD for calculating a PDE. Assuming an average bodyweight of 50 kg, we expect that human exposures to NDMA at doses below 5800 ng/day in pharmaceuticals would not result in an increased risk of liver cancer, and that there is little, if any, risk for any other type of cancer, when accounting for the mode-of-action in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- D J Paustenbach
- Paustenbach and Associates, 970 West Broadway, Suite E, Jackson, WY, USA
| | - S E Brown
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA.
| | - J J Heywood
- Paustenbach and Associates, 207 Canyon Blvd, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - M T Donnell
- Valeo Sciences LLC, 333 Corporate Drive, Suite 130, Ladera Ranch, CA, USA
| | - D L Eaton
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Environmental & Occupational Health Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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6
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Basoccu F, Cuccu F, Porcheddu A. Mechanochemistry for Healthcare: Revealing the Nitroso Derivatives Genesis in the Solid State. CHEMSUSCHEM 2024; 17:e202301034. [PMID: 37818785 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2023] [Revised: 09/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Nitroso derivatives with unique characteristics have been extensively studied in various fields, including biology and clinical research. Although there has been substantial investigation of "nitrosable" components in many drugs and commonly consumed nutrients, there is still a need for a higher awareness about their formation and characterization. This study demonstrates how these derivatives can be produced through a mechanochemical procedure under solid-state conditions. The results include synthesizing previously unknown compounds with potential biological and pharmaceutical applications, such as a nitrosamine derived from a Diclofenac-like structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Basoccu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
| | - Federico Cuccu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
| | - Andrea Porcheddu
- Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, Str. interna Policlinico Universitario, 09042, Monserrato CA, Italy
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7
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Bhirud D, Agrawal G, Shah H, Patel A, Palkar MB, Bhattacharya S, Prajapati BG. Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals: An Empirical Review of their Detection, Mechanisms, and Regulatory Approaches. Curr Top Med Chem 2024; 24:503-522. [PMID: 38321910 DOI: 10.2174/0115680266278636240125113509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2023] [Revised: 12/25/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Since their discovery in valsartan-containing drugs, nitrosamine impurities have emerged as a significant safety problem in pharmaceutical products, prompting extensive recalls and suspensions. Valsartan, candesartan, irbesartan, olmesartan, and other sartans have been discovered to have additional nitrosamine impurities, such as N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid (NMBA), N-nitroso-Di-isopropyl amine (NDIPA), N-nitroso-Ethyl-Isopropyl amine (NEIPA), and N-nitroso-Diethyl amine (NDEA). Concerns about drug safety have grown in response to reports of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals, such as pioglitazone, rifampin, rifapentine, and varenicline. This review investigates the occurrence and impact of nitrosamine impurities in sartans and pharmaceutical goods, as well as their underlying causes. The discussion emphasizes the significance of comprehensive risk assessment and mitigation approaches at various phases of medication development and manufacturing. The link between amines and nitrosamine impurities is also investigated, with an emphasis on pH levels and the behaviour of primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary amines. Regulations defining standards for nitrosamine assessment and management, such as ICH Q3A-Q3E and ICH M7, are critical in resolving impurity issues. Furthermore, the Global Substance Registration System (GSRS) is underlined as being critical for information sharing and product safety in the pharmaceutical industry. The review specifically focuses on the relationship between ranitidine and N-nitroso dimethyl amine (NDMA) in the context of the implications of nitrosamine contamination on patient safety and medicine supply. The importance of regulatory authorities in discovering and correcting nitrosamine impurities is highlighted in order to improve patient safety, product quality, and life expectancy. Furthermore, the significance of ongoing study and attention to nitrosamine-related repercussions for increasing pharmaceutical safety and overall public health is emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darshan Bhirud
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Gyan Agrawal
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Harshil Shah
- Department of Bioequivalence, Cosette Pharmaceuticals INC, 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Artiben Patel
- Department of Regulatory Affairs, Cosette Pharmaceuticals Inc., 200 Crossing Blvd Fl 4, Bridgewater, New Jersey, 08807, United States
| | - Mahesh B Palkar
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Sankha Bhattacharya
- School of Pharmacy & Technology Management, SVKM'S NMIMS Deemed-to-be University, Shirpur, Maharashtra, 425405, India
| | - Bhupendra G Prajapati
- Shree S. K. Patel College of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Ganpat University, Kherva, 384012, India
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8
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Tsuji G, Kurohara T, Shoda T, Yokoo H, Ito T, Masada S, Uchiyama N, Yamamoto E, Demizu Y. In Silico Prediction of N-Nitrosamine Formation Pathways of Pharmaceutical Products. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2024; 72:166-172. [PMID: 38296559 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c23-00550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
The recent discovery of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA), a mutagenic N-nitrosamine, in pharmaceuticals has adversely impacted the global supply of relevant pharmaceutical products. Contamination by N-nitrosamines diverts resources and time from research and development or pharmaceutical production, representing a bottleneck in drug development. Therefore, predicting the risk of N-nitrosamine contamination is an important step in preventing pharmaceutical contamination by DNA-reactive impurities for the production of high-quality pharmaceuticals. In this study, we first predicted the degradation pathways and impurities of model pharmaceuticals, namely gliclazide and indapamide, in silico using an expert-knowledge software. Second, we verified the prediction results with a demonstration test, which confirmed that N-nitrosamines formed from the degradation of gliclazide and indapamide in the presence of hydrogen peroxide, especially under alkaline conditions. Furthermore, the pathways by which degradation products formed were determined using ranitidine, a compound previously demonstrated to generate NDMA. The prediction indicated that a ranitidine-related compound served as a potential source of nitroso groups for NDMA formation. In silico software is expected to be useful for developing methods to assess the risk of N-nitrosamine formation from pharmaceuticals.
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9
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Burnett CL, Bergfeld WF, Belsito DV, Cohen DE, Klaassen CD, Liebler DC, Rettie AE, Ross D, Slaga TJ, Snyder PW, Tilton S, Fiume M, Heldreth B. Acid Orange 3. Int J Toxicol 2023; 42:10S-11S. [PMID: 37751626 DOI: 10.1177/10915818231204252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety reviewed updated information that has become available since their original assessment from year 2000, along with updated information regarding product types, and frequency and concentrations of use, and reaffirmed their original conclusion that Acid Orange 3 is safe for use in hair dye formulations at concentrations <.2%.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | - David Ross
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member
| | | | | | - Susan Tilton
- Expert Panel for Cosmetic Ingredient Safety Member
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10
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Malečková M, Vrzal T, Vaško T, Olšovská J, Sobotníková J. Natural Occurrence of Nitrite-Related Compounds in Malt and Beer. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2023. [PMID: 37924290 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.3c05217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite sufficient control of volatile N-nitrosamines in foods and beverages, little attention remained on nonvolatile nitroso compounds, which are mostly unknown and relative to nitrite reactions. In a recent study, new compounds related to reactions of nitrite in beer were pyruvic acid oxime, 4-nitrosophenol, 4-cyanophenol, N-nitrosoproline ethyl ester, nitrosoguaiacol, and 2-methoxy-5-nitrophenol, as well as the already known N-nitrosoproline. The present study is intended to observe their natural occurrence in commercial beers and malts. All 22 nitrite-related products (N-products) were monitored in almost 200 samples of beers and malts. As many as 17 N-products were detected in malts, and all 22 N-products were found in beers. The hierarchical clustering grouped samples based on similarities of detected N-products by frequency of their appearance and level of response. Between N-products and N-nitrosodimethylamine concentrations in malts, only moderate Pearson correlations were found. The same applied to N-product correlations with the apparent total nitroso compound determination in beers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela Malečková
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511/15, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vrzal
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511/15, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Vaško
- Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Department of Chemistry, Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Kamýcká 129, 165 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Olšovská
- Research Institute of Brewing and Malting, Lípová 511/15, 120 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Sobotníková
- Faculty of Science, Department of Analytical Chemistry, Charles University, Albertov 6, 128 43 Prague, Czech Republic
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11
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Zhu K, Kerry M, Serr B, Mintert M. Parts per billion of nitrite in microcrystalline cellulose by ion chromatography mass spectrometry with isotope labeled internal standard. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2023; 235:115648. [PMID: 37611458 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2023.115648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Regulatory authorities like the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) have set strict specification levels for N-nitrosamines in finished drug products. Nitrite is a potential precursor for the formation of probable carcinogenic N-nitrosamines when secondary or tertiary amines are also present in the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) synthesis or drug formulation process. An accurate and sensitive determination of nitrite will be useful when a drug product manufacturer chooses to investigate the reaction kinetics between nitrite and amines or to select appropriate excipients for its drug formulation. Pharmaceutical excipient manufacturers may also need an accurate nitrite measurement to investigate the nitrite content in their excipients. This study details the development and validation of an ion chromatography mass spectrometry (IC-MS) method for trace nitrite determination in microcrystalline cellulose materials, one of the important pharmaceutical excipients used in many drug formulations. MS operated under selected ion monitoring mode was used to solve the commonly encountered interference issue with conductivity detection, and nitrite isotope internal standard was employed to address the ion suppression issue with MS detection. The installation of an after-column "jumper" to flush water with an auxiliary pump through the MS when it is not used for data collection avoided sensitivity loss due to trace salt accumulation in the ion source. Validation of the optimized method was satisfactory, with linearity of nitrite in the concentration range of 0.02-7.50 ppm (µg/g) having a regression coefficient of > 0.999, precision of RSD < 9.5% at 0.03 ppm and RSD < 3.4% at 0.4 ppm and recovery of 92.0-103.0%. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation were 0.005 and 0.016 ppm, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koudi Zhu
- Pharma Solutions, IFF, Midland, MI 48640, USA.
| | | | | | - Markus Mintert
- DDP Specialty Products Germany GmbH & Co. KG, August-Wolff-Str. 13, 29699 Walsrode, Germany
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12
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Turner AM, Marks JH, Lechner JT, Klapötke TM, Sun R, Kaiser RI. Ultraviolet-Initiated Decomposition of Solid 1,1-Diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (FOX-7). J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7707-7717. [PMID: 37682229 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c03215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
FOX-7 (1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene) was photolyzed with 202 nm photons to probe reaction energies, leading to the decomposition of this energetic material and to compare results from irradiations using lower-energy 532 and 355 nm photons as well as higher-energy electrons. The photolysis occurred at 5 K to suppress thermal reactions, and the solid samples were monitored using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), which observed carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), cyanide (CN-), and cyanate (OCN-) after irradiation. During warming to 300 K, subliming products were detected using electron-impact quadrupole mass spectrometry (EI-QMS) and photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PI-ReTOF-MS). Five products were observed in QMS: water (H2O), carbon monoxide (CO), nitric oxide (NO), carbon dioxide (CO2), and cyanogen (NCCN). The ReTOF-MS results showed overlap with electron irradiation products but also included three intermediates for the oxidation of ammonia and nitric oxide: hydroxylamine (NH2OH), nitrosamine (NH2NO), and the largest product at 76 amu with the proposed assignment of hydroxyurea (NH2C(O)NHOH). These results highlight the role of reactive oxygen intermediates and nitro-to-nitrite isomerization as key early reactions that lead to a diverse array of decomposition products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Turner
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Joshua H Marks
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Jasmin T Lechner
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Thomas M Klapötke
- Department of Chemistry, Ludwig-Maximilian University of Munich, München 81377, Germany
| | - Rui Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
| | - Ralf I Kaiser
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
- W. M. Keck Research Laboratory in Astrochemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, United States
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13
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Zheng J, Brookes A, Moser J, Pfeffer H, Smith A. On the Risk of Nitrosamine Contamination During Drug Product Blister Packaging. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:2321-2325. [PMID: 37478970 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
Most N-Nitrosamine compounds are found to be genotoxic in several animal species. Some are classified as probable or possible human carcinogens and very low acceptable daily intake has been established such as 96 ng/day for N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and 26.5 ng/N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA). The pharmaceutical industry has considered all processing areas for potential formation or contamination of N-nitrosamine. One risk is the potential contamination of nitrosamine during drug product blister packaging using lidding foils containing nitrocellulose, and different approaches have been used by pharmaceutical companies to evaluate and mitigate this risk. Herein we share a perspective from IQ Consortium N-nitrosamine Working Group on some of the approaches and corresponding results. From these assessments, it was concluded that the risk of nitrosamine contamination during blister packaging is negligible. The approaches shared in this perspective can be incorporated into risk assessment for nitrosamine contamination during drug product packaging at other pharmaceutical companies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjian Zheng
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, MMD, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ, United States.
| | - Andrew Brookes
- Technical Operations, Science and Innovation, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Justin Moser
- Pharmaceutical Sciences & Clinical Supplies, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Harvey Pfeffer
- Global Packaging Technology, Merck & Co., Inc, West Point, PA, United States
| | - Andrew Smith
- Device and Packaging Technologies, Global Supply Chain, GSK, Priory Street, Ware, Herts SG12 0DJ, United Kingdom
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14
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Bayne ACV, Misic Z, Stemmler RT, Wittner M, Frerichs M, Bird JK, Besheer A. N-nitrosamine Mitigation with Nitrite Scavengers in Oral Pharmaceutical Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1794-1800. [PMID: 37023856 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are likely human carcinogens. After N-nitrosamine contaminants were detected in pharmaceutical products in 2018, regulatory authorities set a framework for the risk assessment, testing and mitigation of N-nitrosamines in drug products. One strategy to inhibit the formation of N-nitrosamines during the manufacture and storage of drug products involves the incorporation of nitrite scavengers in the formulation. Diverse molecules have been tested in screening studies including the antioxidant vitamins ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol, amino acids, and other antioxidants used in foods or drugs, for inclusion into drug products to mitigate N-nitrosamine formation. This review article outlines key considerations for the inclusion of nitrite scavengers in oral drug product formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Cécile V Bayne
- DSM Nutritional Products, 6480 Dobbin Road, Columbia, MD, United States of America.
| | - Zdravka Misic
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - René T Stemmler
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marc Wittner
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Julia K Bird
- Bird Scientific Writing, Wassenaar, 2242, the Netherlands
| | - Ahmed Besheer
- DSM Nutritional Products Ltd., P.O. Box 2676, 4002, Basel, Switzerland
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15
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Rao NRH, Linge KL, Li X, Joll CA, Khan SJ, Henderson RK. Relating algal-derived extracellular and intracellular dissolved organic nitrogen with nitrogenous disinfection by-product formation. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 233:119695. [PMID: 36827767 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.119695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Revised: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) pool from algal-derived extracellular and intracellular organic matter (EOM and IOM) comprises proteins, peptides, free amino acids and carbohydrates, of which, proteins can contribute up to 100% of the DON. Previous reports of algal-derived DON character have focused on bulk properties including concentration, molecular weight and hydrophobicity. However, these can be similar between algal species and between the EOM and IOM even when the inherent molecular structures vary. A focus on bulk character presents challenges to the research on algal-derived nitrogenous-disinfection by-product (N-DBP) formation as N-DBP formation is sensitive to the changes in molecular structure. Hence, the main aim of this study was to characterize algal EOM and IOM-derived DON, specifically proteinaceous-DON, using a combination of bulk and molecular characterization techniques to enable a more detailed exploration of the relationship between the character of algal-derived proteins and the N-DBP formation potential. DON from the EOM and IOM of four commonly found algae and cyanobacteria in natural waters were evaluated, namely Chlorella vulgaris, Microcystis aeruginosa, Dolichospermum circinale, and Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. It was observed that 77-96% of total DON in all EOM and IOM samples was of proteinaceous origin. In the proteins, DON concentrations were highest in the high molecular weight fraction of IOM-derived bulk proteins (0.13-0.75 mg N L-1) and low to medium molecular weight fraction of EOM-derived bulk proteins (0.15-0.63 mg N L-1) in all species. Similar observations were also made via sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Solid-state 15N nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy of the EOM and IOM revealed the existence of common aliphatic and heterocyclic N-groups in all samples, including a dominant 2° amide peak. Species dependent variability was also observed in the spectra, particularly in the EOM; e.g. nitro signals were found only in the Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii EOM. Dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) and N-nitrosamine concentrations from the EOM of the species evaluated in this study were lower than the guideline limits set by regulatory agencies. It is proposed that the dominant 2° amide in all samples decreased N-DBP formation upon chlorination. For chloramination, the presence of nitro groups and aliphatic and heterocyclic N-DBP precursors could cause variable N-nitrosamine formation. Compared to non-algal impacted waters, algae-laden waters are characterised by low organic carbon: organic nitrogen ratios of ∼7-14 and elevated DON and protein concentrations. Hence, relying only on bulk characterization increases the perceived risk of N-DBP formation from algae-laden waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- N R H Rao
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - K L Linge
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia; ChemCentre, Perth, Australia
| | - X Li
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - C A Joll
- Curtin Water Quality Research Centre, Chemistry, School of Molecular and Life Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, Australia
| | - S J Khan
- UNSW Water Research Centre, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - R K Henderson
- AOM Lab, School of Chemical Engineering, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.
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16
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McManus JA, Lopez-Rodríguez R, Murphy NS, James L, O’Connor DC, Gavins GC, Burns MJ. Development of the Methodology for in Silico Reactivity-Based Purge Predictions: Making Mirabilis Think Like a Chemist. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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17
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Prieschl M, Sagmeister P, Moessner C, Sedelmeier J, Williams JD, Kappe CO. Continuous Flow-Facilitated CB2 Agonist Synthesis, Part 2: Cyclization, Chlorination, and Amination. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
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18
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Ponting DJ, Foster RS. Drawing a Line: Where Might the Cohort of Concern End? Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.3c00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- David J. Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert S. Foster
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
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19
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Golob N, Peterlin S, Grahek R, Roškar R. NDMA formation Due to Active Ingredient Degradation and Nitrite Traces in Drug Product. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1277-1286. [PMID: 36925105 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/09/2023] [Indexed: 03/16/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are genotoxic compounds which can be found as impurities in drug substances and drug products used in the pharmaceutical industry. To date, several possible nitrosamine sources in drug products have been reported and this study aims to illuminate another one. A case of afatinib drug product was investigated, in which up to 50 ppb N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) traces were detected. Afatinib was found to degrade to the secondary amine dimethylamine (DMA), forming NDMA with traces of nitrite in crospovidone. Two series of film-coated tablets were prepared with crospovidone from two different manufacturers, containing different levels of nitrites. Tablets were subjected to an accelerated stability study (40 °C/75% relative humidity) or stored at room temperature and levels of NDMA, DMA and nitrite in tablets were monitored. NDMA and nitrite were found on ppb levels, whereas DMA was detected on ppm levels. NDMA formation in the drug product was found to be time, temperature and nitrite dependent and it was emphasized that DMA and nitrite should be reduced. The accelerated stability study proved to be a useful tool for predicting nitrosamine formation in the drug product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Golob
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Simona Peterlin
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Grahek
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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20
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Yin M, Hu Y, Fan H, Wang Q, Wang M, Wang W, Shi C. Method for trace determination of N-nitrosamines impurities in metronidazole benzoate using high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2023; 46:e2200225. [PMID: 36562102 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202200225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Genotoxic impurity control has been a great concern in the pharmaceutical industry since the recall of the large round of sartans worldwide in 2018. In these sartans, N-nitrosamines were the main contaminants in active pharmaceutical ingredients and formulations. Numerous analytical methods have been developed to detect N-nitrosamines in food, drugs, and environmental samples. In this study, a sensitive method is developed for the trace determination of N-nitrosamine impurities in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals using high-performance liquid chromatography/atmospheric-pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry in the multiple reaction monitoring mode. The method was validated regarding system suitability, selectivity, linearity, accuracy, precision, sensitivity, solution stability, and robustness. The method showed good linearity with R2 ≥ 0.999 and FMandel < Ftab(95%) ranging from 0.33 to 8.00 ng/ml. The low limits of detection of N-nitrosamines were in the range of 0.22-0.80 ng/ml (0.0014-0.0050 ppm). The low limits of quantification were in the range of 0.33-1.20 ng/ml (0.0021-0.0075 ppm), which were lower than the acceptable limits in metronidazole benzoate pharmaceuticals and indicated the high sensitivity of the method. The recoveries of N-nitrosamines ranged from 84% to 97%. Thus, this method exhibits good selectivity, sensitivity, and accuracy. Moreover, it is a simple, convenient, and scientific strategy for detecting N-nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals to support the development of the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxing Yin
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Yinuo Hu
- Hubei Hongyuan Pharmaceutical Technology Ltd., Huanggang, P. R. China
| | - Huajun Fan
- ICAS Testing Technology Service (Shanghai) Ltd., Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Qiulan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Mengdie Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Wenqing Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
| | - Chunyang Shi
- Department of Pharmacy, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, P. R. China
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21
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A comprehensive review of sources of nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical substances and products. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2023; 139:105355. [PMID: 36792049 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2023.105355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosamines are carcinogenic impurities most commonly found in groundwater, treated water, foods, beverages and consumer products. The recent discovery of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products and subsequent recalls pose a significant health risk to patients. Initial investigation by the regulatory agency identified Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (API) as a source of contamination. However, N-nitrosamine formation during API synthesis is a consequence of numerous factors like chemistry selection for synthesis, contaminated solvents and water. Furthermore, apart from API, N-nitrosamines have also been found to embed in the final product due to degradation during formulation processing or storage through contaminated excipients and printing inks. The landscape of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products is very complex and needs a comprehensive compilation of sources responsible for N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical products. Therefore, this review aims to extensively compile all the reported and plausible sources of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceutical products. The topics like risk assessment and quantitative strategies to estimate nitrosamines in pharmaceutical products are out of the scope of this review.
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22
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Thitikornpong W, Rojsitthisak P. Current status and prospects of development of analytical methods for determining nitrosamine and N-nitroso impurities in pharmaceuticals. Talanta 2023; 254:124102. [PMID: 36470020 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2022.124102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals have recently been concerned for several national regulatory agencies to avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients. The demand for highly sensitive and specific analytical methods with LOQs in the ppb and sub-ppb ranges is among the most significant challenges facing analytical scientists. In addition, artifactual nitrosamine formation during sample preparation and injection leading to overestimation of nitrosamines has received considerable attention. Numerous analytical methodologies have been reported for quantifying nitrosamine impurities in active pharmaceutical ingredients and medicinal products at the interim limit criteria as preventive measures. In this review, we meticulously discuss those reported gas and liquid chromatographic methods for nitrosamine determination in pharmaceuticals in aspects of chromatographic conditions and sensitivity of detection. We also introduce the potential of novel fluorescence-based methods recently developed to rapidly screen nitrosamine impurities. In addition, the review assesses the nitrosation assay procedure (NAP test), which is expected to be a future preventive measure for screening potential nitrosation and identifying suspected contamination with N-nitroso or other potential mutagenic impurities during the drug development process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand; Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd., Bangkok, 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Worathat Thitikornpong
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand; Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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23
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Carloni LE, Lochner S, Sterckx H, Van Daele T. Solid State Kinetics of Nitrosation Using Native Sources of Nitrite. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1324-1332. [PMID: 36828125 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
While many reactive species are known to cause N-nitrosation, trace nitrite (NO2-), which may be present in several excipients, is a source of nitrosating agents in pharmaceutical formulations. In this study we have found that the salt form of NO2- can influence the favored nitrosation conditions and final amount of nitrosamine being formed. Using native levels of NO2-, most likely present as ammonium nitrite (NH4NO2), in microcrystalline cellulose, we have determined the kinetics of nitrosamine formation in solid state with dimethylamine substrate present in metformin, used as model compound. It was found that the competing degradation of NH4NO2 into N2 and H2O limited the amount of nitrosamine formation to a great extent. Empirically modelling the kinetic data predicted reaching at maximum 1.6% conversion over a hypothetical 3-year shelf-life. These results also showed that using other sources of NO2- as spiking reagents, such as NaNO2, may lead to unrealistic worst-case situations when the main form of NO2- in the drug product (DP) under evaluation may be NH4NO2. As well, measuring NO2- in freshly manufactured excipients containing NO2- potentially as NH4NO2 may lead to biased high NO2- content, which is not representative of the actual amounts present at the time of DP manufacture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure-Elie Carloni
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium.
| | - Susanne Lochner
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Hans Sterckx
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
| | - Timothy Van Daele
- Chemical and Pharmaceutical Development & Supply, Janssen Research & Development, Beerse, Belgium
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24
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Charoo NA, Dharani S, Khan MA, Rahman Z. Nitroso Impurities in Drug Products: An Overview of Risk Assessment, Regulatory Milieu, and Control Strategy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2023; 24:60. [PMID: 36759424 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-023-02523-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Many nitrosamines have been recognized to be carcinogenic for many decades. Despite the fact that several nitrosamine precursors are frequently used in the manufacturing of pharmaceutical products, their potential presence in pharmaceutical products has previously been overlooked due to a lack of understanding on how they form during the manufacturing process. From the risk assessment, it is clear that nitrosamines or their precursors may be present in any component of the finished dosage form. As a risk mitigation strategy, components with a high potential to form nitrosamine should be avoided. In the absence of suitable alternatives, sufficient measures to maintain nitrosamines below acceptable intake levels must be applied. Excipient manufacturing pathways must be extensively studied in order to identify probable excipient components that may contribute to nitrosamine formation. The manufacturers must not solely rely on pharmacopeial specifications for APIs and excipients, rather, they should also develop and implement additional strategies to control nitrosamine impurities. The formulation can be supplemented with nitrosating inhibitors, such as vitamin C, to stop the generation of nitrosamine. The purpose of this review is to identify key risk factors with regard to nitrosamine formation in pharmaceutical dosage forms and provide an effective control strategy to contain them below acceptable daily intake limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naseem A Charoo
- Succor Pharma Solutions, Laboratory Complex, 216, Dubai Science Park, Dubai, UAE
| | - Sathish Dharani
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Mansoor A Khan
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Ziyaur Rahman
- Irma Lerma Rangel College of Pharmacy, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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25
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Ashworth IW, Dey D, Dirat O, McDaid P, Lee D, Moser J, Nanda KK. Formation of Dialkyl- N-nitrosamines in Aqueous Solution: An Experimental Validation of a Conservative Predictive Model and a Comparison of the Rates of Dialkyl and Trialkylamine Nitrosation. Org Process Res Dev 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ian W. Ashworth
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Debasis Dey
- Pfizer Healthcare India Private Limited, Chennai 602117, India
| | - Olivier Dirat
- Global CMC, Pfizer Global Product Development, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Paul McDaid
- Pfizer Process Development Centre, Global Technology & Engineering, Ringaskiddy, Cork P43 X336, Ireland
| | - Daniel Lee
- Analytical Chemistry in Development and Supply, Merck & Co., Inc., Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Justin Moser
- Global Pharmaceutical Operations Science & Technology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kausik K. Nanda
- Discovery Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, Pennsylvania 19846, United States
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26
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Genetic and epigenetic instability induced by betel quid associated chemicals. Toxicol Rep 2023; 10:223-234. [PMID: 36845258 PMCID: PMC9945799 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2023.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, betel quid chewing and tobacco use have attracted considerable interest as they are implicated as the most likely causative risk factors of oral and esophageal cancers. Although areca nut use and betel quid chewing may lead to apoptosis, chronic exposure to areca nut and slaked lime may promote pre-malignant and malignant transformation of oral cells. The putative mutagenic and carcinogenic mechanisms may involve endogenous nitrosation of areca and tobacco alkaloids as well as the presence of direct alkylating agents in betel quid and smokeless tobacco. Metabolic activation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines by phase-I enzymes is required not only to elicit the genotoxicity via the reactive intermediates but also to potentiate the mutagenicity with the sporadic alkylations of nucleotide bases, resulting in the formation of diverse DNA adducts. Persistent DNA adducts provides the impetus for genetic and epigenetic lesions. The genetic and epigenetic factors cumulatively influence the development and progression of disorders such as cancer. Accumulation of numerous genetic and epigenetic aberrations due to long-term betel quid (with or without tobacco) chewing and tobacco use culminates into the development of head and neck cancers. We review recent evidence that supports putative mechanisms for mutagenicity and carcinogenicity of betel quid chewing along with tobacco (smoking and smokeless) use. The detailed molecular mechanisms of the extent of accumulation and patterns of genetic alterations, indicative of the prior exposure to carcinogens and alkylating agents because of BQ chewing and tobacco use, have not yet been elucidated.
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Tuesuwan B, Vongsutilers V. Current Threat of Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals and Scientific Strategies for Risk Mitigation. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1192-1209. [PMID: 36739905 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The current global situation of nitrosamine contamination has expanded from angiotensin-II receptor blockers (ARBs) to wide range of medicines as the risk of contamination via the drug substances, formulation, manufacturing process, and packaging is possible for many drug products. The understanding of chemistry, toxicology, and root causes of nitrosamines are mandatory to effectively evaluate and mitigate the risks associated with the contaminated mutagen. Lessons learnt and scientific findings from previously identified root causes are good examples on how to perform effective risk assessments and establish control strategies. Addressing the risk of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals requires significant knowledge and considerable resources to collect the necessary information for risk evaluation. Examples of the resources required include a reliable laboratory facility, reference material, highly specific and sensitive instrumentation able handle trace levels of contamination, data management, and the most limited resource - time. Therefore, the supporting tools to assist with risk assessment e.g., shared databases for drug and excipients in concern, screening models for the determination of nitrosamine formation potential, and an in silico model to help with toxicity estimation, have proven to be beneficial to tackle the risk and concern of nitrosamine contamination in pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bodin Tuesuwan
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Vorasit Vongsutilers
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
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Li Y, Zhou H, Liu H, Gan Y, Zheng Y, Sheng J, Wang R. Development of Nitroso-Based Probes for Labeling and Regulation of RAS Proteins in Cancer Cells via Sequential Ene-Ligation and Oxime Condensation. J Org Chem 2023; 88:1762-1771. [PMID: 36691112 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Prenyl functionalities have been widely discovered in natural products, nucleic acids, and proteins with significant biological roles in both healthy and diseased cells. In this work, we develop a series of new nitroso-based probes for the labeling, enrichment, and regulation of prenylated RAS protein, which is highly associated with ∼20% of human cancers and used to be regarded as an "undruggable" target via a sequential ene-ligation and oxime condensation (SELOC) process. We found that these nitroso species can rapidly react with prenyl-containing molecules through ene-ligation and install a molecular tag for functional applications under physiological conditions. We first investigated this ligation process on two peptide models and demonstrated its labeling efficiency on various proteins such as myoglobin, lysozyme, RNase A, BSA, and HSP40. We further coupled this reactive platform with proteolysis-targeting chimera technology targeting to increase its efficiency and accuracy, as well as to expand its application range. Using the prenylated RAS protein as the model, we demonstrated that RAS could be efficiently decorated with our nitroso probes, which further condensate with oxime and rapidly react with a pomalidomide-containing hydroxylamine probe for protein degradation. As a result, the RAS protein in both HeLa and A549 cell lines has been determined to be efficiently degraded both in vitro and in vivo. This is the first case targeting post-translational modification other than ligand-protein interaction to degrade and regulate RAS proteins. We envision that our SELOC strategy will have great potential in studying the fundamental structures and functions of prenylated biomolecules and developing new drugs based on these unique cellular pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Li
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Hongling Zhou
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Youfang Gan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China
| | - Yaying Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Jia Sheng
- Department of Chemistry, and The RNA Institute, University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York 12222, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Natural Medicinal Chemistry and Resource Evaluation, School of Pharmacy, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, China.,Shenzhen Huazhong University of Science and Technology Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong 518063, China
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Wichitnithad W, Nantaphol S, Noppakhunsomboon K, Rojsitthisak P. An update on the current status and prospects of nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in various pharmaceuticals. Saudi Pharm J 2023; 31:295-311. [PMID: 36942272 PMCID: PMC10023554 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2022.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the last two years, global regulatory authorities have raised safety concerns on nitrosamine contamination in several drug classes, including angiotensin II receptor antagonists, histamine-2 receptor antagonists, antimicrobial agents, and antidiabetic drugs. To avoid carcinogenic and mutagenic effects in patients relying on these medications, authorities have established specific guidelines in risk assessment scenarios and proposed control limits for nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals. In this review, nitrosation pathways and possible root causes of nitrosamine formation in pharmaceuticals are discussed. The control limits of nitrosamine impurities in pharmaceuticals proposed by national regulatory authorities are presented. Additionally, a practical and science-based strategy for implementing the well-established control limits is notably reviewed in terms of an alternative approach for drug product N-nitrosamines without published AI information from animal carcinogenicity testing. Finally, a novel risk evaluation strategy for predicting and investigating the possible nitrosation of amine precursors and amine pharmaceuticals as powerful prevention of nitrosamine contamination is addressed.
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Key Words
- AI, acceptable intake
- APIs, active pharmaceutical ingredients
- ARBs, angiotensin II receptor blockers
- AZBC, 4′-(azidomethyl)-[1.1′-biphenyl]-2-carbonitile
- AZBT, 5-(4′-(azidomethyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- AZTT, 5-(4′-((5-(azidomethyl)-2-butyl-4-chloro-1H-imidazol-1-yl) methyl)-[1,1′-biphenyl]-2-yl)-1H-tetrazole
- CDER, center for drug evaluation and research
- CPNP, 1-cyclopentyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- Control limits
- DBA, N,N-dibutylamine
- DEA, N,N-diethylamine
- DIPEA, N,N-diisopropylethylamine
- DMA, dimethylamine
- DMF, N,N-dimethyl formamide
- DPA, N,N-dipropylamine
- EMA, European Medicines Agency
- EPA, Environmental Protection Agency
- FDA, Food and Drug Administration
- HSA, Health Sciences Authority
- IARC, International Agency for Research on Cancer
- ICH, International Council for Harmonisation
- LD50, median lethal dose
- MBA, N-methylamino-N-butyric acid
- MDD, maximum daily dose
- MNP, 1-methyl-4-nitrosopiperazine
- NAP, nitrosation assay procedure
- NDBA, N-nitrosodibutylamine
- NDEA, N-nitrosodiethylamine
- NDIPA, N-nitrosodiisopropylamine
- NDMA, N-nitrosodimethylamine
- NDSRIs, Nitrosamine drug substance-related impurities
- NEIPA, N-nitroso ethylisopropylamine
- NMBA, N-nitroso-N-methyl-4-aminobutyric acid
- NMP, N-methyl pyrrolidinone
- NOCs, N-nitroso compounds
- Nitrosamines
- Nitrosation
- PPRs, proportionate reporting ratios
- Ranitidine
- SARs, structure–activity relationships
- Sartans
- TD50, median toxic dose
- TEA, triethylamine
- TMA, trimethylamine
- TTC, threshold of toxicological concern
- USFDA, United States Food Drug and Administration
- USP, United States Pharmacopoeia
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Wisut Wichitnithad
- Department of Analytical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | - Siriwan Nantaphol
- Department of Clinical Development, Pharma Nueva Co., Ltd, Bangkok 10900, Thailand
| | | | - Pornchai Rojsitthisak
- Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products for Ageing and Chronic Diseases, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
- Corresponding author at: Department of Food and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Patumwan, Bangkok 10330 Thailand.
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Fowkes A, Foster R, Kane S, Thresher A, Werner AL, de Oliveira AAF. Enhancing global and local decision making for chemical safety assessments through increasing the availability of data. Toxicol Mech Methods 2023:1-12. [PMID: 36600456 DOI: 10.1080/15376516.2022.2156007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity safety assessments are a fundamental part of the lifecycle of products and aim to protect human health and the environment from harmful exposures to chemical substances. To make decisions regarding the suitability of testing strategies, the applicability of individual tests or concluding an assessment for an individual chemical requires data. This review outlines how different forms of data sharing, from enhancing publicly-available data to extracting knowledge from commercially-sensitive data, leads to increased quantity and quality of evidence being available for safety assessors to review. This can result in more confident decisions for different use cases in the context of chemical safety assessments. Although a number of challenges remain with progressing the evolution of toxicity safety assessments, data sharing should be considered as a key approach to accelerating the development and uptake of new best practices.
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Horne S, Vera MD, Nagavelli LR, Sayeed VA, Heckman L, Johnson D, Berger D, Yip YY, Krahn CL, Sizukusa LO, Rocha NFM, Bream RN, Ludwig J, Keire DA, Condran G. Regulatory Experiences with Root Causes and Risk Factors for Nitrosamine Impurities in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1166-1182. [PMID: 36599405 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamines (also referred to as nitrosamines) are a class of substances, many of which are highly potent mutagenic agents which have been classified as probable human carcinogens. Nitrosamine impurities have been a concern within the pharmaceutical industry and by regulatory authorities worldwide since June 2018, when regulators were informed of the presence of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in the angiotensin-II receptor blocker (ARB) medicine, valsartan. Since that time, regulatory authorities have collaborated to share information and knowledge on issues related to nitrosamines with a goal of promoting convergence on technical issues and reducing and mitigating patient exposure to harmful nitrosamine impurities in human drug products. This paper shares current scientific information from a quality perspective on risk factors and potential root causes for nitrosamine impurities, as well as recommendations for risk mitigation and control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew D Vera
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laxma R Nagavelli
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Vilayat A Sayeed
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Laurel Heckman
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Deborah Johnson
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | - Dan Berger
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), Silver Spring, MD, 20993, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert N Bream
- European Medicines Agency (EMA, EU), Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joachim Ludwig
- Bundesinstitut für Arzneimittel und Medizinprodukte (BfArM), Bonn, Germany
| | - David A Keire
- US Food and Drug Administration (US FDA), St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
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Borths CJ, Burr T, Figuccia A, Ford JG, Guan B, Jones MT, Klingeleers D, Lochner S, Rodriguez AA, Wetter C. Nitrosamine Risk Assessments in Oligonucleotides. Org Process Res Dev 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.2c00330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Tracey Burr
- Ionis Pharmaceuticals Inc., Carlsbad, California 92010, United States
| | - Aude Figuccia
- Novartis AG, Lichtstrasse 35, CH-4056 Basel, Switzerland
| | - J. Gair Ford
- AstraZeneca, Macclesfield SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Bing Guan
- Biogen, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael T. Jones
- Pfizer, 875 Chesterfield Parkway West, Chesterfield, Missouri 63017, United States
| | | | | | | | - Christian Wetter
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Grenzacherstrasse 124, CH-4070 Basel, Switzerland
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Ponting DJ, Dobo KL, Kenyon MO, Kalgutkar AS. Strategies for Assessing Acceptable Intakes for Novel N-Nitrosamines Derived from Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients. J Med Chem 2022; 65:15584-15607. [PMID: 36441966 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.2c01498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The detection of N-nitrosamines, derived from solvents and reagents and, on occasion, the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) at higher than acceptable levels in drug products, has led regulators to request a detailed review for their presence in all medicinal products. In the absence of rodent carcinogenicity data for novel N-nitrosamines derived from amine-containing APIs, a conservative class limit of 18 ng/day (based on the most carcinogenic N-nitrosamines) or the derivation of acceptable intakes (AIs) using structurally related surrogates with robust rodent carcinogenicity data is recommended. The guidance has implications for the pharmaceutical industry given the vast number of marketed amine-containing drugs. In this perspective, the rate-limiting step in N-nitrosamine carcinogenicity, involving cytochrome P450-mediated α-carbon hydroxylation to yield DNA-reactive diazonium or carbonium ion intermediates, is discussed with reference to the selection of read-across analogs to derive AIs. Risk-mitigation strategies for managing putative N-nitrosamines in the preclinical discovery setting are also presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Ponting
- Lhasa Limited, Granary Wharf House, 2 Canal Wharf, Leeds LS11 5PS, United Kingdom
| | - Krista L Dobo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, 1 Portland Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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Assessment of a Diverse Array of Nitrite Scavengers in Solution and Solid State: A Study of Inhibitory Effect on the Formation of Alkyl-Aryl and Dialkyl N-Nitrosamine Derivatives. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10112428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitous presence of mutagenic and potentially carcinogenic N-nitrosamine impurities in medicines has become a major issue in the pharmaceutical industry in recent years. Rigorous mitigation strategies to limit their amount in drug products are, therefore, needed. The removal of nitrite, which is a prerequisite reagent for the N-nitrosation of amines, has been acknowledged as one of the most promising strategies. We have conducted an extensive literature search to identify nineteen structurally diverse nitrite scavengers and screened their activity experimentally under pharmaceutically relevant conditions. In the screening phase, we have identified six compounds that proved to have the best nitrite scavenging properties: ascorbic acid (vitamin C), sodium ascorbate, maltol, propyl gallate, para-aminobenzoic acid (PABA), and l-cysteine. These were selected for investigation as inhibitors of the formation of N-methyl-N-nitrosoaniline (NMA) from N-methylaniline and N-nitroso-N’-phenylpiperazine (NPP) from N-phenylpiperazine in both solution and model tablets. Much faster kinetics of NMA formation compared to NPP was observed, but the former was less stable at high temperatures. Vitamin C, PABA, and l-cysteine were recognized as the most effective inhibitors under most studied conditions. The nitrite scavenging activity does not directly translate into N-nitrosation inhibitory effectiveness, indicating other reaction pathways may take place. The study presents an important contribution to identifying physiologically acceptable chemicals that could be added to drugs to prevent N-nitrosation during manufacture and storage.
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35
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Trace Aldehydes in Solid Oral Dosage Forms as Catalysts for Nitrosating Secondary Amines. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1216-1219. [PMID: 36336102 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine impurities may form during drug substance manufacturing processes. Here, we focus on nitrosamine impurity level growth in oral drug products during long term stability studies. Nitrosamine growth mechanisms in oral dosage forms are typically framed as due to nitrosating agents that can be formed in solutions of nitrous acid with a required pH value of around pH 5 or below. We strive in this work to bring awareness to pharmaceutical scientists that formaldehyde, common in oral dosage form excipients, has previously been shown in solution to catalyze the reaction between secondary amines and nitrite ion to give nitrosamine products. This mechanism operates at pH ∼6 and higher. We attempt to re-frame the solution work as relevant to pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Recent examples of solid dosage form product recalls are used to demonstrate the formaldehyde catalyzed nitrosation pathway operating in the solid state.
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Harmon P. Ranitidine: A Proposed Mechanistic Rationale for NDMA Formation and a Potential Control Strategy. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1220-1224. [PMID: 36384193 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The formation of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) in ranitidine hydrochloride drug substance (DS) and drug products has attracted considerable attention over the last few years. The drug structure is unusual in that it contains a vinyl nitro moiety. Although a variety of studies have been carried out to understand how NDMA is formed in the DS solids, a mechanistic description of NDMA formation has remained elusive. A new mechanistic view of NDMA formation is detailed here. Autoxidation of ranitidine can rationalize nitrite ion and dimethylamine liberation from ranitidine. The subsequent nitrosation is argued to be due to conversion of nitrite ion to the gas phase nitrosating agent nitrosyl chloride, NOCl. Oxygen scavenging packaging systems should be able to stop the autoxidation, and thus shut down the nitrite release from ranitidine. Without nitrite release NDMA cannot form. This may provide a practical means to stabilize ranitidine DS and solid dosage formulations against NDMA formation.
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Schlingemann J, Burns MJ, Ponting DJ, Avila CM, Romero NE, Jaywant MA, Smith GF, Ashworth IW, Simon S, Saal C, Wilk A. The Landscape of Potential Small and Drug Substance Related Nitrosamines in Pharmaceuticals. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1287-1304. [PMID: 36402198 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 11/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This article reports the outcome of an in silico analysis of more than 12,000 small molecule drugs and drug impurities, identifying the nitrosatable structures, assessing their potential to form nitrosamines under relevant conditions and the challenges to determine compound-specific AIs based on data available or read-across approaches for these nitrosamines and their acceptance by health authorities. Our data indicate that the presence of nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals is likely more prevalent than originally expected. In total, 40.4 % of the analyzed APIs and 29.6 % of the API impurities are potential nitrosamine precursors. Most structures identified through our workflow could form complex API-related nitrosamines, so-called nitrosamine drug substance related impurities (NDSRIs), although we also found structures that could release the well-known small and potent nitrosamines NDMA, NDEA, and others. Due to common structural motifs including secondary or tertiary amine moieties, whole essential drug classes such as beta blockers and ACE inhibitors are at risk. To avoid the risk of drug shortages or even the complete loss of therapeutic options, it will be essential that the well-established ICH M7 principles remain applicable for nitrosamines and that that the industry and regulatory authorities keep an open communication not only about the science but also to make sure there is a good balance between risk and benefit to patients.
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Hailemariam Barkae T, Quan S, Dong Z, Ji K, Hussain A, Zeid AM, Xu G. Derivatization-free Ru(bpy)32+ electrochemiluminescence detection of gramine. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2022.116989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Asare SO, Hoskins JN, Blessing RA, Hertzler RL. Mass spectrometry based fragmentation patterns of nitrosamine compounds. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2022; 36:e9261. [PMID: 35088453 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Nitrosamines are a class of mutagenic substances that can display high carcinogenic potential. New chemical entities may have the potential to form unique nitrosamines specific to the drug substance. It is therefore essential to understand the gas-phase fragmentation behavior of nitrosamine compounds to enable the development of analytical methods to characterize novel nitrosamine compounds. METHODS The gas-phase fragmentation behavior of eight model nitrosamine compounds representing the common substructures seen in many small molecule pharmaceutical compounds was studied with positive electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI-MS/MS). The fragmentation patterns of these compounds under various collision parameters available in commercially available mass spectrometers were studied. RESULTS Protonated nitrosamine compounds produced diagnostic fragment ions upon MS/MS. Three primary structure-dependent fragmentation pathways were observed. The first pathway involves the loss of 30 Da which corresponds to the loss of the NO radical from the protonated nitrosamine compound (Group 1). The second and third fragmentation pathways, which have not been reported for nitrosamine compounds, proceed via the loss of H2 O from the protonated nitrosamine compound (Group 2), and elimination and a loss of 46 Da (loss of NH2 NO) from the nitrosamine compound (Group 3). CONCLUSIONS Results presented in this work provide an overview of the gas-phase fragmentation patterns of nitrosamine compounds and may be useful in identifying novel nitrosamine compounds in complex matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shardrack O Asare
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica N Hoskins
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Richard A Blessing
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Russell L Hertzler
- Analytical Research and Development, AbbVie, 1 N. Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL, USA
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Schlingemann J, Boucley C, Hickert S, Bourasseau L, Walker M, Celdran C, Chemarin T, Pegues C, Fritzsche M, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Reifenberg P, Wetzel S, Müller T, Schooren F, Schuster T, Liebhold M, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Masanes S. Avoiding N-Nitrosodimethylamine Formation in Metformin Pharmaceuticals by Limiting Dimethylamine and Nitrite. Int J Pharm 2022; 620:121740. [PMID: 35421534 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Since late 2019, concerns regarding trace levels of the probable human carcinogen N-dimethylnitrosamine (NDMA) in Metformin-containing pharmaceuticals have been an issue if they exceeded the maximum allowable intake of 96 ng/day for a medicine with long-term intake. Here, we report results from an extensive analysis of NDMA concentrations along the active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) manufacturing process as well as two different drug product manufacturing processes. Our findings confirm that Metformin API is not a significant source of NDMA found in Metformin pharmaceuticals and that NDMA is created at those steps of the drug product manufacturing that introduce heat and nitrite. We demonstrate that reduction of nitrite from excipients is an effective means to reduce NDMA in the drug product. Limiting residual dimethylamine in the API has proven to be another important factor for NDMA control as dimethylamine leads to formation of NDMA in the drug products. Furthermore, analysis of historical batches of drug products has shown that NDMA may increase during storage, but the levels reached were not shelf-life limiting for the products under study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Celine Boucley
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | - Matt Walker
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology and Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, UK
| | | | | | - Celine Pegues
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Tim Müller
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Fanny Schooren
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Mike Liebhold
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
| | - Sandra Masanes
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, 64293 Darmstadt, Germany
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Boetzel R, Schlingemann J, Hickert S, Korn C, Kocks G, Luck B, Blom G, Harrison M, François M, Allain L, Wu Y, Bousraf Y. A Nitrite Excipient Database: A Useful Tool to Support N-Nitrosamine Risk Assessments for Drug Products. J Pharm Sci 2022; 112:1615-1624. [PMID: 35500671 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2022.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
N-Nitrosamine risk assessment and control have become an integral part of pharmaceutical drug product development and quality evaluation. Initial reports of nitrosamine contamination were linked with the drug substance and its manufacturing process. Subsequently, the drug product and aspects of the formulation process have shown to be relevant. Regarding specific formulation contributions to nitrosamine content in a product, one risk lies in possible interactions between nitrosating agents, derived from nitrite in excipients, and vulnerable amines, either present as moieties of the active molecule or as impurities / degradants. However, the limited validated information on nitrite levels in excipients available until now, has been an obstacle for scientists to assess the risk of nitrosamine formation in pharmaceutical products. This has driven the creation of a database to store and share such validated information. The database, maintained by Lhasa Limited, constitutes a central platform to hold the data donated by the pharmaceutical company members on the nitrite concentrations in common excipients measured with validated analytical procedures. The goal of this data sharing initiative is to provide a common framework to contextualize and estimate the risk posed by presence of nitrites to contribute to the formation of nitrosamines in drug products. The major findings from the database analyses are: (1) average nitrite content and batch to batch variance differ among excipients, (2) for solid dosage forms, the nitrite contribution is dominated by the highest formula % excipients, e.g., the fillers (diluents), which are typically used in larger proportion, and are characterized by low nitrite levels and low variability, leading to an average value of 1 µg/g nitrite in a typical formulation, (3) substantial differences in average nitrite content in batches from different excipient vendors potentially reflecting differences in source materials or processing methods for excipient manufacturing. That final point suggests that future selection of raw materials or processing by excipient manufacturers may help reduce nitrite levels in finished drug product formulations, and thus the overall risk of nitrosamine formation in cases where the product contains vulnerable amines.
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Golob N, Grahek R, Ross M, Roškar R. Nitrocellulose blister material as a source of N-nitrosamine contamination of pharmaceutical drug products. Int J Pharm 2022; 618:121687. [PMID: 35314277 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The recent focus of pharmaceutical regulatory authorities has been oriented towards the mitigation of carcinogenic N-nitrosamines in drug products and different sources of N-nitrosamines have been revealed. Within this work, the elucidation of a further source of N-nitrosamines in drug products is reported. A case was investigated where traces of N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) and N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA) were detected in a finished dosage form, whereas they were not found in the bulk drug product. This led to an in-depth study of blister material as a potential source, wherein nitrocellulose primer in a lidding foil was identified as a risk factor. Nitrocellulose acts as a nitrosating agent for secondary amines, present in printing inks, forming N-nitrosamines in lidding foil. Their formation was confirmed by the addition of printing ink containing dimethylamine and diethylamine, or diethylamine alone, to lidding foil containing nitrocellulose primer. Their transfer to drug product during the blistering operation was demonstrated by solid-phase microextraction sampling of N-nitrosamine vapors on two commonly used types of pharmaceutical blistering machines, operating with plate sealing or roller sealing technology. Higher vapor amounts were detected on plate sealing equipment, where N-nitrosamine contamination was additionally confirmed in film-coated tablets and blister cavities of the finished dosage form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nejc Golob
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia; University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Rok Grahek
- Lek Pharmaceuticals d.d., Sandoz Development Center Slovenia, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Malcolm Ross
- Novartis AG, External Supplies Organization, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Robert Roškar
- University of Ljubljana, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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43
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Dobo KL, Kenyon MO, Dirat O, Engel M, Fleetwood A, Martin M, Mattano S, Musso A, McWilliams JC, Papanikolaou A, Parris P, Whritenour J, Yu S, Kalgutkar AS. Practical and Science-Based Strategy for Establishing Acceptable Intakes for Drug Product N-Nitrosamine Impurities. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:475-489. [PMID: 35212515 PMCID: PMC8941624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
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The potential for N-nitrosamine impurities in
pharmaceutical products presents a challenge for the quality management
of medicinal products. N-Nitrosamines are considered
cohort-of-concern compounds due to the potent carcinogenicity of many
of the structurally simple chemicals within this structural class.
In the past 2 years, a number of drug products containing certain
active pharmaceutical ingredients have been withdrawn or recalled
from the market due to the presence of carcinogenic low-molecular-weight N,N-dialkylnitrosamine impurities. Regulatory
authorities have issued guidance to market authorization holders to
review all commercial drug substances/products for the potential risk
of N-nitrosamine impurities, and in cases where a
significant risk of N-nitrosamine impurity is identified,
analytical confirmatory testing is required. A key factor to consider
prior to analytical testing is the estimation of the daily acceptable
intake (AI) of the N-nitrosamine impurity. A significant
proportion of N-nitrosamine drug product impurities
are unique/complex structures for which the development of low-level
analytical methods is challenging. Moreover, these unique/complex
impurities may be less potent carcinogens compared to simple nitrosamines.
In the present work, our objective was to derive AIs for a large number
of complex N-nitrosamines without carcinogenicity
data that were identified as potential low-level impurities. The impurities
were first cataloged and grouped according to common structural features,
with a total of 13 groups defined with distinct structural features.
Subsequently, carcinogenicity data were reviewed for structurally
related N-nitrosamines relevant to each of the 13
structural groups and group AIs were derived conservatively based
on the most potent N-nitrosamine within each group.
The 13 structural group AIs were used as the basis for assigning AIs
to each of the structurally related complex N-nitrosamine
impurities. The AIs of several N-nitrosamine groups
were found to be considerably higher than those for the simple N,N-dialkylnitrosamines, which translates
to commensurately higher analytical method detection limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista L Dobo
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Michelle O Kenyon
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Olivier Dirat
- Global Product Development, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Engel
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Andrew Fleetwood
- East Kent Pharma Consulting Ltd., 10408413, England CT1 2TU, United Kingdom
| | - Matthew Martin
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Computational Safety Sciences, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Susan Mattano
- Sue Mattano Consulting, Mystic, Connecticut 06355, United States
| | - Alyssa Musso
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Genetic Toxicology, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - James Christopher McWilliams
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Alexandros Papanikolaou
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Patricia Parris
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Sandwich CT13 9NJ, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Whritenour
- Drug Safety Research and Development, Global Portfolio and Regulatory Strategy, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Shu Yu
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Small Molecules, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Groton, Connecticut 06340, United States
| | - Amit S Kalgutkar
- Medicine Design, Pfizer Worldwide Research, Development, and Medical, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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44
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Ponting DJ, Burns MJ, Foster RS, Hemingway R, Kocks G, MacMillan DS, Shannon-Little AL, Tennant RE, Tidmarsh JR, Yeo DJ. Use of Lhasa Limited Products for the In Silico Prediction of Drug Toxicity. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2425:435-478. [PMID: 35188642 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-1960-5_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Lhasa Limited have had a role in the in silico prediction of drug and other chemical toxicity for over 30 years. This role has always been multifaceted, both as a provider of predictive software such as Derek Nexus, and as an honest broker for the sharing of proprietary chemical and toxicity data. A changing regulatory environment and the drive for the Replacement, Reduction and Refinement (the 3Rs) of animal testing have led both to increased acceptance of in silico predictions and a desire for the sharing of data to reduce duplicate testing. The combination of these factors has led to Lhasa Limited providing a suite of products and coordinating numerous data-sharing consortia that do indeed facilitate a significant reduction in the testing burden that companies would otherwise be laboring under. Many of these products and consortia can be organized into workflows for specific regulatory use cases, and it is these that will be used to frame the narrative in this chapter.
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45
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Dalidovich T, Nallaparaju JV, Shalima T, Aav R, Kananovich DG. Mechanochemical Nucleophilic Substitution of Alcohols via Isouronium Intermediates. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202102286. [PMID: 34932893 PMCID: PMC9303792 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202102286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
An expansion of the solvent-free synthetic toolbox is essential for advances in the sustainable chemical industry. Mechanochemical reactions offer a superior safety profile and reduced amount of waste compared to conventional solvent-based synthesis. Herein a new mechanochemical method was developed for nucleophilic substitution of alcohols using fluoro-N,N,N',N'-tetramethylformamidinium hexafluorophosphate (TFFH) and K2 HPO4 as an alcohol-activating reagent and a base, respectively. Alcohol activation and reaction with a nucleophile were performed in one milling jar via reactive isouronium intermediates. Nucleophilic substitution with amines afforded alkylated amines in 31-91 % yields. The complete stereoinversion occurred for the SN 2 reaction of (R)- and (S)-ethyl lactates. Substitution with halide anions (F- , Br- , I- ) and oxygen-centered (CH3 OH, PhO- ) nucleophiles was also tested. Application of the method to the synthesis of active pharmaceutical ingredients has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsiana Dalidovich
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Jagadeesh Varma Nallaparaju
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Tatsiana Shalima
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Riina Aav
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
| | - Dzmitry G. Kananovich
- Department of Chemistry and BiotechnologyTallinn University of TechnologyAkadeemia tee 1512618TallinnEstonia
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46
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Bernardo P, Patarata L, Lorenzo JM, Fraqueza MJ. Nitrate Is Nitrate: The Status Quo of Using Nitrate through Vegetable Extracts in Meat Products. Foods 2021; 10:foods10123019. [PMID: 34945570 PMCID: PMC8702177 DOI: 10.3390/foods10123019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2021] [Revised: 11/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Nitrate and nitrites are used to give the characteristic color to cured meat products and to preserve them. According to the scientific knowledge available at the moment, these compounds are approved as food additives based on a detailed ponderation between the potential risks and benefits. The controversy over nitrites has increased with the release of an IARC Monograph suggesting an association between colorectal cancer and dietary nitrite in processed meats. The trend in “clean label” products reinforced the concern of consumers about nitrates and nitrites in meat products. This review aims to explain the role of nitrates and nitrites used in meat products. The potential chemical hazards and health risks linked to the consumption of cured meat products are described. Different strategies aiming to replace synthetic nitrate and nitrite and obtain green-label meat products are summarized, discussing their impact on various potential hazards. In the light of the present knowledge, the use or not of nitrite is highly dependent on the ponderation of two main risks—the eventual formation of nitrosamines or the eventual out-growth of severe pathogens. It is evident that synthetic nitrite and nitrate alternatives must be researched, but always considering the equilibrium that is the safety of a meat product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Bernardo
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Luís Patarata
- CECAV—Animal and Veterinary Research Center, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, 5001-801 Vila Real, Portugal;
| | - Jose M. Lorenzo
- Centro Tecnológico de la Carne de Galicia, Adva. Galicia no. 4, Parque Tecnológico de Galicia, 32900 San Cibrao das Viñas, Spain;
- Área de Tecnología de los Alimentos, Facultad de Ciencias de Ourense, Universidad de Vigo, 32004 Ourense, Spain
| | - Maria João Fraqueza
- CIISA—Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, Avenida da Universidade Técnica, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal;
- Correspondence:
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47
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Fritzsche M, Blom G, Keitel J, Goettsche A, Seegel M, Leicht S, Guessregen B, Hickert S, Reifenberg P, Cimelli A, Baranowski R, Desmartin E, Barrau E, Harrison M, Bristow T, O'Neill N, Kirsch A, Krueger P, Saal C, Mouton B, Schlingemann J. NDMA analytics in metformin products: Comparison of methods and pitfalls. Eur J Pharm Sci 2021; 168:106026. [PMID: 34597792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejps.2021.106026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/17/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND For nearly three years, the concerns regarding trace levels of N-nitrosamines in pharmaceuticals and the associated cancer risk have significantly expanded and are a major issue facing the global pharmaceutical industry. N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) found in formulations of the popular anti-diabetic drug metformin is a prominent example. This has resulted in product recalls raising the profile within the media. Issues of method robustness, sample preparation and several unexpected sources of nitrosamine contamination have been highlighted as false positive risks. It has become apparent that the identification of the root causes of artefactual formation of nitrosamines must be identified to mitigate risk associated with the analysis. METHODS A comparison study between four laboratories, across three companies was designed, employing orthogonal mass spectrometric methods for the quantification of NDMA in two metformin immediate release (IR) formulations and one extended release (XR) formulation. These were 2x LC-MS/MS, GC-MS/MS and GC-HRMS. RESULTS Good agreement of results was obtained for the IR formulations. However, we measured higher concentrations of NDMA in the XR formulation using GC-MS/MS compared to LC-MS/MS. We could show that this was due to artefactual (in situ) formation of NDMA when samples were extracted with dichloromethane. Removal of dimethylamine (DMA) and nitrite from the extracted sample or the addition of a nitrosation scavenger are shown to be effective remedies. NDMA in situ formation was not observed in 10% MeOH or acetonitrile. CONCLUSION Metformin pharmaceuticals contain traces of the API impurity DMA as well as inorganic nitrite from excipients. This can lead to artefactual formation of NDMA and hence false positive results if DCM is used for sample extraction. Similar artefacts are likely also in other pharmaceuticals if these contain the secondary amine precursor of the respective nitrosamine analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Giorgio Blom
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Judith Keitel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Anja Goettsche
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Maic Seegel
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Stefan Leicht
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Alexandra Cimelli
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Romane Baranowski
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | | | - Elodie Barrau
- Eurofins-Amatsi Analytics, Parc de Genibrat, Fontenilles 31470, France
| | - Mark Harrison
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Tony Bristow
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas O'Neill
- Chemical Development, Pharmaceutical Technology & Development, Operations, AstraZeneca, Macclesfield, SK10 2NA, United Kingdom
| | - Annette Kirsch
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | | | - Christoph Saal
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
| | - Bruno Mouton
- Merck KGaA, Frankfurter Str. 250, Darmstadt 64293, Germany
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48
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Borths CJ, Burns M, Curran T, Ide ND. Nitrosamine Reactivity: A Survey of Reactions and Purge Processes. Org Process Res Dev 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.oprd.1c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J. Borths
- Drug Substance Technologies, Amgen, Inc., 360 Binney Street, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, United States
| | - Michael Burns
- Lhasa Limited, Leeds, West Yorkshire, U.K., LS11 5PS
| | - Timothy Curran
- Vertex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 50 Northern Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 01757, United States
| | - Nathan D. Ide
- Process Research and Development, AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Road, North Chicago, Illinois 60064, United States
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49
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Bodiwala KB, Panchal BG, Savale SS, Dave JB, Sureja DK, Dhameliya TM, Chhabria MT. Simultaneous Estimation of Six Nitrosamine Impurities in Valsartan Using Liquid Chromatographic Method. J AOAC Int 2021; 105:1-10. [PMID: 34338773 DOI: 10.1093/jaoacint/qsab100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nitrosamine impurities are potent carcinogens in animals and probable carcinogens in humans. In current scenario, there is a need for effective analytical methods to detect and identify various nitrosamine impurities, and to develop rapid solutions to ensure the safety and quality of the drugs. OBJECTIVE In present work, liquid chromatographic method was developed for estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan. METHODS The developed method employed C18 (250 × 4.6 mm, 5 μ) column as a stationary phase, combination of acetonitrile, water (pH 3.2 adjusted with formic acid) and methanol with gradient elution as mobile phase and 228 nm as detection wavelength. Developed method was validated as per ICH Q2(R1) guideline. Method was successfully applied to estimate six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan API and formulation (tablets). RESULTS Method was able to separate each impurity and Valsartan with resolved and sharp peaks. Results indicated that developed method is linear in selected ranges (coefficient of regressions > 0.9996), precise (RSD < 2%), accurate (recovery in a range of 99.02-100.16%), sensitive (low detection and quantitation limits) and specific for estimation of each impurity in Valsartan. Assay results were found in agreement with the amount of each impurity spiked. CONCLUSION Developed method can be applied for simultaneous estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan raw material, tablets and fixed dose combination at very low level. HIGHLIGHTS Development, validation and application of HPLC method for estimation of six nitrosamine impurities in Valsartan API and formulation samples.
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50
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He Y, Ding H, Xia X, Qi W, Wang H, Liu W, Zheng F. GFP-fused yeast cells as whole-cell biosensors for genotoxicity evaluation of nitrosamines. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:5607-5616. [PMID: 34228183 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11426-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Nitrosamine compounds, represented by N-nitrosodimethylamine, are regarded as potentially genotoxic impurities (PGIs) due to their hazard warning structure, which has attracted great attention of pharmaceutical companies and regulatory authorities. At present, great research gaps exist in genotoxicity assessment and carcinogenicity comparison of nitrosamine compounds. In this work, a collection of GFP-fused yeast cells representing DNA damage repair pathways were used to evaluate the genotoxicity of eight nitrosamine compounds (10-6-105 μg/mL). The high-resolution expression profiles of GFP-fused protein revealed the details of the DNA damage repair of nitrosamines. Studies have shown that nitrosamine compounds can cause extensive DNA damage and activate multiple repair pathways. The evaluation criteria based on the total expression level of protein show a good correlation with the mammalian carcinogenicity data TD50, and the yeast cell collection can be used as a potential reliable criterion for evaluating the carcinogenicity of compounds. The assay based on DNA damage pathway integration has high sensitivity and can be used as a supplementary method for the evaluation of trace PGIs in actual production. KEY POINTS: • The genotoxicity mechanism of nitrosamines was systematically studied. • The influence of compound structure on the efficacy of genotoxicity was explored. • GFP-fused yeast cells have the potential to evaluate impurities in production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying He
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Haotian Ding
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Xingya Xia
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenyi Qi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Huaisong Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Wenyuan Liu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
| | - Feng Zheng
- Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China. .,Key Laboratory of Drug Quality Control and Pharmacovigilance, Ministry of Education, China Pharmaceutical University, 24 Tongjiaxiang, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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