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Salinas-Abarca AB, Martínez-Lorenzana G, Condés-Lara M, González-Hernández A. The role of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoylglycerol in the in vivo spinal oxytocin-induced antinociception in male rats. Exp Neurol 2023; 363:114383. [PMID: 36921751 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxytocin receptor (OTR) activation at the spinal level produces antinociception. Some data suggest that central OTR activation enhances social interaction via an increase of endocannabinoids (eCB), but we do not know if this could occur at the spinal level, modulating pain transmission. Considering that oxytocin via OTR stimulates diacylglycerol formation, a key intermediate in synthesizing 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), an eCB molecule, we sought to test the role of the eCB system on the spinal oxytocin-induced antinociception. Behavioral and electrophysiological experiments were conducted in naïve and formalin-treated (to induce long-term mechanical hypersensitivity) male Wistar rats. Intrathecal RHC 80267 injections, an inhibitor of the enzyme diacylglycerol lipase (thus, decreasing 2-AG formation), produces transient mechanical hypersensitivity, an effect unaltered by oxytocin but reversed by gabapentin. Similarly, in in vivo extracellular recordings of naïve spinal wide dynamic range cells, juxtacellular picoinjection of RHC 80267 increases the firing of nociceptive Aδ-, C-fibers, and post-discharge, an effect unaltered by oxytocin. Interestingly, in sensitized rats, oxytocin picoinjection reverses the RHC 80627-induced hyperactivity of Aδ-fibers (but not C- or post-discharge activity). In contrast, a sub-effective dose of JZL184 (a monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitor, thus favoring 2-AG levels), which does not have per se an antinociceptive effect in the formalin-induced hypernociception, the oxytocin-induced antinociception is boosted. Similarly, electrophysiological experiments suggest that juxtacellular JZL184 diminishes the neuronal firing of nociceptive fibers, and co-injection with oxytocin prolongs and enhances the antinociceptive effect. These data may imply that 2-AG formation may play a role in the spinal antinociception induced by oxytocin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana B Salinas-Abarca
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO 76230, Mexico; Department of Neural and Pain Sciences, University of Maryland Baltimore, 650 W. Baltimore Street, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Guadalupe Martínez-Lorenzana
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO 76230, Mexico.
| | - Miguel Condés-Lara
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO 76230, Mexico.
| | - Abimael González-Hernández
- Departamento de Neurobiología del Desarrollo y Neurofisiología, Instituto de Neurobiología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Campus UNAM Juriquilla, Querétaro, QRO 76230, Mexico.
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Pasquaré SJ, Chamorro-Aguirre E, Gaveglio VL. The endocannabinoid system in the visual process. JOURNAL OF PHOTOCHEMISTRY AND PHOTOBIOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpap.2022.100159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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Simard M, Archambault AS, Lavoie JPC, Dumais É, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Biosynthesis and metabolism of endocannabinoids and their congeners from the monoacylglycerol andN-acyl-ethanolamine families. Biochem Pharmacol 2022; 205:115261. [PMID: 36152677 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2022.115261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine (AEA) are eicosanoids implicated in numerous physiological processes like appetite, adipogenesis, inflammatory pain and inflammation. They mediate most of their physiological effect by activating the cannabinoid (CB) receptors 1 and 2. Other than directly binding to the CB receptors, 2-AG and AEA are also metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding many metabolites that are part of the oxyendocannabinoidome. Some of these metabolites have been found in vivo, have the ability to modulate specific receptors and thus potentially influence physiological processes. In this review, we discuss the biosynthesis and metabolism of 2-AG and AEA, as well as their congeners from the monoacyl-glycerol and N-acyl-ethanolamine families, with a special focus on the metabolism by oxygenases involved in arachidonic acid metabolism. We highlight the knowledge gaps in our understanding of the regulation and roles the oxyendocannabinoidome mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélissa Simard
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Present address: Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of British Columbia / BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, British Colombia, Canada
| | - Jean-Philippe C Lavoie
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Dumais
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des sciences de l'agriculture et de l'alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada; Joint International Unit between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (Italy) and Université Laval (Canada) on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu)
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Département of médecine, Faculté de médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada.
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Archambault AS, Tinto F, Dumais É, Rakotoarivelo V, Kostrzewa M, Plante PL, Martin C, Simard M, Silvestri C, Pouliot R, Laviolette M, Boulet LP, Vitale RM, Ligresti A, Di Marzo V, Flamand N. Biosynthesis of the Novel Endogenous 15-Lipoxygenase Metabolites N-13-Hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-ethanolamine and 13-Hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-glycerol by Human Neutrophils and Eosinophils. Cells 2021; 10:2322. [PMID: 34571971 PMCID: PMC8470279 DOI: 10.3390/cells10092322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2021] [Revised: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine are lipids regulating many physiological processes, notably inflammation. Endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors are now being investigated as potential anti-inflammatory agents. In addition to 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and N-arachidonoyl-ethanolamine, the endocannabinoidome also includes other monoacylglycerols and N-acyl-ethanolamines such as 1-linoleoyl-glycerol (1-LG) and N-linoleoyl-ethanolamine (LEA). By increasing monoacylglycerols and/or N-acyl-ethanolamine levels, endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors will likely increase the levels of their metabolites. Herein, we investigated whether 1-LG and LEA were substrates for the 15-lipoxygenase pathway, given that both possess a 1Z,4Z-pentadiene motif, near their omega end. We thus assessed how human eosinophils and neutrophils biosynthesized the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of 1-LG and LEA. Linoleic acid (LA), a well-documented substrate of 15-lipoxygenases, was used as positive control. N-13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-ethanolamine (13-HODE-EA) and 13-hydroxy-octodecadienoyl-glycerol (13-HODE-G), the 15-lipoxygenase metabolites of LEA and 1-LG, were synthesized using Novozym 435 and soybean lipoxygenase. Eosinophils, which express the 15-lipoxygenase-1, metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was almost complete after five minutes. Substrate preference of eosinophils was LA > LEA > 1-LG in presence of 13-HODE-G hydrolysis inhibition with methyl-arachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate. Human neutrophils also metabolized LA, 1-LG, and LEA into their 13-hydroxy derivatives. This was maximal after 15-30 s. Substrate preference was LA ≫ 1-LG > LEA. Importantly, 13-HODE-G was found in humans and mouse tissue samples. In conclusion, our data show that human eosinophils and neutrophils metabolize 1-LG and LEA into the novel endogenous 15-lipoxygenase metabolites 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA. The full biological importance of 13-HODE-G and 13-HODE-EA remains to be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Sophie Archambault
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Francesco Tinto
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Élizabeth Dumais
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Volatiana Rakotoarivelo
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Magdalena Kostrzewa
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.K.); (R.M.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Pier-Luc Plante
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L’agriculture et de L’alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Cyril Martin
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Mélissa Simard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Cristoforo Silvestri
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Roxane Pouliot
- Faculté de Pharmacie de l’Université Laval and Centre de Recherche en Organogénèse Expérimentale de l’Université Laval/LOEX, Axe Médecine Régénératrice, Centre de Recherche du CHU de Québec-Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Michel Laviolette
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Louis-Philippe Boulet
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
| | - Rosa Maria Vitale
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.K.); (R.M.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Alessia Ligresti
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.K.); (R.M.V.); (A.L.)
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
- Endocannabinoid Research Group, Institute of Biomolecular Chemistry, Consiglio Nazionale Delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy; (M.K.); (R.M.V.); (A.L.)
- Institut sur la Nutrition et les Aliments Fonctionnels, Centre NUTRISS, École de Nutrition, Faculté des Sciences de L’agriculture et de L’alimentation, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
- Joint International Unit between the Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR), 80078 Pozzuoli, Italy
- Canada on Chemical and Biomolecular Research on the Microbiome and Its Impact on Metabolic Health and Nutrition (UMI-MicroMeNu), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 4G5, Canada; (A.-S.A.); (F.T.); (É.D.); (V.R.); (C.M.); (M.S.); (C.S.); (M.L.); (L.-P.B.); (V.D.)
- Canada Excellence Research Chair on the Microbiome-Endocannabinoidome Axis in Metabolic Health (CERC-MEND), Université Laval, Québec City, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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Morris G, Walder K, Kloiber S, Amminger P, Berk M, Bortolasci CC, Maes M, Puri BK, Carvalho AF. The endocannabinoidome in neuropsychiatry: Opportunities and potential risks. Pharmacol Res 2021; 170:105729. [PMID: 34119623 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The endocannabinoid system (ECS) comprises two cognate endocannabinoid receptors referred to as CB1R and CB2R. ECS dysregulation is apparent in neurodegenerative/neuro-psychiatric disorders including but not limited to schizophrenia, major depressive disorder and potentially bipolar disorder. The aim of this paper is to review mechanisms whereby both receptors may interact with neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative pathways, which play a pathophysiological role in these disorders. CB1R is located in the presynaptic terminals of GABAergic, glutamatergic, cholinergic, noradrenergic and serotonergic neurons where it regulates the retrograde suppression of neurotransmission. CB1R plays a key role in long-term depression, and, to a lesser extent, long-term potentiation, thereby modulating synaptic transmission and mediating learning and memory. Optimal CB1R activity plays an essential neuroprotective role by providing a defense against the development of glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity, which is achieved, at least in part, by impeding AMPA-mediated increase in intracellular calcium overload and oxidative stress. Moreover, CB1R activity enables optimal neuron-glial communication and the function of the neurovascular unit. CB2R receptors are detected in peripheral immune cells and also in central nervous system regions including the striatum, basal ganglia, frontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala as well as the ventral tegmental area. CB2R upregulation inhibits the presynaptic release of glutamate in several brain regions. CB2R activation also decreases neuroinflammation partly by mediating the transition from a predominantly neurotoxic "M1" microglial phenotype to a more neuroprotective "M2" phenotype. CB1R and CB2R are thus novel drug targets for the treatment of neuro-immune and neuro-oxidative disorders including schizophrenia and affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerwyn Morris
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Ken Walder
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Deakin University, Centre for Molecular and Medical Research, School of Medicine, Geelong, Australia
| | - Stefan Kloiber
- Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, 33 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paul Amminger
- Orygen, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Centre for Youth Mental Health, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Berk
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Orygen, The National Centre of Excellence in Youth Mental Health, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health and the Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Chiara C Bortolasci
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand; Department of Psychiatry, Medical University of Plovdiv, Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | - Andre F Carvalho
- Deakin University, IMPACT - the Institute for Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Translation, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Geelong, Australia.
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Ivanov I, Kakularam KR, Shmendel EV, Rothe M, Aparoy P, Heydeck D, Kuhn H. Oxygenation of endocannabinoids by mammalian lipoxygenase isoforms. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2021; 1866:158918. [PMID: 33662546 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2021.158918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids, such as anandamide (ANA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2AG), are lipid-signaling molecules that can be oxidized by lipid-peroxidizing enzymes, and this oxidation alters the bioactivity of these lipid mediators. Here, under strictly comparable experimental conditions, we explored whether ANA and 2AG function as substrates for four human (ALOX15, ALOX15B, ALOX12, ALOX5) and three mice Alox isoforms (Alox15, Alox12, Alox5) and compared the rates of product formation with those of arachidonic acid oxygenation. Except for ALOX5, the two endocannabinoids were more efficiently oxygenated than arachidonic acid by human ALOX isoforms. Mice Alox15 oxygenated ANA more efficiently than arachidonic acid, but the other mice Alox isoforms exhibited reduced reaction rates for endocannabinoid conversion. Like its human ortholog, mice Alox5 did not oxygenate ANA, but the formation of 5-HETE-containing 2AG derivatives was observed for this enzyme. 1AG and 2AG were similarly effective substrates for human ALOX isoforms. Molecular docking studies, the pattern of oxygenation products, and site-directed mutagenesis experiments suggested a similar substrate alignment of arachidonic acid and endocannabinoids at the active site of ALOX15 orthologs. The product specificity of arachidonic acid oxygenation was conserved for endocannabinoid metabolization, and the triad concept describing the molecular basis for the reaction specificity of ALOX15 orthologs is applicable for endocannabinoid oxygenation. Taken together, these data indicate that, except for ALOX5 orthologs, endocannabinoids are suitable substrates for most mammalian ALOX isoforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Ivanov
- MIREA Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia.
| | - Kumar R Kakularam
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Elena V Shmendel
- MIREA Russian Technological University, Lomonosov Institute of Fine Chemical Technologies, Vernadskogo pr. 86, 119571 Moscow, Russia
| | - Michael Rothe
- Lipidomix GmbH, Robert-Roessle-Str., 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany
| | - Polamarasetty Aparoy
- Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy, Visakhapatnam 530003, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Dagmar Heydeck
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hartmut Kuhn
- Institute of Biochemistry, Charité - University Medicine Berlin, Corporate member of Free University Berlin, Humboldt University Berlin and Berlin Institute of Health, Charitéplatz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany
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Modulation of Endocannabinoid Tone in Osteoblastic Differentiation of MC3T3-E1 Cells and in Mouse Bone Tissue over Time. Cells 2021; 10:cells10051199. [PMID: 34068882 PMCID: PMC8157192 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone is a highly complex and metabolically active tissue undergoing a continuous remodeling process, which endures throughout life. A complex cell-signaling system that plays role in regulating different physiological processes, including bone remodeling, is the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Bone mass expresses CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors and enzymatic machinery responsible for the metabolism of their endogenous ligands, endocannabinoids (AEA and 2-AG). Exogenous AEA is reported to increase the early phase of human osteoblast differentiation in vitro. However, regarding this cell context little is known about how endocannabinoids and endocannabinoid-related N-acylethanolamines like PEA and OEA are modulated, in vitro, during cell differentiation and, in vivo, over time up to adulthood. Here we characterized the endocannabinoid tone during the different phases of the osteoblast differentiation process in MC3T3-E1 cells, and we measured endocannabinoid levels in mouse femurs at life cycle stages characterized by highly active bone growth (i.e., of juvenile, young adult, and mature adult bone). Endocannabinoid tone was significantly altered during osteoblast differentiation, with substantial OEA increment, decline in 2-AG and AEA, and consistent modulation of their metabolic enzymes in maturing and mineralized MC3T3-E1 cells. Similarly, in femurs, we found substantial, age-related, decline in 2-AG, OEA, and PEA. These findings can expand existing knowledge underlying physiological bone cell function and contribute to therapeutic strategies for preventing bone-related metabolic changes accruing through lifespan.
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The endocannabinoid system. Essays Biochem 2021; 64:485-499. [PMID: 32648908 DOI: 10.1042/ebc20190086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Thirty years ago, the discovery of a cannabinoid (CB) receptor that interacts with the psychoactive compound in Cannabis led to the identification of anandamide, an endogenous receptor ligand or endocannabinoid. Research on endocannabinoids has since exploded, and additional receptors along with their lipid mediators and signaling pathways continue to be revealed. Specifically, in humans, the release of endocannabinoids from membrane lipids occurs on demand and the signaling process is rapidly attenuated by the breakdown of the ligand suggesting a tight regulation of the endocannabinoid system (ECS). Additionally, the varying distribution of CB receptors between the central nervous system and other tissues allows for the ECS to participate in a wide range of cognitive and physiological processes. Select plant-derived 'phyto'cannabinoids such as Δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (Δ9-THC) bind to the CB receptors and trigger the ECS, and in the case of Δ9-THC, while it has therapeutic value, can also produce detrimental effects. Current research is aimed at the identification of additional phytocannabinoids with minimal psychotropic effects with potential for therapeutic development. Although decades of research on the ECS and its components have expanded our understanding of the mechanisms and implications of endocannabinoid signaling in mammals, it continues to evolve. Here, we provide a brief overview of the ECS and its overlap with other related lipid-mediated signaling pathways.
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Liu X, Sims HF, Jenkins CM, Guan S, Dilthey BG, Gross RW. 12-LOX catalyzes the oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysolipids in platelets generating eicosanoid-lysolipids that are attenuated by iPLA 2γ knockout. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:5307-5320. [PMID: 32161117 PMCID: PMC7170522 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.012296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The canonical pathway of eicosanoid production in most mammalian cells is initiated by phospholipase A2-mediated release of arachidonic acid, followed by its enzymatic oxidation resulting in a vast array of eicosanoid products. However, recent work has demonstrated that the major phospholipase in mitochondria, iPLA2γ (patatin-like phospholipase domain containing 8 (PNPLA8)), possesses sn-1 specificity, with polyunsaturated fatty acids at the sn-2 position generating polyunsaturated sn-2-acyl lysophospholipids. Through strategic chemical derivatization, chiral chromatographic separation, and multistage tandem MS, here we first demonstrate that human platelet-type 12-lipoxygenase (12-LOX) can directly catalyze the regioselective and stereospecific oxidation of 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylcholine (2-AA-LPC) and 2-arachidonoyl-lysophosphatidylethanolamine (2-AA-LPE). Next, we identified these two eicosanoid-lysophospholipids in murine myocardium and in isolated platelets. Moreover, we observed robust increases in 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and their downstream 12-LOX oxidation products, 12(S)-HETE-LPC and 12(S)-HETE-LPE, in calcium ionophore (A23187)-stimulated murine platelets. Mechanistically, genetic ablation of iPLA2γ markedly decreased the calcium-stimulated production of 2-AA-LPC, 2-AA-LPE, and 12-HETE-lysophospholipids in mouse platelets. Importantly, a potent and selective 12-LOX inhibitor, ML355, significantly inhibited the production of 12-HETE-LPC and 12-HETE-LPE in activated platelets. Furthermore, we found that aging is accompanied by significant changes in 12-HETE-LPC in murine serum that were also markedly attenuated by iPLA2γ genetic ablation. Collectively, these results identify previously unknown iPLA2γ-initiated signaling pathways mediated by direct 12-LOX oxidation of 2-AA-LPC and 2-AA-LPE. This oxidation generates previously unrecognized eicosanoid-lysophospholipids that may serve as biomarkers for age-related diseases and could potentially be used as targets in therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinping Liu
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Harold F Sims
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Christopher M Jenkins
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Shaoping Guan
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Beverly G Dilthey
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110
| | - Richard W Gross
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, Saint Louis, Missouri 63110; Department of Chemistry, Washington University, Saint Louis, Missouri 63130.
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Kościelniak-Merak B, Batko I, Fleszar M, Kocot-Kępska M, Gamian A, Kobylarz K, Sztefko K, Tomasik PJ. Effect of intravenous, perioperative-administered lidocaine on serum levels of endocannabinoids and related N-acylethanolamines in children. Minerva Anestesiol 2020; 86. [DOI: 10.23736/s0375-9393.19.13703-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/30/2023]
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de Bus I, Witkamp R, Zuilhof H, Albada B, Balvers M. The role of n-3 PUFA-derived fatty acid derivatives and their oxygenated metabolites in the modulation of inflammation. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2019; 144:106351. [PMID: 31260750 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Notwithstanding the ongoing debate on their full potential in health and disease, there is general consensus that n-3 PUFAs play important physiological roles. Increasing dietary n-3 PUFA intake results in increased DHA and EPA content in cell membranes as well as an increase in n-3 derived oxylipin and -endocannabinoid concentrations, like fatty acid amides and glycerol-esters. These shifts are believed to (partly) explain the pharmacological and anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 PUFAs. Recent studies discovered that n-3 PUFA-derived endocannabinoids can be further metabolized by the oxidative enzymes CYP-450, LOX and COX, similar to the n-6 derived endocannabinoids. Interestingly, these oxidized n-3 PUFA derived endocannabinoids of eicosapentaenoyl ethanolamide (EPEA) and docosahexaenoyl ethanolamide (DHEA) have higher anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative potential than their precursors. In this review, an overview of recently discovered n-3 PUFA derived endocannabinoids and their metabolites is provided. In addition, the use of chemical probes will be presented as a promising technique to study the n-3 PUFA and n-3 PUFA metabolism within the field of lipid biochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian de Bus
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Renger Witkamp
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands; School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Tianjin University, 92 Weijin Road, Tianjin, PR China; Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bauke Albada
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
| | - Michiel Balvers
- Nutrition and Pharmacology Group, Division of Human Nutrition, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, the Netherlands.
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Paloczi J, Varga ZV, Hasko G, Pacher P. Neuroprotection in Oxidative Stress-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases: Role of Endocannabinoid System Modulation. Antioxid Redox Signal 2018; 29:75-108. [PMID: 28497982 PMCID: PMC5984569 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2017.7144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE Redox imbalance may lead to overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) and subsequent oxidative tissue damage, which is a critical event in the course of neurodegenerative diseases. It is still not fully elucidated, however, whether oxidative stress is the primary trigger or a consequence in the process of neurodegeneration. Recent Advances: Increasing evidence suggests that oxidative stress is involved in the propagation of neuronal injury and consequent inflammatory response, which in concert promote development of pathological alterations characteristic of most common neurodegenerative diseases. CRITICAL ISSUES Accumulating recent evidence also suggests that there is an important interplay between the lipid endocannabinoid system [ECS; comprising the main cannabinoid 1 and 2 receptors (CB1 and CB2), endocannabinoids, and their synthetic and metabolizing enzymes] and various key inflammatory and redox-dependent processes. FUTURE DIRECTIONS Targeting the ECS to modulate redox state-dependent cell death and to decrease consequent or preceding inflammatory response holds therapeutic potential in a multitude of oxidative stress-related acute or chronic neurodegenerative disorders from stroke and traumatic brain injury to Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases and multiple sclerosis, just to name a few, which will be discussed in this overview. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 29, 75-108.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janos Paloczi
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Zoltan V Varga
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
| | - George Hasko
- 2 Department of Surgery, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School , Newark, New Jersey
| | - Pal Pacher
- 1 Laboratory of Cardiovascular Physiology and Tissue Injury (LCPTI), National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA), National Institutes of Health (NIH) , Bethesda, Maryland
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Baggelaar MP, Maccarrone M, van der Stelt M. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol: A signaling lipid with manifold actions in the brain. Prog Lipid Res 2018; 71:1-17. [PMID: 29751000 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is a signaling lipid in the central nervous system that is a key regulator of neurotransmitter release. 2-AG is an endocannabinoid that activates the cannabinoid CB1 receptor. It is involved in a wide array of (patho)physiological functions, such as emotion, cognition, energy balance, pain sensation and neuroinflammation. In this review, we describe the biosynthetic and metabolic pathways of 2-AG and how chemical and genetic perturbation of these pathways has led to insight in the biological role of this signaling lipid. Finally, we discuss the potential therapeutic benefits of modulating 2-AG levels in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc P Baggelaar
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mauro Maccarrone
- Department of Medicine, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Alvaro del Portillo 21, 00128 Rome, Italy; European Centre for Brain Research/IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, via del Fosso del Fiorano 65, 00143 Rome, Italy
| | - Mario van der Stelt
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Einsteinweg 55, 2333 CC Leiden, The Netherlands..
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Fowler CJ, Doherty P, Alexander SPH. Endocannabinoid Turnover. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2017; 80:31-66. [PMID: 28826539 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2017.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this review, we consider the biosynthetic, hydrolytic, and oxidative metabolism of the endocannabinoids anandamide and 2-arachidonoylglycerol. We describe the enzymes associated with these events and their characterization. We identify the inhibitor profile for these enzymes and the status of therapeutic exploitation, which to date has been limited to clinical trials for fatty acid amide hydrolase inhibitors. To bring the review to a close, we consider whether point block of a single enzyme is likely to be the most successful approach for therapeutic exploitation of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrick Doherty
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Disease, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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Hasenoehrl C, Taschler U, Storr M, Schicho R. The gastrointestinal tract - a central organ of cannabinoid signaling in health and disease. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2016; 28:1765-1780. [PMID: 27561826 PMCID: PMC5130148 DOI: 10.1111/nmo.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In ancient medicine, extracts of the marijuana plant Cannabis sativa were used against diseases of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. Today, our knowledge of the ingredients of the Cannabis plant has remarkably advanced enabling us to use a variety of herbal and synthetic cannabinoid (CB) compounds to study the endocannabinoid system (ECS), a physiologic entity that controls tissue homeostasis with the help of endogenously produced CBs and their receptors. After many anecdotal reports suggested beneficial effects of Cannabis in GI disorders, it was not surprising to discover that the GI tract accommodates and expresses all the components of the ECS. Cannabinoid receptors and their endogenous ligands, the endocannabinoids, participate in the regulation of GI motility, secretion, and the maintenance of the epithelial barrier integrity. In addition, other receptors, such as the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily V member 1 (TRPV1), the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) and the G-protein coupled receptor 55 (GPR55), are important participants in the actions of CBs in the gut and critically determine the course of bowel inflammation and colon cancer. PURPOSE The following review summarizes important and recent findings on the role of CB receptors and their ligands in the GI tract with emphasis on GI disorders, such as irritable bowel syndrome, inflammatory bowel disease, and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carina Hasenoehrl
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Ulrike Taschler
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Martin Storr
- Department of Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians University, Munich, Germany and Zentrum für Endoskopie, Starnberg, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schicho
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Walker VJ, Griffin AP, Hammar DK, Hollenberg PF. Metabolism of Anandamide by Human Cytochrome P450 2J2 in the Reconstituted System and Human Intestinal Microsomes. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2016; 357:537-44. [PMID: 27000802 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.116.232553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) is about 1 in 250 people in the United States. The disease is characterized by chronic or recurring inflammation of the gut. Because of the localization of the endocannabinoid system in the gastrointestinal tract, it may be a potential pharmacologic target for the treatment of IBD and other diseases. Fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) is a potential candidate because it is upregulated in IBD. FAAH hydrolyzes and, as a consequence, inactivates anandamide (AEA), a prominent endocannabinoid. Inhibition of FAAH would lead to increases in the amount of AEA oxidized by cytochrome P450s (P450s). CYP2J2, the major P450 epoxygenase expressed in the heart, is also expressed in the intestine and has previously been reported to oxidize AEA. We have investigated the possibility that it may play a role in AEA metabolism in the gut and have demonstrated that purified human CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA to form the 20-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid ethanolamide (HETE-EA) and several epoxygenated products, including the 5,6-, 8,9-, 11,12-, and 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid ethanolamides (EET-EAs), in the reconstituted system. Kinetic studies suggest that the KM values for these products range from approximately 10 to 468 μM and the kcat values from 0.2 to 23.3 pmol/min per picomole of P450. Human intestinal microsomes, which express CYP2J2, metabolize AEA to give the 5,6-, 8,9-, and 11,12-EET-EAs, as well as 20-HETE-EA. Studies using specific P450 inhibitors suggest that although CYP2J2 metabolizes AEA, it is not the primary P450 responsible for AEA metabolism in human intestines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vyvyca J Walker
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Alisha P Griffin
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Dagan K Hammar
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Paul F Hollenberg
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Abstract
Osteoarthritis (OA) of the knee is a progressive disease that is associated with inflammation of the joints and lower extremity pain. Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a surgical procedure that aims to reduce pain and restore motor function in patients suffering from OA. The immediate postoperative period can be intensely painful leading to extended recovery times including persistent pain. The endocannabinoid system regulates nociception, and the activation of cannabinoid receptors produces antinociceptive effects in preclinical models of OA. To date, the influence of the endocannabinoid tone on pain and disability in OA patients and on acute postoperative pain in humans has not been explored. In this study, we provide the first comprehensive profile of endocannabinoids in serum, cerebrospinal fluid, and synovial fluid of patients with painful end-stage OA undergoing TKA and examine correlations between endocannabinoid levels, interleukin 6, functional disability, acute postoperative pain, and postoperative opioid use. Our results reveal that central (cerebrospinal fluid) and peripheral (synovial fluid) levels of the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol were significantly elevated in patients who developed higher postoperative pain after TKA. In addition, synovial fluid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol levels were positively correlated with postoperative opioid use. Similarly, synovial fluid levels of the anti-inflammatory lipid palmitoylethanolamide correlated with functional disability in OA. Taken together, our results are the first to reveal associations between central and peripheral endocannabinoid levels and postoperative pain. This suggests that endocannabinoid metabolism may serve as a target for the development of novel analgesics both for systemic or local delivery into the joint.
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Turcotte C, Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Flamand N. Regulation of inflammation by cannabinoids, the endocannabinoids 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol and arachidonoyl-ethanolamide, and their metabolites. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 97:1049-70. [PMID: 25877930 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.3ru0115-021r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA) are endocannabinoids that have been implicated in many physiologic disorders, including obesity, metabolic syndromes, hepatic diseases, pain, neurologic disorders, and inflammation. Their immunomodulatory effects are numerous and are not always mediated by cannabinoid receptors, reflecting the presence of an arachidonic acid (AA) molecule in their structure, the latter being the precursor of numerous bioactive lipids that are pro- or anti-inflammatory. 2-AG and AEA can thus serve as a source of AA but can also be metabolized by most eicosanoid biosynthetic enzymes, yielding additional lipids. In this regard, enhancing endocannabinoid levels by using endocannabinoid hydrolysis inhibitors is likely to augment the levels of these lipids that could regulate inflammatory cell functions. This review summarizes the metabolic pathways involved in the biosynthesis and metabolism of AEA and 2-AG, as well as the biologic effects of the 2-AG and AEA lipidomes in the regulation of inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Julie S Lefebvre
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec (IUCPQ), Département de Médecine, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, QC, Canada
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Endocannabinoids and their oxygenation by cyclo-oxygenases, lipoxygenases and other oxygenases. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2014; 1851:366-76. [PMID: 25543004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The naturally occurring mammalian endocannabinoids possess biological attributes that extend beyond interaction with cannabinoid receptors. These extended biological properties are the result of oxidative metabolism of the principal mammalian endocannabinoids arachidonoyl ethanolamide (anandamide; A-EA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Both endocannabinoids are oxidized by cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2), but not by COX-1, to a series of prostaglandin derivatives (PGs) with quite different biological properties from those of the parent substrates. PG ethanolamides (prostamides, PG-EAs) and PG glyceryl esters (PG-Gs) are not only pharmacologically distinct from their parent endocannabinoids, they are distinct from the corresponding acidic PGs, and are differentiated from each other. Ethanolamides and glyceryl esters of the major prostanoids PGD2, PGE2, PGF2α, and PGI2 are formed by the various PG synthases, and thromboxane ethanolamides and glyceryl esters are not similarly produced. COX-2 is also of interest by virtue of its corollary central role in modulating endocannabinoid tone, providing a new therapeutic approach for treating pain and anxiety. Other major oxidative conversion pathways are provided for both A-EA and 2-AG by several lipoxygenases (LOXs), resulting in the formation of numerous hydroxyl metabolites. These do not necessarily represent inactivation pathways for endocannabinoids but may mimic or modulate the endocannabinoids or even display alternative pharmacology. Similarly, A-EA and 2-AG may be oxidized by P450 enzymes. Again a very diverse number of metabolites are formed, with either cannabinoid-like biological properties or an introduction of disparate pharmacology. The biological activity of epoxy and hydroxyl derivatives of the endocannabinoids remains to be fully elucidated. This review attempts to consolidate and compare the findings obtained to date in an increasingly important research area. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled "Oxygenated metabolism of PUFA: analysis and biological relevance".
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Zelasko S, Arnold WR, Das A. Endocannabinoid metabolism by cytochrome P450 monooxygenases. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2014; 116-117:112-23. [PMID: 25461979 DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2014] [Revised: 11/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous cannabinoid system was first uncovered following studies of the recreational drug Cannabis sativa. It is now recognized as a vital network of signaling pathways that regulate several physiological processes. Following the initial discovery of the cannabinoid receptors 1 (CB1) and 2 (CB2), activated by Cannabis-derived analogs, many endogenous fatty acids termed "endocannabinoids" are now known to be partial agonists of the CB receptors. At present, the most thoroughly studied endocannabinoid signaling molecules are anandamide (AEA) and 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG), which are both derived from arachidonic acid. Both AEA and 2-AG are also substrates for the eicosanoid-synthesizing pathways, namely, certain cyclooxygenase (COX), lipoxygenase (LOX), and cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes. In the past, research in the endocannabinoid field focused on the interaction of AEA and 2-AG with the COX and LOX enzymes, but accumulating evidence also points to the involvement of CYPs in modulating endocannabinoid signaling. The focus of this review is to explore the current understanding of CYP-mediated metabolism of endocannabinoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Zelasko
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - William R Arnold
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States
| | - Aditi Das
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States; Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61802, United States.
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Alhouayek M, Muccioli GG. COX-2-derived endocannabinoid metabolites as novel inflammatory mediators. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2014; 35:284-92. [PMID: 24684963 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2014.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) is an enzyme that plays a key role in inflammatory processes. Classically, this enzyme is upregulated in inflammatory situations and is responsible for the generation of prostaglandins (PGs) from arachidonic acid (AA). One lesser-known property of COX-2 is its ability to metabolize the endocannabinoids, N-arachidonoylethanolamine (AEA) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG). Endocannabinoid metabolism by COX-2 is not merely a means to terminate their actions. On the contrary, it generates PG analogs, namely PG-glycerol esters (PG-G) for 2-AG and PG-ethanolamides (PG-EA or prostamides) for AEA. Although the formation of these COX-2-derived metabolites of the endocannabinoids has been known for a while, their biological effects remain to be fully elucidated. Recently, several studies have focused on the role of these PG-G or PG-EA in vivo. In this review we take a closer look at the literature concerning these novel bioactive lipids and their role in inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Alhouayek
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Giulio G Muccioli
- Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Research Group, Louvain Drug Research Institute, Université catholique de Louvain, Avenue Emmanuel Mounier 72 (B1.72.01), 1200 Bruxelles, Belgium.
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Murataeva N, Straiker A, Mackie K. Parsing the players: 2-arachidonoylglycerol synthesis and degradation in the CNS. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:1379-91. [PMID: 24102242 PMCID: PMC3954479 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED The endogenous cannabinoid signalling system, composed of endogenous cannabinoids, cannabinoid receptors and the enzymes that synthesize and degrade the endogenous cannabinoids, is much more complex than initially conceptualized. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) is the most abundant endocannabinoid and plays a major role in CNS development and synaptic plasticity. Over the past decade, many key players in 2-AG synthesis and degradation have been identified and characterized. Most 2-AG is synthesized from membrane phospholipids via sequential activation of a phospholipase Cβ and a diacylglycerol lipase, although other pathways may contribute in specialized settings. 2-AG breakdown is more complicated with at least eight different enzymes participating. These enzymes can either degrade 2-AG into its components, arachidonic acid and glycerol, or transform 2-AG into highly bioactive signal molecules. The implications of the precise temporal and spatial control of the expression and function of these pleiotropic metabolizing enzymes have only recently come to be appreciated. In this review, we will focus on the primary organization of the synthetic and degradative pathways of 2-AG and then discuss more recent findings and their implications, with an eye towards the biological and therapeutic implications of manipulating 2-AG synthesis and metabolism. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Cannabinoids 2013. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2014.171.issue-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Murataeva
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
| | - A Straiker
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
| | - K Mackie
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Gill Center for Biomolecular Science, Indiana UniversityBloomington, IN, USA
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Zygmunt PM, Ermund A, Movahed P, Andersson DA, Simonsen C, Jönsson BAG, Blomgren A, Birnir B, Bevan S, Eschalier A, Mallet C, Gomis A, Högestätt ED. Monoacylglycerols activate TRPV1--a link between phospholipase C and TRPV1. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81618. [PMID: 24312564 PMCID: PMC3847081 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 10/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Phospholipase C-mediated hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate generates diacylglycerol, inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and protons, all of which can regulate TRPV1 activity via different mechanisms. Here we explored the possibility that the diacylglycerol metabolites 2-arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol, and not metabolites of these monoacylglycerols, activate TRPV1 and contribute to this signaling cascade. 2-Arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol activated native TRPV1 on vascular sensory nerve fibers and heterologously expressed TRPV1 in whole cells and inside-out membrane patches. The monoacylglycerol lipase inhibitors methylarachidonoyl-fluorophosphonate and JZL184 prevented the metabolism of deuterium-labeled 2-arachidonoylglycerol and deuterium-labeled 1-arachidonoylglycerol in arterial homogenates, and enhanced TRPV1-mediated vasodilator responses to both monoacylglycerols. In mesenteric arteries from TRPV1 knock-out mice, vasodilator responses to 2-arachidonoylglycerol were minor. Bradykinin and adenosine triphosphate, ligands of phospholipase C-coupled membrane receptors, increased the content of 2-arachidonoylglycerol in dorsal root ganglia. In HEK293 cells expressing the phospholipase C-coupled histamine H1 receptor, exposure to histamine stimulated the formation of 2-AG, and this effect was augmented in the presence of JZL184. These effects were prevented by the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor tetrahydrolipstatin. Histamine induced large whole cell currents in HEK293 cells co-expressing TRPV1 and the histamine H1 receptor, and the TRPV1 antagonist capsazepine abolished these currents. JZL184 increased the histamine-induced currents and tetrahydrolipstatin prevented this effect. The calcineurin inhibitor ciclosporin and the endogenous "entourage" compound palmitoylethanolamide potentiated the vasodilator response to 2-arachidonoylglycerol, disclosing TRPV1 activation of this monoacylglycerol at nanomolar concentrations. Furthermore, intracerebroventricular injection of JZL184 produced TRPV1-dependent antinociception in the mouse formalin test. Our results show that intact 2-arachidonoylglycerol and 1-arachidonoylglycerol are endogenous TRPV1 activators, contributing to phospholipase C-dependent TRPV1 channel activation and TRPV1-mediated antinociceptive signaling in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter M. Zygmunt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Pain Research Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PMZ); (EDH)
| | - Anna Ermund
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pouya Movahed
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - David A. Andersson
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | | | - Bo A. G. Jönsson
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Blomgren
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Bryndis Birnir
- Department of Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stuart Bevan
- Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alain Eschalier
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Facultés de Médecine/Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Inserm, U1107 Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, Hôpital G. Montpied, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Christophe Mallet
- Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie Fondamentale et Clinique de la Douleur, Laboratoire de Pharmacologie, Facultés de Médecine/Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Inserm, U1107 Neuro-Dol, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Ana Gomis
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Sant Joan d'Alacant, Spain
| | - Edward D. Högestätt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Lund University Pain Research Centre, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- * E-mail: (PMZ); (EDH)
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Chouinard F, Turcotte C, Guan X, Larose MC, Poirier S, Bouchard L, Provost V, Flamand L, Grandvaux N, Flamand N. 2-Arachidonoyl-glycerol- and arachidonic acid-stimulated neutrophils release antimicrobial effectors against E. coli, S. aureus, HSV-1, and RSV. J Leukoc Biol 2013; 93:267-76. [PMID: 23242611 PMCID: PMC4995105 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.0412200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoid 2-AG is highly susceptible to its hydrolysis into AA, which activates neutrophils through de novo LTB(4) biosynthesis, independently of CB activation. In this study, we show that 2-AG and AA stimulate neutrophils to release antimicrobial effectors. Supernatants of neutrophils activated with nanomolar concentrations of 2-AG and AA indeed inhibited the infectivity of HSV-1 and RSV. Additionally, the supernatants of 2-AG- and AA-stimulated neutrophils strongly impaired the growth of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. This correlated with the release of a large amount (micrograms) of α-defensins, as well as a limited amount (nanograms) of LL-37. All the effects of AA and 2-AG mentioned above were prevented by inhibiting LTB(4) biosynthesis or by blocking BLT(1). Importantly, neither CB(2) receptor agonists nor antagonists could mimic nor prevent the effects of 2-AG, respectively. In fact, qPCR data show that contaminating eosinophils express ∼100-fold more CB(2) receptor mRNA than purified neutrophils, suggesting that CB(2) receptor expression by human neutrophils is limited and that contaminating eosinophils are likely responsible for the previously documented CB(2) expression by freshly isolated human neutrophils. The rapid conversion of 2-AG to AA and their subsequent metabolism into LTB(4) promote 2-AG and AA as multifunctional activators of neutrophils, mainly exerting their effects by activating the BLT(1). Considering that nanomolar concentrations of AA or 2-AG were sufficient to impair viral infectivity, this suggests potential physiological roles for 2-AG and AA as regulators of host defense in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chouinard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Caroline Turcotte
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Xiaochun Guan
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Marie-Chantal Larose
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Samuel Poirier
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Line Bouchard
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Véronique Provost
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Louis Flamand
- Centre de Recherche du CHUQ, Département de Microbiologie, Infectiologie et Immunologie, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
| | - Nathalie Grandvaux
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Département de Biochimie, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Canada
| | - Nicolas Flamand
- Centre de Recherche de l’Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Département de Médecine, Québec City, Canada
- Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec City, Canada
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Brown I, Cascio MG, Rotondo D, Pertwee RG, Heys SD, Wahle KW. Cannabinoids and omega-3/6 endocannabinoids as cell death and anticancer modulators. Prog Lipid Res 2013; 52:80-109. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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26
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Kendall AC, Nicolaou A. Bioactive lipid mediators in skin inflammation and immunity. Prog Lipid Res 2012; 52:141-64. [PMID: 23124022 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2012.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2012] [Revised: 10/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The skin is the primary barrier from the outside environment, protecting the host from injury, infectious pathogens, water loss and solar ultraviolet radiation. In this role, it is supported by a highly organized system comprising elements of innate and adaptive immunity, responsive to inflammatory stimuli. The cutaneous immune system is regulated by mediators such as cytokines and bioactive lipids that can initiate rapid immune responses with controlled inflammation, followed by efficient resolution. However, when immune responses are inadequate or mounted against non-infectious agents, these mediators contribute to skin pathologies involving unresolved or chronic inflammation. Skin is characterized by active lipid metabolism and fatty acids play crucial roles both in terms of structural integrity and functionality, in particular when transformed to bioactive mediators. Eicosanoids, endocannabinoids and sphingolipids are such key bioactive lipids, intimately involved in skin biology, inflammation and immunity. We discuss their origins, role and influence over various cells of the epidermis, dermis and cutaneous immune system and examine their function in examples of inflammatory skin conditions. We focus on psoriasis, atopic and contact dermatitis, acne vulgaris, wound healing and photodermatology that demonstrate dysregulation of bioactive lipid metabolism and examine ways of using this insight to inform novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra C Kendall
- School of Pharmacy and Centre for Skin Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Bradford, Richmond Road, Bradford BD7 1DP, UK
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27
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Metabolism of anandamide into eoxamides by 15-lipoxygenase-1 and glutathione transferases. Lipids 2012; 47:781-91. [PMID: 22684912 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-012-3684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 05/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Human 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) can metabolize arachidonic acid (ARA) into pro-inflammatory mediators such as the eoxins, 15-hydroperoxyeicosatetraenoic acid (HPETE), and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoyl-phosphatidylethanolamine. We have in this study investigated the formation of various lipid hydroperoxide by either purified 15-LO-1 or in the Hodgkin lymphoma cell line L1236, which contain abundant amount of 15-LO-1. Both purified 15-LO-1 and L1236 cells produced lipid hydroperoxides more efficiently when anandamide (AEA) or 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol ester was used as substrate than with ARA. Furthermore, L1236 cells converted AEA to a novel class of cysteinyl-containing metabolites. Based on RP-HPLC, mass spectrometry and comparison to synthetic products, these metabolites were identified as the ethanolamide of the eoxin (EX) C(4) and EXD(4). By using the epoxide EXA(4)-ethanol amide, it was also found that platelets have the capacity to produce the ethanolamide of EXC(4) and EXD(4). We suggest that the ethanolamides of the eoxins should be referred to as eoxamides, in analogy to the ethanolamides of prostaglandins which are named prostamides. The metabolism of AEA into eoxamides might engender molecules with novel biological effects. Alternatively, it might represent a new mechanism for the termination of AEA signalling.
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28
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Rouzer CA, Marnett LJ. Endocannabinoid oxygenation by cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and cytochromes P450: cross-talk between the eicosanoid and endocannabinoid signaling pathways. Chem Rev 2011; 111:5899-921. [PMID: 21923193 PMCID: PMC3191732 DOI: 10.1021/cr2002799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carol A Rouzer
- A.B. Hancock Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt Ingram Comprehensive Cancer Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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29
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Frisardi V, Panza F, Seripa D, Farooqui T, Farooqui AA. Glycerophospholipids and glycerophospholipid-derived lipid mediators: A complex meshwork in Alzheimer’s disease pathology. Prog Lipid Res 2011; 50:313-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 06/09/2011] [Accepted: 06/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Khasabova IA, Chandiramani A, Harding-Rose C, Simone DA, Seybold VS. Increasing 2-arachidonoyl glycerol signaling in the periphery attenuates mechanical hyperalgesia in a model of bone cancer pain. Pharmacol Res 2011; 64:60-7. [PMID: 21440630 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2011.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Metastatic and primary bone cancers are usually accompanied by severe pain that is difficult to manage. In light of the adverse side effects of opioids, manipulation of the endocannabinoid system may provide an effective alternative for the treatment of cancer pain. The present study determined that a local, peripheral increase in the endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) reduced mechanical hyperalgesia evoked by the growth of a fibrosarcoma tumor in and around the calcaneous bone. Intraplantar (ipl) injection of 2-AG attenuated hyperalgesia (ED(50) of 8.2 μg) by activation of peripheral CB2 but not CB1 receptors and had an efficacy comparable to that of morphine. JZL184 (10 μg, ipl), an inhibitor of 2-AG degradation, increased the local level of 2-AG and mimicked the anti-hyperalgesic effect of 2-AG, also through a CB2 receptor-dependent mechanism. These effects were accompanied by an increase in CB2 receptor protein in plantar skin of the tumor-bearing paw as well as an increase in the level of 2-AG. In naïve mice, intraplantar administration of the CB2 receptor antagonist AM630 did not alter responses to mechanical stimuli demonstrating that peripheral CB2 receptor tone does not modulate mechanical sensitivity. These data extend our previous findings with anandamide in the same model and suggest that the peripheral endocannabinoid system is a promising target for the management of cancer pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iryna A Khasabova
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, Dental School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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31
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Chouinard F, Lefebvre JS, Navarro P, Bouchard L, Ferland C, Lalancette-Hébert M, Marsolais D, Laviolette M, Flamand N. The endocannabinoid 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol activates human neutrophils: critical role of its hydrolysis and de novo leukotriene B4 biosynthesis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:3188-96. [PMID: 21278347 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Although endocannabinoids are important players in nociception and obesity, their roles as immunomodulators remain elusive. The main endocannabinoids described to date, namely 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and arachidonyl-ethanolamide (AEA), induce an intriguing profile of pro- and anti-inflammatory effects. This could relate to cell-specific cannabinoid receptor expression and/or the action of endocannabinoid-derived metabolites. Importantly, 2-AG and AEA comprise a molecule of arachidonic acid (AA) in their structure and are hydrolyzed rapidly. We postulated the following: 1) the released AA from endocannabinoid hydrolysis would be metabolized into eicosanoids; and 2) these eicosanoids would mediate some of the effects of endocannabinoids. To confirm these hypotheses, experiments were performed in which freshly isolated human neutrophils were treated with endocannabinoids. Unlike AEA, 2-AG stimulated myeloperoxidase release, kinase activation, and calcium mobilization by neutrophils. Although 2-AG did not induce the migration of neutrophils, it induced the release of a migrating activity for neutrophils. 2-AG also rapidly (1 min) induced a robust biosynthesis of leukotrienes, similar to that observed with AA. The effects of 2-AG were not mimicked nor prevented by cannabinoid receptor agonists or antagonists, respectively. Finally, the blockade of either 2-AG hydrolysis, leukotriene (LT) B(4) biosynthesis, or LTB(4) receptor 1 activation prevented all the effects of 2-AG on neutrophil functions. In conclusion, we demonstrated that 2-AG potently activates human neutrophils. This is the consequence of 2-AG hydrolysis, de novo LTB(4) biosynthesis, and an autocrine activation loop involving LTB(4) receptor 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Chouinard
- Centre de recherche de l'Institut universitaire de cardiologie et de pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec City, Québec G1V 4G5, Canada
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32
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Dahlström M, Forsström D, Johannesson M, Huque-Andersson Y, Björk M, Silfverplatz E, Sanin A, Schaal W, Pelcman B, Forsell PKA. Development of a fluorescent intensity assay amenable for high-throughput screening for determining 15-lipoxygenase activity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 15:671-9. [PMID: 20581078 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110373383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
15-Lipoxygenase-1 catalyzes the introduction of molecular oxygen into polyunsaturated fatty acids to form a lipid hydroperoxide. The authors have developed an assay for the detection of lipid hydroperoxides formed by human 15-lipoxygenase (15-LO) in enzyme or cellular assays using either a 96-well or a 384-well format. The assays described take advantage of the ability of lipid hydroperoxides to oxidize nonfluorescent diphenyl-1-pyrenylphosphine (DPPP) to a fluorescent phosphine oxide. Oxidation of DPPP yields a fluorescent compound, which is not sensitive to temperature and is stable for more than 2 h. The assay is sensitive toward inhibition and robust with a Z' value of 0.79 and 0.4 in a 96- and 384-well format, respectively, and thus amenable for high-throughput screening. The utility of DPPP as a marker for 15-lipoxygenase activity was demonstrated with both enzyme- and cell-based assays for the identification of hits and to determine potency by IC(50) determinations.
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33
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Astarita G, Piomelli D. Lipidomic analysis of endocannabinoid metabolism in biological samples. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2009; 877:2755-67. [PMID: 19171504 PMCID: PMC2723187 DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2008] [Revised: 01/05/2009] [Accepted: 01/06/2009] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The endocannabinoids are signaling lipids present in many living organisms. They activate G protein-coupled cannabinoid receptors to modulate a broad range of biological processes that include emotion, cognition, inflammation and reproduction. The endocannabinoids are embedded in an interconnected network of cellular lipid pathways, the regulation of which is likely to control the strength and duration of endocannabinoid signals. Therefore, physiopathological or pharmacological perturbations of these pathways may indirectly affect endocannabinoid activity and, vice versa, endocannabinoid activity may influence lipid pathways involved in other metabolic and signaling events. Recent progress in liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry has fueled the development of targeted lipidomic approaches, which allow researchers to examine complex lipid interactions in cells and gain a broader view of the endocannabinoid system. Here, we review these new developments from the perspective of our laboratory's experience in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Astarita
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, CA 92967-4625, United States
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34
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Muccioli GG, Sia A, Muchowski PJ, Stella N. Genetic manipulation of palmitoylethanolamide production and inactivation in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5942. [PMID: 19529773 PMCID: PMC2691958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2008] [Accepted: 05/21/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipids can act as signaling molecules, activating intracellular and membrane-associated receptors to regulate physiological functions. To understand how a newly discovered signaling lipid functions, it is necessary to identify and characterize the enzymes involved in their production and inactivation. The signaling lipid N-palmitoylethanolamine (PEA) is known to activate intracellular and membrane-associated receptors and regulate physiological functions, but little is known about the enzymes involved in its production and inactivation. Principal Findings Here we show that Saccharomyces cerevisiae produce and inactivate PEA, suggesting that genetic manipulations of this lower eukaryote may be used to identify the enzymes involved in PEA metabolism. Accordingly, using single gene deletion mutants, we identified yeast genes that control PEA metabolism, including SPO14 (a yeast homologue of the mammalian phospholipase D) that controls PEA production and YJU3 (a yeast homologue of the mammalian monoacylglycerol lipase) that controls PEA inactivation. We also found that PEA metabolism is affected by heterologous expression of two mammalian proteins involved in neurodegenerative diseases, namely huntingtin and α-synuclein. Significance Together these findings show that forward and reverse genetics in S. cerevisiae can be used to identify proteins involved in PEA production and inactivation, and suggest that mutated proteins causing neurodegenerative diseases might affect the metabolism of this important signaling lipid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio G. Muccioli
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Louvain Drug Research Institute, Bioanalysis and Pharmacology of Bioactive Lipids Laboratory, Chemical and Physico-chemical Analysis of Drugs Unit, UCL-CHAM (7230), Université catholique de Louvain, Bruxelles, Belgium
| | - Angela Sia
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Paul J. Muchowski
- Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease and Departments of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Neurology, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJM); (NS)
| | - Nephi Stella
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail: (PJM); (NS)
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Yates ML, Barker EL. Inactivation and Biotransformation of the Endogenous Cannabinoids Anandamide and 2-Arachidonoylglycerol. Mol Pharmacol 2009; 76:11-7. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.109.055251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The life cycle of the endocannabinoids: formation and inactivation. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 2009; 1:3-35. [PMID: 21104378 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-540-88955-7_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, we summarise the current thinking about the nature of endocannabinoids. In describing the life cycle of these agents, we highlight the synthetic and catabolic enzymes suggested to be involved. For each of these, we provide a systematic analysis of information on sequence, subcellular and cellular distribution, as well as physiological and pharmacological substrates, enhancers and inhibitors, together with brief descriptions of the impact of manipulating enzyme levels through genetic mechanisms (dealt with in more detail in the chapter "Genetic Models of the Endocannabinoid System" by Monory and Lutz, this volume). In addition, we describe experiments investigating the stimulation of endocannabinoid synthesis and release in intact cell systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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37
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Malcher-Lopes R, Buzzi M. Glucocorticoid-regulated crosstalk between arachidonic acid and endocannabinoid biochemical pathways coordinates cognitive-, neuroimmune-, and energy homeostasis-related adaptations to stress. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2009; 81:263-313. [PMID: 19647116 DOI: 10.1016/s0083-6729(09)81011-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Arachidonic acid and its derivatives constitute the major group of signaling molecules involved in the innate immune response and its communication with all cellular and systemic aspects involved on homeostasis maintenance. Glucocorticoids spread throughout the organism their influences over key enzymatic steps of the arachidonic acid biochemical pathways, leading, in the central nervous system, to a shift favoring the synthesis of anti-inflammatory endocannabinoids over proinflammatory metabolites, such as prostaglandins. This shift modifies local immune-inflammatory response and neuronal activity to ultimately coordinate cognitive, behavioral, neuroendocrine, neuroimmune, physiological, and metabolic adjustments to basal and stress conditions. In the hypothalamus, a reciprocal feedback between glucocorticoids and arachidonate-containing molecules provides a mechanism for homeostatic control. This neurochemical switch is susceptible to fine-tuning by neuropeptides, cytokines, and hormones, such as leptin and interleukin-1beta, assuring functional integration between energy homeostasis control and the immune/stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Malcher-Lopes
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry, EMBRAPA-Center for Genetic Resources and Biotechnology, Brasília-DF, Brazil
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38
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Targeted lipidomics as a tool to investigate endocannabinoid function. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2009; 85:35-55. [PMID: 19607960 DOI: 10.1016/s0074-7742(09)85004-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Endocannabinoids are a family of lipid messengers present in a wide range of living organisms. They bind and activate the membrane receptors that are targeted by Delta(9)-tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive principle in marijuana (Cannabis). In the brain, they regulate ion-channel activity and neurotransmitter release critical to biological processes such as synaptic plasticity and learning and memory. Endocannabinoids are embedded within an intricate network of lipid pathways, the regulation of which controls the strength and duration of their signaling. Therefore, physiological, pathological, or pharmacological perturbations of these interconnected lipid pathways have a profound effect on the regulation of endocannabinoid signaling. The recent development of high-sensitivity and high-throughput analytical tools affords a broader view of the endocannabinoid system, allowing researchers to place individual endocannabinoid molecules in the context of the interconnected network of their precursors and derivatives. Targeted lipidomics provides new opportunities for understanding endocannabinoid metabolism.
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Abstract
Myocardial phospholipids serve as primary reservoirs of arachidonic acid (AA), which is liberated through the rate-determining hydrolytic action of cardiac phospholipases A2 (PLA2s). A predominant PLA2 in myocardium is calcium-independent phospholipase A2beta (iPLA2beta), which, through its calmodulin (CaM) and ATP-binding domains, is regulated by alterations in local cellular Ca2+ concentrations and cardiac bioenergetic status, respectively. Importantly, iPLA2beta has been demonstrated to be activated by ischaemia through elevation of the concentration of myocardial fatty acyl-CoA, which abrogates Ca2+/CaM-mediated inhibition of iPLA2beta. AA released by PLA2-catalysed hydrolysis of phospholipids serves as a precursor for eicosanoids generated by pathways dependent on cyclooxygenases (COX), lipoxygenases (LOX), and cytochromes P450 (CYP). Eicosanoids initiate and propagate diverse signalling cascades, primarily through their interaction with cellular receptors and ion channels. However, during pathologic states such as ischaemia or congestive heart failure, eicosanoids contribute to multiple maladaptive changes including inflammation, alterations of cellular growth programmes, and activation of multiple transcriptional events leading to the deleterious sequelae of these pathologic states. This review summarizes the central roles of myocardial PLA(2)s in eicosanoid signalling in the heart, the major COX, LOX, and CYP pathways of eicosanoid generation in the myocardium, and the effects of important eicosanoids on receptor-, ion channel-, and transcription-mediated processes that facilitate cardiac hypertrophy, mediate ischaemic preconditioning, and precipitate arrhythmogenesis in response to pathologic stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jenkins
- Division of Bioorganic Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, Campus Box 8020, St Louis, MO 63110, USA
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40
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Rockwell CE, Raman P, Kaplan BLF, Kaminski NE. A COX-2 metabolite of the endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonyl glycerol, mediates suppression of IL-2 secretion in activated Jurkat T cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2008; 76:353-61. [PMID: 18571623 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2008.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies from this laboratory have demonstrated that a COX-2 metabolite of the endogenous cannabinoid, 2-arachidonyl glycerol (2-AG), inhibits IL-2 secretion in activated T cells through PPARgamma activation independent of the cannabinoid receptors, CB1/CB2. Because numerous cyclooxygenase (COX) products have been shown to activate PPARgamma, the primary purpose of the present studies was to determine the role of COX metabolism in the inhibition of IL-2 secretion by 2-AG. Pretreatment with nonselective and COX-2-specific inhibitors completely abrogated 2-AG-mediated suppression of IL-2 secretion. In contrast, pretreatment with COX-1-specific inhibitors had no effect upon 2-AG-mediated inhibition of IL-2 secretion. Interestingly, the current studies also demonstrate that while the potency of 2-AG is comparable between human Jurkat T cells and murine splenocytes, anandamide (AEA) is markedly more potent in suppressing IL-2 production in Jurkat T cells compared to murine splenocytes. Additionally, the present studies also demonstrate that COX-2 protein is readily detectable in resting Jurkat T cells, which is in contrast to resting murine splenocytes in which COX-2 protein is virtually undetectable. Furthermore, COX-2 protein and mRNA levels are significantly increased over basal levels by 2h following activation of Jurkat cells, whereas increases in COX-2 protein in murine splenocytes are not observed until 4h after cellular activation. These studies suggest that the potency of AEA in the suppression of IL-2 secretion may correlate with COX-2 protein levels in different T cell models. The present studies are also significant in that they demonstrate 2-AG-mediated inhibition of IL-2 secretion is dependent upon COX-2 metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheryl E Rockwell
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology and the Center for Integrative Toxicology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824-1317, USA
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41
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Turman MV, Kingsley PJ, Rouzer CA, Cravatt BF, Marnett LJ. Oxidative metabolism of a fatty acid amide hydrolase-regulated lipid, arachidonoyltaurine. Biochemistry 2008; 47:3917-25. [PMID: 18311922 DOI: 10.1021/bi702530z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
A novel class of lipids, N-acyltaurines, was recently discovered in fatty acid amide hydrolase knockout mice. In some peripheral tissues, such as liver and kidney, N-acyltaurines with long, polyunsaturated acyl chains are most prevalent. Polyunsaturated fatty acids are converted to a variety of signaling molecules by cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOXs). The ability of COXs and LOXs to oxygenate arachidonoyltaurine was evaluated to gain insight into the potential metabolic fate of N-acyltaurines. Although arachidonoyltaurine was a poor substrate for COXs, mammalian 12 S- and 15 S-LOXs oxygenated arachidonoyltaurine with similar or better efficiency than arachidonic acid. Products of arachidonoyltaurine oxygenation were characterized by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The positional specificity of single oxygenation was retained for 15 S-LOXs. However, platelet-type 12 S-LOX produced 12- and 15-hydroxyeicosatetraenoyltaurines (HETE-Ts). Furthermore, LOXs generated dihydroxyeicosatetraenoyltaurines (diHETE-Ts). Metabolism of arachidonoyltaurine by murine resident peritoneal macrophages (RPMs) was also profiled. Arachidonoyltaurine was rapidly taken up and converted primarily to 12-HETE-T. Over prolonged incubations, RPMs also generated small amounts of diHETE-T. Oxidative metabolism of polyunsaturated N-acyltaurines may represent a pathway for the generation or termination of novel signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa V Turman
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232-0146, USA
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42
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Alexander SPH, Kendall DA. The complications of promiscuity: endocannabinoid action and metabolism. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:602-23. [PMID: 17876303 PMCID: PMC2190010 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2007] [Revised: 08/15/2007] [Accepted: 08/16/2007] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we present our understanding of the action and metabolism of endocannabinoids and related endogenous molecules. It is clear that the interactions between the multiple endocannabinoid-like molecules (ECLs) are highly complex, both at the level of signal transduction and metabolism. Thus, ECLs are a group of ligands active at 7-transmembrane and nuclear receptors, as well as transmitter-gated and ion channels. ECLs and their metabolites can converge on common endpoints (either metabolic or signalling) through contradictory or reinforcing pathways. We highlight the complexity of the endocannabinoid system, based on the promiscuous nature of ECLs and their metabolites, as well as the synthetic modulators of the endocannabinoid system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P H Alexander
- School of Biomedical Sciences and Institute of Neuroscience, University of Nottingham Medical School, Nottingham NG7 7LP, UK.
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43
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Jhaveri MD, Richardson D, Chapman V. Endocannabinoid metabolism and uptake: novel targets for neuropathic and inflammatory pain. Br J Pharmacol 2007; 152:624-32. [PMID: 17704819 PMCID: PMC2190014 DOI: 10.1038/sj.bjp.0707433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2007] [Revised: 07/23/2007] [Accepted: 07/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabinoid CB1 and CB2 receptors are located at key sites involved in the relaying and processing of noxious inputs. Both CB1 and CB2 receptor agonists have analgesic effects in a range of models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain. Importantly, clinical trials of cannabis-based medicines indicate that the pre-clinical effects of cannabinoid agonists may translate into therapeutic potential in humans. One of the areas of concern with this pharmacological approach is that CB1 receptors have a widespread distribution in the brain and that global activation of CB1 receptors is associated with adverse side effects. Studies of the endogenous cannabinoids (endocannabinoids) have demonstrated that they are present in most tissues and that in some pain states, such as neuropathic pain, levels of endocannabinoids are elevated at key sites involved in pain processing. An alternative approach that can be used to harness the potential therapeutic effects of cannabinoids is to maximise the effects of the endocannabinoids, the actions of which are terminated by re-uptake and metabolism by various enzymes, including fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), monoacylglycerol lipase (MAGL) and cyclooxygenase type 2 (COX2). Preventing the metabolism, or uptake, of endocannabinoids elevates levels of these lipid compounds in tissue and produces behavioural analgesia in models of acute pain. Herein we review recent studies of the effects of inhibition of metabolism of endocannabinoids versus uptake of endocannabinoids on nociceptive processing in models of inflammatory and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D Jhaveri
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Neuroscience, Queens Medical Centre, Nottingham, UK.
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Vandevoorde S, Lambert DM. The Multiple Pathways of Endocannabinoid Metabolism: A Zoom Out. Chem Biodivers 2007; 4:1858-81. [PMID: 17712823 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.200790156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Vandevoorde
- Unité de chimie pharmaceutique et radiopharmacie, UCL/CMFA 7340, Avenue E. Mounier, B-1200 Brussels.
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45
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Prusakiewicz JJ, Turman MV, Vila A, Ball HL, Al-Mestarihi AH, Di Marzo V, Marnett LJ. Oxidative metabolism of lipoamino acids and vanilloids by lipoxygenases and cyclooxygenases. Arch Biochem Biophys 2007; 464:260-8. [PMID: 17493578 PMCID: PMC2774498 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2007.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2007] [Revised: 03/28/2007] [Accepted: 04/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The lipoamino acids and endovanilloids have multiple roles in nociception, pain, and inflammation, yet their biological reactivity has not been fully characterized. Cyclooxygenases (COXs) and lipoxygenases (LOs) oxygenate polyunsaturated fatty acids to generate signaling molecules. The ability of COXs and LOs to oxygenate arachidonyl-derived lipoamino acids and vanilloids was investigated. COX-1 and COX-2 were able to minimally metabolize many of these species. However, the lipoamino acids were efficiently oxygenated by 12S- and 15S-LOs. The kinetics and products of oxygenation by LOs were characterized. Whereas 15S-LOs retained positional specificity of oxygenation with these novel substrates, platelet-type 12S-LO acted as a 12/15-LO. Fatty acid oxygenases may play an important role in the metabolic inactivation of lipoamino acids or vanilloids or may convert them to bioactive derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffery J. Prusakiewicz
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Melissa V. Turman
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Andrew Vila
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Heather L. Ball
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Ahmad H. Al-Mestarihi
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
| | - Vincenzo Di Marzo
- Istituto di Chimica Biomolecolare, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Pozzuoli (NA) Italy 80078
| | - Lawrence J. Marnett
- A. B. Hancock, Jr. Memorial Laboratory for Cancer Research, Departments of Biochemistry and Chemistry, Vanderbilt Institute of Chemical Biology, and Center in Molecular Toxicology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, Tennessee 37232 USA
- Corresponding Author Lawrence J. Marnett, Ph.D. Department of Biochemistry Vanderbilt University School of Medicine Nashville, TN 37237-0146 Telephone (615)-343-7329 Fax (615)-343-7534
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46
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Muccioli GG, Xu C, Odah E, Cudaback E, Cisneros JA, Lambert DM, López Rodríguez ML, Bajjalieh S, Stella N. Identification of a novel endocannabinoid-hydrolyzing enzyme expressed by microglial cells. J Neurosci 2007; 27:2883-9. [PMID: 17360910 PMCID: PMC6672592 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4830-06.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The endocannabinoids (eCBs) anandamide and 2-arachidonoyl glycerol (2-AG) are inactivated by a two-step mechanism. First, they are carried into cells, and then anandamide is hydrolyzed by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH) and 2-AG by monoacylglycerol lipase (MGL). Here we provide evidence for a previously undescribed MGL activity expressed by microglial cells. We found that the mouse microglial cell line BV-2 does not express MGL mRNA and yet efficiently hydrolyzes 2-AG. URB597 (3'-carbamoyl-biphenyl-3-yl-cyclohexylcarbamate) reduces this hydrolysis by 50%, suggesting the involvement of FAAH. The remaining activity is blocked by classic MGL inhibitors [[1,1-biphenyl]-3-yl-carbamic acid, cyclohexyl ester (URB602) and MAFP (methylarachidonyl fluorophosphate)] and is unaffected by inhibitors of COXs (cyclooxygenases), LOXs (lipooxygenases), and DGLs (diacylglycerol lipases), indicating the involvement of a novel MGL activity. Accordingly, URB602 leads to selective accumulation of 2-AG in intact BV-2 cells. Although MGL expressed in neurons is equally distributed between the cytosolic, mitochondrial, and nuclear fractions, the novel MGL activity expressed by BV-2 cells is enriched in mitochondrial and nuclear fractions. A screen for novel inhibitors of eCB hydrolysis identified several compounds that differentially block MGL, FAAH, and the novel MGL activity. Finally, we provide evidence for expression of the novel MGL by mouse primary microglia in culture. Our results suggest the presence of a novel, pharmacologically distinct, MGL activity that controls 2-AG levels in microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cong Xu
- Departments of Pharmacology and
| | | | | | - Jose Antonio Cisneros
- Departamento de Quimica Organica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and
| | - Didier M. Lambert
- Drug Design and Discovery Center and Unité de Chimie Pharmaceutique et de Radiopharmacie, Université catholique de Louvain, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium
| | - María Luz López Rodríguez
- Departamento de Quimica Organica I, Facultad de Ciencias Quimicas, Universidad Complutense, E-28040 Madrid, Spain, and
| | | | - Nephi Stella
- Departments of Pharmacology and
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195-7280
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47
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Murphy RC, Barkley RM, Zemski Berry K, Hankin J, Harrison K, Johnson C, Krank J, McAnoy A, Uhlson C, Zarini S. Electrospray ionization and tandem mass spectrometry of eicosanoids. Anal Biochem 2005; 346:1-42. [PMID: 15961057 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2005.04.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2005] [Revised: 04/11/2005] [Accepted: 04/27/2005] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Murphy
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado at Denver and Health Sciences Center, Mail Stop 8303, P.O. Box 6511, Aurora, CO 80045-0511, USA.
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48
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Endothelium-derived 2-arachidonylglycerol: an intermediate in vasodilatory eicosanoid release in bovine coronary arteries. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2004; 288:H1344-51. [PMID: 15528233 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00537.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Acetylcholine stimulates the release of endothelium-derived arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites including prostacyclin and epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (EETs), which relax coronary arteries. However, mechanisms of endothelial cell (EC) AA activation remain undefined. We propose that 2-arachidonylglycerol (2-AG) plays an important role in this pathway. An AA metabolite isolated from bovine coronary ECs was identified as 2-AG by mass spectrometry. In ECs pretreated with the fatty acid amidohydrolase inhibitor diazomethylarachidonyl ketone (DAK; 20 micromol/l), methacholine (10 micromol/l)-stimulated 2-AG release was blocked by the phospholipase C inhibitor U-73122 (10 micromol/l) or the diacylglycerol lipase inhibitor RHC-80267 (40 micromol/l). In U-46619-preconstricted bovine coronary arterial rings, 2-AG relaxations averaging 100% at 10 micromol/l were inhibited by endothelium removal, by DAK, by the hydrolase inhibitor methyl arachidonylfluorophosphate (10 micromol/l), by the cyclooxygenase inhibitor indomethacin (10 micromol/l), but not by the CB1 cannabinoid receptor antagonist SR-141716 (1 micromol/l). The cytochrome P-450 inhibitor SKF-525a (10 micromol/l) and the 14,15-epoxyeicosa-5Z-enoic acid EET antagonist (14,15-EEZE; 10 micromol/l) further attenuated the indomethacin-resistant relaxations. The nonhydrolyzable 2-AG analogs noladin ether, 2-AG amide, and 14,15-EET glycerol amide did not induce relaxation. N-nitro-L-arginine-resistant relaxations to methacholine were also inhibited by U-73122, RHC-80267, and DAK. 14,15-EET glycerol ester increased opening of large-conductance K(+) channels 12-fold in cell-attached patches of isolated smooth muscle cells and induced relaxations averaging 95%. These results suggest that methacholine stimulates EC 2-AG production through phospholipase C and diacylglycerol lipase activation. 2-AG is further hydrolyzed to AA, which is metabolized to vasoactive eicosanoids. These studies reveal a role for 2-AG in EC AA release and the regulation of coronary tone.
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49
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Woodward DF, Krauss AHP, Chen J, Liang Y, Li C, Protzman CE, Bogardus A, Chen R, Kedzie KM, Krauss HA, Gil DW, Kharlamb A, Wheeler LA, Babusis D, Welty D, Tang-Liu DDS, Cherukury M, Andrews SW, Burk RM, Garst ME. Pharmacological characterization of a novel antiglaucoma agent, Bimatoprost (AGN 192024). J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2003; 305:772-85. [PMID: 12606640 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.047837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Replacement of the carboxylic acid group of prostaglandin (PG) F(2alpha) with a nonacidic moiety, such as hydroxyl, methoxy, or amido, results in compounds with unique pharmacology. Bimatoprost (AGN 192024) is also a pharmacologically novel PGF(2alpha) analog, where the carboxylic acid is replaced by a neutral ethylamide substituent. Bimatoprost potently contracted the feline lung parenchymal preparation (EC(50) value of 35-55 nM) but exhibited no meaningful activity in a variety of PG-sensitive tissue and cell preparations. Its activity seemed unrelated to FP receptor stimulation according to the following evidence. 1) Bimatoprost exhibited no meaningful activity in tissues and cells containing functional FP receptors. 2) Bimatoprost activity in the cat lung parenchyma is not species-specific because its potent activity in this preparation could not be reproduced in cells stably expressing the feline FP receptor. 3) Radioligand binding studies using feline and human recombinant FP receptors exhibited minimal competition versus [(3)H]17-phenyl PGF(2a) for Bimatoprost. 4) Bimatoprost pretreatment did not attenuate PGF(2alpha)-induced Ca(2+) signals in Swiss 3T3 cells. 5) Regional differences were apparent for Bimatoprost but not FP agonist effects in the cat lung. Bimatoprost reduced intraocular pressure in ocular normotensive and hypertensive monkeys over a 0.001 to 0.1% dose range. A single-dose and multiple-dose ocular distribution/metabolism studies using [(3)H]Bimatoprost (0.1%) were performed. Within the globe, bimatoprost concentrations were 10- to 100-fold higher in anterior segment tissues compared with the aqueous humor. Bimatoprost was overwhelmingly the predominant molecular species identified at all time points in ocular tissues, indicating that the intact molecule reduces intraocular pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- D F Woodward
- Department of Biological Sciences, Allergan, Inc., 2525 Dupont Dr., Irvine, CA 92612, USA.
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50
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Schmid HHO, Schmid PC, Berdyshev EV. Cell signaling by endocannabinoids and their congeners: questions of selectivity and other challenges. Chem Phys Lipids 2002; 121:111-34. [PMID: 12505695 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-3084(02)00157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The major endocannabinoids, anandamide (N-arachidonoylethanolamide, 20:4n-6 N-acylethanolamine) and 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG) are structurally and functionally similar, but they are produced by different metabolic pathways and their levels must therefore be regulated by different mechanisms. Both endocannabinoids are accompanied by cannabinoid receptor-inactive, saturated and mono- or di-unsaturated congeners which can influence their metabolism and function. Here we review published data on the presence and production of anandamide and 2-AG and their congeners in mammalian cells and discuss this information in terms of their proposed signaling functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald H O Schmid
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, 801-16th Avenue N E, Austin, MN 55912, USA.
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