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Riantiningtyas RR, Dougkas A, Kwiecien C, Carrouel F, Giboreau A, Bredie WLP. A review of assessment methods for measuring individual differences in oral somatosensory perception. J Texture Stud 2024; 55:e12849. [PMID: 38961563 DOI: 10.1111/jtxs.12849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/05/2024]
Abstract
While taste and smell perception have been thoroughly investigated, our understanding of oral somatosensory perception remains limited. Further, assessing and measuring individual differences in oral somatosensory perception pose notable challenges. This review aimed to evaluate the existing methods to assess oral somatosensory perception by examining and comparing the strengths and limitations of each method. The review highlighted the lack of standardized assessment methods and the various procedures within each method. Tactile sensitivity can be assessed using several methods, but each method measures different tactile dimensions. Further investigations are needed to confirm its correlation with texture sensitivity. In addition, measuring a single textural attribute may not provide an overall representation of texture sensitivity. Thermal sensitivity can be evaluated using thermal-change detection or temperature discrimination tests. The chemesthetic sensitivity tests involve either localized or whole-mouth stimulation tests. The choice of an appropriate method for assessing oral somatosensory sensitivity depends on several factors, including the specific research objectives and the target population. Each method has its unique intended purpose, strengths, and limitations, so no universally superior approach exists. To overcome some of the limitations associated with certain methods, the review offers alternative or complementary approaches that could be considered. Researchers can enhance the comprehensive assessment of oral somatosensory sensitivity by carefully selecting and potentially combining methods. In addition, a standardized protocol remains necessary for each method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reisya Rizki Riantiningtyas
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
- Health Systemic Process (P2S) Research Unit UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut Lyfe (Ex. Institut Paul Bocuse) Research Center, Ecully, France
| | - Anestis Dougkas
- Institut Lyfe (Ex. Institut Paul Bocuse) Research Center, Ecully, France
- Laboratoire Centre Européen Nutrition et Santé (CENS), CarMeN, Unité INSERM 1060, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Pierre-Bénite, France
| | - Camille Kwiecien
- Danone Global Research & Innovation Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Florence Carrouel
- Health Systemic Process (P2S) Research Unit UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
| | - Agnès Giboreau
- Health Systemic Process (P2S) Research Unit UR4129, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, University of Lyon, Lyon, France
- Institut Lyfe (Ex. Institut Paul Bocuse) Research Center, Ecully, France
| | - Wender L P Bredie
- Section for Food Design and Consumer Behaviour, Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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2
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Novello M, Bosman LWJ, De Zeeuw CI. A Systematic Review of Direct Outputs from the Cerebellum to the Brainstem and Diencephalon in Mammals. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 23:210-239. [PMID: 36575348 PMCID: PMC10864519 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-022-01499-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in many motor, autonomic and cognitive functions, and new tasks that have a cerebellar contribution are discovered on a regular basis. Simultaneously, our insight into the functional compartmentalization of the cerebellum has markedly improved. Additionally, studies on cerebellar output pathways have seen a renaissance due to the development of viral tracing techniques. To create an overview of the current state of our understanding of cerebellar efferents, we undertook a systematic review of all studies on monosynaptic projections from the cerebellum to the brainstem and the diencephalon in mammals. This revealed that important projections from the cerebellum, to the motor nuclei, cerebral cortex, and basal ganglia, are predominantly di- or polysynaptic, rather than monosynaptic. Strikingly, most target areas receive cerebellar input from all three cerebellar nuclei, showing a convergence of cerebellar information at the output level. Overall, there appeared to be a large level of agreement between studies on different species as well as on the use of different types of neural tracers, making the emerging picture of the cerebellar output areas a solid one. Finally, we discuss how this cerebellar output network is affected by a range of diseases and syndromes, with also non-cerebellar diseases having impact on cerebellar output areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuele Novello
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Chris I De Zeeuw
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
- Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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3
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Landry C, Nazar R, Simon M, Genest F, Giguère FL, Lepore F, Frasnelli J. Behavioural evidence for enhanced olfactory and trigeminal perception in congenital hearing loss. Eur J Neurosci 2024; 59:434-445. [PMID: 38185810 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Sensory deprivation, especially hearing loss (HL), offers a valuable model for studying neuroplasticity in the human brain and adaptive behaviours that support the daily lives of those with limited or absent sensory input. The study of olfactory function is particularly important as it is an understudied aspect of sensory deprivation. This study aimed to compare the effects of congenital HL on olfactory capacity by using psychophysical tasks. Methodological concerns from previous studies regarding the onset of HL and cognitive assessments were addressed. We recruited 11 individuals with severe-to-profound sensorineural HL (SNHL) since birth and 11 age- and sex-matched typical hearing non-signers. We used standardized neuropsychological tests to assess typical cognition among participants with SNHL. We evaluated olfactory functions by assessing olfactory detection threshold, odour discrimination and odour identification. Hearing-impaired participants outperformed their typical hearing counterparts in olfactory tasks. We further evaluated the accuracy and response time in identifying and localizing odours to disentangle olfactory sensitivity from trigeminal system sensitivity. Participants with SNHL demonstrated higher sensitivity to both the identification and localization tasks. These findings suggest that congenital SNHL is associated with enhanced higher-level olfactory processing and increased trigeminal sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Landry
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Rim Nazar
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Research Institute of the MUHC, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Marie Simon
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Genest
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, QC, Canada
| | - Fanny Lécuyer Giguère
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Franco Lepore
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Département de Psychologie, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Centre de recherche de l'hôpital Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Département d'anatomie, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, Trois-Rivières, QC, Canada
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4
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Genovese F, Xu J, Tizzano M, Reisert J. Quantifying Peripheral Modulation of Olfaction by Trigeminal Agonists. J Neurosci 2023; 43:7958-7966. [PMID: 37813571 PMCID: PMC10669757 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0489-23.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian nose, two chemosensory systems, the trigeminal and the olfactory mediate the detection of volatile chemicals. Most odorants are able to activate the trigeminal system, and vice versa, most trigeminal agonists activate the olfactory system as well. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation modulates the neural representation of an odor. The mechanisms behind the modulation of olfactory response by trigeminal activation are still poorly understood. We addressed this question by looking at the olfactory epithelium (OE), where olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) and trigeminal sensory fibers co-localize and where the olfactory signal is generated. Our study was conducted in a mouse model. Both sexes, males and females, were included. We characterize the trigeminal activation in response to five different odorants by measuring intracellular Ca2+ changes from primary cultures of trigeminal neurons (TGNs). We also measured responses from mice lacking TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels known to mediate some trigeminal responses. Next, we tested how trigeminal activation affects the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings from wild-type (WT) and TRPA1/V1-knock out (KO) mice. The trigeminal modulation of the olfactory response was determined by measuring responses to the odorant, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), an odorant with little trigeminal potency after stimulation with a trigeminal agonist. Trigeminal agonists induced a decrease in the EOG response to PEA, which depended on the level of TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation induced by the trigeminal agonist. This suggests that trigeminal activation can alter odorant responses even at the earliest stage of the olfactory sensory transduction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Most odorants reaching the olfactory epithelium (OE) can simultaneously activate olfactory and trigeminal systems. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation can alter odor perception. Here, we analyzed the trigeminal activity induced by different odorants proposing an objective quantification of their trigeminal potency independent from human perception. We show that trigeminal activation by odorants reduces the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium and that such modulation correlates with the trigeminal potency of the trigeminal agonist. These results show that the trigeminal system impacts the olfactory response from its earliest stage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiang Xu
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
| | - Marco Tizzano
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
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Licht T, Yunerman M, Maor I, Lawabny N, Oz Rokach R, Shiff I, Mizrahi A, Rokni D. Adaptive olfactory circuitry restores function despite severe olfactory bulb degeneration. Curr Biol 2023; 33:4857-4868.e6. [PMID: 37858342 PMCID: PMC10681124 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2023.09.061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
The olfactory bulb (OB) is a critical component of mammalian olfactory neuroanatomy. Beyond being the first and sole relay station for olfactory information to the rest of the brain, it also contains elaborate stereotypical circuitry that is considered essential for olfaction. Indeed, substantial lesions of the OB in rodents lead to anosmia. Here, we examined the circuitry that underlies olfaction in a mouse model with severe developmental degeneration of the OB. These mice could perform odor-guided tasks and even responded normally to innate olfactory cues. Despite the near total loss of the OB, piriform cortices in these mice responded to odors, and its neural activity sufficed to decode odor identity. We found that sensory neurons express the full repertoire of olfactory receptors, and their axons project primarily to the rudiments of the OB but also, ectopically, to olfactory cortical regions. Within the OB, the number of principal neurons was greatly reduced, and the morphology of their dendrites was abnormal, extending over large regions within the OB. Glomerular organization was totally lost in the severe cases of OB degeneration and altered in the more conserved OBs. This study shows that olfactory functionality can be preserved despite reduced and aberrant circuitry that is missing many of the elements believed to be essential for olfaction, and it may explain reported retention of olfaction in humans with degenerated OBs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar Licht
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Michael Yunerman
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Ido Maor
- Department of Neurobiology, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Naheel Lawabny
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Renana Oz Rokach
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Idit Shiff
- Genomics Applications Laboratory, Core Research Facility, Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adi Mizrahi
- Department of Neurobiology, The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9190401 Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Dan Rokni
- Department of Medical Neurobiology, Faculty of Medicine and IMRIC, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, 9112102 Jerusalem, Israel.
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Frutos-Rincón L, Luna C, Aleixandre-Carrera F, Velasco E, Diaz-Tahoces A, Meseguer V, Gallar J, Acosta MC. The Contribution of TRPA1 to Corneal Thermosensitivity and Blink Regulation in Young and Aged Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12620. [PMID: 37628800 PMCID: PMC10454529 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 07/31/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of TRPA1 in the thermosensitivity of the corneal cold thermoreceptor nerve endings was studied in young and aged mice. The contribution of the TRPA1-dependent activity to basal tearing and thermally-evoked blink was also explored. The corneal cold thermoreceptors' activity was recorded extracellularly in young (5-month-old) and aged (18-month-old) C57BL/6WT (WT) and TRPA1-/- knockout (TRPA1-KO) mice at basal temperature (34 °C) and during cooling (15 °C) and heating (45 °C) ramps. The blink response to cold and heat stimulation of the ocular surface and the basal tearing rate were also measured in young animals using orbicularis oculi muscle electromyography (OOemg) and phenol red threads, respectively. The background activity at 34 °C and the cooling- and heating-evoked responses of the cold thermoreceptors were similar in WT and TRPA1-KO animals, no matter the age. Similar to the aged WT mice, in the young and aged TRPA1-KO mice, most of the cold thermoreceptors presented low frequency background activity, a low cooling threshold, and a sluggish response to heating. The amplitude and duration of the OOemg signals correlated with the magnitude of the induced thermal change in the WT but not in the TRPA1-KO mice. The basal tearing was similar in the TRPA1-KO and WT mice. The electrophysiological data suggest that the TRPA1-dependent nerve activity, which declines with age, contributes to detecting the warming of the ocular surface and also to integrating the thermally-evoked reflex blink.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Frutos-Rincón
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Carolina Luna
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Fernando Aleixandre-Carrera
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Enrique Velasco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Ariadna Diaz-Tahoces
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Víctor Meseguer
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
| | - Juana Gallar
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
- Instituto de Investigación Biomédica y Sanitaria de Alicante, 03010 Alicante, Spain
| | - M. Carmen Acosta
- Instituto de Neurociencias, Universidad Miguel Hernández-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, 03550 San Juan de Alicante, Spain; (L.F.-R.); (C.L.); (F.A.-C.); (E.V.); (A.D.-T.); (V.M.); (J.G.)
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7
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Hernandez AK, Hummel T. Intranasal trigeminal function in chronic rhinosinusitis: a review. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2023; 19:921-938. [PMID: 37379521 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2023.2231149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2023] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) affects 5-12% of the general population with significant effects on quality of life. Chronic inflammation also seems to affect intranasal trigeminal sensitivity. AREAS COVERED A systematic literature search was done in Scopus, Web of Science, and PubMed in February 2023. The review addressed intranasal trigeminal function in patients with CRS and summarized current knowledge on trigeminal function as it relates to the symptoms, assessment, and treatment of CRS. EXPERT OPINION Olfaction and trigeminal function are synergistic and this interaction may contribute to trigeminal dysfunction in CRS. Aside from anatomic blockage through polypoid mucosal changes, trigeminal dysfunction may affect the perception of nasal obstruction in CRS. Upregulated immune defense mechanisms leading to damage of nerve endings, changes in nerve growth factor release or other mechanisms may be responsible for trigeminal dysfunction in CRS. Since the pathophysiology of trigeminal dysfunction in CRS is poorly understood, current treatment recommendations are directed toward the therapy of CRS as an underlying cause, although the effect of surgery and corticosteroids on trigeminal function remains unclear. A standardized and validated trigeminal test that is accessible and easy to use in clinical settings would be beneficial for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Kristina Hernandez
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Philippine General Hospital, University of the Philippines, Manila, Philippines
- Department of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Asian Hospital and Medical Center, Muntinlupa, Philippines
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell and Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculty of Medicine Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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Shusterman D. Trigeminal Function in Sino-Nasal Health and Disease. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1778. [PMID: 37509418 PMCID: PMC10376906 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The upper airway (nasal passages, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, and glottis) provides the sentinel portion of the human respiratory tract, with the combined senses of olfaction (cranial nerve I) and trigeminal sensation (cranial nerve V) signaling the quality of inspired air. Trigeminal function also complements the sense of taste (in turn mediated by cranial nerves VII, IX and X), and participates in the genesis of taste aversions. The ability of trigeminal stimulation in the upper aero-digestive tract to trigger a variety of respiratory and behavioral reflexes has long been recognized. In this context, the last three decades has seen a proliferation of observations at a molecular level regarding the mechanisms of olfaction, irritation, and gustation. Concurrently, an ever-widening network of physiological interactions between olfaction, taste, and trigeminal function has been uncovered. The objective of this review is to summarize the relatively recent expansion of research in this sub-field of sensory science, and to explore the clinical and therapeutic implications thereof.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Shusterman
- Division of Occupational, Environmental and Climate Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0843, USA
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Jiang W, Zou Y, Huang L, Zeng Y, Xiao LD, Chen Q, Zhang F. Gustatory stimulus interventions for older adults with dysphagia: a scoping review. Aging Clin Exp Res 2023:10.1007/s40520-023-02437-4. [PMID: 37209267 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-023-02437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 05/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gustatory stimulus interventions have been shown to improve swallowing function in older adults with dysphagia. However, the optimal intervention strategies as well as their effects and safety remain unclear. AIMS To explore current evidence regarding gustatory stimulus interventions for dysphagia in older adults. METHODS Nine electronic databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, CINAHL, Cochrane Library, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, Wanfang Database, China Science and Technology Journal Database, and Sinomed) were searched from their inception to August 2022. RESULTS This review identified 263 articles, and 15 met the inclusion criteria. The types of gustatory stimulus interventions included spicy (n = 10), sour (n = 3), and mixed (sour-sweet) stimuli (n = 2), with most studies focusing on spicy stimuli. The most frequently reported spicy stimulus was capsaicin. Further, the most commonly reported intervention frequency was thrice a day before meals for 1-4 weeks. The stimuli concentrations and dosages could not be standardized due to the among-study heterogeneity. These studies reported 16 assessment tools and 42 outcomes, which mainly included videofluoroscopy and swallowing response time respectively. More than half of the included studies reported no adverse effects of gustatory stimulus interventions. CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSIONS Gustatory stimulus interventions improved swallowing function in older adults with dysphagia. However, assessment tools and outcomes for dysphagia should be standardized in the future, and explore personalized interventions based on different diseases and their stages, to determine the most cost-effective interventions, and to prevent its complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyi Jiang
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zou
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lei Huang
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yanli Zeng
- School of Nursing, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Lily Dongxia Xiao
- College of Nursing & Health Sciences, Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Qian Chen
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Center of Gerontology and Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- West China School of Nursing, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Alley, Wuhou District, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan, China.
- Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu, China.
- Innovation Center of Nursing Research, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
- West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.
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10
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Ye Y, Cardoso DDM, Kayahara GM, Bernabé DG. A pilot study to improve pain phenotyping in head and neck cancer patients. FRONTIERS IN PAIN RESEARCH 2023; 4:1146667. [PMID: 37251594 PMCID: PMC10211332 DOI: 10.3389/fpain.2023.1146667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain associated with head and neck cancer (HNC) is difficult to manage and reduces quality of life. It has been increasingly recognized that HNC patients exhibit a wide range of pain symptoms. Here we developed an orofacial pain assessment questionnaire and conducted a pilot study to improve pain phenotyping in HNC patients at the diagnosis. The questionnaire captures the following pain characteristics: pain intensity, location, quality, duration, and frequency; the impact of pain on daily activities; changes in smell and food sensitivities. Twenty-five HNC patients completed the questionnaire. 88% patients reported pain at the site of tumor; 36% reported multiple pain sites. All patients with pain reported at least one neuropathic pain (NP) descriptor, 54.5% reported at least two NP descriptors. The most common descriptors were "burning" and "pins and needles". Most patients reported increased pain to sour or hot/spicy food/drinks, and to food with coarse/hard textures. Patients exhibited impaired oral function, especially chewing, talking, mouth/jaw opening, and eating. Tumor progression has a significant impact on pain. Nodal metastasis is linked to pain at multiple body sites. Patients with advanced tumor staging experience greater pain at the primary tumor site, when exposed to hot or spicy food/drinks or food with hard/coarse texture, or when eating or chewing. We conclude that HNC patients experience a wide range of pain symptoms with altered mechanical, chemical, and temperature sensation. Improved phenotyping and stratification of pain in HNC patients will help address the underlying etiology, which may enable personalized therapeutic approaches in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ye
- Translational Research Center, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
- Pain Research Center, Department of Molecular Pathobiology, New York University College of Dentistry, New York, NY, United States
| | - Diovana de Melo Cardoso
- Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giseli Mitsuy Kayahara
- Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Daniel Galera Bernabé
- Oral Oncology Center, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araçatuba, São Paulo, Brazil
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Federica G, Jiang X, Marco T, Johannes R. Quantifying peripheral modulation of olfaction by trigeminal agonists. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.03.13.532477. [PMID: 36993353 PMCID: PMC10054987 DOI: 10.1101/2023.03.13.532477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In the mammalian nose, two chemosensory systems, the trigeminal and the olfactory mediate the detection of volatile chemicals. Most odorants in fact are able to activate the trigeminal system, and vice versa, most trigeminal agonists activate the olfactory system as well. Although these two systems constitute two separate sensory modalities, trigeminal activation modulates the neural representation of an odor. The mechanisms behind the modulation of olfactory response by trigeminal activation are still poorly understood. In this study, we addressed this question by looking at the olfactory epithelium, where olfactory sensory neurons and trigeminal sensory fibers co-localize and where the olfactory signal is generated. We characterize the trigeminal activation in response to five different odorants by measuring intracellular Ca2+ changes from primary cultures of trigeminal neurons (TGNs). We also measured responses from mice lacking TRPA1 and TRPV1 channels known to mediate some trigeminal responses. Next, we tested how trigeminal activation affects the olfactory response in the olfactory epithelium using electro-olfactogram (EOG) recordings from WT and TRPA1/V1-KO mice. The trigeminal modulation of the olfactory response was determined by measuring responses to the odorant, 2-phenylethanol (PEA), an odorant with little trigeminal potency after stimulation with a trigeminal agonist. Trigeminal agonists induced a decrease in the EOG response to PEA, which depended on the level of TRPA1 and TRPV1 activation induced by the trigeminal agonist. This suggests that trigeminal activation can alter odorant responses even at the earliest stage of the olfactory sensory transduction.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu Jiang
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Tizzano Marco
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, 19104 Philadelphia, PA, USA
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12
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Akiyama T, Curtis E, Carstens MI, Carstens E. Enhancement of allyl isothiocyanate-evoked responses of mouse trigeminal ganglion cells by the kokumi substance γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-EVG) through activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). Physiol Behav 2023; 260:114063. [PMID: 36563734 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.114063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Some γ-glutamyl peptides including glutathione (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly) and γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-Glu-Val-Gly= γ-EVG) are reported to increase the intensity of basic tastes, such as salty, sweet, and umami, although they have no taste themselves at tested concentrations. The mechanism of action of γ-glutamyl peptides is not clearly understood, but the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) may be involved. Glutathione and γ-EVG enhance the pungency of some spices, and the present study investigated the effects of γ-EVG on the responses of trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells to thermosensitiveTRP channel agonists. Single-cell RT-PCR revealed that most CaSR-expressing cells co-expressed TRPV1 (sensitive to capsaicin) and TRPA1 (sensitive to allyl isothiocyanate= AITC). Intracellular Ca2+ imaging showed that pretreatment with γ-EVG excited 7% of trigeminal ganglion (TG) cells and increased the amplitude of their responses to AITC, but not to capsaicin or menthol. The enhancing effect of γ-EVG was prevented by a CaSR inhibitor. The results indicate that γ-EVG increases AITC pungency by activating a subset of trigeminal ganglion cells that co-express CaSR and TRPA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasuku Akiyama
- Dept. of Dermatology & Cutaneous Surgery, Univ. of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami FL United States of America
| | - Eric Curtis
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - M Iodi Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - E Carstens
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America.
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13
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Novaleski CK, Doty RL, Nolden AA, Wise PM, Mainland JD, Dalton PH. Examining the Influence of Chemosensation on Laryngeal Health and Disorders. J Voice 2023; 37:234-244. [PMID: 33455853 PMCID: PMC8277875 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2020.12.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 12/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Inhaled airborne stimuli are associated with laryngeal disorders affecting respiration. Clinically, several themes emerged from the literature that point to specific gaps in the understanding and management of these disorders. There is wide variation in the types of airborne stimuli that trigger symptoms, lack of standardization in provocation challenge testing using airborne stimuli, and vague reporting of laryngeal symptoms. Scientifically, evidence exists outside the field of voice science that could prove useful to implement among patients with impaired laryngeal-respiration. To expand this area of expertise, here we provide a thematic overview of relevant evidence and methodological tools from the discipline of chemosensory sciences. This review provides distinctions across the three chemosensory systems of olfaction, trigeminal chemesthesis, and gustation, guidance on selecting and delivering common chemosensory stimuli for clinical testing, and methods of quantifying sensory experiences using principles of human psychophysics. Investigating the science of chemosensation reveals that laryngeal responses to inhaled airborne stimuli have explanations involving physiological mechanisms as well as higher cognitive processing. Fortunately, these findings are consistent with current pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions for impaired laryngeal-respiration. Based on the close relationships among inhaled airborne stimuli, respiration, and laryngeal function, we propose that new perspectives from chemosensory sciences offer opportunities to improve patient care and target areas of future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn K Novaleski
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Communicative Sciences and Disorders, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan; Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota.
| | - Richard L Doty
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Alissa A Nolden
- Department of Food Science, University of Massachusetts-Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts
| | - Paul M Wise
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Joel D Mainland
- Monell Chemical Senses Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Department of Neuroscience, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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14
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Baraldi C, Lo Castro F, Ornello R, Sacco S, Pani L, Guerzoni S. OnabotulinumtoxinA: Still the Present for Chronic Migraine. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:59. [PMID: 36668879 PMCID: PMC9865956 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15010059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
OnabotulinumtoxinA (BT-A) is one of the few drugs approved for the preventive treatment of chronic migraine (CM). Despite this, some aspects of its mechanism of action are still a matter of debate, and the precise magnitude of BT-A effects needs to be completely elucidated. BT-A acts primarily upon trigeminal and cervical nerve endings, by inhibiting the release of inflammatory mediators such as calcitonin gene-related peptide, as well as reducing the insertion of ionotropic and metabotropic receptors into the neuronal membrane. These actions increase the depolarization threshold of trigeminal and cervical nerve fibers, thus reducing their activation. The central actions of BT-A are still a matter of debate: a retrograde axonal transport has been postulated, but not clearly assessed in humans. Clinically, the efficacy of BT-A in CM has been assessed by large, randomized placebo-controlled trials, such as the Phase 3 REsearch Evaluating Migraine Prophylaxis Therapy (PREEMPT) trials. Those results were also confirmed in a wide range of open-label studies, even for long-term periods. Recently, novel findings have led to a better understanding of its pharmacological actions and clinical usefulness in migraine prevention. This narrative review summarizes, updates and critically revises the available data on BT-A and its possible implementation in chronic migraine. Moreover, the current role of BT-A in CM treatment has been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Baraldi
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, PhD School in Neurosciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Flavia Lo Castro
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Post Graduate School of Pharmacology and Clinical Toxicology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Raffaele Ornello
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Simona Sacco
- Department of Applied Clinical Sciences and Biotechnology, University of L’Aquila, 67100 L’Aquila, Italy
| | - Luca Pani
- Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, Pharmacology Unit, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41124 Modena, Italy
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
- VeraSci, Durham, NC 27707, USA
- Department of Specialist Medicines, Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology-Headache Center and Drug Abuse, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU Policlinico Di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
| | - Simona Guerzoni
- Department of Specialist Medicines, Digital and Predictive Medicine, Pharmacology and Clinical Metabolic Toxicology-Headache Center and Drug Abuse, Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics, AOU Policlinico Di Modena, 41124 Modena, Italy
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15
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Advances in the Pharmacological Activities and Effects of Perilla Ketone and Isoegomaketone. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:8809792. [PMCID: PMC9635969 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8809792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As components of a traditional Chinese herbal medicine with many physiological activities, perilla ketone and isoegomaketone isolated from perilla essential oil are important active components of Perilla frutescens. Recent studies have shown that these two compounds have promising antitumor, antifungal, antirheumatoid arthritis, antiobesity, anti-inflammatory, healing-promoting, and other activities and can be used to combat toxicity from immunotherapy. Therefore, the multitude of pharmacological activities and effects demonstrate the broad research potential of perilla ketone and isoegomaketone. However, no reviews have been published related to the pharmacological activities or effects of perilla ketone and isoegomaketone. The purpose of this review is as follows: (1) outline the recent advances made in understanding the pharmacological activities of perilla ketone and isoegomaketone; (2) summarize their effects; and (3) discuss future research perspectives.
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16
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Wang H, Yang G, Zheng C. The cross‐modal effect of color and roughness on the perception of spiciness. J SENS STUD 2022. [DOI: 10.1111/joss.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Han Wang
- School of Education Tianjin University Tianjin China
- Institute of Applied Psychology Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Guangyu Yang
- School of Education Tianjin University Tianjin China
| | - Chundong Zheng
- College of Management and Economics Tianjin University Tianjin China
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17
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Wirta DL, Senchyna M, Lewis AE, Evans DG, McLaurin EB, Ousler GW, Hollander DA. A randomized, vehicle-controlled, Phase 2b study of two concentrations of the TRPM8 receptor agonist AR-15512 in the treatment of dry eye disease (COMET-1). Ocul Surf 2022; 26:166-173. [PMID: 35970431 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtos.2022.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Dry eye disease (DED) symptoms can negatively impact quality of life (QoL). AR-15512, a transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) agonist, was evaluated as a potential therapy for DED. METHODS In a Phase 2b study, patients with DED were randomized 1:1:1 to 0.0014% AR-15512, 0.003% AR-15512, or vehicle twice daily for 12 weeks. Eligibility criteria included DED signs and symptoms of prespecified severity levels. Outcomes assessed were DED signs (Schirmer score ± anesthetic, ocular surface staining, hyperemia), symptoms (Ocular Discomfort [ODS-VAS], Symptoms Assessment iN Dry Eye [SANDE], Eye Dryness-VAS, Ocular Pain-VAS), QoL-VAS, and adverse events. Co-primary endpoints were changes from baseline in ODS-VAS and anesthetized Schirmer score at Day 28. RESULTS 0.003% AR-15512 (n = 122) was associated with early and sustained improvements in unanesthetized Schirmer score (Days 1 and 14, p < 0.0001), as well as improvements in ocular surface staining (Days 14 and 84, p ≤ 0.0365) and hyperemia (Day 84, p < 0.0215). Statistically significant improvements in symptoms were observed for the 0.003% concentration on SANDE (Days 14, 28, and 84, p ≤ 0.0254), ODS-VAS (Day 84, p = 0.0281), Eye Dryness-VAS (Day 84, p = 0.0302), and multiple QoL measures (Days 14, 28, and 84, p < 0.05). There were no significant differences between active and vehicle groups for the co-primary endpoints. The most common adverse events were burning and stinging upon instillation. CONCLUSIONS Although predefined co-primary study endpoints were not met, AR-15512 demonstrated statistically significant improvements in DED signs, symptoms, and disease-related QoL.
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18
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Büchner K, Haagen J, Sastrosubroto A, Kerpes R, Freiherr J, Becker T. Trigeminal Stimulus Menthol Masks Bitter Off-Flavor of Artificial Sweetener Acesulfame-K. Foods 2022; 11:foods11182734. [PMID: 36140868 PMCID: PMC9497717 DOI: 10.3390/foods11182734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Consumer health concerns and regulatory policies lead to a growing demand for sugar-sweetened beverage alternatives. A reduced energy content can be achieved using artificial sweeteners, which often also convey a metallic or bitter off-flavor. Therefore, the alteration of sweetness perception and masking of potential off-flavors are paramount for improving sweet beverages. Trigeminal stimuli, such as capsaicin (spicy) or menthol (cooling), have been used to influence taste perception in food items, although their use in beverages has not yet been systematically investigated. Here, the influence of menthol on sweetness perception in an aqueous solution is examined both on the sensory and psychophysiological level. The addition of menthol had no sensory effect on sweetness perception; however, psychophysiological measurements suggest a boost in the physiological response to cold perception through the addition of sugar. Moreover, menthol addition shifted the recognition threshold of unpleasant bitterness of the sweetener acesulfame-K from 21.35 to 36.93 mg/L, masking the off-flavor. These findings illuminate the complexity of trigeminal perception influences on taste. Further investigation of these effects can render trigeminal stimuli an effective tool to enhance beverage aroma and flavor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Büchner
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Research Group Beverage and Cereal Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Jana Haagen
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Research Group Beverage and Cereal Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Ashtri Sastrosubroto
- Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
| | - Roland Kerpes
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Research Group Beverage and Cereal Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-8161-71-3277
| | - Jessica Freiherr
- Sensory Analytics and Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute for Process Engineering and Packaging IVV, Giggenhauser Strasse 35, 85354 Freising, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas Becker
- Chair of Brewing and Beverage Technology, Research Group Beverage and Cereal Biotechnology, Technical University of Munich, Weihenstephaner Steig 20, 85354 Freising, Germany
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Transient Receptor Potential Channels: Important Players in Ocular Pain and Dry Eye Disease. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14091859. [PMID: 36145607 PMCID: PMC9506338 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14091859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Dry eye disease (DED) is a multifactorial disorder in which the eyes respond to minor stimuli with abnormal sensations, such as dryness, blurring, foreign body sensation, discomfort, irritation, and pain. Corneal pain, as one of DED’s main symptoms, has gained recognition due to its increasing prevalence, morbidity, and the resulting social burden. The cornea is the most innervated tissue in the body, and the maintenance of corneal integrity relies on a rich density of nociceptors, such as polymodal nociceptor neurons, cold thermoreceptor neurons, and mechano-nociceptor neurons. Their sensory responses to different stimulating forces are linked to the specific expression of transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. TRP channels are a group of unique ion channels that play important roles as cellular sensors for various stimuli. These channels are nonselective cation channels with variable Ca2+ selectivity. TRP homologs are a superfamily of 28 different members that are subdivided into 7 different subfamilies based on differences in sequence homology. Many of these subtypes are expressed in the eye on both neuronal and non-neuronal cells, where they affect various stress-induced regulatory responses essential for normal vision maintenance. This article reviews the current knowledge about the expression, function, and regulation of TRPs in ocular surface tissues. We also describe their implication in DED and ocular pain. These findings contribute to evidence suggesting that drug-targeting TRP channels may be of therapeutic benefit in the clinical setting of ocular pain.
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20
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Kitajima S, Maruyama Y, Sasaki K, Tajima T, Kuroda M. Increases in the pungency of allyl isothiocyanate and piperine by CaSR agonists, glutathione and γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine. Physiol Behav 2022; 256:113952. [PMID: 36027984 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2022.113952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
γ-Glutamyl peptides, including glutathione (γ-Glu-Cys-Gly, GSH) and γ-glutamyl-valyl-glycine (γ-Glu-Val-Gly), have been shown to increase the intensity of basic tastes, such as salty, sweet, and umami, and flavor, including mouthfulness, but had no taste themselves at the concentrations tested. Although the mechanisms of action of γ-glutamyl peptides currently remain unclear, the involvement of the calcium sensing receptor (CaSR) has been suggested. Since GSH and γ-Glu-Val-Gly increase the pungency of some spices, the present study investigated their effects on the pungency of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) using a sensory evaluation. GSH and γ-Glu-Val-Gly both significantly increased the pungency of AITC, while anserine, a peptide without CaSR activity, did not. GSH-induced increases in pungency were suppressed by NPS-2143, a CaSR inhibitor. Further, γ-Glu-Val-Gly significantly increased the pungency of piperine. The present results suggest that GSH and γ-Glu-Val-Gly increased the pungency by activating CaSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seiji Kitajima
- Institute of Food Research and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Yutaka Maruyama
- Institute of Food Research and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Keita Sasaki
- Institute of Food Research and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Takaho Tajima
- Institute of Food Research and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan
| | - Motonaka Kuroda
- Institute of Food Research and Technologies, Ajinomoto Co., Inc., 1-1 Suzuki-cho, Kawasaki-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa 210-8681, Japan.
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21
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Chigwedere CM, Wanasundara JPD, Shand PJ. Sensory descriptors for pulses and pulse-derived ingredients: Toward a standardized lexicon and sensory wheel. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:999-1023. [PMID: 35122393 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 11/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The organoleptic quality of pulses and their derived ingredients is fundamental in human utilization and evolution of food. However, the widespread use of pulses is hindered by their inherent sensorial aspects, which are regarded as atypical by the consumers who are unfamiliar to them. In most studies involving sensory assessment of pulses and pulse-ingredients using classical descriptive analysis methods, assessors establish their own lexica. This review is a synthesis of descriptive terms by which sensations emanating from pea, chickpea, lentil, faba bean, dry bean, bambara groundnut, lupin, pigeon pea and cowpea, and their derived ingredients have been described in the literature. Studies involving sensory assessment of processed whole seeds, slurries of raw flour, slurries of protein extracted from raw flour, and food products containing components of pulses were considered. The terms are categorized into those denoting basic taste, aroma, flavor, and trigeminal sensations. Bitterness is the most widely perceived basic taste. Beany, which is broad and complex with subcharacter notes, is predominantly used to describe aroma and flavor. The frequency of use of the collated terms in the reviewed studies was used to establish a sensory wheel. Inconsistency in the use of descriptive terms in the literature necessitates establishment of a standard lexicon that can be applied in both classical and increasingly popular rapid descriptive methods (e.g., check-all-that-apply) throughout the pulse value chain. This review is timely considering the dominance of pulses in plant-based foods and their increasing appeal to the food industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire M Chigwedere
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Janitha P D Wanasundara
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada.,Saskatoon Research and Development Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, Canada
| | - Phyllis J Shand
- Department of Food and Bioproduct Sciences, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Canada
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22
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Ruiz-Ceamanos A, Spence C, Navarra J. Individual Differences in Chemosensory Perception Amongst Cancer Patients Undergoing Chemotherapy: A Narrative Review. Nutr Cancer 2022; 74:1927-1941. [PMID: 35102800 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2021.2000625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Chemotherapy is an aggressive form of treatment for cancer and its toxicity directly affects the eating behavior of many patients, usually by adversely affecting their sense of smell and/or taste. These sensory alterations often lead to serious nutritional deficiencies that can jeopardize the patient's recovery, and even continue to affect their lives once treatment has terminated. Importantly, however, not all patients suffer from such alterations to their chemical senses; and those who do, do not necessarily describe the side effects in quite the same way, nor suffer from them with equal intensity. The origin of these individual differences between cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy treatment has not, as yet, been studied in detail. This review is therefore designed to encourage future research that can help to address the perceptual/sensory problems (and the consequent malnutrition) identified amongst this group of patients in a more customized/personalized manner. In particular, by providing an overview of the possible causes of these large individual differences that have been reported in the literature. For this reason, in addition to the narrative bibliographic review, several possible strategies that could help to improve the chemosensory perception of food are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ruiz-Ceamanos
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CETT-UB, Barcelona School of Tourism, Hospitality and Gastronomy, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charles Spence
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jordi Navarra
- Faculty of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Development and Educational Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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The Toxicity of Wiped Dust and Airborne Microbes in Individual Classrooms Increase the Risk of Teachers' Work-Related Symptoms: A Cross-Sectional Study. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10111360. [PMID: 34832514 PMCID: PMC8624243 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10111360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The causes and pathophysiological mechanisms of building-related symptoms (BRS) remain open. Objective: We aimed to investigate the association between teachers’ individual work-related symptoms and intrinsic in vitro toxicity in classrooms. This is a further analysis of a previously published dataset. Methods: Teachers from 15 Finnish schools in Helsinki responded to the symptom survey. The boar sperm motility inhibition assay, a sensitive indicator of mitochondrial dysfunction, was used to measure the toxicity of wiped dust and cultured microbial fallout samples collected from the teachers’ classrooms. Results: 231 teachers whose classroom toxicity data had been collected responded to the questionnaire. Logistic regression analysis adjusted for age, gender, smoking, and atopy showed that classroom dust intrinsic toxicity was statistically significantly associated with the following 12 symptoms reported by teachers (adjusted ORs in parentheses): nose stuffiness (4.1), runny nose (6.9), hoarseness (6.4), globus sensation (9.0), throat mucus (7.6), throat itching (4.4), shortness of breath (12.2), dry cough (4.7), wet eyes (12.7), hypersensitivity to sound (7.9), difficulty falling asleep (7.6), and increased need for sleep (7.7). Toxicity of cultured microbes was found to be associated with nine symptoms (adjusted ORs in parentheses): headache (2.3), nose stuffiness (2.2), nose dryness (2.2), mouth dryness (2.8), hoarseness (2.2), sore throat (2.8), throat mucus (2.3), eye discharge (10.2), and increased need for sleep (3.5). Conclusions: The toxicity of classroom dust and airborne microbes in boar sperm motility inhibition assay significantly increased teachers’ risk of work-related respiratory and ocular symptoms. Potential pathophysiological mechanisms of BRS are discussed.
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Pankow JF, Luo W, McWhirter KJ, Motti CS, Watson CH. Measurement of the Free-Base Nicotine Fraction (α fb) in Electronic Cigarette Liquids by Headspace Solid-Phase Microextraction. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:2227-2233. [PMID: 34610240 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method for determining the fraction of free-base nicotine (αfb) in electronic cigarette liquids ("e-liquids") based on headspace solid-phase microextraction (h-SPME) is described. The free-base concentration ce,fb = αfbce,T, where ce,T is the total (free-base + protonated) nicotine in the liquid. For gas/liquid equilibrium of the volatile free-base form, the headspace nicotine concentration is proportional to ce,fb and thus also to αfb. Headspace nicotine is proportionally absorbed with an SPME fiber. The fiber is thermally desorbed in the heated inlet of a gas chromatograph coupled to a mass spectrometer: the desorbed nicotine is measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. For a second h-SPME measurement, an adequate base is added to the sample vial to convert essentially all protonated nicotine to the free-base form (αfb → 1.0). The ratio of the first h-SPME measurement to the second h-SPME measurement gives αfb in the initial sample. Using gaseous ammonia as the added base, the method was (1) verified using lab-prepared e-liquid solutions with known αfb values and (2) used to determine the αfb values for 18 commercial e-liquids. The measured αfb values ranged from 0.0 to 1.0. Increasing measurement error with decreasing αfb caused modestly lower method precision at small αfb. Adding a liquid organic base may be more convenient than adding gaseous ammonia: one of the samples was examined using triethylamine as the added base; the measurements agreed well (with ammonia, 0.27 ± 0.01; with triethylamine, 0.26 ± 0.04). Other workers have proposed examining the nicotine protonation state in e-liquids using three steps: (1) 1:10 dilution with CO2-free water; (2) measurement of pH; and (3) calculation of the resulting values for αfb,w,1:10, the free-base fraction in the diluted mostly aqueous phase. As expected and verified here, because of the generally greater abilities of organic acids to protonate nicotine in water versus in an e-liquid phase, αfb,w,1:10 values can be significantly less than actual e-liquid αfb values when αfb is not close to either 0 or 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- James F Pankow
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Wentai Luo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Kevin J McWhirter
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Christopher S Motti
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Portland State University, Portland, Oregon 97207, United States
| | - Clifford H Watson
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Highway, NE, MS F-47, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, United States
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25
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Bogdanov V, Reinhard J, McGlone F, Haehner A, Simons CT, Hummel T. Oral Somatosensory Sensitivity in Patients With Taste Disturbance. Laryngoscope 2021; 131:2572-2577. [PMID: 34435674 DOI: 10.1002/lary.29843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The significance of the human sense of taste is typically underestimated until it is altered or even lost. Hypogeusia, a diminished capacity to taste, has an adverse influence on a patient's quality of life. Similar to interactions between the oral senses and between olfaction and intranasal trigeminal sensitivity, taste disturbance may also affect the mechanosensitivity of the tongue. In this study, we investigated the lingual tactile sensitivity of patients with subjective taste disturbance and people with normogeusia. STUDY DESIGN Prospective case-control study. METHODS Forty-six patients with subjective taste disturbance (mean age 60 years) and 43 participants with normogeusia (mean age 55 years) were enrolled and underwent a stereognostic test of edge and point sensitivity based on 3D-printed letters sized from 2 to 8 mm. Gustatory function and salivary production were also tested. RESULTS Patients with dysgeusia needed significantly bigger letters to recognize them compared with controls (P = .01). Apart from this, patients with dysgeusia had no significant association between gustatory function and salivary production. Duration of dysgeusia and age were not associated with the presently obtained measures of gustatory or oral mechanosensory function. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study indicate that taste dysfunction has a negative impact on oral mechanosensitivity and hence possibly on oral texture perception. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE 3 Laryngoscope, 131:2572-2577, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasyl Bogdanov
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany.,Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Carl-Thiem-Klinikum Cottbus gGmbH, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Jule Reinhard
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Francis McGlone
- Faculty of Health, School of Psychology, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Antje Haehner
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - Chris T Simons
- CFAES Department of Food Science & Technology, Columbus, Ohio, U.S.A
| | - Thomas Hummel
- Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
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26
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Barry E, Regan J. An examination into the effect of genetic taste status and intensity of carbonation on swallowing and palatability in healthy young adults. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LANGUAGE & COMMUNICATION DISORDERS 2021; 56:812-825. [PMID: 34125468 DOI: 10.1111/1460-6984.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysphagia is a highly prevalent condition and affects a wide range of cohorts. A common compensatory strategy to manage dysphagia is diet modification. However, this technique is often associated with poor patient quality of life and adverse long-term effects. Carbonated liquids have shown promise as an alternative compensatory strategy for the management of dysphagia. AIMS To examine the effect of genetic taste status and intensity of carbonation on swallowing and palatability in a healthy young adult population. To examine the palatability of carbonated liquids over time. METHODS & PROCEDURES A total of 35 healthy young adults were recruited for this prospective, quantitative cohort study. They each drank 150 ml of still water (SW), lightly carbonated water (LCW) and highly carbonated water (HCW). Swallow function, palatability and genetic taste status were assessed using the timed water swallow test, the hedonic general labelled magnitude scale and participant ratings of the bitterness of propylthiouracil strips, respectively. Participants were divided into groups of supertasters, moderate tasters and non-tasters. OUTCOMES & RESULTS A significant difference was found between SW and HCW on three tests of swallow function. Average time per swallow increased (p = 0.03), average swallow velocity decreased (p = 0.001) and average volume per swallow decreased (p = 0.017) on HCW compared with SW. HCW had a greater impact on swallow function than LCW. A significant mean difference in palatability ratings was found across intensity levels of carbonated fluids (p = 0.002), specifically between SW and HCW (p = 0.001). HCW was less palatable than SW. The palatability of carbonated liquids, investigated within a subgroup of five participants, did not decrease after a 24-h period during which participants only drank carbonated liquids (p = 0.102). A significant difference was found between supertasters' (n = 9) (mean = 13.33) and non-tasters' (n = 20) (mean = -24.5) palatability ratings of HCW (p = 0.03). Despite differences in swallow function between SW and HCW, no differences were detected between supertasters' and non-tasters' swallow function on SW, LCW or HCW. CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS Carbonated liquids have the ability to alter swallow function in a healthy young adult population; however, liquids must be highly carbonated in order to have an effect. Additionally, highly carbonated liquids are less palatable than SW, but the palatability of carbonated liquids does not decrease over time. Furthermore, supertasters find HCW more palatable than non-tasters. These findings suggest that carbonated liquids alter swallowing in a healthy population. Further research in a clinical population is needed to better understand the potential role of sensory stimulation as a dysphagia intervention. WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS What is already known on the subject Several studies have found that carbonated liquids have the ability to alter swallow function in both healthy and clinical populations. However, there is a lack of evidence around the optimum intensity of CO2 in carbonated liquids and the palatability of carbonated liquids as well as the palatability of carbonated fluids over time. What this paper adds to existing knowledge The findings from this study suggest that carbonated liquids can alter swallow function in a healthy young adult population, but liquids must be highly carbonated in order to have an effect. HCW is less palatable than SW, but the palatability of carbonated liquids does not decrease over time. Additionally, supertasters find HCW more palatable than non-supertasters (non-tasters). What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? The findings from this study suggest that carbonated liquids may be suitable for use as a sensory stimulation technique for people with dysphagia, as their palatability does not decrease over time; however, further research in a clinical population is needed in order to determine this. Additionally, intensity of stimulus is an important factor to consider during dysphagia evaluation to identify what intensity is required to optimize swallowing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Barry
- Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Julie Regan
- Department of Clinical Speech and Language Studies, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland
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27
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Jaffal SM, Abbas MA. TRP channels in COVID-19 disease: Potential targets for prevention and treatment. Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109567. [PMID: 34166652 PMCID: PMC8217345 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 [COVID-19] is a global health threat caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV2] that requires two proteins for entry: angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 [ACE2] and -membrane protease serine 2 [TMPRSS2]. Many patients complain from pneumonia, cough, fever, and gastrointestinal (GI) problems. Notably, different TRP channels are expressed in various tissues infected by SARS-CoV-2. TRP channels are cation channels that show a common architecture with high permeability to calcium [Ca2+] in most sub-families. Literature review shed light on the possible role of TRP channels in COVID-19 disease. TRP channels may take part in inflammation, pain, fever, anosmia, ageusia, respiratory, cardiovascular, GI and neurological complications related to COVID-19. Also, TRP channels could be the targets for many active compounds that showed effectiveness against SARS-CoV-2. Desensitization or blocking TRP channels by antibodies, aptamers, small molecules or venoms can be an option for COVID-19 prevention and future treatment. This review provides insights into the involvement of TRP channels in different symptoms and mechanisms of SARS-CoV-2 , potential treatments targeting these channels and highlights missing gaps in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahar M Jaffal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, The University of Jordan, 11942, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Manal A Abbas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Faculty of Allied Medical Sciences, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan; Pharmacological and Diagnostic Research Center, Al-Ahliyya Amman University, 19328, Amman, Jordan
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28
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Kashiwadani H, Higa Y, Sugimura M, Kuwaki T. Linalool odor-induced analgesia is triggered by TRPA1-independent pathway in mice. Behav Brain Funct 2021; 17:3. [PMID: 33902628 PMCID: PMC8077846 DOI: 10.1186/s12993-021-00176-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
We had recently reported that linalool odor exposure induced significant analgesic effects in mice and that the effects were disappeared in olfactory-deprived mice in which the olfactory epithelium was damaged, thus indicating that the effects were triggered by chemical senses evoked by linalool odor exposure. However, the peripheral neuronal mechanisms, including linalool receptors that contribute toward triggering the linalool odor-induced analgesia, still remain unexplored. In vitro studies have shown that the transient receptor potential ankyrin 1 (TRPA1) responded to linalool, thus raising the possibility that TRPA1 expressed on the trigeminal nerve terminal detects linalool odor inhaled into the nostril and triggers the analgesic effects. To address this hypothesis, we measured the behavioral pain threshold for noxious mechanical stimulation in TRPA1-deficient mice. In contrast to our expectation, we found a significant increase in the threshold after linalool odor exposure in TRPA1-deficient mice, indicating the analgesic effects of linalool odor even in TRPA1-deficient mice. Furthermore, intranasal application of TRPA1 selective antagonist did not alter the analgesic effect of linalool odor. These results showed that the linalool odor-induced analgesia was triggered by a TRPA1-independent pathway in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideki Kashiwadani
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.
| | - Yurina Higa
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan.,Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Mitsutaka Sugimura
- Department of Dental Anesthesiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Kuwaki
- Department of Physiology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, 8-35-1 Sakuragaoka, Kagoshima, 890-8544, Japan
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29
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Feng XD, Zhu JQ, Zhou JH, Lin FY, Feng B, Shi XW, Pan QL, Yu J, Li LJ, Cao HC. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-mediated upregulation of CD99 promotes the proliferation of placental mesenchymal stem cells by regulating ERK1/2. World J Stem Cells 2021; 13:317-330. [PMID: 33959221 PMCID: PMC8080541 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v13.i4.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/11/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As human placenta-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hP-MSCs) exist in a physiologically hypoxic microenvironment, various studies have focused on the influence of hypoxia. However, the underlying mechanisms remain to be further explored. AIM The aim was to reveal the possible mechanisms by which hypoxia enhances the proliferation of hP-MSCs. METHODS A hypoxic cell incubator (2.5% O2) was used to mimic a hypoxic microenvironment. Cell counting kit-8 and 5-ethynyl-20-deoxyuridine incorporation assays were used to assay the proliferation of hP-MSCs. The cell cycle was profiled by flow cytometry. Transcriptome profiling of hP-MSCs under hypoxia was performed by RNA sequencing. CD99 mRNA expression was assayed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Small interfering RNA-mediated hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) or CD99 knockdown of hP-MSCs, luciferase reporter assays, and the ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor PD98059 were used in the mechanistic analysis. Protein expression was assayed by western blotting; immunofluorescence assays were conducted to evaluate changes in expression levels. RESULTS Hypoxia enhanced hP-MSC proliferation, increased the expression of cyclin E1, cyclin-dependent kinase 2, and cyclin A2, and decreased the expression of p21. Under hypoxia, CD99 expression was increased by HIF-1α. CD99-specific small interfering RNA or the ERK1/2 signaling inhibitor PD98059 abrogated the hypoxia-induced increase in cell proliferation. CONCLUSION Hypoxia promoted hP-MSCs proliferation in a manner dependent on CD99 regulation of the MAPK/ERK signaling pathway in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu-Dong Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Qi Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Hang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fei-Yan Lin
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Bing Feng
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiao-Wei Shi
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiao-Ling Pan
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jiong Yu
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lan-Juan Li
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Cui Cao
- State Key Laboratory for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310003, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Sbrana MF, Fornazieri MA, Bruni-Cardoso A, Avelino-Silva VI, Schechtman D, Voegels RL, Malnic B, Glezer I, de Rezende Pinna F. Olfactory Dysfunction in Frontline Health Care Professionals During COVID-19 Pandemic in Brazil. Front Physiol 2021; 12:622987. [PMID: 33767631 PMCID: PMC7985267 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.622987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Upper respiratory viral infections can decrease the sense of smell either by inflammatory restriction of nasal airflow that carries the odorant molecules or through interference in olfactory sensory neuron function. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, triggered by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), worldwide reports of severe smell loss (anosmia/hyposmia) revealed a different type of olfactory dysfunction associated with respiratory virus infection. Since self-reported perception of smell is subjective and SARS-CoV-2 exposure is variable in the general population, we aimed to study a population that would be more homogeneously exposed to the virus. Here, we investigated the prevalence of olfactory loss in frontline health professionals diagnosed with COVID-19 in Brazil, one of the major epicenters of the disease. We also analyzed the rate of olfactory function recovery and the particular characteristics of olfactory deficit in this population. A widely disclosed cross-sectional online survey directed to health care workers was developed by a group of researchers to collect data concerning demographic information, general symptoms, otolaryngological symptoms, comorbidities, and COVID-19 test results. Of the 1,376 health professionals who completed the questionnaire, 795 (57.8%) were working directly with COVID-19 patients, either in intensive care units, emergency rooms, wards, outpatient clinics, or other areas. Five-hundred forty-one (39.3%) participants tested positive for SARS-CoV-2, and 509 (37%) were not tested. Prevalence of olfactory dysfunction in COVID-19-positive subjects was 83.9% (454 of 541) compared to 12.9% (42 of 326) of those who tested negative and to 14.9% (76 of 509) of those not tested. Olfactory dysfunction incidence was higher in those working in wards, emergency rooms, and intensive care units compared to professionals in outpatient clinics. In general, remission from olfactory symptoms was frequent by the time of responses. Taste disturbances were present in 74.1% of infected participants and were significantly associated with hyposmia. In conclusion, olfactory dysfunction is highly correlated with exposure to SARS-CoV-2 in health care professionals, and remission rates up to 2 weeks are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Ferreira Sbrana
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco Aurélio Fornazieri
- Department of Clinical Surgery, Universidade Estadual de Londrina and Pontifical Catholic University of Paraná, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Bruni-Cardoso
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Vivian I. Avelino-Silva
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Deborah Schechtman
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Richard Louis Voegels
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isaias Glezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio de Rezende Pinna
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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31
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de Haan JJ, Renken RJ, Moshage Y, Kluifhooft DA, Corbier C, Daly LE, Blanchard H, Reyners AKL. Self-reported taste and smell alterations and the liking of oral nutritional supplements with sensory-adapted flavors in cancer patients receiving systemic antitumor treatment. Support Care Cancer 2021; 29:5691-5699. [PMID: 33629188 PMCID: PMC8410716 DOI: 10.1007/s00520-021-06049-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Taste and smell alterations (TAs and SAs) are often reported by patients with cancer receiving systemic antitumor therapy and can negatively impact food intake and quality of life. This study aimed to examine the occurrence of TAs and SAs and investigate the impact of TAs on overall liking of oral nutritional supplements (ONS) with warming and cooling sensations. METHODS Patients receiving systemic antitumor therapy completed a questionnaire on sensory alterations and evaluated overall liking of 5 prototype flavors of Nutridrink® Compact Protein (hot tropical ginger (HTG), hot mango (HM), cool red fruits (CRF), cool lemon (CL), and neutral (N)) on a 10-point scale via a sip test. Differences between patients with and without TAs were investigated using permutation analysis. RESULTS Fifty patients with various cancer types and treatments were included. Thirty patients (60%) reported TAs and 13 (26%) experienced SAs. Three flavors were rated highly with a liking score > 6 (CRF 6.8 ± 1.7; N 6.5 ± 1.9; HTG 6.0 ± 2.0). Larger variation in ONS liking scores was observed in patients with TAs with or without SAs (4.5-6.9 and 4.6-7.2, respectively) vs. patients without TAs (5.9-6.5). TAs were associated with increased liking of CRF (Δ = + 0.9) and N (Δ = + 1.0) flavors. CONCLUSIONS TAs and SAs are common in patients with cancer undergoing systemic antitumor therapy. Patients with TAs were more discriminant in liking of ONS flavors compared to patients without TAs, and sensory-adapted flavors appeared to be appreciated. The presence of TAs should be considered when developing or selecting ONS for patients with cancer. TRIAL REGISTRATION Registration at ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT03525236) on 26 April 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacco J de Haan
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Remco J Renken
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience Center, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Yvette Moshage
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Daniëlle A Kluifhooft
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Anna K L Reyners
- Department of Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Groningen, PO Box 30.001, 9700RB, Groningen, The Netherlands
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32
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Mucignat-Caretta C, Bisiacchi P, Marcazzan GL, Calistri A, Parolin C, Antonini A. TaSCA, an Agile Survey on Chemosensory Impairments for Self-Monitoring of COVID-19 Patients: A Pilot Study. Front Neurol 2021; 12:633574. [PMID: 33716936 PMCID: PMC7943440 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.633574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Objective: During the COVID-19 pandemic, smell and taste disorders emerged as key non-respiratory symptoms. Due to widespread presence of the disease and to difficult objective testing of positive persons, the use of short surveys became mandatory. Most of the existing resources are focused on smell, very few on taste or trigeminal chemosensation called chemesthesis. However, it is possible that the three submodalities are affected differently by COVID-19. Methods: We prepared a short survey (TaSCA) that can be administered at the telephone or through online resources to explore chemosensation. It is composed of 11 items on olfaction, taste, and chemesthesis, in order to discriminate the three modalities. We avoided abstract terms, and the use of semiquantitative scales because older patients may be less engaged. Statistical handling included descriptive statistics, Pearson's chi-squared test and cluster analysis. Results: The survey was completed by 83 persons (60 females and 23 males), which reported diagnosis of COVID-19 by clinical (n = 7) or molecular (n = 18) means, the others being non-COVID subjects. Cluster analysis depicted the existence of two groups, one containing mostly asymptomatic and one mostly symptomatic subjects. All swab-positive persons fell within this second group. Only one item, related to trigeminal temperature perception, did not discriminate between the two groups. Conclusions: These preliminary results indicate that TaSCA may be used to easily track chemosensory symptoms related to COVID-19 in an agile way, giving a picture of three different chemosensory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Bisiacchi
- Department of General Psychology, University of Padova, Padua, Italy.,Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Arianna Calistri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Cristina Parolin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Antonini
- Padova Neuroscience Center, Padua, Italy.,Department of Neuroscience, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
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33
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Meunier N, Briand L, Jacquin-Piques A, Brondel L, Pénicaud L. COVID 19-Induced Smell and Taste Impairments: Putative Impact on Physiology. Front Physiol 2021; 11:625110. [PMID: 33574768 PMCID: PMC7870487 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.625110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Smell and taste impairments are recognized as common symptoms in COVID 19 patients even in an asymptomatic phase. Indeed, depending on the country, in up to 85-90% of cases anosmia and dysgeusia are reported. We will review briefly the main mechanisms involved in the physiology of olfaction and taste focusing on receptors and transduction as well as the main neuroanatomical pathways. Then we will examine the current evidences, even if still fragmented and unsystematic, explaining the disturbances and mode of action of the virus at the level of the nasal and oral cavities. We will focus on its impact on the peripheral and central nervous system. Finally, considering the role of smell and taste in numerous physiological functions, especially in ingestive behavior, we will discuss the consequences on the physiology of the patients as well as management regarding food intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Meunier
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, UVSQ, VIM, Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - Loïc Briand
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Agnès Jacquin-Piques
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
- Department of Clinical Neurophysiology, University Hospital, Dijon, France
| | - Laurent Brondel
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l’Alimentation, AgroSup Dijon, CNRS UMR6265, INRAE UMR 1324, Université de Bourgogne Franche Comté, Dijon, France
| | - Luc Pénicaud
- STROMALab, Université de Toulouse, CNRS ERL 5311, Inserm U1031, Université Paul Sabatier (UPS), Toulouse, France
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Przybyła GW, Szychowski KA, Gmiński J. Paracetamol - An old drug with new mechanisms of action. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2021; 48:3-19. [PMID: 32767405 DOI: 10.1111/1440-1681.13392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is the most commonly used over-the-counter (OTC) drug in the world. Despite its popularity and use for many years, the safety of its application and its mechanism of action are still unclear. Currently, it is believed that paracetamol is a multidirectional drug and at least several metabolic pathways are involved in its analgesic and antipyretic action. The mechanism of paracetamol action consists in inhibition of cyclooxygenases (COX-1, COX-2, and COX-3) and involvement in the endocannabinoid system and serotonergic pathways. Additionally, paracetamol influences transient receptor potential (TRP) channels and voltage-gated Kv7 potassium channels and inhibits T-type Cav3.2 calcium channels. It also exerts an impact on L-arginine in the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis pathway. However, not all of these effects have been clearly confirmed. Therefore, the aim of our paper was to summarize the current state of knowledge of the mechanism of paracetamol action with special attention to its safety concerns.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Konrad A Szychowski
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
| | - Jan Gmiński
- Department of Lifestyle Disorders and Regenerative Medicine, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Rzeszow, Poland
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The Role of Thermosensitive Ion Channels in Mammalian Thermoregulation. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1349:355-370. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-16-4254-8_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Manescu S, Chouinard-Leclaire C, Collignon O, Lepore F, Frasnelli J. Enhanced Odorant Localization Abilities in Congenitally Blind but not in Late-Blind Individuals. Chem Senses 2021; 46:bjaa073. [PMID: 33140091 PMCID: PMC7909301 DOI: 10.1093/chemse/bjaa073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although often considered a nondominant sense for spatial perception, chemosensory perception can be used to localize the source of an event and potentially help us navigate through our environment. Would blind people who lack the dominant spatial sense-vision-develop enhanced spatial chemosensation or suffer from the lack of visual calibration on spatial chemosensory perception? To investigate this question, we tested odorant localization abilities across nostrils in blind people compared to sighted controls and if the time of vision loss onset modulates those abilities. We observed that congenitally blind individuals (10 subjects) outperformed sighted (20 subjects) and late-blind subjects (10 subjects) in a birhinal localization task using mixed olfactory-trigeminal stimuli. This advantage in congenitally blind people was selective to olfactory localization but not observed for odorant detection or identification. We, therefore, showed that congenital blindness but not blindness acquired late in life is linked to enhanced localization of chemosensory stimuli across nostrils, most probably of the trigeminal component. In addition to previous studies highlighting enhanced localization abilities in auditory and tactile modalities, our current results extend such enhanced abilities to chemosensory localization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Manescu
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, CP, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Christine Chouinard-Leclaire
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, CP, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Olivier Collignon
- Center of Mind/Brain Sciences of University of Trento, Via Delle Regole, Mattarello, Trentino, Italy
- Institutes for Research in Psychology and Neurosciences, University of Louvain, IPSY - Place du Cardinal Mercier, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Franco Lepore
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, CP, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Johannes Frasnelli
- Centre de Recherche en Neuropsychologie et Cognition, Département de psychologie, Université de Montréal, Pavillon Marie-Victorin, CP, succursale Centre-Ville, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Centre d’études avancées en médecine du sommeil, Centre de Recherche de l’Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal, Centre intégré universitaire de santé et de services sociaux du Nord-de-l’Île-de-Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- Department of Anatomy, Université du Québec à Trois-Rivières, boulevard des Forges, Trois-Rivières, Québec, Canada
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Glendinning JI. What Does the Taste System Tell Us About the Nutritional Composition and Toxicity of Foods? Handb Exp Pharmacol 2021; 275:321-351. [PMID: 33782771 DOI: 10.1007/164_2021_451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
One of the distinctive features of the human taste system is that it categorizes food into a few taste qualities - e.g., sweet, salty, sour, bitter, and umami. Here, I examined the functional significance of these taste qualities by asking what they tell us about the nutritional composition and toxicity of foods. I collected published data on the composition of raw and unprocessed foods - i.e., fruits, endosperm tissues, starchy foods, mushrooms, and meats. Sweet taste is thought to help identify foods with a high caloric or micronutrient density. However, the sweetest foods (fruits) had a relatively modest caloric density and low micronutrient density, whereas the blandest foods (endosperm tissues and meats) had a relatively high caloric and high micronutrient density. Salty taste is thought to be a proxy for foods high in sodium. Sodium levels were higher in meats than in most plant materials, but raw meats lack a salient salty taste. Sour taste (a measure of acidity) is thought to signify dangerous or spoiled foods. While this may be the case, it is notable that most ripe fruits are acidic. Umami taste is thought to reflect the protein content of food. I found that free L-glutamate (the prototypical umami tastant) concentration varies independently of protein content in foods. Bitter taste is thought to help identify poisonous foods, but many nutritious plant materials taste bitter. Fat taste is thought to help identify triglyceride-rich foods, but the role of taste versus mouthfeel in the attraction to fatty foods is unresolved. These findings indicate that the taste system provides incomplete or, in some cases, misleading information about the nutritional content and toxicity of foods. This may explain why inputs from the taste system are merged with inputs from the other cephalic senses and intestinal nutrient-sensing systems. By doing so, we create a more complete sensory representation and nutritional evaluation of foods.
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Affiliation(s)
- John I Glendinning
- Departments of Biology and Neuroscience and Behavior, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
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Glezer I, Bruni-Cardoso A, Schechtman D, Malnic B. Viral infection and smell loss: The case of COVID-19. J Neurochem 2020; 157:930-943. [PMID: 32970861 PMCID: PMC7537178 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Olfactory disorders have been increasingly reported in individuals infected with SARS‐CoV‐2, the virus causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19). Losing the sense of smell has a strong impact on the quality of life, since it may lead to malnutrition, weight loss, food poisoning, depression, and exposure to dangerous chemicals. Individuals who suffer from anosmia (inability to smell) also cannot sense the flavor of food, which is a combination of taste and smell. Interestingly, infected individuals have reported sudden loss of smell with no congested nose, as is frequently observed in common colds or other upper respiratory tract infections. These observations suggest that SARS‐CoV‐2 infection leads to olfactory loss through a distinct mechanism, which is still unclear. This article provides an overview of olfactory loss and the recent findings relating to COVID‐19. Possible mechanisms of SARS‐CoV‐2‐induced olfactory loss are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaias Glezer
- Department of Biochemistry, UNIFESP, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Rua Tres de Maio, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Bettina Malnic
- Department of Biochemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Hossain MZ, Ando H, Unno S, Kitagawa J. Targeting Chemosensory Ion Channels in Peripheral Swallowing-Related Regions for the Management of Oropharyngeal Dysphagia. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6214. [PMID: 32867366 PMCID: PMC7503421 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal dysphagia, or difficulty in swallowing, is a major health problem that can lead to serious complications, such as pulmonary aspiration, malnutrition, dehydration, and pneumonia. The current clinical management of oropharyngeal dysphagia mainly focuses on compensatory strategies and swallowing exercises/maneuvers; however, studies have suggested their limited effectiveness for recovering swallowing physiology and for promoting neuroplasticity in swallowing-related neuronal networks. Several new and innovative strategies based on neurostimulation in peripheral and cortical swallowing-related regions have been investigated, and appear promising for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. The peripheral chemical neurostimulation strategy is one of the innovative strategies, and targets chemosensory ion channels expressed in peripheral swallowing-related regions. A considerable number of animal and human studies, including randomized clinical trials in patients with oropharyngeal dysphagia, have reported improvements in the efficacy, safety, and physiology of swallowing using this strategy. There is also evidence that neuroplasticity is promoted in swallowing-related neuronal networks with this strategy. The targeting of chemosensory ion channels in peripheral swallowing-related regions may therefore be a promising pharmacological treatment strategy for the management of oropharyngeal dysphagia. In this review, we focus on this strategy, including its possible neurophysiological and molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Zakir Hossain
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Hiroshi Ando
- Department of Biology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara, Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Shumpei Unno
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
| | - Junichi Kitagawa
- Department of Oral Physiology, School of Dentistry, Matsumoto Dental University, 1780 Gobara Hirooka, Shiojiri, Nagano 399-0781, Japan;
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Cooper KW, Brann DH, Farruggia MC, Bhutani S, Pellegrino R, Tsukahara T, Weinreb C, Joseph PV, Larson ED, Parma V, Albers MW, Barlow LA, Datta SR, Di Pizio A. COVID-19 and the Chemical Senses: Supporting Players Take Center Stage. Neuron 2020; 107:219-233. [PMID: 32640192 PMCID: PMC7328585 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2020.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The main neurological manifestation of COVID-19 is loss of smell or taste. The high incidence of smell loss without significant rhinorrhea or nasal congestion suggests that SARS-CoV-2 targets the chemical senses through mechanisms distinct from those used by endemic coronaviruses or other common cold-causing agents. Here we review recently developed hypotheses about how SARS-CoV-2 might alter the cells and circuits involved in chemosensory processing and thereby change perception. Given our limited understanding of SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, we propose future experiments to elucidate disease mechanisms and highlight the relevance of this ongoing work to understanding how the virus might alter brain function more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keiland W Cooper
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - David H Brann
- Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Surabhi Bhutani
- School of Exercise and Nutritional Sciences, San Diego State University, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Robert Pellegrino
- Department of Food Science, Institute of Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA; Smell & Taste Clinic, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | | | - Caleb Weinreb
- Harvard Medical School Department of Neurobiology, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Paule V Joseph
- Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Nursing Research (NINR) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism (NIAAA) National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eric D Larson
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Valentina Parma
- Department of Psychology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mark W Albers
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
| | - Linda A Barlow
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Graduate Program in Cell Biology, Stem Cells and Development and the Rocky Mountain Taste and Smell Center, University of Colorado, School Medicine, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
| | | | - Antonella Di Pizio
- Leibniz Institute for Food Systems Biology at the Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany.
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Kumar R, Geron M, Hazan A, Priel A. Endogenous and Exogenous Vanilloids Evoke Disparate TRPV1 Activation to Produce Distinct Neuronal Responses. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:903. [PMID: 32595512 PMCID: PMC7303340 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.00903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuronal signals are processed along the nociceptive pathway to convey discriminative information, which would manifest in the produced pain sensation. The transient receptor potential vanilloid 1 (TRPV1), an important signaling complex in nociceptors termini, is activated by different noxious stimuli that underlie distinct pain sensations. For example, while endovanilloids are associated with inflammatory pain and hypersensitivity through TRPV1 activation, the exovanilloid toxin, capsaicin, evokes an acute pain by activating this channel. Differences in the TRPV1 activation profile evoked by exogenous and endogenous vanilloids were suggested to underlie this disparity in pain sensations. However, the cellular processes that lead to these differences in pain sensation mediated by the same channel are not fully understood. Here, we sought to describe the neuronal response of TRPV1-expressing nociceptors to exo-and endovanilloids. To this end, we performed current-clamp recordings in rat trigeminal neurons exposed to either capsaicin or intracellular endovanilloids produced downstream of the bradykinin receptor BK2. Our results show that lipoxygenase metabolites generate persistent TRPV1-dependent action potential firing while capsaicin evokes robust depolarization and high-frequency firing that is quickly terminated by depolarization block. Additionally, we found that a weak TRPV1 activation prolongs action potential firing. Overall, our results indicate different firing patterns evoked by inflammatory mediators and capsaicin via TRPV1 that correlate with the respective subsequent pain sensation. These findings also suggest that differences in neuronal activation stem from the variable degree of TRPV1 activation they produce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Matan Geron
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Adina Hazan
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Avi Priel
- Institute for Drug Research (IDR), School of Pharmacy, The Faculty of Medicine, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
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Panneton WM, Gan Q. The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:524. [PMID: 32581683 PMCID: PMC7290049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such because it is most prominent in marine mammals such as seals, whales, and dolphins, but nevertheless is found in all mammals studied. It consists generally of breathing cessation (apnea), a dramatic slowing of heart rate (bradycardia), and an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction. The DR is thought to conserve vital oxygen stores and thus maintain life by directing perfusion to the two organs most essential for life-the heart and the brain. The DR is important, not only for its dramatic power over autonomic function, but also because it alters normal homeostatic reflexes such as the baroreceptor reflex and respiratory chemoreceptor reflex. The neurons driving the reflex circuits for the DR are contained within the medulla and spinal cord since the response remains after the brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction. Neuroanatomical and physiological data suggesting brainstem areas important for the apnea, bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction induced by underwater submersion are reviewed. Defining the brainstem circuit for the DR may open broad avenues for understanding the mechanisms of suprabulbar control of autonomic function in general, as well as implicate its role in some clinical states. Knowledge of the proposed diving circuit should facilitate studies on elite human divers performing breath-holding dives as well as investigations on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), stroke, migraine headache, and arrhythmias. We have speculated that the DR is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Abstract
Taste is a homeostatic function that conveys valuable information, such as energy density, readiness to eat, or toxicity of foodstuffs. Taste is not limited to the oral cavity but affects multiple physiological systems. In this review, we outline the ergogenic potential of substances that impart bitter, sweet, hot and cold tastes administered prior to and during exercise performance and whether the ergogenic benefits of taste are attributable to the placebo effect. Carbohydrate mouth rinsing seemingly improves endurance performance, along with a potentially ergogenic effect of oral exposure to both bitter tastants and caffeine although subsequent ingestion of bitter mouth rinses is likely required to enhance performance. Hot and cold tastes may prove beneficial in circumstances where athletes' thermal state may be challenged. Efficacy is not limited to taste, but extends to the stimulation of targeted receptors in the oral cavity and throughout the digestive tract, relaying signals pertaining to energy availability and temperature to appropriate neural centres. Dose, frequency and timing of tastant application likely require personalisation to be most effective, and can be enhanced or confounded by factors that relate to the placebo effect, highlighting taste as a critical factor in designing and administering applied sports science interventions.
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Nordin S. Mechanisms underlying nontoxic indoor air health problems: A review. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2020; 226:113489. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2020.113489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Jiménez Barbosa IA, Rodríguez Alvarez MF, Dussán Torres GA, Khuu SK. Ocular surface and tear film changes in workers exposed to organic solvents used in the dry-cleaning industry. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0226042. [PMID: 31815965 PMCID: PMC6901226 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0226042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Workers in the dry-cleaning industry are exposed to organic solvents that may cause eye irritation and tear film changes. Objective To quantify changes in the ocular surface and tear film in dry cleaners exposed to organic solvents and associate these changes with ocular irritation as reported in a symptom questionnaire for dry eye diagnosis. Methods This was a case and control study in which the characteristics and eye-irritation symptoms were compared between two groups of 62 participants that were either exposed or not exposed to organic solvents. A general optometric examination and the following test were performed: lipid interferometry, Lissamine Green Stain, tear breakup time, Schirmer I, conjunctival impression cytology and the Donate dry eye symptoms questionnaire. Results Sixty-five percent of exposed workers obtained a higher score than 13 on the Donate dry eye symptoms questionnaire which indicated the presence of more irritation symptoms than those in the non- exposed group. A Chi-square analysis indicated the exposed group reported significantly higher incidences (P <0.005) for eye irritation symptoms of sandy sensation; tearing eyes sensation; foreign body sensation; tearing; dry eye; dryness; eyestrain and heavy eyelids. A Mann Whitney-U indicated greater severity only for symptoms relating to dry eye; sandy sensation; foreign body sensation, tearing; tearing eyes and dryness. There was a statistically significant difference (P <0.05) for Schirmer I; tear break up time; and the ocular surface assessed with Lissamine green staining and conjunctival impression cytology between groups. A reduction in the thickness of the lipid layer in the exposed group compared to the non-exposed group was observed. Surprisingly, clinical test outcomes were not significantly correlated with dry eye symptoms nor years of exposure. Conclusion Workers in the dry-cleaning industry exposed to organic solvents are associated with changes in ocular surface and tear film generating irritation symptoms commonly present in evaporative dry eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid Astrid Jiménez Barbosa
- Health and Sciences Faculty, Optometry Program, University of La Salle, Bogotá, Colombia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Sieu K. Khuu
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, The University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
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Talavera K, Startek JB, Alvarez-Collazo J, Boonen B, Alpizar YA, Sanchez A, Naert R, Nilius B. Mammalian Transient Receptor Potential TRPA1 Channels: From Structure to Disease. Physiol Rev 2019; 100:725-803. [PMID: 31670612 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The transient receptor potential ankyrin (TRPA) channels are Ca2+-permeable nonselective cation channels remarkably conserved through the animal kingdom. Mammals have only one member, TRPA1, which is widely expressed in sensory neurons and in non-neuronal cells (such as epithelial cells and hair cells). TRPA1 owes its name to the presence of 14 ankyrin repeats located in the NH2 terminus of the channel, an unusual structural feature that may be relevant to its interactions with intracellular components. TRPA1 is primarily involved in the detection of an extremely wide variety of exogenous stimuli that may produce cellular damage. This includes a plethora of electrophilic compounds that interact with nucleophilic amino acid residues in the channel and many other chemically unrelated compounds whose only common feature seems to be their ability to partition in the plasma membrane. TRPA1 has been reported to be activated by cold, heat, and mechanical stimuli, and its function is modulated by multiple factors, including Ca2+, trace metals, pH, and reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and carbonyl species. TRPA1 is involved in acute and chronic pain as well as inflammation, plays key roles in the pathophysiology of nearly all organ systems, and is an attractive target for the treatment of related diseases. Here we review the current knowledge about the mammalian TRPA1 channel, linking its unique structure, widely tuned sensory properties, and complex regulation to its roles in multiple pathophysiological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karel Talavera
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Justyna B Startek
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julio Alvarez-Collazo
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Brett Boonen
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yeranddy A Alpizar
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alicia Sanchez
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Robbe Naert
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bernd Nilius
- Laboratory of Ion Channel Research, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, KU Leuven; VIB Center for Brain and Disease Research, Leuven, Belgium
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Braud A, Boucher Y. Intra‐oral trigeminal‐mediated sensations influencing taste perception: A systematic review. J Oral Rehabil 2019; 47:258-269. [DOI: 10.1111/joor.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adeline Braud
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Orofaciale EA7543 UFR Odontologie Université de Paris Paris France
- Pôle odontologie Hôpital Rothschild APHP Paris France
| | - Yves Boucher
- Laboratoire de Neurobiologie Orofaciale EA7543 UFR Odontologie Université de Paris Paris France
- Service odontologie Groupe Hospitalier Pitie‐Salpêtrière‐Charles‐Foix APHP Paris France
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Cao J, Zhang Y, Wu L, Shan L, Sun Y, Jiang X, Tao J. Electrical stimulation of the superior sagittal sinus suppresses A-type K + currents and increases P/Q- and T-type Ca 2+ currents in rat trigeminal ganglion neurons. J Headache Pain 2019; 20:87. [PMID: 31375062 PMCID: PMC6734278 DOI: 10.1186/s10194-019-1037-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Migraine is a debilitating neurological disorder involving abnormal trigeminovascular activation and sensitization. However, the underlying cellular and molecular mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS A rat model of conscious migraine was established through the electrical stimulation (ES) of the dural mater surrounding the superior sagittal sinus. Using patch clamp recording, immunofluorescent labelling, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and western blot analysis, we studied the effects of ES on sensory neuronal excitability and elucidated the underlying mechanisms mediated by voltage-gated ion channels. RESULTS The calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) level in the jugular vein blood and the number of CGRP-positive neurons in the trigeminal ganglia (TGs) were significantly increased in rats with ES-induced migraine. The application of ES increased actional potential firing in both small-sized IB4-negative (IB4-) and IB4+ TG neurons. No significant changes in voltage-gated Na+ currents were observed in the ES-treated groups. ES robustly suppressed the transient outward K+ current (IA) in both types of TG neurons, while the delayed rectifier K+ current remained unchanged. Immunoblot analysis revealed that the protein expression of Kv4.3 was significantly decreased in the ES-treated groups, while Kv1.4 remained unaffected. Interestingly, ES increased the P/Q-type and T-type Ca2+ currents in small-sized IB4- TG neurons, while there were no significant changes in the IB4+ subpopulation of neurons. CONCLUSION These results suggest that ES decreases the IA in small-sized TG neurons and increases P/Q- and T-type Ca2+ currents in the IB4- subpopulation of TG neurons, which might contribute to neuronal hyperexcitability in a rat model of ES-induced migraine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junping Cao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.,Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Anesthesiology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221004, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Geriatrics & Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, 215004, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Shan
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Yufang Sun
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinghong Jiang
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China
| | - Jin Tao
- Department of Physiology and Neurobiology & Centre for Ion Channelopathy, Medical College of Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China. .,Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, People's Republic of China.
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Wang QJ, Mielby LA, Junge JY, Bertelsen AS, Kidmose U, Spence C, Byrne DV. The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Sensory Factors in Sweetness Perception of Food and Beverages: A Review. Foods 2019; 8:E211. [PMID: 31208021 PMCID: PMC6617395 DOI: 10.3390/foods8060211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
When it comes to eating and drinking, multiple factors from diverse sensory modalities have been shown to influence multisensory flavour perception and liking. These factors have heretofore been strictly divided into either those that are intrinsic to the food itself (e.g., food colour, aroma, texture), or those that are extrinsic to it (e.g., related to the packaging, receptacle or external environment). Given the obvious public health need for sugar reduction, the present review aims to compare the relative influences of product-intrinsic and product-extrinsic factors on the perception of sweetness. Evidence of intrinsic and extrinsic sensory influences on sweetness are reviewed. Thereafter, we take a cognitive neuroscience perspective and evaluate how differences may occur in the way that food-intrinsic and extrinsic information become integrated with sweetness perception. Based on recent neuroscientific evidence, we propose a new framework of multisensory flavour integration focusing not on the food-intrinsic/extrinsic divide, but rather on whether the sensory information is perceived to originate from within or outside the body. This framework leads to a discussion on the combinability of intrinsic and extrinsic influences, where we refer to some existing examples and address potential theoretical limitations. To conclude, we provide recommendations to those in the food industry and propose directions for future research relating to the need for long-term studies and understanding of individual differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Janice Wang
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Line Ahm Mielby
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Jonas Yde Junge
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Anne Sjoerup Bertelsen
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Ulla Kidmose
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
| | - Charles Spence
- Crossmodal Research Laboratory, Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6GG, UK.
| | - Derek Victor Byrne
- Department of Food Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus University, 5792 Aarslev, Denmark.
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Influence of Temperature on Motor Behaviors in Newborn Opossums ( Monodelphis domestica): An In Vitro Study. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0347-18.2019. [PMID: 31097626 PMCID: PMC6553572 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0347-18.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
External thermosensation is crucial to regulate animal behavior and homeostasis, but the development of the mammalian thermosensory system is not well known. We investigated whether temperature could play a role in the control of movements in a mammalian model born very immature, the opossum (Monodelphis domestica). Like other marsupials, at birth the opossum performs alternate and rhythmic movements with its forelimbs (FLs) to reach a teat where it attaches in order to continue its development. It was shown that FL movements can be induced by mechanical stimulation of the snout in in vitro preparations of newborns consisting of the neuraxis with skin and FLs intact. In the present study, we used puff ejections of cold, neutral (bath temperature) and hot liquid directed toward the snout to induce FL responses in such preparations. Either the responses were visually observed under a microscope or triceps muscle activity was recorded. Cold liquid systematically induced FL movements and triceps contractions, but neutral and hot temperatures were less potent to do so. Sections of the trigeminal nerves and removal of the facial skin diminished responses to cold and nearly abolished those to hot and neutral stimulations. Transient receptor potential melastatin 8 (TRPM8) being the major cold receptor cation channel in adult mammals, we employed immunohistochemistry and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to test for its expression, but found that it is not expressed before 13 postnatal days. Overall our results indicate that cold thermosensation exerts a strong influence on motor behaviors in newborn opossums.
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