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Ji W, Ma J, Zheng Z, Al-Herrawy AZ, Xie B, Wu D. Algae blooms with resistance in fresh water: Potential interplay between Microcystis and antibiotic resistance genes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 940:173528. [PMID: 38802023 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Microcystis, a type of cyanobacteria known for producing microcystins (MCs), is experiencing a global increase in blooms. They have been recently recognized as potential contributors to the widespread of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). By reviewing approximately 150 pieces of recent studies, a hypothesis has been formulated suggesting that significant fluctuations in MCs concentrations and microbial community structure during Microcystis blooms could influence the dynamics of waterborne ARGs. Among all MCs, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) is the most widely distributed worldwide, notably abundant in reservoirs during summer. MCs inhibit protein phosphatases or increase reactive oxygen species (ROS), inducing oxidative stresses, enhancing membrane permeability, and causing DNA damage. This further enhances selective pressures and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) chances of ARGs. The mechanisms by which Microcystis regulates ARG dissemination have been systematically organized for the first time, focusing on the secretion of MCs and the alterations of bacterial community structure. However, several knowledge gaps remain, particularly concerning how MCs interfere with the electron transport chain and how Microcystis facilitates HGT of ARGs. Concurrently, the predominance of Microcystis forming the algal microbial aggregates is considered a hotspot for preserving and transferring ARGs. Yet, Microcystis can deplete the nutrients from other taxa within these aggregates, thereby reducing the density of ARG-carrying bacteria. Therefore, further studies are needed to explore the 'symbiotic - competitive' relationships between Microcystis and ARG-hosting bacteria under varied nutrient conditions. Addressing these knowledge gaps is crucial to understand the impacts of the algal aggregates on dynamics of waterborne antibiotic resistome, and underscores the need for effective control of Microcystis to curb the spread of antibiotic resistance. Constructed wetlands and photocatalysis represent advantageous strategies for halting the spread of ARGs from the perspective of Microcystis blooms, as they can effectively control Microcystis and MCs while maintaining the stability of aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Ji
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Jingkai Ma
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Zhipeng Zheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China
| | - Ahmad Z Al-Herrawy
- Water Pollution Research Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
| | - Bing Xie
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Dong Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Biotransformation of Organic Solid Waste, School of Ecological and Environmental Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Key Laboratory of Northwest Water Resource, Environment and Ecology, MOE, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Optics, Chongqing Institute of East China Normal University, Chongqing 401120, China.
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Young I, Sanchez JJ, Sekerciouglu F, Desta BN, Holeton C, Lyng D, Peczulis V, Renwick S, Brooks T, Tustin J. Burden of recreational water illness due to exposure to cyanobacteria and their toxins in freshwater beaches in Canada: protocol of a prospective cohort study. BMJ Open 2024; 14:e085406. [PMID: 38866574 PMCID: PMC11177695 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2024-085406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cyanobacterial blooms are increasingly common in freshwater sources used for swimming and other recreational water contact activities in Canada. Many species of cyanobacteria can produce toxins that affect human and animal health, but there are limited data on the risk of illness associated with water contact at impacted beaches. METHODS AND ANALYSIS This study will investigate the incidence of recreational water illness due to exposure to cyanobacterial blooms and their toxins in four targeted and popular freshwater beaches in Ontario, Manitoba and Nova Scotia, Canada. A prospective cohort design and One Health approach will be used. On-site recruitment of recreational water users will be conducted at two beaches per year during the summers of 2024 and 2025. The population of interest includes recreational water users of any age and their pet dogs. After enrolment, an in-person survey will determine beach exposures and confounding factors, and a 3-day follow-up survey will ascertain any acute illness outcomes experienced by participants or their dogs. The target sample size is 2500 recreational water users. Water samples will be taken each recruitment day and analysed for cyanobacterial indicators (pigments), cell counts and toxin levels. Bayesian regression analysis will be conducted to estimate the association with water contact, cyanobacterial levels and risks of different acute illness outcomes. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This study has been approved by the Toronto Metropolitan University Research Ethics Board (REB 2023-461). Study results will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and as infographics on a project website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian Young
- Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - J Johanna Sanchez
- Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fatih Sekerciouglu
- Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Binyam N Desta
- Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Claire Holeton
- Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dylan Lyng
- Water Science and Watershed Management, Government of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | | | - Shane Renwick
- Canadian Veterinary Medical Association, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Teresa Brooks
- Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jordan Tustin
- Occupational and Public Health, Toronto Metropolitan University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Chaffin JD, Barker KB, Bickman SR, Bratton JF, Bridgeman TB, Bhatia M, Buchholz SD, Bullerjahn GS, Johengen TH, Kang DW, Lewis GG, Lochhead MJ, Macdonald BM, Petrou CL, Platz M, Purcell H, Roser J, Seo Y, Siddiquee M, Snyder B, Taylor AT, Verhamme EM, Westrick JA. An assessment of a biosensor system for the quantification of microcystins in freshwater cyanobacterial blooms. Anal Biochem 2024; 687:115429. [PMID: 38113981 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2023.115429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin-producing cyanobacterial blooms are a global issue threatening drinking water supplies and recreation on lakes and beaches. Direct measurement of microcystins is the only way to ensure waters have concentrations below guideline concentrations; however, analyzing water for microcystins takes several hours to days to obtain data. We tested LightDeck Diagnostics' bead beater cell lysis and two versions of the quantification system designed to give microcystin concentrations within 20 min and compared it to the standard freeze-thaw cycle lysis method and ELISA quantification. The bead beater lyser was only 30 % effective at extracting microcystins compared to freeze-thaw. When considering freeze-thaw samples analyzed in 2021, there was good agreement between ELISA and LightDeck version 2 (n = 152; R2 = 0.868), but the LightDeck slightly underestimated microcystins (slope of 0.862). However, we found poor relationships between LightDeck version 2 and ELISA in 2022 (n = 49, slopes 0.60 to 1.6; R2 < 0.6) and LightDeck version 1 (slope = 1.77 but also a high number of less than quantifiable concentrations). After the quantification issues are resolved, combining the LightDeck system with an already-proven rapid lysis method (such as microwaving) will allow beach managers and water treatment operators to make quicker, well-informed decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put in Bay, Ohio 43456, USA; Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA.
| | | | - Sarah R Bickman
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - John F Bratton
- LimnoTech, Inc. 501 Avis Dr., Ann Arbor Michigan 48108, USA
| | | | - Mudit Bhatia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Seth D Buchholz
- Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio 43403, USA
| | | | - Thomas H Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Dae-Wook Kang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Gregory G Lewis
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Michael J Lochhead
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Brooks M Macdonald
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Cassandra L Petrou
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Michelle Platz
- LimnoTech, Inc. 501 Avis Dr., Ann Arbor Michigan 48108, USA
| | - Heidi Purcell
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, USA
| | - Jack Roser
- LightDeck Diagnostics, Inc., 5603 Arapahoe Ave, Boulder, Colorado 80303, USA
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Mashuk Siddiquee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, Ohio 43606, USA
| | - Brenda Snyder
- Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, Oregon, Ohio 43616, USA
| | - Autumn T Taylor
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, Put in Bay, Ohio 43456, USA
| | | | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101Cass Ave., Detroit, Michigan 48202, USA
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Metcalf JS, Banack SA, Wyatt PB, Nunn PB, Cox PA. A Direct Analysis of β- N-methylamino-l-alanine Enantiomers and Isomers and Its Application to Cyanobacteria and Marine Mollusks. Toxins (Basel) 2023; 15:639. [PMID: 37999501 PMCID: PMC10674937 DOI: 10.3390/toxins15110639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the wide variety of toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria, the neurotoxic amino acid β-N-methylamino-l-alanine (BMAA) has attracted attention as a result of its association with chronic human neurodegenerative diseases such as ALS and Alzheimer's. Consequently, specific detection methods are required to assess the presence of BMAA and its isomers in environmental and clinical materials, including cyanobacteria and mollusks. Although the separation of isomers such as β-amino-N-methylalanine (BAMA), N-(2-aminoethyl)glycine (AEG) and 2,4-diaminobutyric acid (DAB) from BMAA has been demonstrated during routine analysis, a further compounding factor is the potential presence of enantiomers for some of these isomers. Current analytical methods for BMAA mostly do not discriminate between enantiomers, and the chiral configuration of BMAA in cyanobacteria is still largely unexplored. To understand the potential for the occurrence of D-BMAA in cyanobacteria, a chiral UPLC-MS/MS method was developed to separate BMAA enantiomers and isomers and to determine the enantiomeric configuration of endogenous free BMAA in a marine Lyngbya mat and two mussel reference materials. After extraction, purification and derivatization with N-(4-nitrophenoxycarbonyl)-l-phenylalanine 2-methoxyethyl ester ((S)-NIFE), both L- and D-BMAA were identified as free amino acids in cyanobacterial materials, whereas only L-BMAA was identified in mussel tissues. The finding of D-BMAA in biological environmental materials raises questions concerning the source and role of BMAA enantiomers in neurological disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S. Metcalf
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH 43403, USA
| | - Sandra Anne Banack
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
| | - Peter B. Wyatt
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Peter B. Nunn
- The School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, UK; (P.B.W.); (P.B.N.)
| | - Paul A. Cox
- Brain Chemistry Labs, Box 3464, Jackson, WY 83001, USA; (S.A.B.); (P.A.C.)
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Li B, Qi J, Liu F, Zhao R, Arabi M, Ostovan A, Song J, Wang X, Zhang Z, Chen L. Molecular imprinting-based indirect fluorescence detection strategy implemented on paper chip for non-fluorescent microcystin. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6553. [PMID: 37848423 PMCID: PMC10582162 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Fluorescence analysis is a fast and sensitive method, and has great potential application in trace detection of environmental toxins. However, many important environmental toxins are non-fluorescent substances, and it is still a challenge to construct a fluorescence detection method for non-fluorescent substances. Here, by means of charge transfer effect and smart molecular imprinting technology, we report a sensitive indirect fluorescent sensing mechanism (IFSM) and microcystin (MC-RR) is selected as a model target. A molecular imprinted thin film is immobilized on the surface of zinc ferrite nanoparticles (ZnFe2O4 NPs) by using arginine, a dummy fragment of MC-RR. By implementation of IFSM on the paper-based microfluidic chip, a versatile platform for the quantitative assay of MC-RR is developed at trace level (the limit of detection of 0.43 μg/L and time of 20 min) in real water samples without any pretreatment. Importantly, the proposed IFSM can be easily modified and extended for the wide variety of species which lack direct interaction with the fluorescent substrate. This work offers the potential possibility to meet the requirements for the on-site analysis and may explore potential applications of molecularly imprinted fluorescent sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Ji Qi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Rongfang Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Maryam Arabi
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Abbas Ostovan
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Jinming Song
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China.
- CAS Key Laboratory of Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Binzhou Medical University, 264003, Yantai, China
| | - Zhiyang Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China
| | - Lingxin Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 264003, Yantai, China.
- Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 266071, Qingdao, China.
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, 266237, Qingdao, China.
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Roberts JL, Zetterholm SG, Gurtowski L, Fernando PAI, Evans A, Puhnaty J, Wyss KM, Tour JM, Fernando B, Jenness G, Thompson A, Griggs C. Graphene as a rational interface for enhanced adsorption of microcystin-LR from water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 458:131737. [PMID: 37453354 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Revised: 05/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins such as microcystin-LR (MC-LR) represent a global environmental threat to ecosystems and drinking water supplies. The study investigated the direct use of graphene as a rational interface for removal of MC-LR via interactions with the aromatic ring of the ADDA1 chain of MC-LR and the sp2 hybridized carbon network of graphene. Intra-particle diffusion model fit indicated the high mesoporosity of graphene provided significant enhancements to both adsorption capacities and kinetics when benchmarked against microporous granular activated carbon (GAC). Graphene showed superior MC-LR adsorption capacity of 75.4 mg/g (Freundlich model) compared to 0.982 mg/g (Langmuir model) for GAC. Sorption kinetic studies showed graphene adsorbs 99% of MC-LR in 30 min, compared to zero removal for GAC after 24 hr using the same MC-LR concentration. Density functional theory (DFT), calculations showed that postulated π-based interactions align well with the NMR-based experimental work used to probe primary interactions between graphene and MC-LR adduct. This study proved that π-interactions between the aromatic ring on MC-LR and graphene sp2 orbitals are a dominant interaction. With rapid kinetics and adsorption capacities much higher than GAC, it is anticipated that graphene will offer a novel molecular approach for removal of toxins and emerging contaminants with aromatic systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesse L Roberts
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA.
| | - Sarah Grace Zetterholm
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Luke Gurtowski
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Pu Ashvin I Fernando
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA; Bennett Aerospace, 1 Glenwood Avenue, Raleigh, NC 27603, USA; SIMETRI, Inc. 937 S Semoran Blvd Suite 100, Winter Park, FL 32792
| | - Angela Evans
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Justin Puhnaty
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Kevin M Wyss
- Department of Chemistry, NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - James M Tour
- Department of Chemistry, NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Rice Advanced Materials Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Welch Institute for Advanced Materials, NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA; Smalley-Curl Institute, NanoCarbon Center, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Brianna Fernando
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Glen Jenness
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Audie Thompson
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
| | - Chris Griggs
- US Army Engineer Research and Development Center (ERDC) Environmental Laboratory, 3909 Halls Ferry Road, Vicksburg, MS 39180, USA
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Chaffin JD, Westrick JA, Reitz LA, Bridgeman TB. Microcystin congeners in Lake Erie follow the seasonal pattern of nitrogen availability. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 127:102466. [PMID: 37544667 PMCID: PMC10867787 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2023] [Revised: 05/01/2023] [Accepted: 05/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms produce many toxic secondary metabolites called cyanotoxins. The most studied group of cyanotoxins are microcystins (MC), with over 300 congeners reported. MC-LR is the most studied congener because of its abundance and toxicity. Recent toxicology studies suggest that more hydrophobic MC congeners such as MC-LA, MC-LF, and MC-LW may be less abundant but up to seven times more toxic than MC-LR, whereas, MC-RR's toxicity is only one-fifth that of MC-LR. Hence, understanding the environmental stressors that change the MC congener profile is critical to assessing the negative impact on environmental and human health. A two-year field and experimental study investigated seasonal and spatial changes of MC congener profiles in the western basin of Lake Erie. Both studies showed that nitrogen enrichment favored the production of nitrogen-rich MC-RR (C49H75N13O12). The field study showed that nitrogen depletion favored the low-nitrogen MC-LA (C46H67N7O12). MC-LR (a medium N level, C49H75N10O12) accounted for ∼30% to 50% of the total MC concentration and was stable across nitrogen concentrations. Using the relative toxicity and concentrations of each MC congener, both LC-MS/MS and ELISA overestimated the toxicity early bloom (July) and underestimated it late bloom (September). On 24 July 2019, highly toxic MC-LW and MC-LF were detected at nearshore stations with relative toxicity exceeding drinking water standards. This study demonstrated that the less toxic, high nitrogen MC-RR dominated under nitrogen-replete conditions in the early season, whereas the more toxic, less nitrogen MC-LA dominated under nitrogen-limited conditions later in the season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave. P.O. Box 119, Put-In-Bay, OH 43456, USA.
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101 Cass Ave, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Laura A Reitz
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green, OH 43402, USA
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Saleem F, Jiang JL, Atrache R, Paschos A, Edge TA, Schellhorn HE. Cyanobacterial Algal Bloom Monitoring: Molecular Methods and Technologies for Freshwater Ecosystems. Microorganisms 2023; 11:microorganisms11040851. [PMID: 37110273 PMCID: PMC10144707 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11040851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) can accumulate to form harmful algal blooms (HABs) on the surface of freshwater ecosystems under eutrophic conditions. Extensive HAB events can threaten local wildlife, public health, and the utilization of recreational waters. For the detection/quantification of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins, both the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and Health Canada increasingly indicate that molecular methods can be useful. However, each molecular detection method has specific advantages and limitations for monitoring HABs in recreational water ecosystems. Rapidly developing modern technologies, including satellite imaging, biosensors, and machine learning/artificial intelligence, can be integrated with standard/conventional methods to overcome the limitations associated with traditional cyanobacterial detection methodology. We examine advances in cyanobacterial cell lysis methodology and conventional/modern molecular detection methods, including imaging techniques, polymerase chain reaction (PCR)/DNA sequencing, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA), mass spectrometry, remote sensing, and machine learning/AI-based prediction models. This review focuses specifically on methodologies likely to be employed for recreational water ecosystems, especially in the Great Lakes region of North America.
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9
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Baer MM, Godwin CM, Johengen TH. The effect of single versus dual nutrient decreases on phytoplankton growth rates, community composition, and Microcystin concentration in the western basin of Lake Erie. HARMFUL ALGAE 2023; 123:102382. [PMID: 36894205 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2023.102382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The primary management strategy for minimizing harmful algal blooms (HABs) in Lake Erie has been to reduce springtime loading of phosphorus (P) to the lake. However, some studies have shown that the growth rate and toxin content for the HABs-causing cyanobacterium Microcystis also respond to the availability of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N). This evidence is based on both observational studies that correlate bloom development with changes in N forms and concentrations in the lake, and experiments in which P and/or N are added at concentrations in excess of those present in the lake. The goal of this study was to determine whether a combined decrease in N and P concentrations from ambient levels in Lake Erie could limit the development of HABs more than a reduction in P concentration only. To directly test the impact of P-only versus dual N and P concentration decreases on phytoplankton in the western basin of Lake Erie, we evaluated changes in growth rate, community composition, and microcystin (MC) concentration through eight bioassay experiments performed from June through October 2018, which encompassed the normal Lake Erie Microcystis-dominated HAB season. Our results showed that during the first five experiments covering June 25 to August 13, the P-only and the dual N and P decrease treatments had similar effects. However, when ambient N became scarce later in the season, the N and P decrease treatments resulted in negative growth rates for cyanobacteria, whereas -P only decreases did not. During low ambient N conditions, dual nutrient decreases lowered the prevalence of cyanobacteria among the total phytoplankton community and decreased microcystin concentrations. The results presented here complement previous experimental work on Lake Erie and suggest that dual nutrient control could be an effective management strategy to decrease microcystin production during the bloom and even possibly diminish or shorten the duration of the bloom based on creating nutrient limiting conditions sooner in the HAB growing season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikayla M Baer
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan
| | - Casey M Godwin
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan.
| | - Thomas H Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan; Michigan Sea Grant, School for Environment and Sustainability, University of Michigan
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10
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Jeon Y, Baranwal P, Li L, Piezer K, Seo Y. Review: Current understanding on biological filtration for the removal of microcystins. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 313:137160. [PMID: 36356807 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) have become a global problem not only in aquatic habitats but also in public health and safety due to the production of cyanotoxins as their secondary metabolites. Among the various identified cyanotoxin groups, microcystins (MCs) are one of the most prevalent cyanotoxin detected during HABs. Different strategies including advanced physical and chemical treatment processes have been developed to mitigate the threat of cyanotoxins in water utilities, but these have revealed certain limitations in terms of high operational costs, low removal efficacy, and harmful by-products formation. Recently, biological filtration systems (BFS) have gained attention for safe drinking water production as they can treat various natural organic matter (NOM) and emerging contaminants through a highly efficient and environmentally sustainable process. However, limited attention has been given to understand the current research progress, research challenges, and knowledge gaps for the successful implementation of BFS for MC removal. Therefore, in this review, currently identified MC biodegradation pathways and MC-degrading microorganisms with their degradation rates are summarized, which may be pivotal for studying bioaugmented BFS to enhance the MC removal during HABs. Moreover, both laboratory and field studies on BFS for MC removal are reviewed, followed by a discussion of current challenges and future research needs for the practical application of BFS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchul Jeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Parul Baranwal
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Kayla Piezer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States
| | - Youngwoo Seo
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3006 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toledo, Mail Stop 307, 3048 Nitschke Hall, Toledo, OH, 43606, United States.
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11
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Jia A, Guo YC, Di Giovanni GD, Prescott MD, Li WL, Garcia EA. Improving the Quantification of Cyanotoxins Using a Mass Balance-Based Effective Concentration-Equivalent Concentration Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:14418-14426. [PMID: 36194659 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c03194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Two commonly used methods for cyanotoxin analysis are enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Each method has its advantages and disadvantages, and discrepancies are commonly observed between the two methods due to various factors including the ELISA antibody cross-reacting to different cyanotoxin congeners. However, reliable cyanotoxin monitoring methods and accurate interpretation of results are needed for water utilities to guide recreational water planning and drinking water treatment operations. In this study, we explored an innovative "effective concentration-equivalent concentration" (EC-EQ) approach to improve the interpretation of ELISA results and the comparison to LC-MS/MS results. The precision of ELISA results was first improved by reporting the sample ECs and EQs derived from their ELISA dose curves. Concentrations of each cyanotoxin as measured by LC-MS/MS were then combined with their respective ELISA cross-reactivities to calculate their theoretical ELISA responses. Finally, instead of comparing the results from the two methods directly, the equivalent concentration based on one single reference cyanotoxin was used for reporting and comparison. This integrated mass balance-based approach provides a more reliable interpretation of results by considering the reactivity differences between toxins as well as their mixture effects. This approach has been successfully applied to microcystin (one main group of cyanotoxins) standard mixtures and cyanobacterial bloom samples to interpret and compare their ELISA and LC-MS/MS detection results. The study provides guidance to utilities on how to obtain more accurate cyanotoxin monitoring results and better understand the discrepancy between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai Jia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Yingbo C Guo
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - George D Di Giovanni
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Matthew D Prescott
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Wei L Li
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
| | - Eduardo A Garcia
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, La Verne, California 91750, United States
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12
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He Q, Wang W, Xu Q, Liu Z, Teng J, Yan H, Liu X. Microcystins in Water: Detection, Microbial Degradation Strategies, and Mechanisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192013175. [PMID: 36293755 PMCID: PMC9603262 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192013175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2022] [Revised: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins are secondary metabolites produced by some cyanobacteria, a class of cyclic heptapeptide toxins that are stable in the environment. Microcystins can create a variety of adverse health effects in humans, animals, and plants through contaminated water. Effective methods to degrade them are required. Microorganisms are considered to be a promising method to degrade microcystins due to their high efficiency, low cost, and environmental friendliness. This review focuses on perspectives on the frontiers of microcystin biodegradation. It has been reported that bacteria and fungi play an important contribution to degradation. Analysis of the biodegradation mechanism and pathway is an important part of the research. Microcystin biodegradation has been extensively studied in the existing research. This review provides an overview of (1) pollution assessment strategies and hazards of microcystins in water bodies and (2) the important contributions of various bacteria and fungi in the biodegradation of microcystins and their degradation mechanisms, including mlr gene-induced (gene cluster expressing microcystinase) degradation. The application of biodegradable technology still needs development. Further, a robust regulatory oversight is required to monitor and minimize MC contamination. This review aims to provide more references regarding the detection and removal of microcystins in aqueous environments and to promote the application of biodegradation techniques for the purification of microcystin-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Hai Yan
- Correspondence: (H.Y.); (X.L.)
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13
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Cianci-Gaskill JA, Knott KK, O'Hearn R, Argerich A, Niswonger D, Wenzel J, Whittier JB, North RL. Microcystin accumulation in Sportfish from an agricultural reservoir differs among feeding guild, tissue type, and time of sampling. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 250:106242. [PMID: 35878488 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms sometimes create secondary metabolites that can be transferred between trophic levels and accumulate in fish, but little is known about what time of year fish are most susceptible. Here, we examine microcystin in the muscle, liver, and kidney of bluegill and largemouth bass from an agricultural reservoir over 12 months. We identify which fish characteristics and water parameters best explain microcystin accumulation in fish tissues. Microcystin in bluegill was significantly higher than largemouth bass. In both species, microcystin was highest in livers (bluegill mean = 57.6 ng g - 1, largemouth bass mean = 71.8 ng g - 1 wet weight [ww]), then kidneys (bluegill mean = 27.1, largemouth bass mean = 22.7 ng g - 1 ww), followed by muscles (bluegill mean = 7.6, largemouth bass mean = 5.7 ng g - 1 ww). Adult bluegill feed on benthic macroinvertebrates and zooplankton, which may explain their higher microcystin concentrations compared to largemouth bass, which are primarily piscivorous. Harvest date emerged as the best predictor of microcystin in muscles and kidneys, with the highest concentrations occurring in April. Microcystin in water also emerged as a significant predictor, albeit much lower than harvest date, suggesting that low but persistent microcystin concentrations in water may result in accumulation of this cyanotoxin in fish. This study is the first to examine microcystin in fish from the North American Great Plains and one of only 5 studies that investigate microcystin in bluegill and largemouth bass. Additional investigation into the relationship between cyanobacteria and fish health is warranted, especially during spring when fish microcystin concentrations were highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob A Cianci-Gaskill
- School of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 103 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, United States.
| | - Katrina K Knott
- Central Regional Office and Conservation Research Center, Missouri Department of Conservation, 3500 East Gans Road, MO, United States
| | - Rebecca O'Hearn
- Central Regional Office and Conservation Research Center, Missouri Department of Conservation, 3500 East Gans Road, MO, United States
| | - Alba Argerich
- School of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 103 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Darby Niswonger
- Central Regional Office and Conservation Research Center, Missouri Department of Conservation, 3500 East Gans Road, MO, United States
| | - Jeff Wenzel
- Bureau of Environmental Epidemiology, Missouri Department of Health and Senior Services, 930 Wildwood Drive, Jefferson City, MO, United States
| | - Joanna B Whittier
- School of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 103 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, United States
| | - Rebecca L North
- School of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture, Food, and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, 103 Anheuser-Busch Natural Resources Building, Columbia, MO, United States
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14
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Oh KH, Beak KM, Shin Y, Cho YC. Assessing the microcystins concentration through optimized protein phosphatase inhibition assay in environmental samples. J Microbiol 2022; 60:602-609. [DOI: 10.1007/s12275-022-2020-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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15
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Mohamed A, Walsh R, Cherif M, Hafez HA, Ropagnol X, Vidal F, Perreault J, Ozaki T. High-sensitivity small-molecule detection of microcystin-LR cyano-toxin using a terahertz-aptamer biosensor. Analyst 2021; 146:7583-7592. [PMID: 34780591 DOI: 10.1039/d1an01577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the rapid and highly sensitive detection of a small molecule, microcystin-LR (MC-LR) toxin using an aptasensor based on a terahertz (THz) emission technique named the terahertz chemical microscope (TCM). The main component of the TCM is the sensing plate, which consists of a thin silicon layer deposited on a sapphire substrate, with a natural SiO2 layer formed on the top of the Si layer. The DNA aptamer is linked to the oxidized top surface of the silicon layer by a one-step reaction (click chemistry) between the DBCO-labeled aptamer and an azido group that binds to the surface. Using density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the number of active sites on the surface has been estimated to be 3.8 × 1013 cm-2. Aptamer immobilization and MC-LR binding have been optimized by adjusting the aptamer concentration and the binding buffer composition. When MC-LR binds with the DNA aptamer, it causes a change in the chemical potential at the surface of the sensing plate, which leads to a change in the amplitude of the THz signal. Compared with other bio-sensing methods such as surface plasmon resonance (SPR), TCM is a rapid assay that can be completed in 15 min (10 min incubation and 5 min data acquisition). Moreover, our results show that the aptamer-based TCM can detect MC-LR with an excellent detection limit of 50 ng L-1, which is 20 times more sensitive compared with SPR measurements of MC-LR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Mohamed
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Ryan Walsh
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boulevards des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Mohamed Cherif
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Hassan A Hafez
- Fakultät für Physik, Universität Bielefeld, Universitätsstr. 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Xavier Ropagnol
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada. .,Département de génie électrique, École de technologie supérieure (ÉTS), Montréal, Québec, H3C 1 K3, Canada
| | - François Vidal
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
| | - Jonathan Perreault
- INRS Centre Armand-Frappier Santé Biotechnologie, 531 boulevards des Prairies, Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Tsuneyuki Ozaki
- Institut National de la Recherche Scientifique - Énergie Matériaux Télécommunications, Varennes, Québec J3X 1S2, Canada.
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16
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Liu J, Yang Y, Zhu Q, Wang Z, Hu G, Shi H, Zhou X. ELISA-Based Method for Variant-Independent Detection of Total Microcystins and Nodularins via a Multi-immunogen Approach. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:12984-12993. [PMID: 34551520 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Required routine monitoring of microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) in water samples, as posed by U.S. EPA Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule 4, demands cost-effective, reliable, and sensitive detection methods. To target as many MC and NOD variants as possible, we developed an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) with group-specific monoclonal antibodies for variant-independent detection of total MCs and NODs. In this ELISA method, the mice monoclonal antibodies presenting both high affinities and broad-spectrum recognition capabilities against MCs and NODs were self-produced by designing MC hapten-based multi-immunogens to minimize specificity for the particular variant. Their high affinities and variant-independent binding capabilities against MCs and NODs were validated by both wet lab and in silico methods. The developed ELISA method achieved a limit of detection of below 0.3 μg/L for 13 MC/NOD variants, well with the reported best cross-reactivities of 60-127% relative to MC-LR. As a case study, this ELISA method was used to map the variations of intracellular and extracellular total MCs/NODs in the Luoma Lake drinking water source, China, in July, 2020. Its capability to measure total MCs/NODs with high sensitivity and high throughput in a simple and affordable way would truly be a disruptive technology capable of changing our understanding of bloom/toxin dynamics and having obvious implications for monitoring efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinchuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yihan Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qian Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Guanjiu Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Monitoring and Analysis for Organic Pollutants in Surface Water, Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210036, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- State Key Joint Laboratory of ESPC, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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17
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Naknaen A, Ratsameepakai W, Suttinun O, Sukpondma Y, Khan E, Pomwised R. Microcystis Sp. Co-Producing Microcystin and Saxitoxin from Songkhla Lake Basin, Thailand. Toxins (Basel) 2021; 13:toxins13090631. [PMID: 34564635 PMCID: PMC8472854 DOI: 10.3390/toxins13090631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The Songkhla Lake Basin (SLB) located in Southern Thailand, has been increasingly polluted by urban and industrial wastewater, while the lake water has been intensively used. Here, we aimed to investigate cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins in the SLB. Ten cyanobacteria isolates were identified as Microcystis genus based on16S rDNA analysis. All isolates harbored microcystin genes, while five of them carried saxitoxin genes. On day 15 of culturing, the specific growth rate and Chl-a content were 0.2-0.3 per day and 4 µg/mL. The total extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) content was 0.37-0.49 µg/mL. The concentration of soluble EPS (sEPS) was 2 times higher than that of bound EPS (bEPS). The protein proportion in both sEPS and bEPS was higher than the carbohydrate proportion. The average of intracellular microcystins (IMCs) was 0.47 pg/cell on day 15 of culturing, while extracellular microcystins (EMCs) were undetectable. The IMCs were dramatically produced at the exponential phase, followed by EMCs release at the late exponential phase. On day 30, the total microcystins (MCs) production reached 2.67 pg/cell. Based on liquid chromatograph-quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry, three new MCs variants were proposed. This study is the first report of both decarbamoylsaxitoxin (dcSTX) and new MCs congeners synthesized by Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ampapan Naknaen
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; (A.N.); (O.S.)
| | - Waraporn Ratsameepakai
- Office of Scientific Instrument and Testing, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Oramas Suttinun
- Environmental Assessment and Technology for Hazardous Waste Management Research Center, Faculty of Environmental Management, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand; (A.N.); (O.S.)
- Center of Excellence on Hazardous Substance Management (HSM), Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Sukpondma
- Division of Physical Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand;
| | - Eakalak Khan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Construction, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4015, USA;
| | - Rattanaruji Pomwised
- Division of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai 90110, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +66-74-288-325
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18
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Varughese EA, Heineman WR, White RJ, Dionysiou DD. Sensitive Electrochemical Detection of Microcystin-LR in Water Samples Via Target-Induced Displacement of Aptamer Associated [Ru(NH 3) 6] 3. ACS ES&T ENGINEERING 2021; 1:10.1021/acsestengg.1c00256. [PMID: 34988551 PMCID: PMC8722374 DOI: 10.1021/acsestengg.1c00256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we demonstrate the successful development of an electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for point-of-use detection and quantification of the highly potent microcystin-LR (MC-LR) in water. The sensor uses hexaammineruthenium(III) chloride ([Ru(NH3)6]3+) as redox mediator, because of the ability of the positively charged (3+) molecule to associate with the phosphate backbone of the nucleic acids. We quantitatively measure the target-induced displacement of aptamer associated, or surface confined, [Ru(NH3)6]3+ in the presence of MC-LR. Upon the addition of MC-LR in the water, surface-confined [Ru(NH3)6]3+ dissociates, resulting in less faradaic current from the reduction of [Ru(NH3)6]3+ to [Ru(NH3)6]2+ Sensing surfaces of highly packed immobilized aptamers were capable of recording decreasing square wave voltammetry (SWV) signals after the addition of MC-LR in buffer. As a result, SWV recorded substantial signal suppression within 15 min of target incubation. The sensor showed a calculated limit of detection (LOD) of 9.2 pM in buffer. The effects of interferents were minimal, except when high concentrations of natural organic matter (NOM) were present. Also, the sensor performed well in drinking water samples. These results indicate a sensor with potential for fast and specific quantitative determination of MC-LR in drinking water samples. A common challenge when developing electrochemical, aptamer-based sensors is the need to optimize the nucleic acid aptamer in order to achieve sensitive signaling. This is particularly important when an aptamer experiences only a small or localized conformational change that provides only a limited electrochemical signal change. This study suggests a strategy to overcome that challenge through the use of a nucleic acid-associated redox label.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0012, USA
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - Eunice A Varughese
- Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
| | - Ryan J White
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221-0172, USA
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of Cincinnati, OH, 45221-0030
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE), University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio, 45221-0012, USA
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19
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Chaffin JD, Bratton JF, Verhamme EM, Bair HB, Beecher AA, Binding CE, Birbeck JA, Bridgeman TB, Chang X, Crossman J, Currie WJS, Davis TW, Dick GJ, Drouillard KG, Errera RM, Frenken T, MacIsaac HJ, McClure A, McKay RM, Reitz LA, Domingo JWS, Stanislawczyk K, Stumpf RP, Swan ZD, Snyder BK, Westrick JA, Xue P, Yancey CE, Zastepa A, Zhou X. The Lake Erie HABs Grab: A binational collaboration to characterize the western basin cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms at an unprecedented high-resolution spatial scale. HARMFUL ALGAE 2021; 108:102080. [PMID: 34588116 PMCID: PMC8682807 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2021.102080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring of cyanobacterial bloom biomass in large lakes at high resolution is made possible by remote sensing. However, monitoring cyanobacterial toxins is only feasible with grab samples, which, with only sporadic sampling, results in uncertainties in the spatial distribution of toxins. To address this issue, we conducted two intensive "HABs Grabs" of microcystin (MC)-producing Microcystis blooms in the western basin of Lake Erie. These were one-day sampling events during August of 2018 and 2019 in which 100 and 172 grab samples were collected, respectively, within a six-hour window covering up to 2,270 km2 and analyzed using consistent methods to estimate the total mass of MC. The samples were analyzed for 57 parameters, including toxins, nutrients, chlorophyll, and genomics. There were an estimated 11,513 kg and 30,691 kg of MCs in the western basin during the 2018 and 2019 HABs Grabs, respectively. The bloom boundary poses substantial issues for spatial assessments because MC concentration varied by nearly two orders of magnitude over very short distances. The MC to chlorophyll ratio (MC:chl) varied by a factor up to 5.3 throughout the basin, which creates challenges for using MC:chl to predict MC concentrations. Many of the biomass metrics strongly correlated (r > 0.70) with each other except chlorophyll fluorescence and phycocyanin concentration. While MC and chlorophyll correlated well with total phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations, MC:chl correlated with dissolved inorganic nitrogen. More frequent MC data collection can overcome these issues, and models need to account for the MC:chl spatial heterogeneity when forecasting MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave. P.O. Box 119, Put-In-Bay, OH 43456, USA.
| | | | | | - Halli B Bair
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave. P.O. Box 119, Put-In-Bay, OH 43456, USA
| | - Amber A Beecher
- Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, 6200 Bayshore Rd., Oregon, OH 43616, USA
| | - Caren E Binding
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S1A1, Canada
| | - Johnna A Birbeck
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Thomas B Bridgeman
- Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, 6200 Bayshore Rd., Oregon, OH 43616, USA
| | - Xuexiu Chang
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada; School of Ecology and Environmental Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming 650091, PR China
| | - Jill Crossman
- School of the Environment, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Avenue, Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Warren J S Currie
- Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Rd., Burlington, Ontario L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Timothy W Davis
- Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green, OH 43402, United States
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 North University Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA
| | - Kenneth G Drouillard
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Reagan M Errera
- Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Ann Arbor, MI 48108, USA
| | - Thijs Frenken
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Hugh J MacIsaac
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Andrew McClure
- Division of Water Treatment, City of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43605, USA
| | - R Michael McKay
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, 401 Sunset Ave., Windsor, Ontario N9B 3P4, Canada
| | - Laura A Reitz
- Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Life Sciences Building, Bowling Green, OH 43402, United States
| | | | - Keara Stanislawczyk
- F.T. Stone Laboratory and Ohio Sea Grant, The Ohio State University, 878 Bayview Ave. P.O. Box 119, Put-In-Bay, OH 43456, USA
| | - Richard P Stumpf
- National Ocean Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 1305 East West Highway, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA
| | - Zachary D Swan
- Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, 6200 Bayshore Rd., Oregon, OH 43616, USA
| | - Brenda K Snyder
- Lake Erie Center, University of Toledo, 6200 Bayshore Rd., Oregon, OH 43616, USA
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Lumigen Instrument Center, Wayne State University, 5101Cass Ave., Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Pengfei Xue
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA
| | - Colleen E Yancey
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, 2534 North University Building, 1100 North University Avenue, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1005, USA
| | - Arthur Zastepa
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, 867 Lakeshore Road, Burlington, Ontario L7S1A1, Canada
| | - Xing Zhou
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Michigan Technological University, 1400 Townsend Dr., Houghton, MI 49931, USA
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20
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Romera-García E, Helmus R, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Visser PM. Multi-class determination of intracellular and extracellular cyanotoxins in freshwater samples by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 274:129770. [PMID: 33549883 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, the intensity and duration of cyanobacterial blooms are increasing due to anthropogenic factors. These phenomena worry drinking water companies and water managers because cyanobacteria produce a diverse range of cyanotoxins, which can cause liver, digestive and neurological diseases. The main exposure routes for humans are the consumption of drinking water that has not been effectively treated and the recreational use of polluted waters. For risk assessment and to conduct studies on large-scale occurrence, the development of reliable but simple, sensitive and cost-effective analytical approaches able to cover a wide range of cyanotoxins is essential. Additionally, the determination of intracellular and extracellular toxins separately is advantageous for risk management. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time that a method for the multi-class determination of cyanotoxins in fresh water, which is able to separately report intra- and extracellular toxins, meet the criteria of simplicity (not requiring multiple sample preparation procedures or time-consuming steps) and it is based on highly specific high resolution mass spectrometry (potential for wide screening and retrospective analysis). Matrix effects, trueness and precision met general validation criteria for a group of nine cyanotoxins, including anatoxins, cylindrospermopsin and microcystins. Considering a 50 mL sample, the method quantification limits were within the range of 8-45 ng L-1 and 25-129 ng L-1 for intra- and extracellular cyanotoxins, respectively. Anatoxin-a, cylindrospermopsin and some microcystins were found in three out of four Dutch lakes included in the study, at concentrations up to 52 μg L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Encarnación Romera-García
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University Institute of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Rick Helmus
- Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University Institute of Nanochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Córdoba, Marie Curie Annex Building, Campus of Rabanales, 14071, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Petra M Visser
- Department of Freshwater and Marine Ecology, Institute for Biodiversity and Ecosystem Dynamics, University of Amsterdam, P.O. Box 94240, 1090, GE, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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21
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Zastepa A, Chemali C. Bloom announcement: Late season cyanobacterial blooms co-dominated by Microcystis flos-aquae, Lyngbya birgei, and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae complex in Hamilton Harbour (Lake Ontario), an area of concern impacted by industrial effluent and residential wastewater. Data Brief 2021; 35:106800. [PMID: 33598512 PMCID: PMC7868921 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2021.106800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Zastepa
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
| | - Camille Chemali
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Canada Centre for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario, Canada
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22
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Díaz-Torres O, de Anda J, Lugo-Melchor OY, Pacheco A, Orozco-Nunnelly DA, Shear H, Senés-Guerrero C, Gradilla-Hernández MS. Rapid Changes in the Phytoplankton Community of a Subtropical, Shallow, Hypereutrophic Lake During the Rainy Season. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:617151. [PMID: 33767675 PMCID: PMC7986568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.617151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Cajititlán is a small, shallow, subtropical lake located in an endorheic basin in western Mexico. It is characterized by a strong seasonality of climate with pronounced wet and dry seasons and has been classified as a hypereutrophic lake. This eutrophication was driven by improperly treated sewage discharges from four municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and by excessive agricultural activities, including the overuse of fertilizers that reach the lake through surface runoff during the rainy season. This nutrient rich runoff has caused algal blooms, which have led to anoxic or hypoxic conditions, resulting in large-scale fish deaths that have occurred during or immediately after the rainy season. This study investigated the changes in the phytoplankton community in Lake Cajititlán during the rainy season and the association between these changes and the physicochemical water quality and environmental parameters measured in the lake’s basin. Planktothrix and Cylindrospermopsis were the dominant genera of the cyanobacterial community, while the Chlorophyceae, Chrysophyceae, and Trebouxiophyceae classes dominated the microalgae community. However, the results showed a significant temporal shift in the phytoplankton communities in Lake Cajititlán induced by the rainy season. The findings of this study suggest that significant climatic variations cause high seasonal surface runoff and rapid changes in the water quality (Chlorophyll-a, DO, NH4+, and NO3–) and in variations in the composition of the phytoplankton community. Finally, an alternation between phosphorus and nitrogen limitation was observed in Lake Cajititlán during the rainy season, clearly correlating to the presence of Planktothrix when the lake was limited by phosphorus and to the presence of Cylindrospermopsis when the lake was limited by nitrogen. The evidence presented in this study supports the idea that the death of fish in Lake Cajititlán could be mainly caused by anoxia, caused by rapid changes in water quality during the rainy season. Based on our review of the literature, this is the first study on the phytoplankton community in a subtropical lake during the rainy season using high throughput 16S rRNA and 18S rRNA amplicon sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osiris Díaz-Torres
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Servicios Analiticos y Metrologicos, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - José de Anda
- Departamento de Tecnologia Ambiental, Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Zapopan, Mexico
| | - Ofelia Yadira Lugo-Melchor
- Centro de Investigación y Asistencia en Tecnología y Diseño del Estado de Jalisco, A.C., Unidad de Servicios Analiticos y Metrologicos, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - Adriana Pacheco
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingenieria y Ciencias, Monterrey, Mexico
| | | | - Harvey Shear
- Department of Geography, Geomatics and Environment, University of Toronto-Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
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23
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Isolation and Characterization of Rhizophydiales sp. (Chytridiomycota), Obligate Parasite of Planktothrix agardhii in a Laurentian Great Lakes Embayment. Appl Environ Microbiol 2021; 87:AEM.02308-20. [PMID: 33310722 PMCID: PMC7851699 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02308-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Planktothrix agardhii dominates the cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom community in Sandusky Bay, Lake Erie (USA) from May through September. This filamentous cyanobacterium is host to a known obligate parasite; the chytrid Rhizophydium sp. During the 2018 bloom season, by utilizing dilution and single filament isolation techniques, 7 chytrid and 12 P. agardhii strains were isolated from Sandusky Bay. These 7 chytrids and a selection of P. agardhii hosts were then characterized with respect to infection rates. Infections by the isolated chytrids were specific to Planktothrix planktonic species and were not found on other filamentous cyanobacterial taxa present in the bay (Aphanizomenon sp. and Cuspidothrix sp.). Even among the potential P. agardhii host strains, individual chytrid isolates had different degrees of infectivity and showed preference for different host isolates, suggesting possible ecological partitioning even within the same sample population. Examining mechanisms of chytrid pathogenesis, the zoospores displayed a swarming pattern to attack and fracture the host filament and create new infection sites at the trichome termini. Infections by these parasitic chytrids also led to a release of intracellular microcystin toxins from the hosts. Additionally, infections were dependent on media type, highlighting the importance of media choice on experimental outcomes. Media in which chytrid swarming was observed closely matched the ionic strength of the natural environment. Understanding pathogenesis by fungal parasites will assist future efforts aimed at determining environmental factors favoring loss mechanisms for Planktothrix agardhii-dominated blooms.IMPORTANCE Whereas many studies have focused on the factors contributing to the establishment and persistence of cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs), few studies have examined bloom pathogenesis. Chytrid fungi infect cyanobacteria and stimulate food web interactions through manipulation of previously hard to digest filaments and the release of nutrients to support heterotrophic microbes. Specifically, chytrids infective on filamentous Planktothrix agardhii exhibit a species-specific infection that fragments trichomes into shorter units that can be consumed more easily by grazers. Chytrid zoospores also serve as a high-quality food source for the lower food web. Understanding host-pathogen relationships and mechanisms of pathogenesis on cyanobacteria will be necessary to effectively model the ecology of cHABs.
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24
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Chen G, Wang L, Wang M, Hu T. Comprehensive insights into the occurrence and toxicological issues of nodularins. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 162:111884. [PMID: 33307402 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2020.111884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 11/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of cyanobacterial toxins is being increasingly reported. Nodularins (NODs) are one of the cyanotoxins group mainly produced by Nodularia spumigena throughout the world. NODs may exert adverse effects on animal and human health, and NOD-R variant is the most widely investigated. However, research focused on them is still limited. In order to understand the realistic risk well, the aim of this review is to compile the available information in the scientific literature regarding NODs, including their sources, distribution, structural characteristics, physicochemical properties, biosynthesis and degradation, adverse effects in vitro and vivo, and toxicokinetics. More data is urgently needed to integrate the cumulative or synergistic effects of NODs on different species and various cells to better understand, anticipate and aggressively manage their potential toxicity after both short- and long-term exposure in ecosystem, and to minimize or prevent the adverse effects on human health, environment and the economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoliang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Linping Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Mingxing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China
| | - Tingzhang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education, State and Local Joint Engineering Laboratory for Vascular Implants, Bioengineering College of Chongqing University, Chongqing 400030, China.
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25
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Porzani SJ, Lima ST, Metcalf JS, Nowruzi B. In Vivo and In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Cyanobacterial Toxins: A Mini-Review. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 258:109-150. [PMID: 34622370 DOI: 10.1007/398_2021_74] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms are increasing and becoming a worldwide concern as many bloom-forming cyanobacterial species can produce toxic metabolites named cyanotoxins. These include microcystins, saxitoxins, anatoxins, nodularins, and cylindrospermopsins, which can adversely affect humans, animals, and the environment. Different methods to assess these classes of compounds in vitro and in vivo include biological, biochemical, molecular, and physicochemical techniques. Furthermore, toxic effects not attributable to known cyanotoxins can be observed when assessing bloom material. In order to determine exposures to cyanotoxins and to monitor compliance with drinking and bathing water guidelines, it is necessary to have reliable and effective methods for the analysis of these compounds. Many relatively simple low-cost methods can be employed to rapidly evaluate the potential hazard. The main objective of this mini-review is to describe the assessment of toxic cyanobacterial samples using in vitro and in vivo bioassays. Newly emerging cyanotoxins, the toxicity of analogs, or the interaction of cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins with other toxicants, among others, still requires bioassay assessment. This review focuses on some biological and biochemical assays (MTT assay, Immunohistochemistry, Micronucleus Assay, Artemia salina assay, Daphnia magna test, Radionuclide recovery, Neutral red cytotoxicity and Comet assay, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA), Annexin V-FITC assay and Protein Phosphatase Inhibition Assay (PPIA)) for the detection and measurement of cyanotoxins including microcystins, cylindrospermopsins, anatoxin-a, saxitoxins, and nodularins. Although most bioassay analyses often confirm the presence of cyanotoxins at low concentrations, such bioassays can be used to determine whether some strains or blooms of cyanobacteria may produce other, as yet unknown toxic metabolites. This review also aims to identify research needs and data gaps concerning the toxicity assessment of cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samaneh J Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Stella T Lima
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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26
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Foss AJ, Miles CO, Wilkins AL, Rise F, Trovik KW, Cieslik K, Aubel MT. Analysis of total microcystins and nodularins by oxidative cleavage of their ADMAdda, DMAdda, and Adda moieties. Anal Chim Acta X 2020; 6:100060. [PMID: 33392496 PMCID: PMC7772689 DOI: 10.1016/j.acax.2020.100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) and nodularins (NODs) exhibit high structural variability, including modifications of the Adda (3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid) moiety. Variations include 9-O-desmethylAdda (DMAdda) and 9-O-acetylDMAdda (ADMAdda) which, unless targeted, may go undetected. Therefore, reference standards were prepared of [ADMAdda5]MCs and [DMAdda5]MCs, which were analyzed using multiple approaches. The cross-reactivities of the [DMAdda5]- and [ADMAdda5]MC standards were similar to that of MC-LR when analyzed with a protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay, but were <0.25% when analyzed with an Adda enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Oxidative cleavage experiments identified compounds that could be used in the analysis of total MCs/NODs in a similar fashion to the 2R-methyl-3S-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid (MMPB) technique. Products from oxidative cleavage of both the 4,5- and 6,7-ene of Adda, DMAdda and ADMAdda were observed, and three oxidation products, one from each Adda variant, were chosen for analysis and applied to three field samples and a Nostoc culture. Results from the oxidative cleavage method for total Adda, DMAdda, and ADMAdda were similar to those from the Adda-ELISA, PP2A inhibition, and LC-MS/MS analyses, except for the Nostoc culture where the Adda-ELISA greatly underestimated microcystin levels. This oxidative cleavage method can be used for routine analysis of field samples and to assess the presence of the rarely reported, but toxic, DMAdda/ADMAdda-containing MCs and NODs.
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Key Words
- ADMAdda
- ADMAdda, 3S-amino-9S-acetyloxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- Adda
- Adda, 3S-amino-9S-methoxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- DMAdda
- DMAdda, 3S-amino-9S-hydroxy-2S,6,8S-trimethyl-10-phenyldeca-4E,6E-dienoic acid
- MAPB, 2R-methyl-3S-acetyloxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MHPB, 2R-methyl-3S-hydroxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MMPB
- MMPB, 2R-methyl-3S-methoxy-4-phenylbutanoic acid
- MOMAPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-acetyloxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- MOMHPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-hydroxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- MOMMPH, 2-methyl-3-oxo-4R-methyl-5S-methoxy-6-phenylhexanoic acid
- Microcystin
- Microcystin, MC
- NOD, Nodularin
- Nodularin
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J. Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Measurement Science and Standards, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS, B3H 3Z1, Canada
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
| | - Alistair L. Wilkins
- Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P. O. Box 750, Sentrum, N-0106, Oslo, Norway
- Chemistry Department, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, 3240, Hamilton, New Zealand
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Frode Rise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kristian W. Trovik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, P.O. Box 1033, N-0315, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kamil Cieslik
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
| | - Mark T. Aubel
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA
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27
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McKindles KM, Manes MA, DeMarco JR, McClure A, McKay RM, Davis TW, Bullerjahn GS. Dissolved Microcystin Release Coincident with Lysis of a Bloom Dominated by Microcystis spp. in Western Lake Erie Attributed to a Novel Cyanophage. Appl Environ Microbiol 2020; 86:e01397-20. [PMID: 32859600 PMCID: PMC7642080 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01397-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Western Lake Erie (Laurentian Great Lakes) is prone to annual cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) dominated by Microcystis spp. that often yield microcystin toxin concentrations exceeding the federal EPA recreational contact advisory of 8 μg liter-1 In August 2014, microcystin levels were detected in finished drinking water above the World Health Organization 1.0 μg liter-1 threshold for consumption, leading to a 2-day disruption in the supply of drinking water for >400,000 residents of Toledo, Ohio (USA). Subsequent metatranscriptomic analysis of the 2014 bloom event provided evidence that release of toxin into the water supply was likely caused by cyanophage lysis that transformed a portion of the intracellular microcystin pool into the dissolved fraction, rendering it more difficult to eliminate during treatment. In August 2019, a similar increase in dissolved microcystins at the Toledo water intake was coincident with a viral lytic event caused by a phage consortium different in composition from what was detected following the 2014 Toledo water crisis. The most abundant viral sequence in metagenomic data sets was a scaffold from a putative member of the Siphoviridae, distinct from the Ma-LMM01-like Myoviridae that are typically documented to occur in western Lake Erie. This study provides further evidence that viral activity in western Lake Erie plays a significant role in transformation of microcystins from the particulate to the dissolved fraction and therefore requires monitoring efforts from local water treatment plants. Additionally, identification of multiple lytic cyanophages will enable the development of a quantitative PCR toolbox to assess viral activity during cHABs.IMPORTANCE Viral attack on cHABs may contribute to changes in community composition during blooms, as well as bloom decline, yet loss of bloom biomass does not eliminate the threat of cHAB toxicity. Rather, it may increase risks to the public by delivering a pool of dissolved toxin directly into water treatment utilities when the dominating Microcystis spp. are capable of producing microcystins. Detecting, characterizing, and quantifying the major cyanophages involved in lytic events will assist water treatment plant operators in making rapid decisions regarding the pool of microcystins entering the plant and the corresponding best practices to neutralize the toxin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katelyn M McKindles
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Makayla A Manes
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Jonathan R DeMarco
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - Andrew McClure
- Division of Water Treatment for the City of Toledo, Toledo, Ohio, USA
| | - R Michael McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
- Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario, Canada
| | - Timothy W Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
- Center for Great Lakes and Watershed Studies, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
| | - George S Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Great Lakes Center for Fresh Waters and Human Health, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
- Center for Great Lakes and Watershed Studies, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, Ohio, USA
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28
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Massey IY, Wu P, Wei J, Luo J, Ding P, Wei H, Yang F. A Mini-Review on Detection Methods of Microcystins. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:E641. [PMID: 33020400 PMCID: PMC7601875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12100641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CyanoHABs) produce microcystins (MCs) which are associated with animal and human hepatotoxicity. Over 270 variants of MC exist. MCs have been continually studied due of their toxic consequences. Monitoring water quality to assess the presence of MCs is of utmost importance although it is often difficult because CyanoHABs may generate multiple MC variants, and their low concentration in water. To effectively manage and control these toxins and prevent their health risks, sensitive, fast, and reliable methods capable of detecting MCs are required. This paper aims to review the three main analytical methods used to detect MCs ranging from biological (mouse bioassay), biochemical (protein phosphatase inhibition assay and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay), and chemical (high performance liquid chromatography, liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, high performance capillary electrophoresis, and gas chromatography), as well as the newly emerging biosensor methods. In addition, the current state of these methods regarding their novel development and usage, as well as merits and limitations are presented. Finally, this paper also provides recommendations and future research directions towards method application and improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac Yaw Massey
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Pian Wu
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jia Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Jiayou Luo
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Ping Ding
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
| | - Haiyan Wei
- Department of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Toxicology, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong 226019, China
| | - Fei Yang
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China; (I.Y.M.); (P.W.); (J.W.); (J.L.); (P.D.)
- School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
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Jankowiak JG, Gobler CJ. The Composition and Function of Microbiomes Within Microcystis Colonies Are Significantly Different Than Native Bacterial Assemblages in Two North American Lakes. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:1016. [PMID: 32547511 PMCID: PMC7270213 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.01016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis is one of the most pervasive harmful algal bloom (HAB) genera and naturally occurs in large colonies known to harbor diverse heterotrophic bacterial assemblages. While colony-associated microbiomes may influence Microcystis blooms, there remains a limited understanding of the structure and functional potential of these communities and how they may be shaped by changing environmental conditions. To address this gap, we compared the dynamics of Microcystis-attached (MCA), free-living (FL), and whole water (W) microbiomes during Microcystis blooms using next-generation amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA), a predictive metagenome software, and other bioinformatic approaches. Microbiomes were monitored through high resolution spatial-temporal surveys across two North American lakes, Lake Erie (LE) and Lake Agawam (LA; Long Island, NY, United States) in 2017, providing the largest dataset of these fractions to date. Sequencing of 126 samples generated 7,922,628 sequences that clustered into 7,447 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) with 100% sequence identity. Across lakes, the MCA microbiomes were significantly different than the FL and W fractions being significantly enriched in Gemmatimonadetes, Burkholderiaceae, Rhizobiales, and Cytophagales and depleted of Actinobacteria. Further, although MCA communities harbored > 900 unique ASVs, they were significantly less diverse than the other fractions with diversity inversely related to bloom intensity, suggesting increased selection pressure on microbial communities as blooms intensified. Despite taxonomic differences between lakes, predicted metagenomes revealed conserved functional potential among MCA microbiomes. MCA communities were significantly enriched in pathways involved in N and P cycling and microcystin-degradation. Taxa potentially capable of N2-fixation were significantly enriched (p < 0.05) and up to four-fold more abundant within the MCA faction relative to other fractions, potentially aiding in the proliferation of Microcystis blooms during low N conditions. The MCA predicted metagenomes were conserved over 8 months of seasonal changes in temperature and N availability despite strong temporal succession in microbiome composition. Collectively, these findings indicate that Microcystis colonies harbor a statistically distinct microbiome with a conserved functional potential that may help facilitate bloom persistence under environmentally unfavorable conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer G. Jankowiak
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
| | - Christopher J. Gobler
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Southampton, NY, United States
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Di Pofi G, Favero G, Nigro Di Gregorio F, Ferretti E, Viaggiu E, Lucentini L. Multi-residue Ultra Performance Liquid Chromatography-High resolution mass spectrometric method for the analysis of 21 cyanotoxins in surface water for human consumption. Talanta 2020; 211:120738. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2020.120738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Ballot A, Swe T, Mjelde M, Cerasino L, Hostyeva V, Miles CO. Cylindrospermopsin- and Deoxycylindrospermopsin-Producing Raphidiopsis raciborskii and Microcystin-Producing Microcystis spp. in Meiktila Lake, Myanmar. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12040232. [PMID: 32272622 PMCID: PMC7232193 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12040232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Meiktila Lake is a shallow reservoir located close to Meiktila city in central Myanmar. Its water is used for irrigation, domestic purposes and drinking water. No detailed study of the presence of cyanobacteria and their potential toxin production has been conducted so far. To ascertain the cyanobacterial composition and presence of cyanobacterial toxins in Meiktila Lake, water samples were collected in March and November 2017 and investigated for physico-chemical and biological parameters. Phytoplankton composition and biomass determination revealed that most of the samples were dominated by the cyanobacterium Raphidiopsis raciborskii. In a polyphasic approach, seven isolated cyanobacterial strains were classified morphologically and phylogenetically as R. raciborskii, and Microcystis spp. and tested for microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), saxitoxins and anatoxins by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS). ELISA and LC–MS analyses confirmed CYNs in three of the five Raphidiopsis strains between 1.8 and 9.8 μg mg−1 fresh weight. Both Microcystis strains produced MCs, one strain 52 congeners and the other strain 20 congeners, including 22 previously unreported variants. Due to the presence of CYN- and MC-producing cyanobacteria, harmful effects on humans, domestic and wild animals cannot be excluded in Meiktila Lake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Thida Swe
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
- Forest Research Institute, 15013 Yezin, Myanmar
- Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, University of South- Eastern Norway, Gullbringvegen 36, N-3800 Bø, Norway
| | - Marit Mjelde
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Department of Sustainable Agro-ecosystem and Bioresources, Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all’Adige, Italy;
| | - Vladyslava Hostyeva
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Gaustadalléen 21, N-0349 Oslo, Norway; (T.S.); (M.M.); (V.H.)
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LeBlanc P, Merkley N, Thomas K, Lewis NI, Békri K, Renaud SL, Pick FR, McCarron P, Miles CO, Quilliam MA. Isolation and Characterization of [DLeu 1]microcystin-LY from Microcystis aeruginosa CPCC-464. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12020077. [PMID: 31979406 PMCID: PMC7076857 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12020077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
[D-Leu1]MC-LY (1) ([M + H]+m/z 1044.5673, Δ 2.0 ppm), a new microcystin, was isolated from Microcystis aeruginosa strain CPCC-464. The compound was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR spectroscopy, liquid chromatography–high resolution tandem mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS/MS) and UV spectroscopy. A calibration reference material was produced after quantitation by 1H NMR spectroscopy and LC with chemiluminescence nitrogen detection. The potency of 1 in a protein phosphatase 2A inhibition assay was essentially the same as for MC-LR (2). Related microcystins, [D-Leu1]MC-LR (3) ([M + H]+m/z 1037.6041, Δ 1.0 ppm), [D-Leu1]MC-M(O)R (6) ([M + H]+m/z 1071.5565, Δ 2.0 ppm) and [D-Leu1]MC-MR (7) ([M + H]+m/z 1055.5617, Δ 2.2 ppm), were also identified in culture extracts, along with traces of [D-Leu1]MC-M(O2)R (8) ([M + H]+m/z 1087.5510, Δ 1.6 ppm), by a combination of chemical derivatization and LC–HRMS/MS experiments. The relative abundances of 1, 3, 6, 7 and 8 in a freshly extracted culture in the positive ionization mode LC–HRMS were ca. 84, 100, 3.0, 11 and 0.05, respectively. These and other results indicate that [D-Leu1]-containing MCs may be more common in cyanobacterial blooms than is generally appreciated but are easily overlooked with standard targeted LC–MS/MS screening methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia LeBlanc
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nadine Merkley
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Krista Thomas
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Nancy I. Lewis
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Khalida Békri
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Susan LeBlanc Renaud
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON K1N 6N5, Canada; (S.L.R.); (F.R.P.)
| | - Pearse McCarron
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Christopher O. Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
| | - Michael A. Quilliam
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council, 1411 Oxford Street, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada; (P.L.); (N.M.); (K.T.); (N.I.L.); (K.B.); (P.M.); (C.O.M.)
- Correspondence:
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Birbeck JA, Peraino NJ, O’Neill GM, Coady J, Westrick JA. Dhb Microcystins Discovered in USA Using an Online Concentration LC-MS/MS Platform. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E653. [PMID: 31717642 PMCID: PMC6891738 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11110653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on current structural and statistical calculations, thousands of microcystins (MCs) can exist; yet, to date, only 246 MCs were identified and only 12 commercial MC standards are available. Standard mass spectrometry workflows for known and unknown MCs need to be developed and validated for basic and applied harmful algal bloom research to advance. Our investigation focuses on samples taken in the spring of 2018 from an impoundment fed by Oser and Bischoff Reservoirs, Indiana, United States of America (USA). The dominant cyanobacterium found during sampling was Planktothrix agardhii. The goal of our study was to identify and quantify the MCs in the impoundment sample using chemical derivatization and mass spectrometry. Modifying these techniques to use online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), two untargeted MCs have been identified, [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-LR and [Dhb7]-MC-YR. [Dhb7]-MC-YR is not yet reported in the literature to date, and this was the first reported incidence of Dhb MCs in the United States. Furthermore, it was discovered that the commercially available [d-Asp3]-MC-RR standard was [d-Asp3, Dhb7]-MC-RR. This study highlights a workflow utilizing online concentration LC-MS/MS, high-resolution MS (HRMS), and chemical derivatization to identify isobaric MCs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Judy A. Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA; (J.A.B.); (N.J.P.); (G.M.O.); (J.C.)
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A Multiplex Analysis of Potentially Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Winnipeg during the 2013 Bloom Season. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11100587. [PMID: 31614508 PMCID: PMC6832941 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11100587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Lake Winnipeg (Manitoba, Canada), the world’s 12th largest lake by area, is host to yearly cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (cHABs) dominated by Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum. cHABs in Lake Winnipeg are primarily a result of eutrophication but may be exacerbated by the recent introduction of dreissenid mussels. Through multiple methods to monitor the potential for toxin production in Lake Winnipeg in conjunction with environmental measures, this study defined the baseline composition of a Lake Winnipeg cHAB to measure potential changes because of dreissenid colonization. Surface water samples were collected in 2013 from 23 sites during summer and from 18 sites in fall. Genetic data and mass spectrometry cyanotoxin profiles identified microcystins (MC) as the most abundant cyanotoxin across all stations, with MC concentrations highest in the north basin. In the fall, mcyA genes were sequenced to determine which species had the potential to produce MCs, and 12 of the 18 sites were a mix of both Planktothrix and Microcystis. Current blooms in Lake Winnipeg produce low levels of MCs, but the capacity to produce cyanotoxins is widespread across both basins. If dreissenid mussels continue to colonize Lake Winnipeg, a shift in physicochemical properties of the lake because of faster water column clearance rates may yield more toxic blooms potentially dominated by microcystin producers.
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Davenport EJ, Neudeck MJ, Matson PG, Bullerjahn GS, Davis TW, Wilhelm SW, Denney MK, Krausfeldt LE, Stough JMA, Meyer KA, Dick GJ, Johengen TH, Lindquist E, Tringe SG, McKay RML. Metatranscriptomic Analyses of Diel Metabolic Functions During a Microcystis Bloom in Western Lake Erie (United States). Front Microbiol 2019; 10:2081. [PMID: 31551998 PMCID: PMC6746948 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.02081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined diel shifts in metabolic functions of Microcystis spp. during a 48-h Lagrangian survey of a toxin-producing cyanobacterial bloom in western Lake Erie in the aftermath of the 2014 Toledo Water Crisis. Transcripts mapped to the genomes of recently sequenced lower Great Lakes Microcystis isolates showed distinct patterns of gene expression between samples collected across day (10:00 h, 16:00 h) and night (22:00 h, 04:00 h). Daytime transcripts were enriched in functions related to Photosystem II (e.g., psbA), nitrogen and phosphate acquisition, cell division (ftsHZ), heat shock response (dnaK, groEL), and uptake of inorganic carbon (rbc, bicA). Genes transcribed during nighttime included those involved in phycobilisome protein synthesis and Photosystem I core subunits. Hierarchical clustering and principal component analysis (PCA) showed a tightly clustered group of nighttime expressed genes, whereas daytime transcripts were separated from each other over the 48-h duration. Lack of uniform clustering within the daytime transcripts suggested that the partitioning of gene expression in Microcystis is dependent on both circadian regulation and physicochemical changes within the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Davenport
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States,Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Michelle J. Neudeck
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Paul G. Matson
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - George S. Bullerjahn
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States,*Correspondence: George S. Bullerjahn,
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States
| | - Steven W. Wilhelm
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Maddie K. Denney
- Graduate School of Genome Science and Technology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Lauren E. Krausfeldt
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua M. A. Stough
- Department of Microbiology, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Knoxville, TN, United States
| | - Kevin A. Meyer
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States,Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Thomas H. Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Erika Lindquist
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Susannah G. Tringe
- U.S. Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, United States
| | - Robert Michael L. McKay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bowling Green State University, Bowling Green, OH, United States,Great Lakes Institute for Environmental Research, University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, Canada
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Akter S, Kustila T, Leivo J, Muralitharan G, Vehniäinen M, Lamminmäki U. Noncompetitive Chromogenic Lateral-Flow Immunoassay for Simultaneous Detection of Microcystins and Nodularin. BIOSENSORS 2019; 9:E79. [PMID: 31216673 PMCID: PMC6627203 DOI: 10.3390/bios9020079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms cause local and global health issues by contaminating surface waters. Microcystins and nodularins are cyclic cyanobacterial peptide toxins comprising numerous natural variants. Most of them are potent hepatotoxins, tumor promoters, and at least microcystin-LR is possibly carcinogenic. In drinking water, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommended the provisional guideline value of 1 µg/L for microcystin-LR. For water used for recreational activity, the guidance values for microcystin concentration varies mostly between 4-25 µg/L in different countries. Current immunoassays or lateral flow strips for microcystin/nodularin are based on indirect competitive method, which are generally more prone to sample interference and sometimes hard to interpret compared to two-site immunoassays. Simple, sensitive, and easy to interpret user-friendly methods for first line screening of microcystin/nodularin near water sources are needed for assessment of water quality and safety. We describe the development of a two-site sandwich format lateral-flow assay for the rapid detection of microcystins and nodularin-R. A unique antibody fragment capable of broadly recognizing immunocomplexes consisting of a capture antibody bound to microcystins/nodularin-R was used to develop the simple lateral flow immunoassay. The assay can visually detect the major hepatotoxins (microcystin-LR, -dmLR, -RR, -dmRR, -YR, -LY, -LF -LW, and nodularin-R) at and below the concentration of 4 µg/L. The signal is directly proportional to the concentration of the respective toxin, and the use of alkaline phosphatase activity offers a cost efficient alternative by eliminating the need of toxin conjugates or other labeling system. The easy to interpret assay has the potential to serve as a microcystins/nodularin screening tool for those involved in water quality monitoring such as municipal authorities, researchers, as well as general public concerned of bathing water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sultana Akter
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Teemu Kustila
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Janne Leivo
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Gangatharan Muralitharan
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Palkalaiperur, Tiruchirappalli 620024, Tamilnadu, India.
| | - Markus Vehniäinen
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
| | - Urpo Lamminmäki
- Molecular Biotechnology and Diagnostics, Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FIN-20520 Turku, Finland.
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Yilmaz M, Foss AJ, Miles CO, Özen M, Demir N, Balcı M, Beach DG. Comprehensive multi-technique approach reveals the high diversity of microcystins in field collections and an associated isolate of Microcystis aeruginosa from a Turkish lake. Toxicon 2019; 167:87-100. [PMID: 31181296 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2019.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2019] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Microcystins (MCs) are hepatotoxic and potentially carcinogenic cyanotoxins. They exhibit high structural variability, with nearly 250 variants described to date. This variability can result in incomplete detection of MC variants during lake surveys due to the frequent use of targeted analytical methods and a lack of standards available for identification and quantitation. In this study, Lake Uluabat in Turkey was sampled during the summer of 2015. Phylogenetic analysis of the environmental mcyA sequences suggested Microcystis spp. were the major MC contributors. A combination of liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), liquid chromatography with UV detection and mass spectrometry (LC-UV-MS), and a novel liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) method, together with thiol and periodate reactivity, revealed more than 36 MC variants in the lake samples and a strain of M. aeruginosa (AQUAMEB-24) isolated from Lake Uluabat. Only MCs containing arginine at position-4 were detected in the culture, while MC-LA, -LY, -LW and -LF were also detected in the lake samples, suggesting the presence of other MC producers in the lake. The previously unreported MCs MC-(H2)YR (dihydrotyrosine at position-2) (17), [epoxyAdda5]MC-LR, [DMAdda5]MC-RR (1) and [Mser7]MC-RR (8) were detected in the culture and/or field samples. This study is a good example of how commonly used targeted LC-MS methods can underestimate the diversity of MCs in freshwater lakes and cyanobacteria cultures and how untargeted LC-MS methods can be used to comprehensively assess MC diversity present in a new system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mete Yilmaz
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Amanda J Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL, 32177, USA.
| | - Christopher O Miles
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
| | - Mihriban Özen
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey; Bursa Uludağ University, Department of Biology, 16059, Bursa, Turkey.
| | - Nilsun Demir
- Ankara University, Department of Fisheries and Aquaculture Engineering, 06110, Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Muharrem Balcı
- Bursa Technical University, Department of Bioengineering, 16310, Bursa, Turkey; Istanbul University, Department of Biology, 34134, İstanbul, Turkey.
| | - Daniel G Beach
- Biotoxin Metrology, National Research Council Canada, Halifax, NS B3H 3Z1, Canada.
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Schmale DG, Ault AP, Saad W, Scott DT, Westrick JA. Perspectives on Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) and the Cyberbiosecurity of Freshwater Systems. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2019; 7:128. [PMID: 31231642 PMCID: PMC6558221 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2019.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) have been observed in all 50 states in the U.S., ranging from large freshwater lakes, such as the Great Lakes, to smaller inland lakes, rivers, and reservoirs, as well as marine coastal areas and estuaries. In 2014, a HAB on Lake Erie containing microcystin (a liver toxin) contaminated the municipal water supply in Toledo, Ohio, providing non-potable water to 400,000 people. Studying HABs is complicated as different cyanobacteria produce a range of toxins that impact human health, such as microcystins, saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and cylindrospermopsin. HABs may be increasing in prevalence with rising temperatures and higher nutrient runoff. Consequently, new tools and technology are needed to rapidly detect, characterize, and respond to HABs that threaten our water security. A framework is needed to understand cyber threats to new and existing technologies that monitor and forecast our water quality. To properly detect, assess, and mitigate security threats on water infrastructure, it is necessary to envision water security from the perspective of a cyber-physical system (CPS). In doing so, we can evaluate risks and research needs for cyber-attacks on HAB-monitoring networks including data injection attacks, automated system hijacking attacks, node forgery attacks, and attacks on learning algorithms. Herein, we provide perspectives on the research needed to understand both the threats posed by HABs and the coupled cyber threats to water security in the context of HABs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G. Schmale
- School of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Andrew P. Ault
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Walid Saad
- Bradley Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Durelle T. Scott
- Department of Biological Systems Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
| | - Judy A. Westrick
- Lumigen Instrumentation Center, Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, United States
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Huang IS, Zimba PV. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites-A review of their chemistry and biology. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 86:139-209. [PMID: 31358273 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komárek as part of the Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1-3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University-Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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40
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Vogiazi V, de la Cruz A, Mishra S, Shanov V, Heineman WR, Dionysiou DD. A Comprehensive Review: Development of Electrochemical Biosensors for Detection of Cyanotoxins in Freshwater. ACS Sens 2019; 4:1151-1173. [PMID: 31056912 PMCID: PMC6625642 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b00376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms are increasing in frequency and cyanotoxins have become an environmental and public concern in the U.S. and worldwide. In this Review, the majority of reported studies and developments of electrochemical affinity biosensors for cyanotoxins are critically reviewed and discussed. Essential background information about cyanobacterial toxins and electrochemical biosensors is combined with the rapidly moving development of electrochemical biosensors for these toxins. Current issues and future challenges for the development of useful electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxin detection that meet the demands for applications in field freshwater samples are discussed. The major aspects of the entire review article in a prescribed sequence include (i) the state-of-the-art knowledge of the toxicity of cyanotoxins, (ii) important harmful algal bloom events, (iii) advisories, guidelines, and regulations, (iv) conventional analytical methods for determination of cyanotoxins, (v) electrochemical transduction, (vi) recognition receptors, (vii) reported electrochemical biosensors for cyanotoxins, (viii) summary of analytical performance, and (ix) recent advances and future trends. Discussion includes electrochemical techniques and devices, biomolecules with high affinity, numerous array designs, various detection approaches, and research strategies in tailoring the properties of the transducer-biomolecule interface. Scientific and engineering aspects are presented in depth. This review aims to serve as a valuable source to scientists and engineers entering the interdisciplinary field of electrochemical biosensors for detection of cyanotoxins in freshwaters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasileia Vogiazi
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Armah de la Cruz
- Office of Research and Development , US Environmental Protection Agency , Cincinnati , Ohio 45220 , United States
| | - Siddharth Mishra
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - Vesselin Shanov
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
- Mechanical and Materials Engineering , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati 45221 , Ohio United States
| | - William R Heineman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
| | - Dionysios D Dionysiou
- Environmental Engineering and Science Program, Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering (ChEE) , University of Cincinnati , Cincinnati , Ohio 45221 , United States
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41
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Yuan LL, Pollard AI. Combining national and state data improves predictions of microcystin concentration. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 84:75-83. [PMID: 31128815 PMCID: PMC7147962 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Data collected from lakes at national (regional) scales and state (local) scales can provide different insights regarding relationships between environmental factors and biological responses, and combining these two types of data can potentially yield more precise and accurate understanding of ecological phenomena. National data can include many measures, cover large spatial areas, and span broad environmental gradients. Because of these characteristics, analyses of these data can yield accurate estimates of relationships among different lake characteristics. However, the number of samples in a national data set that is available for estimating a relationship specific to waterbodies within a smaller region, like a single state, is limited. Conversely, state monitoring data provide intensive sampling of lakes within a smaller area, but these data span a narrower range of conditions and may only include a subset of relevant measurements. Here, a Bayesian network model is described that represents the causal linkages between observations of chlorophyll a concentration, cyanobacterial biovolume, and microcystin concentration. This network model was fit to national data and provided a context for modeling observations of chlorophyll a and microcystin collected from lakes in Iowa. Using the knowledge inherent in the national network model improved the accuracy of predictions of microcystin concentrations in Iowa compared to a model based only on Iowa data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lester L Yuan
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA.
| | - Amina I Pollard
- Office of Water, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 20460, USA
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42
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Xie J, Zhao L, Liu K, Liu W. Enantiomeric environmental behavior, oxidative stress and toxin release of harmful cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa in response to napropamide and acetochlor. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:728-733. [PMID: 30623828 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms have emerged as a worldwide issue. After concentrations of herbicides entering water, herbicides in water may pose ecological effects on them. The present study investigates the toxicity and environmental behavior of the herbicides, napropamide and acetochlor as enantiomers and as racemates on Microcystis aeruginosa which is the main specie known to produce hepatotoxins. S-napropamide/acetochlor are degraded faster than their corresponding isomer R-napropamide/acetochlor, with the latter more prone to accumulate in algal cells. Moreover, all the enantiomers did not undergo measurable racemization in the medium and algal cells. S-napropamide/acetochlor exhibited much higher toxicity than R-napropamide/acetochlor, with the S-enantiomer inducing a much greater production of antioxidant defense enzymes (superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malondialdehyde (MDA)) and microcystins (MC). SOD and MC increased after treatment with the herbicides and these increases were dependent on the exposure time, whereas MDA showed no apparent change. The information provided in this work will be useful for understanding the toxicity mechanism and environmental behaviors of different amide herbicides (napropamide and acetochlor) in aquatic environments at the enantiomeric level. Additionally, analysis of chiral herbicides in aquatic system needs more attention to aide in the environmental assessment of chiral herbicides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingqian Xie
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China; MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Lu Zhao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Kai Liu
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, W. M. Keck Laboratories, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Blvd., Pasadena, CA, 91125, United States
| | - Weiping Liu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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43
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Huang IS, Zimba PV. Cyanobacterial bioactive metabolites-A review of their chemistry and biology. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 83:42-94. [PMID: 31097255 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacterial blooms occur when algal densities exceed baseline population concentrations. Cyanobacteria can produce a large number of secondary metabolites. Odorous metabolites affect the smell and flavor of aquatic animals, whereas bioactive metabolites cause a range of lethal and sub-lethal effects in plants, invertebrates, and vertebrates, including humans. Herein, the bioactivity, chemistry, origin, and biosynthesis of these cyanobacterial secondary metabolites were reviewed. With recent revision of cyanobacterial taxonomy by Anagnostidis and Komárek as part of the Süβwasserflora von Mitteleuropa volumes 19(1-3), names of many cyanobacteria that produce bioactive compounds have changed, thereby confusing readers. The original and new nomenclature are included in this review to clarify the origins of cyanobacterial bioactive compounds. Due to structural similarity, the 157 known bioactive classes produced by cyanobacteria have been condensed to 55 classes. This review will provide a basis for more formal procedures to adopt a logical naming system. This review is needed for efficient management of water resources to understand, identify, and manage cyanobacterial harmful algal bloom impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Shuo Huang
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA.
| | - Paul V Zimba
- Center for Coastal Studies, Texas A&M University Corpus Christi, 6300 Ocean Drive, Corpus Christi, TX 78412, USA
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44
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Brophy MJ, Trueman BF, Park Y, Betts RA, Gagnon GA. Fluorescence Spectra Predict Microcystin-LR and Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential in Lake Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:586-594. [PMID: 30561985 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection byproducts (DBPs) and algal toxins can be expensive to monitor and represent significant potential risks to human health. DBPs, including haloacetic acids and trihalomethanes, are possible or probable human carcinogens. Microcystin-LR-produced by cyanobacteria-is linked with various adverse health effects. Here we show that fluorescence spectra predict both microcystin-LR occurrence and DBP formation potential (DBPfp) in lake water. We compared models with either fluorescence spectra or a suite of water quality predictors as inputs. A regularized logistic regression model with fluorescence spectral inputs correctly classified 94% of test data with respect to microcystin-LR occurrence, with a 96% probability of correctly ranking a detect/nondetect pair. Regularized linear regression predicted DBPfp based on fluorescence inputs with a combined R2 of 0.83 on test data. A gradient-boosted classifier with seven water quality inputs was comparable in detecting microcystin-LR (91% correct), as was UV254 in predicting DBPfp (combined test R2 = 0.84), but no single parameter matched fluorescence spectra over both predictive tasks. Results highlight the potential for multiparameter monitoring via fluorescence spectroscopy, extending previous work on predicting DBPs alone. As a high-frequency monitoring tool, this approach could supplement mass spectrometric methods that may only be applicable at low frequency due to resource limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Brophy
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Benjamin F Trueman
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Yuri Park
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Rebecca A Betts
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
| | - Graham A Gagnon
- Department of Civil & Resource Engineering , Dalhousie University , Halifax , Nova Scotia , B3H 4R2 Canada
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45
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Newell SE, Davis TW, Johengen TH, Gossiaux D, Burtner A, Palladino D, McCarthy MJ. Reduced forms of nitrogen are a driver of non-nitrogen-fixing harmful cyanobacterial blooms and toxicity in Lake Erie. HARMFUL ALGAE 2019; 81:86-93. [PMID: 30638502 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Western Lake Erie (WLE) experiences anthropogenic eutrophication and annual, toxic cyanobacterial blooms of non-nitrogen (N) fixing Microcystis. Numerous studies have shown that bloom biomass is correlated with an increased proportion of soluble reactive phosphorus loading from the Maumee River. Long term monitoring shows that the proportion of the annual Maumee River N load of non-nitrate N, or total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN), has also increased significantly (Spearman's ρ = 0.68, p = 0.001) over the last few decades and is also significantly correlated to cyanobacterial bloom biomass (Spearman's ρ = 0.64, p = 0.003). The ratio of chemically reduced N to oxidized N (TKN:NO3) concentrations was also compared to extracted chlorophyll and phycocyanin concentrations from all weekly sampling stations within WLE from 2009 to 2015. Both chlorophyll (Spearman's ρ = 0.657, p < 0.0001) and phycocyanin (Spearman's ρ = 0.714, p < 0.0001) were significantly correlated with TKN:NO3. This correlation between the increasing fraction of chemically reduced N from the Maumee River and increasing bloom biomass demonstrates the urgent need to control N loading, in addition to current P load reductions, to WLE and similar systems impacted by non-N-fixing, toxin-producing cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia E Newell
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45458, USA.
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA; Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Thomas H Johengen
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA; Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Duane Gossiaux
- NOAA GLERL, 4840 South State Rd., Ann Arbor, MI, 48108, USA
| | - Ashley Burtner
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Danna Palladino
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, 48109, USA
| | - Mark J McCarthy
- Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, OH, 45458, USA
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46
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Birbeck JA, Westrick JA, O'Neill GM, Spies B, Szlag DC. Comparative Analysis of Microcystin Prevalence in Michigan Lakes by Online Concentration LC/MS/MS and ELISA. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:E13. [PMID: 30609666 PMCID: PMC6356304 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11010013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Fast and reliable workflows are needed to quantitate microcystins (MCs), a ubiquitous class of hepatotoxic cyanotoxins, so that the impact of human and environmental exposure is assessed quickly and minimized. Our goal was to develop a high-throughput online concentration liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) workflow to quantitate the 12 commercially available MCs and nodularin in surface and drinking waters. The method run time was 8.5 min with detection limits in the low ng/L range and minimum reporting levels between 5 and 10 ng/L. This workflow was benchmarked by determining the prevalence of MCs and comparing the Adda-ELISA quantitation to our new workflow from 122 samples representing 31 waterbodies throughout Michigan. The frequency of MC occurrence was MC-LA > LR > RR > D-Asp³-LR > YR > HilR > WR > D-Asp³-RR > HtyR > LY = LW = LF, while MC-RR had the highest concentrations. MCs were detected in 33 samples and 13 of these samples had more than 20% of their total MC concentration from MCs not present in US Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA) Method 544. Furthermore, seasonal deviations between the LC/MS/MS and Adda-ELISA data suggest Adda-ELISA cross-reacts with MC degradation products. This workflow provides less than 24-h turnaround for quantification and also identified key differences between LC/MS/MS and ELISA quantitation that should be investigated further.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnna A Birbeck
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Judy A Westrick
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Grace M O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA.
| | - Brian Spies
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
| | - David C Szlag
- Department of Chemistry, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA.
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47
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Bickman SR, Campbell K, Elliott C, Murphy C, O'Kennedy R, Papst P, Lochhead MJ. An Innovative Portable Biosensor System for the Rapid Detection of Freshwater Cyanobacterial Algal Bloom Toxins. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11691-11698. [PMID: 30208702 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms in freshwater systems are increasingly common and present threats to drinking water systems, recreational waters, and ecosystems. A highly innovative simple to use, portable biosensor system (MBio) for the rapid and simultaneous detection of multiple cyanobacterial toxins in freshwater is demonstrated. The system utilizes a novel planar waveguide optical sensor that delivers quantitative fluorescent competitive immunoassay results in a disposable cartridge. Data are presented for the world's first duplex microcystin (MC)/cylindrospermopsin (CYN) assay cartridge using a combination of fluorophore-conjugated monoclonal antibodies as detector molecules. The on-cartridge detection limits of 20% inhibitory concentration (IC20) was 0.4 μg/L for MC and 0.7 μg/L for CYN. MC assay coverage of eight important MC congeners was demonstrated. Validation using 45 natural lake water samples from Colorado and Lake Erie showed quantitative correlation with commercially available laboratory-based enzyme linked immunosorbent assays. A novel cell lysis module was demonstrated using cyanobacteria cultures. Results show equivalent or better performance than the gold-standard but more tedious 3× freeze-thaw method, with >90% cell lysis for laboratory cultures. The MBio system holds promise as a versatile tool for multiplexed field-based cyanotoxin detection, with future analyte expansion including saxitoxin, anatoxin-a, and marine biotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah R Bickman
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Katrina Campbell
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University, Belfast , Stranmillis Road , Belfast , United Kingdom , BT9 5AG
| | - Christopher Elliott
- Institute for Global Food Security, School of Biological Sciences , Queen's University, Belfast , Stranmillis Road , Belfast , United Kingdom , BT9 5AG
| | - Caroline Murphy
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research and Biomedical Diagnostics Institute , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Richard O'Kennedy
- School of Biotechnology, National Centre for Sensor Research and Biomedical Diagnostics Institute , Dublin City University , Dublin 9 , Ireland
| | - Philip Papst
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
| | - Michael J Lochhead
- MBio Diagnostics, Inc. , 5603 Arapahoe Ave , Boulder , Colorado 80303 , United States
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48
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Chaffin JD, Kane DD, Stanislawczyk K, Parker EM. Accuracy of data buoys for measurement of cyanobacteria, chlorophyll, and turbidity in a large lake (Lake Erie, North America): implications for estimation of cyanobacterial bloom parameters from water quality sonde measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:25175-25189. [PMID: 29943249 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2612-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Microcystin (MCY)-producing harmful cyanobacterial blooms (cHABs) are an annual occurrence in Lake Erie, and buoys equipped with water quality sondes have been deployed to help researchers and resource managers track cHABs. The objective of this study was to determine how well water quality sondes attached to buoys measure total algae and cyanobacterial biomass and water turbidity. Water samples were collected next to two data buoys in western Lake Erie (near Gibraltar Island and in the Sandusky subbasin) throughout summers 2015, 2016, and 2017 to determine correlations between buoy sonde data and water sample data. MCY and nutrient concentrations were also measured. Significant (P < 0.001) linear relationships (R2 > 0.75) occurred between cyanobacteria buoy and water sample data at the Gibraltar buoy, but not at the Sandusky buoy; however, the coefficients at the Gibraltar buoy differed significantly across years. There was a significant correlation between buoy and water sample total chlorophyll data at both buoys, but the coefficient varied considerably between buoys and among years. Total MCY concentrations at the Gibraltar buoy followed similar temporal patterns as buoy and water sample cyanobacterial biomass data, and the ratio of MCY to cyanobacteria-chlorophyll decreased with decreased ambient nitrate concentrations. These results suggest that buoy data are difficult to compare across time and space. Additionally, the inclusion of nitrate concentration data can lead to more robust predictions on the relative toxicity of blooms. Overall, deployed buoys with sondes that are routinely cleaned and calibrated can track relative cyanobacteria abundance and be used as an early warning system for potentially toxic blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin D Chaffin
- F.T. Stone Laboratory, Ohio State University and Ohio Sea Grant, Put-in-Bay, OH, 43456, USA.
| | - Douglas D Kane
- F.T. Stone Laboratory, Ohio State University and Ohio Sea Grant, Put-in-Bay, OH, 43456, USA
- Division of Natural Science, Applied Science, and Mathematics, Defiance College, Defiance, OH, 43512, USA
| | - Keara Stanislawczyk
- F.T. Stone Laboratory, Ohio State University and Ohio Sea Grant, Put-in-Bay, OH, 43456, USA
| | - Eric M Parker
- F.T. Stone Laboratory, Ohio State University and Ohio Sea Grant, Put-in-Bay, OH, 43456, USA
- Department of Biology, Central Michigan University, Mount Pleasant, MI, USA
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49
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Brown A, Foss A, Miller MA, Gibson Q. Detection of cyanotoxins (microcystins/nodularins) in livers from estuarine and coastal bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from Northeast Florida. HARMFUL ALGAE 2018; 76:22-34. [PMID: 29887202 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microcystins/Nodularins (MCs/NODs) are potent hepatotoxic cyanotoxins produced by harmful algal blooms (HABs) that occur frequently in the upper basin of the St. Johns River (SJR), Jacksonville, FL, USA. Areas downstream of bloom locations provide critical habitat for an estuarine population of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Since 2010, approximately 30 of these dolphins have stranded and died within this impaired watershed; the cause of death was inconclusive for a majority of these individuals. For the current study, environmental exposure to MCs/NODs was investigated as a potential cause of dolphin mortality. Stranded dolphins from 2013 to 2017 were categorized into estuarine (n = 17) and coastal (n = 10) populations. Because estuarine dolphins inhabit areas with frequent or recurring cyanoblooms, they were considered as a comparatively high-risk group for cyanotoxin exposure in relation to coastal animals. All available liver samples from estuarine dolphins were tested regardless of stranding date, and samples from coastal individuals that stranded outside of the known cyanotoxin bloom season were assessed as controls. The MMPB (2-methyl-3-methoxy-4-phenylbutiric acid) technique was used to determine total (bound and free) concentrations of MCs/NODS in liver tissues. Free MCs/NODs extractions were conducted and analyzed using ELISA and LC-MS/MS on MMPB-positive samples to compare test results. MMPB testing resulted in low-level total MCs/NODs detection in some specimens. The Adda ELISA produced high test values that were not supported by concurrent LC-MS/MS analyses, indicative of false positives. Our results indicate that both estuarine and coastal dolphins are exposed to MCs/NODs, with potential toxic and immune health impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Brown
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
| | - Amanda Foss
- GreenWater Laboratories/CyanoLab, 205 Zeagler Drive, Palatka, FL 32177, USA
| | - Melissa A Miller
- Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Wildlife Health Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Quincy Gibson
- University of North Florida, Department of Biology, 1 UNF Drive, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
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50
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Nummer SA, Weeden AJ, Shaw C, Snyder BK, Bridgeman TB, Qian SS. Updating the ELISA standard curve fitting process to reduce uncertainty in estimated microcystin concentrations. MethodsX 2018; 5:304-311. [PMID: 30023312 PMCID: PMC6050442 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2018.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This study is aimed at exploring the optimal ELISA standard curve fitting process for reducing measurement uncertainty. Using an ELISA kit for measuring cyanobacterial toxin (microcystin), we show that uncertainty associated with the estimated microcystin concentrations can be reduced by defining the standard curve as a four-parameter logistic function on the natural log concentration scale, instead of the current approach of defining the curve on the concentration scale. The model comparison method is outlined in this paper, allowing it to be transferable to test different statistical models for other ELISA test kits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie A Nummer
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
| | | | - Chloe Shaw
- Environmental Studies Major, Gustavus Adolphus College, Sait Peter, MN 56082, USA
| | - Brenda K Snyder
- The Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, Oregon, Toledo, OH 43616, USA
| | - Thomas B Bridgeman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA.,The Lake Erie Center, The University of Toledo, Oregon, Toledo, OH 43616, USA
| | - Song S Qian
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Toledo, 2801 W. Bancroft Street, MS# 604, Toledo, OH 43606-3390, USA
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