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Yu Y, Trottmann NF, Schärer MR, Fenner K, Robinson SL. Substrate promiscuity of xenobiotic-transforming hydrolases from stream biofilms impacted by treated wastewater. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 256:121593. [PMID: 38631239 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
Organic contaminants enter aquatic ecosystems from various sources, including wastewater treatment plant effluent. Freshwater biofilms play a major role in the removal of organic contaminants from receiving water bodies, but knowledge of the molecular mechanisms driving contaminant biotransformations in complex stream biofilm (periphyton) communities remains limited. Previously, we demonstrated that biofilms in experimental flume systems grown at higher ratios of treated wastewater (WW) to stream water displayed an increased biotransformation potential for a number of organic contaminants. We identified a positive correlation between WW percentage and biofilm biotransformation rates for the widely-used insect repellent, N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) and a number of other wastewater-borne contaminants with hydrolyzable moieties. Here, we conducted deep shotgun sequencing of flume biofilms and identified a positive correlation between WW percentage and metagenomic read abundances of DEET hydrolase (DH) homologs. To test the causality of this association, we constructed a targeted metagenomic library of DH homologs from flume biofilms. We screened our complete metagenomic library for activity with four different substrates, including DEET, and a subset thereof with 183 WW-related organic compounds. The majority of active hydrolases in the metagenomic library preferred aliphatic and aromatic ester substrates while, remarkably, only a single reference enzyme was capable of DEET hydrolysis. Of the 626 total enzyme-substrate combinations tested, approximately 5% were active enzyme-substrate pairs. Metagenomic DH family homologs revealed a broad substrate promiscuity spanning 22 different compounds when summed across all enzymes tested. We biochemically characterized the most promiscuous and active enzymes identified based on metagenomic analysis from uncultivated Rhodospirillaceae and Planctomycetaceae. In addition to characterizing new DH family enzymes, we exemplified a framework for linking metagenome-guided hypothesis generation with experimental validation. Overall, this study expands the scope of known enzymatic contaminant biotransformations for metagenomic hydrolases from WW-receiving stream biofilm communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaochun Yu
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Niklas Ferenc Trottmann
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Milo R Schärer
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Serina L Robinson
- Department of Environmental Microbiology, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
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Ottosen CF, Bjerg PL, Kümmel S, Richnow HH, Middeldorp P, Draborg H, Lemaire GG, Broholm MM. Natural attenuation of sulfonamides and metabolites in contaminated groundwater - Review, advantages and challenges of current documentation techniques. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 254:121416. [PMID: 38489851 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Sulfonamides are applied worldwide as antibiotics. They are emerging contaminants of concern, as their presence in the environment may lead to the spread of antibiotic resistance genes. Sulfonamides are present in groundwater systems, which suggest their persistence under certain conditions, highlighting the importance of understanding natural attenuation processes in groundwater. Biodegradation is an essential process, as degradation of sulfonamides reduces the risk of antibiotic resistance spreading. In this review, natural attenuation, and in particular assessment of biodegradation, is evaluated for sulfonamides in groundwater systems. The current knowledge level on biodegradation is reviewed, and a scientific foundation is built based on sulfonamide degradation processes, pathways, metabolites and toxicity. An overview of bacterial species and related metabolites is provided. The main research effort has focused on aerobic conditions while investigations under anaerobic conditions are lacking. The level of implementation in research is laboratory scale; here we strived to bridge towards field application and assessment, by assessing approaches commonly used in monitored natural attenuation. Methods to document contaminant mass loss are assessed to be applicable for sulfonamides, while the approach is limited by a lack of reference standards for metabolites. Furthermore, additional information is required on relevant metabolites in order to improve risk assessments. Based on the current knowledge on biodegradation, it is suggested to use the presence of substituent-containing metabolites from breakage of the sulfonamide bridge as specific indicators of degradation. Microbial approaches are currently available for assessment of microbial community's capacities, however, more knowledge is required on indigenous bacteria capable of degrading sulfonamides and on the impact of environmental conditions on biodegradation. Compound specific stable isotope analysis shows great potential as an additional in situ method, but further developments are required to analyse for sulfonamides at environmentally relevant levels. Finally, in a monitored natural attenuation scheme it is assessed that approaches are available that can uncover some processes related to the fate of sulfonamides in groundwater systems. Nevertheless, there are still unknowns related to relevant bacteria and metabolites for risk assessment as well as the effect of environmental settings such as redox conditions. Alongside, uncovering the fate of sulfonamides in future research, the applicability of the natural attenuation documentation approaches will advance, and provide a step towards in situ remedial concepts for the frequently detected sulfonamides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie F Ottosen
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Poul L Bjerg
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Steffen Kümmel
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Hans H Richnow
- Department Technical Biogeochemistry, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Permoserstraße 15, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | | | | | - Gregory G Lemaire
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Mette M Broholm
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark (DTU), Bygningstorvet, building 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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Zhang S, Liu Y, Mohisn A, Zhang G, Wang Z, Wu S. Biodegradation of penicillin G sodium by Sphingobacterium sp. SQW1: Performance, degradation mechanism, and key enzymes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133485. [PMID: 38377898 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024]
Abstract
Biodegradation is an efficient and cost-effective approach to remove residual penicillin G sodium (PGNa) from the environment. In this study, the effective PGNa-degrading strain SQW1 (Sphingobacterium sp.) was screened from contaminated soil using enrichment technique. The effects of critical operational parameters on PGNa degradation by strain SQW1 were systematically investigated, and these parameters were optimized by response surface methodology to maximize PGNa degradation. Comparative experiments found the extracellular enzyme to completely degrade PGNa within 60 min. Combined with whole genome sequencing of strain SQW1 and LC-MS analysis of degradation products, penicillin acylase and β-lactamase were identified as critical enzymes for PGNa biodegradation. Moreover, three degradation pathways were postulated, including β-lactam hydrolysis, penicillin acylase hydrolysis, decarboxylation, desulfurization, demethylation, oxidative dehydrogenation, hydroxyl reduction, and demethylation reactions. The toxicity of PGNa biodegradation intermediates was assessed using paper diffusion method, ECOSAR, and TEST software, which showed that the biodegradation products had low toxicity. This study is the first to describe PGNa-degrading bacteria and detailed degradation mechanisms, which will provide new insights into the PGNa biodegradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Department of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - YuXuan Liu
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Ali Mohisn
- Department of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Guohui Zhang
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- Department of Biotechnology, State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Shiyong Wu
- Engineering Research Center of Resource Utilization of Carbon-containing Waste with Carbon Neutrality, Ministry of Education, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Rani R, Kumar D. Recent advances in degradation of N,N-diethyl-3-toluamide (DEET)-an emerging environmental contaminant: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:238. [PMID: 38319467 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12414-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
N,N-Diethyl-3-toluamide (DEET) is a commonly used insect repellent, which acts as an organic chemical contaminant in water and considered as an emerging contaminant which has been observed worldwide. It gets discharged into the environment through sewage waste. The various methods have been used to degrade DEET, such as UV based, ozonation, photocatalytic degradation, and biodegradation (based on the metabolic activity of fungi and bacteria). However, less research has been done on the degradation of DEET by deploying nanoparticles. Therefore, biodegradation and nanotechnology-based methods can be the potential solution to remediate DEET from the environment. This review is an attempt to analyze the routes of entry of DEET into the atmosphere and its environmental health consequences and to explore physical, chemical, and biological methods of degradation. Furthermore, it focuses on the various methods used for the biodegradation of the DEET, including their environmental consequences. Future research is needed with the application of biological methods for the degradation of DEET. Metabolic pathway for biodegradation was explored for the new potent microbial strains by the application of physical, chemical, and microbial genomics; molecular biology; genetic engineering; and genome sequencing methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritu Rani
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India
| | - Dharmender Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Deenbandhu Chhotu Ram University of Science and Technology, Murthal, 131039, Sonipat, Haryana, India.
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Motteau S, Deborde M, Gombert B, Karpel Vel Leitner N. Non-target analysis for water characterization: wastewater treatment impact and selection of relevant features. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:4154-4173. [PMID: 38097837 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30972-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Non-target analyses were conducted to characterize and compare the molecular profiles (UHPLC-HRMS fingerprint) of water samples from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). Inlet and outlet samples were collected from three campaigns spaced 6 months apart in order to highlight common trends. A significant impact of the treatment on the sample fingerprints was shown, with a 65-70% abatement of the number of features detected in the effluent, and more polar, smaller and less intense molecules found overall compared to those in WWTP influent waters. Multivariate analysis (PCA) associated with variations of the features between inlets and outlets showed that features appearing or increasing were correlated with effluents while those disappearing or decreasing were correlated with influents. Finally, effluent features considered as relevant to a potentially adverse effect on aqueous media (i.e. those which appeared or increased or slightly varied from the influent) were highlighted. Three hundred seventy-five features common with the 3 campaigns were thus selected and further characterized. For most of them, elementary composition was found to be C, H, N, O (42%) and C, H, N, O, P (18%). Considering the MS2 spectra and several reference MS2 databases, annotations were proposed for 35 of these relevant features. They include synthetic products, pharmaceuticals and metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Solène Motteau
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
| | - Marie Deborde
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France.
- University of Poitiers, UFR Médecine Et de Pharmacie, 6 Rue de La Milétrie, Bâtiment D1, TSA 51115, 86073, Cedex 9, Poitiers, France.
| | - Bertrand Gombert
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
| | - Nathalie Karpel Vel Leitner
- University of Poitiers, Institut de Chimie Des Milieux Et Des Matériaux de Poitiers (IC2MP UMR CNRS 7285), Equipe Eaux Biomarqueurs Contaminants Organiques Milieux (E.BICOM), 1 Rue Marcel Doré, Bâtiment B1, TSA 41105 86073, Cedex, Poitiers, France
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6
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Liu C, Zhao C, Wang L, Du X, Zhu L, Wang J, Mo Kim Y, Wang J. Biodegradation mechanism of chlorpyrifos by Bacillus sp. H27: Degradation enzymes, products, pathways and whole genome sequencing analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117315. [PMID: 37805180 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CP) is a pesticide widely used in agricultural production. However, excessive use of CP is risky for human health and the ecological environment. Microbial remediation has become a research hotspot of environmental pollution control. In this study, the effective CP-degrading strain H27 (Bacillus cereus) was screened from farmland soil, and the degradation ratio was more than 80%. Then, the degradation mechanism was discussed in terms of enzymes, pathways, products and genes, and the mechanism was improved in terms of cell motility, secretory transport system and biofilm formation. The key CP-degrading enzymes were mainly intracellular enzymes (IE), and the degradation ratio reached 49.6% within 30 min. The optimal pH for IE was 7.0, and the optimal temperature was 25 °C. Using DFT and HPLC‒MS analysis, it was found that degradation mainly involved oxidation, hydrolysis and other reactions, and 3 degradation pathways and 14 products were identified, among which TCP (3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol) was the main primary degradation product in addition to small molecules such as CO2 and H2O. Finally, the whole genome of strain H27 was sequenced, and the related degrading genes and enzymes were investigated to improve the metabolic pathways. Strain H27 had perfect genes related to flagellar assembly and chemotaxis and tended to tolerate CP. Moreover, it can secrete esterase, phosphatase and other substances, which can form biofilms and degrade CP in the environment. In addition, CP enters the cell under the action of permeases or transporters, and it is metabolized by IE. The degradation mechanism of CP by strain H27 is speculated in this study, which provided a theoretical basis for enriching CP-degrading bacteria resources, improving degradation metabolic pathways and mechanisms, and applying strain H27 to environmental pollution remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changrui Liu
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Changyu Zhao
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lanjun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Xiaomin Du
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Lusheng Zhu
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Jun Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
| | - Young Mo Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seongdong-gu, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jinhua Wang
- National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment in Universities of Shandong, College of Resources and Environment, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, 271018, China.
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Chingate E, Drewes JE, Farré MJ, Hübner U. OrbiFragsNets. A tool for automatic annotation of orbitrap MS2 spectra using networks grade as selection criteria. MethodsX 2023; 11:102257. [PMID: 37383622 PMCID: PMC10293764 DOI: 10.1016/j.mex.2023.102257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
We introduce OrbiFragsNets, a tool for automatic annotation of MS2 spectra generated by Orbitrap instruments, as well as the concepts of chemical consistency and fragments networks. OrbiFragsNets takes advantage of the specific confidence interval for each peak in every MS2 spectrum, which is an unclear idea across the high-resolution mass spectrometry literature. The spectrum annotations are expressed as fragments networks, a set of networks with the possible combinations of annotations for the fragments. The model behind OrbiFragsNets is briefly described here and explained in detail in the constantly updated manual available in the GitHub repository. This new approach in MS2 spectrum de novo automatic annotation proved to perform as good as well established tools such as RMassBank and SIRIUS.•A new approach on automatic annotation of Orbitrap MS2 spectra is introduced.•Possible spectrum annotation are described as independent consistent networks, with annotations for each fragment as nodes, and annotations for the mass difference between fragments as edges.•Annotation process is described as the selection of the most connected fragments network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edwin Chingate
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain
- Universitat de Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Jörg E. Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - María José Farré
- Catalan Institute for Water Research, Emili Grahit 101, Girona 17003, Spain
| | - Uwe Hübner
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Am Coulombwall 3, Garching 85748, Germany
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Glassmeyer ST, Burns EE, Focazio MJ, Furlong ET, Gribble MO, Jahne MA, Keely SP, Kennicutt AR, Kolpin DW, Medlock Kakaley EK, Pfaller SL. Water, Water Everywhere, but Every Drop Unique: Challenges in the Science to Understand the Role of Contaminants of Emerging Concern in the Management of Drinking Water Supplies. GEOHEALTH 2023; 7:e2022GH000716. [PMID: 38155731 PMCID: PMC10753268 DOI: 10.1029/2022gh000716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023]
Abstract
The protection and management of water resources continues to be challenged by multiple and ongoing factors such as shifts in demographic, social, economic, and public health requirements. Physical limitations placed on access to potable supplies include natural and human-caused factors such as aquifer depletion, aging infrastructure, saltwater intrusion, floods, and drought. These factors, although varying in magnitude, spatial extent, and timing, can exacerbate the potential for contaminants of concern (CECs) to be present in sources of drinking water, infrastructure, premise plumbing and associated tap water. This monograph examines how current and emerging scientific efforts and technologies increase our understanding of the range of CECs and drinking water issues facing current and future populations. It is not intended to be read in one sitting, but is instead a starting point for scientists wanting to learn more about the issues surrounding CECs. This text discusses the topical evolution CECs over time (Section 1), improvements in measuring chemical and microbial CECs, through both analysis of concentration and toxicity (Section 2) and modeling CEC exposure and fate (Section 3), forms of treatment effective at removing chemical and microbial CECs (Section 4), and potential for human health impacts from exposure to CECs (Section 5). The paper concludes with how changes to water quantity, both scarcity and surpluses, could affect water quality (Section 6). Taken together, these sections document the past 25 years of CEC research and the regulatory response to these contaminants, the current work to identify and monitor CECs and mitigate exposure, and the challenges facing the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Glassmeyer
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | | | - Michael J. Focazio
- Retired, Environmental Health ProgramEcosystems Mission AreaU.S. Geological SurveyRestonVAUSA
| | - Edward T. Furlong
- Emeritus, Strategic Laboratory Sciences BranchLaboratory & Analytical Services DivisionU.S. Geological SurveyDenverCOUSA
| | - Matthew O. Gribble
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental HealthRollins School of Public HealthEmory UniversityAtlantaGAUSA
| | - Michael A. Jahne
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Scott P. Keely
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
| | - Alison R. Kennicutt
- Department of Civil and Mechanical EngineeringYork College of PennsylvaniaYorkPAUSA
| | - Dana W. Kolpin
- U.S. Geological SurveyCentral Midwest Water Science CenterIowa CityIAUSA
| | | | - Stacy L. Pfaller
- U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Research and DevelopmentCincinnatiOHUSA
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Hu J, Lyu Y, Chen H, Li S, Sun W. Suspect and Nontarget Screening Reveal the Underestimated Risks of Antibiotic Transformation Products in Wastewater Treatment Plant Effluents. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:17439-17451. [PMID: 37930269 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c05008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotics are anthropogenic contaminants with a global presence and of deep concern in aquatic environments, while less is known about the occurrence and risks of their transformation products (TPs). Herein, we developed a comprehensive suspect and nontarget screening workflow based on high-resolution mass spectrometry to identify unknown antibiotic TPs in wastewater treatment plant effluents. We identified 211 compounds (35 parent antibiotics and 176 TPs) at confidence levels of ≥3 and 107 TPs originated from macrolides. TPs were quantified by 17 TPs standards and semiquantified by the predicted response factors and accounted for 55.6-95.1% (76.7% on average) of the total concentrations of parents and TPs. 22.2%, 63.1%, and 18.8% of the identified TPs were estimated to be more persistent, mobile, and toxic than their parent antibiotics, respectively. Further ecological risk assessment based on concentrations and toxicity to aquatic organisms revealed that the cumulative risks of TPs were generally higher than those of parents. Despite the newly formed N-oxide TPs, the tertiary treatment process (mainly ozonation) could decrease the averaged 20.3% of concentrations and 36.2% of the risks of antibiotic-related compounds. This study highlights the necessity to include antibiotic TPs in environmental scrutiny and risk assessment of antibiotics in different aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingrun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yitao Lyu
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Huan Chen
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, Clemson University, Clemson, South Carolina 29634, United States
| | - Si Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Weiling Sun
- Key Laboratory of Water and Sediment Sciences, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of All Material Fluxes in River Ecosystems, Beijing 100871, China
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Papaioannou C, Geladakis G, Kommata V, Batargias C, Lagoumintzis G. Insights in Pharmaceutical Pollution: The Prospective Role of eDNA Metabarcoding. TOXICS 2023; 11:903. [PMID: 37999555 PMCID: PMC10675236 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11110903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Environmental pollution is a growing threat to natural ecosystems and one of the world's most pressing concerns. The increasing worldwide use of pharmaceuticals has elevated their status as significant emerging contaminants. Pharmaceuticals enter aquatic environments through multiple pathways related to anthropogenic activity. Their high consumption, insufficient waste treatment, and the incapacity of organisms to completely metabolize them contribute to their accumulation in aquatic environments, posing a threat to all life forms. Various analytical methods have been used to quantify pharmaceuticals. Biotechnology advancements based on next-generation sequencing (NGS) techniques, like eDNA metabarcoding, have enabled the development of new methods for assessing and monitoring the ecotoxicological effects of pharmaceuticals. eDNA metabarcoding is a valuable biomonitoring tool for pharmaceutical pollution because it (a) provides an efficient method to assess and predict pollution status, (b) identifies pollution sources, (c) tracks changes in pharmaceutical pollution levels over time, (d) assesses the ecological impact of pharmaceutical pollution, (e) helps prioritize cleanup and mitigation efforts, and (f) offers insights into the diversity and composition of microbial and other bioindicator communities. This review highlights the issue of aquatic pharmaceutical pollution while emphasizing the importance of using modern NGS-based biomonitoring actions to assess its environmental effects more consistently and effectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charikleia Papaioannou
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - George Geladakis
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - Vasiliki Kommata
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
| | - Costas Batargias
- Department of Biology, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, Greece; (C.P.); (G.G.); (V.K.)
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Göldner V, Ulke J, Kirchner B, Skalka D, Schmalz M, Heuckeroth S, Karst U. Electrochemistry-mass spectrometry bridging the gap between suspect and target screening of valsartan transformation products in wastewater treatment plant effluent. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120525. [PMID: 37669607 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 08/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
Degradation of xenobiotics in wastewater treatment plants may lead to the formation of transformation products with higher persistence or increased (eco-)toxic potential compared to the parent compounds. Accordingly, the identification of transformation products from wastewater treatment plant effluents has gained increasing attention. Here, we show the potential of electrochemistry hyphenated to liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry for the prediction of oxidative degradation in wastewater treatment plants using the antihypertensive drug valsartan as a model compound. This approach identifies seven electrochemical transformation products of valsartan, which are used to conduct a suspect screening in effluent of the main wastewater treatment plant in the city of Münster in Germany. Apart from the parent compound valsartan, an electrochemically predicted transformation product, the N-dealkylated ETP336, is detected in wastewater treatment plant effluent. Subsequently, a targeted liquid chromatographytandem mass spectrometry method for the detection of valsartan and its electrochemical transformation products is set up. Here, electrochemical oxidation is used to generate reference materials of the transformation products in situ by hyphenating electrochemistry online to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. Using this setup, multiple reaction monitoring transitions are set up without the need for laborious and costly synthesis and isolation of reference materials for the transformation products. The targeted method is then applied to extracts from wastewater treatment plant effluent and the presence of ETP336 and valsartan in the samples is verified. The presented workflow can be used to set up targeted analysis methods for previously unknown transformation products even without the need for expensive high-resolution mass spectrometers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Göldner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Jessica Ulke
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Benedict Kirchner
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Dominik Skalka
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marie Schmalz
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Steffen Heuckeroth
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Uwe Karst
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 48, 48149, Münster, Germany; International Graduate School for Battery Chemistry, Characterization, Analysis, Recycling and Application (BACCARA), University of Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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12
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Jentzsch F, Kümmerer K, Olsson O. Status quo on identified transformation products of organic ultraviolet filters and their persistence. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:101-126. [PMID: 37638891 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants of concern-including organic UV filters (UVF)-are getting increasing attention. Personal care products such as sunscreens or cosmetic articles often contain large quantities of UVF. These substances enter the environment either directly (during outdoor activities) or indirectly (via sewages from households). Therefore, the removal or degradation of UVF by natural or technical treatment processes is important to understand. UVF are often incompletely removed and transformed to side products of incomplete mineralization by abiotic and biotic processes. An extensive overview on transformation products (TPs) is essential to systematically identify knowledge gaps and to derive research needs. While there are many reviews on the UVF themselves, the number of reviews which focus on their TPs is limited. Consequently, this review gives an overview on the latest findings regarding TPs of UVF. In this publication, known TPs of UVF, which were formed during abiotic and biotic processes, are reviewed. Target substances were defined and a literature database was reviewed for studies on TPs of the target substances. The first list of studies was shortened stepwise, thus generating a final list of studies which contained only the relevant studies. Since biodegradation is one of the most important pathways for removal of organic compounds from the environment, this review presents an overview on known TPs of organic UVF and their biodegradability, which determines their environmental fate. In this way, all identified TPs of UVF were listed and checked for information on their biodegradability. A total of 2731 records of studies were assessed. Forty-two studies, which assessed 46 processes that lead to the formation of identified TPs, were included in this review. One hundred and seventyseven different TPs resulting from 11 different UVF were identified. Little to no data on the biodegradability was found for TPs. This indicates a severe lack of data on the biodegradability of TPs of organic UVF substances. Since most TPs lack information on biodegradability, further research should provide information on both-identity and biodegradability-of formed TPs to be able to assess their hazardousness for the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Jentzsch
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Kümmerer
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
| | - Oliver Olsson
- Institute of Sustainable Chemistry, Faculty of Sustainability, Leuphana University of Lüneburg, Lüneburg, Germany
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13
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Trostel L, Coll C, Fenner K, Hafner J. Combining predictive and analytical methods to elucidate pharmaceutical biotransformation in activated sludge. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:1322-1336. [PMID: 37539453 DOI: 10.1039/d3em00161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
While man-made chemicals in the environment are ubiquitous and a potential threat to human health and ecosystem integrity, the environmental fate of chemical contaminants such as pharmaceuticals is often poorly understood. Biodegradation processes driven by microbial communities convert chemicals into transformation products (TPs) that may themselves have adverse ecological effects. The detection of TPs formed during biodegradation has been continuously improved thanks to the development of TP prediction algorithms and analytical workflows. Here, we contribute to this advance by (i) reviewing past applications of TP identification workflows, (ii) applying an updated workflow for TP prediction to 42 pharmaceuticals in biodegradation experiments with activated sludge, and (iii) benchmarking 5 different pathway prediction models, comprising 4 prediction models trained on different datasets provided by enviPath, and the state-of-the-art EAWAG pathway prediction system. Using the updated workflow, we could tentatively identify 79 transformation products for 31 pharmaceutical compounds. Compared to previous works, we have further automatized several steps that were previously performed by hand. By benchmarking the enviPath prediction system on experimental data, we demonstrate the usefulness of the pathway prediction tool to generate suspect lists for screening, and we propose new avenues to improve their accuracy. Moreover, we provide a well-documented workflow that can be (i) readily applied to detect transformation products in activated sludge and (ii) potentially extended to other environmental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leo Trostel
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Claudia Coll
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Jasmin Hafner
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology (Eawag), Dübendorf, 8600, Zürich, Switzerland.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
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14
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Löffler P, Escher BI, Baduel C, Virta MP, Lai FY. Antimicrobial Transformation Products in the Aquatic Environment: Global Occurrence, Ecotoxicological Risks, and Potential of Antibiotic Resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37335844 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c09854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/21/2023]
Abstract
The global spread of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is concerning for the health of humans, animals, and the environment in a One Health perspective. Assessments of AMR and associated environmental hazards mostly focus on antimicrobial parent compounds, while largely overlooking their transformation products (TPs). This review lists antimicrobial TPs identified in surface water environments and examines their potential for AMR promotion, ecological risk, as well as human health and environmental hazards using in silico models. Our review also summarizes the key transformation compartments of TPs, related pathways for TPs reaching surface waters and methodologies for studying the fate of TPs. The 56 antimicrobial TPs covered by the review were prioritized via scoring and ranking of various risk and hazard parameters. Most data on occurrences to date have been reported in Europe, while little is known about antibiotic TPs in Africa, Central and South America, Asia, and Oceania. Occurrence data on antiviral TPs and other antibacterial TPs are even scarcer. We propose evaluation of structural similarity between parent compounds and TPs for TP risk assessment. We predicted a risk of AMR for 13 TPs, especially TPs of tetracyclines and macrolides. We estimated the ecotoxicological effect concentrations of TPs from the experimental effect data of the parent chemical for bacteria, algae and water fleas, scaled by potency differences predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationships (QSARs) for baseline toxicity and a scaling factor for structural similarity. Inclusion of TPs in mixtures with their parent increased the ecological risk quotient over the threshold of one for 7 of the 24 antimicrobials included in this analysis, while only one parent had a risk quotient above one. Thirteen TPs, from which 6 were macrolide TPs, posed a risk to at least one of the three tested species. There were 12/21 TPs identified that are likely to exhibit a similar or higher level of mutagenicity/carcinogenicity, respectively, than their parent compound, with tetracycline TPs often showing increased mutagenicity. Most TPs with increased carcinogenicity belonged to sulfonamides. Most of the TPs were predicted to be mobile but not bioaccumulative, and 14 were predicted to be persistent. The six highest-priority TPs originated from the tetracycline antibiotic family and antivirals. This review, and in particular our ranking of antimicrobial TPs of concern, can support authorities in planning related intervention strategies and source mitigation of antimicrobials toward a sustainable future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Löffler
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
| | - Beate I Escher
- Department of Cell Toxicology, Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research, UZ, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
- Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, Environmental Toxicology, Department of Geosciences, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Christine Baduel
- Université Grenoble Alpes, IRD, CNRS, Grenoble INP, IGE, 38 050 Grenoble, France
| | - Marko P Virta
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Multidisciplinary Center of Excellence in Antimicrobial Resistance Research, Helsinki 00100, Finland
| | - Foon Yin Lai
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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15
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Iliopoulou A, Arvaniti OS, Deligiannis M, Gatidou G, Vyrides I, Fountoulakis MS, Stasinakis AS. Combined use of strictly anaerobic MBBR and aerobic MBR for municipal wastewater treatment and removal of pharmaceuticals. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 343:118211. [PMID: 37253313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2023] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
An integrated lab-scale wastewater treatment system consisting of an anaerobic Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (AnMBBR) and an aerobic Membrane Bioreactor (AeMBR) in series was used to study the removal and fate of pharmaceuticals during wastewater treatment. Continuous-flow experiments were conducted applying different temperatures to the AnMBBR (Phase A: 35 °C; Phase B: 20 °C), while batch experiments were performed for calculating sorption and biotransformation kinetics. The total removal of major pollutants and target pharmaceuticals was not affected by the temperature of the AnMBBR. In Phase A, the average removal of dissolved chemical oxygen demand (COD), biological oxygen demand (BOD), and ammonium nitrogen (NH4-N) was 86%, 91% and 96% while in Phase B, 91%, 96% and 96%, respectively. Removal efficiencies ranging between 65% and 100% were observed for metronidazole (MTZ), trimethoprim (TMP), sulfamethoxazole (SMX), and valsartan (VAL), while slight (<30%) or no removal was observed for carbamazepine (CBZ) and diclofenac (DCF), respectively. Application of a mass balance model showed that the predominant mechanism for the removal of pharmaceuticals was biotransformation, while the role of sorption was of minor importance. The AeMBR was critical for VAL, SMX and TMP biodegradation; the elimination of MTZ was strongly enhanced by the AnMBBR. In both bioreactors, Bacteroidetes was the dominant phylum in both bioreactors over time. In the AnMBBR, Cloacibacterium and Bacteroides had a higher abundance in the biocarriers compared to the suspended biomass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athanasia Iliopoulou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Olga S Arvaniti
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece; Department of Agricultural Development, Agrofood and Management of Natural Resources, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Psachna, 34400, Greece
| | - Michalis Deligiannis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Georgia Gatidou
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Ioannis Vyrides
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Cyprus University of Technology, 95 Eirinis Str., Limassol, 3603, Cyprus
| | - Michalis S Fountoulakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece
| | - Athanasios S Stasinakis
- Water and Air Quality Laboratory, Department of Environment, University of the Aegean, Mytilene, 81100, Greece.
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16
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Wang D, Ma Q, Lin H, Zhou J, Yuan S, Ma B, Bai Y, Qu J. Enhancement of micropollutant biotransformation by adding manganese sand in constructed wetlands. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15092. [PMID: 37089304 PMCID: PMC10119567 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent investigations have shown that the addition of manganese (Mn) sand to constructed wetlands (i.e., Mn-amended CWs) can improve the performance of organic micropollutants (MPs) removal. In addition to the direct oxidation and adsorption of Mn oxides, the indirect role of Mn oxides in MP biotransformation is crucial to the removal of MPs but has seldom been referred to. Herein, we constructed lab-scale CWs with or without the addition of natural Mn sand (∼35% Mn oxides) to decipher the influence of Mn oxides on the biotransformation of the six selected MPs which commonly existed in the wastewater. The experimental results showed that the addition of Mn sand to CWs can improve the removal of MPs (8.48% atrazine, 13.16% atenolol, and 6.27% sulfamethoxazole [pairwise Wilcoxon test p < 0.05]). Combining the detection of transformation products and metagenomic sequencing, we found that the enhanced removal of atrazine in the Mn-amended CWs was mainly due to the bioaugmented hydroxylation process. The enrichment of biotransformation-related genes and associated microbes of atenolol and sulfamethoxazole in Mn-amended CWs indicated that the addition of Mn sand to CWs can strengthen the biotransformation of MPs. Furthermore, we found that these MP-biodegrading microbes were widely present in the full-scale CWs. Overall, our research provides fundamental information and insights for further application of Mn-amended CWs in MP removal.
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17
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Yang F, Zhao F. Mechanism of visible light enhances microbial degradation of Bisphenol A. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130214. [PMID: 36327837 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bisphenol A (BPA) is a toxic endocrine disruptor detected in various environments. Microbial metabolic/enzymatic degradation has been thought to be the main pathway for BPA attenuation in natural environments. In this study, we found that under visible light conditions, superoxide produced by bacteria was the main reason for the rapid removal of BPA, accounting for 57 % of the total removal rate. With visible light, the bacteria degraded BPA at a rate of 0.22 mg/L/d, and the total removal within 8 days reached 85 %, which is 4.7 times compared with that of dark culture. The intermediate product 4-iso-propenylphenol, which was considered as an end-product of microbial degradation of BPA in previous reports, was detected in large quantities at 24 h in culture but gradually decreased in our experiment. Community analysis suggested bacteria with aromatic hydrocarbon degradation ability were more enriched under light incubation. Moreover, the bacteria showed well degradation ability to various pharmaceutically active but nonbiodegradable compounds including diclofenac and fluoxetine, with a removal rate of 88 % and 20 %, respectively. Our study revealed the organic pollutant transformation pathway under the combined action of light and microorganisms, providing new insights into the microbial treatment of aromatic hydrocarbon pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Feng Zhao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Urban Pollutant Conversion, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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18
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Li R, Liang C, Svendsen SB, Kisielius V, Bester K. Sartan blood pressure regulators in classical and biofilm wastewater treatment - Concentrations and metabolism. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119352. [PMID: 36450176 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Sartans are a group of pharmaceuticals widely used to regulate blood pressure. Their concentration levels were monitored in 80 wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) in the Baltic Sea Region, reached from limit of detection up to 6 µg/L. The concentrations were significantly different in different countries, but consistent within the respective country. The degradation of sartans (losartan, valsartan, irbesartan) in moving bed biofilm reactors (MBBRs) that utilize biofilms grown on mobile carriers to treat wastewater was investigated for the first time, and compared with the degradation in a conventional activated sludge (CAS) treatment plant. The results showed the formation of six microbial transformation products (TPs) of losartan, four of valsartan, and four of irbesartan in biological wastewater treatment. Four of these metabolites have not been described in the literature before. Chemical structures were suggested and selected TPs were verified and quantified depending on availability of true standards. Valsartan acid was a common TP of losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan. Losartan and irbesartan also shared one TP: losartan/irbesartan TP335. Based on the mass balance analysis, losartan carboxylic acid is the main TP of losartan, and valsartan acid is the main TP of valsartan during the biotransformation process. For irbesartan, TP447 is likely to be the main TP, as its peak areas were two orders of magnitude higher than those of all the other detected TPs of this compound. The effects of adapting biofilms to different biological oxygen demand (BOD) loading on the degradation of sartans as well as the formation of their TPs were investigated. Compared to feeding a poor substrate (pure effluent wastewater from a CAS), feeding with richer substrate (1/3 raw and 2/3 effluent wastewater) promoted the metabolism of most compounds (co-metabolization). However, the addition of raw wastewater inhibited some metabolic pathways of other compounds, such as from losartan/irbesartan to TP335 (competitive inhibition). The formation of irbesartan TP447 did not change with or without raw wastewater. Finally, the sartans and their TPs were investigated in a full-scale CAS wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The removal of losartan, valsartan, and irbesartan ranged from 3.0 % to 72% and some of the transformation products (TPs) from human metabolism were also removed in the WWTP. However, some of the sartan TPs, i.e., valsartan acid, losartan carboxylic acid, irbesartan TP443 and losartan TP453, were formed in the WWTP. Relative high amounts of especially losartan carboxylic acid, which was detected with concentrations up to 2.27 µg/L were found in the effluent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Chuanzhou Liang
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Wuhan University of Technology, Luoshi Road 122, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Sif B Svendsen
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Vaidotas Kisielius
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Kai Bester
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, Frederiksborgvej 399, 4000, Roskilde, Denmark; WATEC - Centre for Water Technology, Aarhus University, Ny Munkegade 120, Aarhus 8000, Denmark.
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19
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Sauter D, Steuer A, Wasmund K, Hausmann B, Szewzyk U, Sperlich A, Gnirss R, Cooper M, Wintgens T. Microbial communities and processes in biofilters for post-treatment of ozonated wastewater treatment plant effluent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 856:159265. [PMID: 36206900 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ozonation is an established solution for organic micropollutant (OMP) abatement in tertiary wastewater treatment. Biofiltration is the most common process for the biological post-treatment step, which is generally required to remove undesired oxidation products from the reaction of ozone with water matrix compounds. This study comparatively investigates the effect of filter media on the removal of organic contaminants and on biofilm properties for biologically activated carbon (BAC) and anthracite biofilters. Biofilms were analysed in two pilot-scale filters that have been operated for >50,000 bed volumes as post-treatment for ozonated wastewater treatment plant effluent. In parallel, the removal performance of bulk organics and OMP, including differentiation of adsorption and biotransformation through sodium azide inhibition, were carried out in bench-scale filter columns filled with material from the pilot filters. The use of BAC instead of anthracite resulted in an improved removal of organic bulk parameters, dissolved oxygen, and OMP. The OMP removal observed in the BAC filter but not in the anthracite filter was based on adsorption for most of the investigated compounds. For valsartan, however, biotransformation was found to be the dominant pathway, indicating that conditions for biotransformation of certain OMP are better on BAC than on anthracite. Adenosine triphosphate analyses in the media-attached biofilms of the pilot filters showed that biomass concentrations in the BAC filter were significantly higher than in the anthracite filter. The microbial communities (16S rRNA gene sequencing) appeared to be similar with respect to the types of organisms occurring on both filter materials. Alpha diversity also exhibited little variation between filter media. Beta diversity analysis, however, revealed that filter media and bed depth substantially influenced the biofilm composition. In practice, the impact of filter media on biofilm properties and biotransformation processes should be considered for the design of biofilters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Sauter
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Steuer
- Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Kenneth Wasmund
- Division of Microbial Ecology, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University Vienna, Djerassiplatz 1, A-1030 Vienna, Austria; School of Biological Science, University of Portsmouth, King Henry Building, King Henry I St, PO12DY Portsmouth, UK
| | - Bela Hausmann
- Joint Microbiome Facility of the Medical University of Vienna and the University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ulrich Szewzyk
- Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Regina Gnirss
- Berliner Wasserbetriebe, Neue Juedenstr. 1, 10179 Berlin, Germany
| | - Myriel Cooper
- Chair of Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Environmental Technology, Technische Universität Berlin, Ernst-Reuter-Platz 1, 10587 Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Wintgens
- RWTH Aachen University, Institut für Siedlungswasserwirtschaft, Mies-van-der-Rohe-Str. 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; School of Life Sciences, Institute for Ecopreneurship, University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, Hofackerstrasse 40, 4132 Muttenz, Switzerland.
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20
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Zhao J, Fang S, Qi W, Liu H, Qu J. Do NH 4+-N and AOB affect atenolol removal during simulated riverbank filtration? CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 301:134653. [PMID: 35447203 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biodegradation is regarding as the most important organic micro-pollutants (OMPs) removal mechanism during riverbank filtration (RBF), but the OMPs co-metabolism mechanism and the role of NH4+-N during this process are not well understood. Here, we selected atenolol as a typical OMP to explore the effect of NH4+-N concentration on atenolol removal and the role of ammonia oxidizing bacteria (AOB) in atenolol biodegradation. The results showed that RBF is an effective barrier for atenolol mainly by biodegradation and adsorption. The ratio of biodegradation and adsorption to atenolol removal was dependent on atenolol concentration. Specifically, atenolol with low concentration (500 ng/L) is almost completely removed by adsorption, while atenolol with higher concentration (100 μg/L) is removed by biodegradation (51.7%) and adsorption (30.8%). Long-term difference in influent NH4+-N concentrations did not show significant impact on atenolol (500 ng/L) removal, which was mainly dominated by adsorption. Besides, AOB enhanced the removal of atenolol (100 μg/L) as biodegradation played a more crucial role in removing atenolol under this concentration. Both AOB and heterotrophic bacteria can degrade atenolol during RBF, but the degree of AOB's contribution may be related to the concentration of atenolol exposure. The main reactions occurred during atenolol biodegradation possibly includes primary amide hydrolysis, hydroxylation and secondary amine depropylation. About 90% of the bio-transformed atenolol was produced as atenolol acid. AOB could transform atenolol to atenolol acid by inducing primary amide hydrolysis but failed to degrade atenolol acid further under the conditions of this paper. This study provides novel insights regarding the roles played by AOB in OMPs biotransformation during RBF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Zhao
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shangbiao Fang
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weixiao Qi
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China; Beijing Laboratory of Environmental Frontier Technologies, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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21
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Bigott Y, Gallego S, Montemurro N, Breuil MC, Pérez S, Michas A, Martin-Laurent F, Schröder P. Fate and impact of wastewater-borne micropollutants in lettuce and the root-associated bacteria. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154674. [PMID: 35318055 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The reuse of water for agricultural practices becomes progressively more important due to increasing demands for a transition to a circular economy. Treated wastewater can be an alternative option of blue water used for the irrigation of crops but its risks need to be evaluated. This study assesses the uptake and metabolization of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) derived from treated wastewater into lettuce as well as the impact on root-associated bacteria under a realistic and worst-case scenario. Lettuce was grown in a controlled greenhouse and irrigated with water or treated wastewater spiked with and without a mixture of fourteen different PPCPs at 10 μg/L or 100 μg/L. After harvesting the plants, the same soil was reused for a consecutive cultivation campaign to test for the accumulation of PPCPs. Twelve out of fourteen spiked PPCPs were detected in lettuce roots, and thirteen in leaves. In roots, highest concentrations were measured for sucralose, sulfamethoxazole and citalopram, while sucralose, acesulfame and carbamazepine were the highest in leaves. Higher PPCP concentrations were found in lettuce roots irrigated with spiked treated wastewater than in those irrigated with spiked water. The absolute bacterial abundance remained stable over both cultivation campaigns and was not affected by any of the treatments (type of irrigation water (water vs. wastewater) nor concentration of PPCPs). However, the irrigation of lettuce with treated wastewater had a significant effect on the microbial α-diversity indices at the end of the second cultivation campaign, and modified the structure and community composition of root-associated bacteria at the end of both campaigns. Five and fourteen bacterial families were shown to be responsible for the observed changes at the end of the first and second cultivation campaign, respectively. Relative abundance of Haliangium and the clade Allorhizobium-Neorhizobium-Pararhizobium-Rhizobium was significantly affected in response to PCPPs exposure. Caulobacter, Cellvibrio, Hydrogenophaga and Rhizobacter were significantly affected in microcosms irrigated with wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yvonne Bigott
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Sara Gallego
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Marie-Christine Breuil
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, (Spain)
| | - Antonios Michas
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Fabrice Martin-Laurent
- AgroSup Dijon, INRAE, Univ. Bourgogne, Univ. Bourgogne Franche-Comté, Agroécologie, Dijon, France
| | - Peter Schröder
- Research Unit for Comparative Microbiome Analysis, Helmholtz Zentrum München GmbH, Ingolstädter Landstraße 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany.
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22
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Liu Q, Feng X, Chen N, Shen F, Zhang H, Wang S, Sheng Z, Li J. Occurrence and risk assessment of typical PPCPs and biodegradation pathway of ribavirin in wastewater treatment plants. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2022; 11:100184. [PMID: 36158755 PMCID: PMC9488096 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2022.100184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
A large number of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) persist in wastewater, and the consumption of PPCPs for COVID-19 control and prevention has sharply increased during the pandemic. This study investigated the occurrence, removal efficiency, and risk assessment of six typical PPCPs commonly used in China in two wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Ribavirin (RBV) is an effective pharmaceutical for severely ill patients with COVID-19, and the possible biodegradation pathway of RBV by activated sludge was discovered. The experimental results showed that PPCPs were detected in two WWTPs with a detection rate of 100% and concentrations ranging between 612 and 2323 ng L-1. The detection frequency and concentrations of RBV were substantially higher, with a maximum concentration of 314 ng L-1. Relatively high pollution loads were found for the following PPCPs from influent: ibuprofen > ranitidine hydrochloride > RBV > ampicillin sodium > clozapine > sulfamethoxazole. The removal efficiency of PPCPs was closely related to adsorption and biodegradation in activated sludge, and the moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR) had a higher removal capacity than the anoxic-anaerobic-anoxic-oxic (AAAO) process. The removal efficiencies of sulfamethoxazole, ampicillin sodium, ibuprofen, and clozapine ranged from 92.21% to 97.86% in MBBR process and were relatively low, from 61.82% to 97.62% in AAAO process, and the removal of RBV and ranitidine hydrochloride were lower than 42.96% in both MBBR and AAAO processes. The discrepancy in removal efficiency is caused by temperature, hydrophilicity, and hydrophobicity of the compound, and acidity and alkalinity. The transformation products of RBV in activated sludge were detected and identified, and the biodegradation process of RBV could be speculated as follows: first breaks into TCONH2 and an oxygen-containing five-membered heterocyclic ring under the nucleosidase reaction, and then TCONH2 is finally formed into TCOOH through amide hydrolysis. Aquatic ecological risks based on risk quotient (RQ) assessment showed that PPCPs had high and medium risks in the influent, and the RQ values were all reduced after MBBR and AAAO treatment. Ranitidine hydrochloride and clozapine still showed high and medium risks in the effluent, respectively, and thus presented potential risks to the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qixin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Xuan Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Ning Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Fei Shen
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis, Jiangsu Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121, China
| | - Haichuan Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
| | - Shuo Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
- Corresponding author. Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China.
| | - Zhiya Sheng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, T6G 2W2, Canada
| | - Ji Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Anaerobic Biotechnology, School of Environment and Civil Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory for Biomass Energy and Carbon Reduction Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, China
- Jiangsu College of Water Treatment Technology and Material Collaborative Innovation Center, Suzhou, 215009, China
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23
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Desiante WL, Carles L, Wullschleger S, Joss A, Stamm C, Fenner K. Wastewater microorganisms impact the micropollutant biotransformation potential of natural stream biofilms. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118413. [PMID: 35504081 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation is the most important process removing manmade chemicals from the environment, yet mechanisms governing this essential ecosystem function are underexplored. To understand these mechanisms, we conducted experiments in flow-through systems, by colonizing stream biofilms under different conditions of mixing river water with treated (and ultrafiltered) wastewater. We performed biotransformation experiments with those biofilms, using a set of 75 micropollutants, and could disentangle potential mechanisms determining the biotransformation potential of stream biofilms. We showed that the increased biotransformation potential downstream of wastewater treatment plants that we observed for specific micropollutants contained in household wastewaters (downstream effect) is caused by microorganisms released with the treated effluent, rather than by the in-stream exposure to those micropollutants. Complementary data from 16S rRNA amplicon-sequencing revealed 146 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) that followed the observed biotransformation patterns. Our results align with findings for community tolerance, and provide clear experimental evidence that microorganisms released with treated wastewater integrate into downstream biofilms and impact crucial ecosystem functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Werner L Desiante
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Carles
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Simon Wullschleger
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Adriano Joss
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Christian Stamm
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland; Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland.
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24
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Zhou J, Wang D, Ju F, Hu W, Liang J, Bai Y, Liu H, Qu J. Profiling microbial removal of micropollutants in sand filters: Biotransformation pathways and associated bacteria. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 423:127167. [PMID: 34536843 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Although there is growing evidence that micropollutants can be microbially converted in rapid sand filters of drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs), little is known about the biotransformation pathways and associated microbial strains in this process. Here, we constructed sand filter columns filled with manganese or quartz sand obtained from full-scale DWTPs to explore the biotransformation of eight micropollutants. Under seven different empty bed contact times (EBCTs), the column experiments showed that caffeine and atenolol were easily removed (up to 92.1% and 97.6%, respectively) with adsorption and microbial biotransformation of the filters. In contrast, the removal of other six micropollutants (i.e., naproxen, carbamazepine, atrazine, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole, and sulfadiazine) in the filters were less than 27.1% at shorter EBCTs, but significantly increased at EBCT = 4 h, indicating the dominant role of microbial biotransformation in these micropollutants removal. Integrated analysis of metagenomic reads and transformation products of micropollutants showed a shift in caffeine oxidation and demethylation pathways at different EBCTs, simultaneous occurrence of atrazine hydrolysis and oxidation pathways, and sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole oxidation in the filters. Furthermore, using genome-centric analysis, we observed previously unidentified degrading strains, e.g., Piscinibacter, Hydrogenophaga, and Rubrivivax for caffeine transformation, and Methylophilus and Methyloversatilis for atenolol transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Donglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Feng Ju
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environment and Resources of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China; Institute of Advanced Technology, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, 18 Shilongshan Road, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Wanchao Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinsong Liang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yaohui Bai
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Huijuan Liu
- Center for Water and Ecology, State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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25
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Jonkers TJ, Meijer J, Vlaanderen JJ, Vermeulen RCH, Houtman CJ, Hamers T, Lamoree MH. High-Performance Data Processing Workflow Incorporating Effect-Directed Analysis for Feature Prioritization in Suspect and Nontarget Screening. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1639-1651. [PMID: 35050604 PMCID: PMC8812114 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Effect-directed analysis (EDA) aims at the detection of bioactive chemicals of emerging concern (CECs) by combining toxicity testing and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS). However, consolidation of toxicological and chemical analysis techniques to identify bioactive CECs remains challenging and laborious. In this study, we incorporate state-of-the-art identification approaches in EDA and propose a robust workflow for the high-throughput screening of CECs in environmental and human samples. Three different sample types were extracted and chemically analyzed using a single high-performance liquid chromatography HRMS method. Chemical features were annotated by suspect screening with several reference databases. Annotation quality was assessed using an automated scoring system. In parallel, the extracts were fractionated into 80 micro-fractions each covering a couple of seconds from the chromatogram run and tested for bioactivity in two bioassays. The EDA workflow prioritized and identified chemical features related to bioactive fractions with varying levels of confidence. Confidence levels were improved with the in silico software tools MetFrag and the retention time indices platform. The toxicological and chemical data quality was comparable between the use of single and multiple technical replicates. The proposed workflow incorporating EDA for feature prioritization in suspect and nontarget screening paves the way for the routine identification of CECs in a high-throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim J.
H. Jonkers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jeroen Meijer
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Jelle J. Vlaanderen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Roel C. H. Vermeulen
- Institute
for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht
University, Yalelaan 2, 3584 CM Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Corine J. Houtman
- The
Water Laboratory, J.W. Lucasweg 2, 2031 BE Haarlem, The Netherlands
| | - Timo Hamers
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H. Lamoree
- Department
of Environment & Health, Faculty of Science, Amsterdam Institute
of Molecular and Life Sciences, Vrije Universiteit
Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1085, 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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26
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Rich SL, Zumstein MT, Helbling DE. Identifying Functional Groups that Determine Rates of Micropollutant Biotransformations Performed by Wastewater Microbial Communities. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:984-994. [PMID: 34939795 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c06429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this research was to identify functional groups that determine rates of micropollutant (MP) biotransformations performed by wastewater microbial communities. To meet this goal, we performed a series of incubation experiments seeded with four independent wastewater microbial communities and spiked them with a mixture of 40 structurally diverse MPs. We collected samples over time and used high-resolution mass spectrometry to estimate biotransformation rate constants for each MP in each experiment and to propose structures of 46 biotransformation products. We then developed random forest models to classify the biotransformation rate constants based on the presence of specific functional groups or observed biotransformations. We extracted classification importance metrics from each random forest model and compared them across wastewater microbial communities. Our analysis revealed 30 functional groups that we define as either biotransformation promoters, biotransformation inhibitors, structural features that can be biotransformed based on uncharacterized features of the wastewater microbial community, or structural features that are not rate-determining. Our experimental data and analysis provide novel insights into MP biotransformations that can be used to more accurately predict MP biotransformations or to inform the design of new chemical products that may be more readily biodegradable during wastewater treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Rich
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
| | - Michael T Zumstein
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
- Division of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Wien 1090 Austria
| | - Damian E Helbling
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, United States
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27
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Kennes-Veiga DM, Gónzalez-Gil L, Carballa M, Lema JM. Enzymatic cometabolic biotransformation of organic micropollutants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 344:126291. [PMID: 34752884 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2021.126291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biotransformation of trace-level organic micropollutants (OMPs) by complex microbial communities in wastewater treatment facilities is a key process for their detoxification and environmental impact reduction. Therefore, understanding the metabolic activities and mechanisms that contribute to their biotransformation is essential when developing approaches aiming to minimize their discharge. This review addresses the relevance of cometabolic processes and discusses the main enzymatic activities currently known to take part in OMPs removal under different redox environments in the compartments of wastewater treatment plants. Furthermore, the most common methodologies to decipher such enzymes are discussed, including the use of in vitro enzyme assays, enzymatic inhibitors, the analysis of transformation products and the application of several -omic techniques. Finally, perspectives on major challenges and future research requirements to improve OMPs biotransformation are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Kennes-Veiga
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Lorena Gónzalez-Gil
- Defence University Centre, Spanish Naval Academy, Plaza de España, 36920 Marín, Spain
| | - Marta Carballa
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Juan M Lema
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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28
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Anand U, Adelodun B, Cabreros C, Kumar P, Suresh S, Dey A, Ballesteros F, Bontempi E. Occurrence, transformation, bioaccumulation, risk and analysis of pharmaceutical and personal care products from wastewater: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2022; 20:3883-3904. [PMID: 35996725 PMCID: PMC9385088 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01498-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Almost all aspects of society from food security to disease control and prevention have benefited from pharmaceutical and personal care products, yet these products are a major source of contamination that ends up in wastewater and ecosystems. This issue has been sharply accentuated during the coronavirus disease pandemic 2019 (COVID-19) due to the higher use of disinfectants and other products. Here we review pharmaceutical and personal care products with focus on their occurrence in the environment, detection, risk, and removal. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10311-022-01498-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 84105 Beer-Sheva, Israel
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Midreshet Ben Gurion, 8499000, Israel
| | - Bashir Adelodun
- Department of Agricultural and Biosystems Engineering, University of Ilorin, PMB 1515, Ilorin, Nigeria
- Department of Agricultural Civil Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Carlo Cabreros
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Pankaj Kumar
- Agro-Ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri (Deemed to Be University), Haridwar, Uttarakhand 249404 India
| | - S. Suresh
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 462 003 India
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
| | - Florencio Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, 1101 Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Elza Bontempi
- INSTM and Chemistry for Technologies Laboratory, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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29
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Sieira BJ, Rodil R, Cela R, Quintana JB, Montes R. Transformation products of the high-volume production chemicals 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone and 2-piperazin-1-ylethanamine formed by UV photolysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 287:132394. [PMID: 34592213 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This work investigates the reaction of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone (VP) and 2-piperazin-1-yletanamine (PPE) under UV radiation. Both substances are high-volume production chemicals (production >1000 tons/year) widely used in polymers, coatings and a wide array of applications, which have been classified as mobile chemicals and which can then lead to the formation of persistent and mobile transformation products (TPs). Thus, their reaction with UV light was studied by means of liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF-MS). Both compounds presented a high reactivity, the VP quantum yield was 0.28 mol/E; whereas, PPE had a quantum yield notably higher than 1 (16 mol/E). Five and 7 TPs were identified for VP and PPE, respectively. Some of them had been already reported in literature due to sunlight photodegradation or other oxidation processes, but most of them are reported here for the first time. Finally, the acute and chronical toxicity of precursors and TPs were estimated using two quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) software tools which led to some discrepancies in the estimations, pointing to the need for experimental toxicity assays for these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benigno José Sieira
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rafael Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Research on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Spain.
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30
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Crampon M, Soulier C, Sidoli P, Hellal J, Joulian C, Charron M, Guillemoto Q, Picot-Colbeaux G, Pettenati M. Dynamics of Soil Microbial Communities During Diazepam and Oxazepam Biodegradation in Soil Flooded by Water From a WWTP. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:742000. [PMID: 34912306 PMCID: PMC8667618 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.742000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The demand for energy and chemicals is constantly growing, leading to an increase of the amounts of contaminants discharged to the environment. Among these, pharmaceutical molecules are frequently found in treated wastewater that is discharged into superficial waters. Indeed, wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are designed to remove organic pollution from urban effluents but are not specific, especially toward contaminants of emerging concern (CECs), which finally reach the natural environment. In this context, it is important to study the fate of micropollutants, especially in a soil aquifer treatment (SAT) context for water from WWTPs, and for the most persistent molecules such as benzodiazepines. In the present study, soils sampled in a reed bed frequently flooded by water from a WWTP were spiked with diazepam and oxazepam in microcosms, and their concentrations were monitored for 97 days. It appeared that the two molecules were completely degraded after 15 days of incubation. Samples were collected during the experiment in order to follow the dynamics of the microbial communities, based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing for Archaea and Bacteria, and ITS2 gene for Fungi. The evolution of diversity and of specific operating taxonomic units (OTUs) highlighted an impact of the addition of benzodiazepines, a rapid resilience of the fungal community and an evolution of the bacterial community. It appeared that OTUs from the Brevibacillus genus were more abundant at the beginning of the biodegradation process, for diazepam and oxazepam conditions. Additionally, Tax4Fun tool was applied to 16S rRNA gene sequencing data to infer on the evolution of specific metabolic functions during biodegradation. It finally appeared that the microbial community in soils frequently exposed to water from WWTP, potentially containing CECs such as diazepam and oxazepam, may be adapted to the degradation of persistent contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Crampon
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
| | - Coralie Soulier
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
| | - Pauline Sidoli
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
| | - Jennifer Hellal
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
| | | | - Mickaël Charron
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
| | - Quentin Guillemoto
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France.,UMR 7619 METIS, Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | | | - Marie Pettenati
- Bureau de Recherches Géologiques et Minières, Orléans, France
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Hu LX, Olaitan OJ, Li Z, Yang YY, Chimezie A, Adepoju-Bello AA, Ying GG, Chen CE. What is in Nigerian waters? Target and non-target screening analysis for organic chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131546. [PMID: 34323804 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Emerging organic contaminants (e.g., active pharmaceutical ingredients and personal care products ingredients) are ubiquitous in the environment and potentially harmful to ecosystems, have gained increasing public attention worldwide. Nevertheless, there is a scarcity of data on these contaminants in Africa. In this study, various types of water samples (wastewater, surface water and tap water) collected from Lagos, Nigeria were analyzed for these chemicals by both target and non-target analysis on an UHPLC-Orbitrap-MS/MS. In total, 109 compounds were identified by non-target screening using the online database mzCloud. Level 1 identification confidence was achieved for 13 compounds for which reference standards were available and level 2 was achieved for the rest. In the quantitative analysis, 18 of 38 target compounds were detected, including the parent compounds and their metabolites. Acetaminophen, sulfamethoxazole, acesulfame, and caffeine were detected in all samples with their highest concentrations at 8000, 5300, 16, and 7700 μg/L in wastewater, 140000, 3300, 7.7, and 12000 μg/L in surface water, and 66, 62, 0.17 and 1000 μg/L in tap water, respectively. The occurrence of psychoactive substances, anticancer treatments, antiretrovirals, antihypertensives, antidiabetics and their metabolites were reported in Nigeria for the first time. These results indicate poor wastewater treatment and management in Nigeria, and provide a preliminary profile of organic contaminants occurring in Nigerian waters. The findings from this study urge more future research on chemical pollution in the aquatic environments in Nigeria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xin Hu
- Environmental Research Institute / School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Olatunde James Olaitan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Olabisi Onabanjo University, Ago Iwoye, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - Zhe Li
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuan-Yuan Yang
- Environmental Research Institute / School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Anyakora Chimezie
- School of Science and Technology, Pan Atlantic University, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Guang-Guo Ying
- Environmental Research Institute / School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Chang-Er Chen
- Environmental Research Institute / School of Environment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden.
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32
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Zhao HN, Tian Z, Kim KE, Wang R, Lam K, Kolodziej EP. Biotransformation of Current-Use Progestin Dienogest and Drospirenone in Laboratory-Scale Activated Sludge Systems Forms High-Yield Products with Altered Endocrine Activity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13869-13880. [PMID: 34582191 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dienogest (DIE) and drospirenone (DRO) are two fourth-generation synthetic progestins widely used as oral contraceptives. Despite their increasing detection in wastewaters and surface waters, their fate during biological wastewater treatment is unclear. Here, we investigated DIE and DRO biotransformation with representative activated sludge batch incubations and identified relevant transformation products (TPs) using high-resolution mass spectrometry. DIE exhibited slow biotransformation (16-30 h half-life) and proceeded through a quantitative aromatic dehydrogenation to form TP 309 (molar yields of ∼55%), an aromatic TP ∼30% estrogenic as 17β-estradiol. DRO experienced more rapid biotransformation (<0.5 h half-life), and 1,2-dehydrogenation formed the major TP 364 (molar yields of ∼40%), an antimineralocorticoid drug candidate named as spirorenone. Lactone ring hydrolysis was another important biotransformation pathway for DRO (molar yields of ∼20%) and generated pharmacologically inactive TP 384. Other minor pathways for DIE and DRO included hydroxylation, methoxylation, and 3-keto and C4(5) double-bond hydrogenation; distinct bioactivities are plausible for such TPs, including antigestagenic activity, antigonadotropic activity, and pregnancy inhibition effects. Thus, biotransformation products of DIE and DRO during wastewater treatment should be considered in environmental assessments of synthetic progestins, especially certain TPs such as the estrogenic TP 309 of DIE and the antimineralocorticoid spirorenone (TP 364) of DRO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoqi Nina Zhao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Zhenyu Tian
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kelly E Kim
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
| | - Kenji Lam
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Edward P Kolodziej
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
- Center for Urban Waters, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
- Interdisciplinary Arts and Sciences, University of Washington Tacoma, Tacoma, Washington 98421, United States
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Nika MC, Aalizadeh R, Thomaidis NS. Non-target trend analysis for the identification of transformation products during ozonation experiments of citalopram and four of its biodegradation products. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 419:126401. [PMID: 34182420 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
During ozonation in wastewater treatment plants, ozone reacts with emerging pollutants, which are partially removed through the secondary treatment, as long as, with their biotransformation products, triggering the formation of ozonation transformation products (TPs). Although the transformation of parent compounds (PCs) and their metabolites has been reported in the literature, the probable transformation of biotransformation products has not been investigated so far. This study evaluates the fate of citalopram (CTR) and four of its biotransformation products (DESCTR, CTRAM, CTRAC and CTROXO) during ozonation experiments. A Gaussian curve-based trend analysis was performed for the first time for the automated detection of TPs in ozone concentrations ranging from 0.06 to 12 mg/L. In total 46 ozonation TPs were detected; 7 TPs of CTR, 10 of DESCTR, 9 of CTRAM, 12 of CTRAC and 8 of CTROXO and were structurally elucidated based on their high resolution tandem mass spectra interpretation and tandem mass spectra similarity with the respective PC. Results have demonstrated that the examined compounds follow common transformation pathways in reaction with ozone and that common TPs were formed through the ozonation of different structurally-alike compounds. Moreover, the toxicity of the identified TPs was predicted with an in-house risk assessment program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Christina Nika
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| | - Reza Aalizadeh
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos S Thomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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34
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Do initial concentration and activated sludge seasonality affect pharmaceutical biotransformation rate constants? Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:6515-6527. [PMID: 34423412 PMCID: PMC8403117 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/29/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals find their way to the aquatic environment via wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Biotransformation plays an important role in mitigating environmental risks; however, a mechanistic understanding of involved processes is limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate potential relationships between first-order biotransformation rate constants (kb) of nine pharmaceuticals and initial concentration of the selected compounds, and sampling season of the used activated sludge inocula. Four-day bottle experiments were performed with activated sludge from WWTP Groesbeek (The Netherlands) of two different seasons, summer and winter, spiked with two environmentally relevant concentrations (3 and 30 nM) of pharmaceuticals. Concentrations of the compounds were measured by LC-MS/MS, microbial community composition was assessed by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, and kb values were calculated. The biodegradable pharmaceuticals were acetaminophen, metformin, metoprolol, terbutaline, and phenazone (ranked from high to low biotransformation rates). Carbamazepine, diatrizoic acid, diclofenac, and fluoxetine were not converted. Summer and winter inocula did not show significant differences in microbial community composition, but resulted in a slightly different kb for some pharmaceuticals. Likely microbial activity was responsible instead of community composition. In the same inoculum, different kb values were measured, depending on initial concentration. In general, biodegradable compounds had a higher kb when the initial concentration was higher. This demonstrates that Michealis-Menten kinetic theory has shortcomings for some pharmaceuticals at low, environmentally relevant concentrations and that the pharmaceutical concentration should be taken into account when measuring the kb in order to reliably predict the fate of pharmaceuticals in the WWTP. KEY POINTS: • Biotransformation and sorption of pharmaceuticals were assessed in activated sludge. • Higher initial concentrations resulted in higher biotransformation rate constants for biodegradable pharmaceuticals. • Summer and winter inocula produced slightly different biotransformation rate constants although microbial community composition did not significantly change.
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35
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Alfonso-Muniozguren P, Serna-Galvis EA, Bussemaker M, Torres-Palma RA, Lee J. A review on pharmaceuticals removal from waters by single and combined biological, membrane filtration and ultrasound systems. ULTRASONICS SONOCHEMISTRY 2021; 76:105656. [PMID: 34274706 PMCID: PMC8319449 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2021.105656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) such as pharmaceuticals commonly found in urban and industrial wastewater are a potential threat to human health and have negative environmental impact. Most wastewater treatment plants cannot efficiently remove these compounds and therefore, many pharmaceuticals end up in aquatic ecosystems, inducing problems such as toxicity and antibiotic-resistance. This review reports the extent of pharmaceutical removal by individual processes such as bioreactors, advanced oxidation processes and membrane filtration systems, all of which are not 100% efficient and can lead to the direct discharge of pharmaceuticals into water bodies. Also, the importance of understanding biotransformation of pharmaceutical compounds during biological and ultrasound treatment, and its impact on treatment efficacy will be reviewed. Different combinations of the processes above, either as an integrated configuration or in series, will be discussed in terms of their degradation efficiency and scale-up capabilities. The trace quantities of pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater and scale-up issues of ultrasound highlight the importance of membrane filtration as a concentration and volume reduction treatment step for wastewater, which could subsequently be treated by ultrasound.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Efraím A Serna-Galvis
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia; Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington (Uniremington), Calle 51 No. 51-27, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Madeleine Bussemaker
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, United Kingdom
| | - Ricardo A Torres-Palma
- Grupo de Investigación en Remediación Ambiental y Biocatálisis (GIRAB), Instituto de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia.
| | - Judy Lee
- Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Guildford GU27XH, United Kingdom.
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36
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Oberleitner D, Schmid R, Schulz W, Bergmann A, Achten C. Feature-based molecular networking for identification of organic micropollutants including metabolites by non-target analysis applied to riverbank filtration. Anal Bioanal Chem 2021; 413:5291-5300. [PMID: 34286355 PMCID: PMC8405475 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-021-03500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Due to growing concern about organic micropollutants and their transformation products (TP) in surface and drinking water, reliable identification of unknowns is required. Here, we demonstrate how non-target liquid chromatography (LC)-high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) and the feature-based molecular networking (FBMN) workflow provide insight into water samples from four riverbank filtration sites with different redox conditions. First, FBMN prioritized and connected drinking water relevant and seasonally dependent compounds based on a modification-aware MS/MS cosine similarity. Within the resulting molecular networks, forty-three compounds were annotated. Here, carbamazepine, sartans, and their respective TP were investigated exemplarily. With chromatographic information and spectral similarity, four additional TP (dealkylated valsartan, dealkylated irbesartan, two oxygenated irbesartan isomers) and olmesartan were identified and partly verified with an authentic standard. In this study, sartans and TP were investigated and grouped regarding their removal behavior under different redox conditions and seasons for the first time. Antihypertensives were grouped into compounds being well removed during riverbank filtration, those primarily removed under anoxic conditions, and rather persistent compounds. Observed seasonal variations were mainly limited to varying river water concentrations. FBMN is a powerful tool for identifying previously unknown or unexpected compounds and their TP in water samples by non-target analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Oberleitner
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Robin Schmid
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schulz
- Laboratory for Operation Control and Research, Zweckverb and Landeswasserversorgung, Am Spitzigen Berg 1, 89129, Langenau, Germany
| | - Axel Bergmann
- Rheinisch-Westfälische Wasserwerksgesellschaft mbH, Am Schloß Broich 1-3, 45479, Mülheim (Ruhr), Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology - Applied Geology, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 24, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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37
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Fenner K, Elsner M, Lueders T, McLachlan MS, Wackett LP, Zimmermann M, Drewes JE. Methodological Advances to Study Contaminant Biotransformation: New Prospects for Understanding and Reducing Environmental Persistence? ACS ES&T WATER 2021; 1:1541-1554. [PMID: 34278380 PMCID: PMC8276273 DOI: 10.1021/acsestwater.1c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 06/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Complex microbial communities in environmental systems play a key role in the detoxification of chemical contaminants by transforming them into less active metabolites or by complete mineralization. Biotransformation, i.e., transformation by microbes, is well understood for a number of priority pollutants, but a similar level of understanding is lacking for many emerging contaminants encountered at low concentrations and in complex mixtures across natural and engineered systems. Any advanced approaches aiming to reduce environmental exposure to such contaminants (e.g., novel engineered biological water treatment systems, design of readily degradable chemicals, or improved regulatory assessment strategies to determine contaminant persistence a priori) will depend on understanding the causal links among contaminant removal, the key driving agents of biotransformation at low concentrations (i.e., relevant microbes and their metabolic activities), and how their presence and activity depend on environmental conditions. In this Perspective, we present the current understanding and recent methodological advances that can help to identify such links, even in complex environmental microbiomes and for contaminants present at low concentrations in complex chemical mixtures. We discuss the ensuing insights into contaminant biotransformation across varying environments and conditions and ask how much closer we have come to designing improved approaches to reducing environmental exposure to contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Fenner
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
- Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Elsner
- Chair of Analytical Chemistry and Water Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
| | - Tillmann Lueders
- Chair of Ecological Microbiology, Bayreuth Center of Ecology and Environmental Research (BayCEER), University of Bayreuth, 95448 Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Michael S McLachlan
- Department of Environmental Science (ACES), Stockholm University, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lawrence P Wackett
- Biotechnology Institute, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, Minnesota 55108, United States
| | - Michael Zimmermann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jörg E Drewes
- Chair of Urban Water Systems Engineering, Technical University of Munich, 85748 Garching, Germany
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38
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Jaeger A, Posselt M, Schaper JL, Betterle A, Rutere C, Coll C, Mechelke J, Raza M, Meinikmann K, Portmann A, Blaen PJ, Horn MA, Krause S, Lewandowski J. Transformation of organic micropollutants along hyporheic flow in bedforms of river-simulating flumes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:13034. [PMID: 34158517 PMCID: PMC8219703 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-91519-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Urban streams receive increasing loads of organic micropollutants from treated wastewaters. A comprehensive understanding of the in-stream fate of micropollutants is thus of high interest for water quality management. Bedforms induce pumping effects considerably contributing to whole stream hyporheic exchange and are hotspots of biogeochemical turnover processes. However, little is known about the transformation of micropollutants in such structures. In the present study, we set up recirculating flumes to examine the transformation of a set of micropollutants along single flowpaths in two triangular bedforms. We sampled porewater from four locations in the bedforms over 78 days and analysed the resulting concentration curves using the results of a hydrodynamic model in combination with a reactive transport model accounting for advection, dispersion, first-order removal and retardation. The four porewater sampling locations were positioned on individual flowpaths with median solute travel times ranging from 11.5 to 43.3 h as shown in a hydrodynamic model previously. Highest stability was estimated for hydrochlorothiazide on all flowpaths. Lowest detectable half-lives were estimated for sotalol (0.7 h) and sitagliptin (0.2 h) along the shortest flowpath. Also, venlafaxine, acesulfame, bezafibrate, irbesartan, valsartan, ibuprofen and naproxen displayed lower half-lives at shorter flowpaths in the first bedform. However, the behavior of many compounds in the second bedform deviated from expectations, where particularly transformation products, e.g. valsartan acid, showed high concentrations. Flowpath-specific behavior as observed for metformin or flume-specific behavior as observed for metoprolol acid, for instance, was attributed to potential small-scale or flume-scale heterogeneity of microbial community compositions, respectively. The results of the study indicate that the shallow hyporheic flow field and the small-scale heterogeneity of the microbial community are major controlling factors for the transformation of relevant micropollutants in river sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Jaeger
- Department Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany. .,Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Malte Posselt
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas L Schaper
- Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Andrea Betterle
- Department of Civil, Environmental and Mechanical Engineering, University of Trento, Trento, Italy
| | - Cyrus Rutere
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Claudia Coll
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Mechelke
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Muhammad Raza
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Technical University of Darmstadt, Darmstadt, Germany.,IWW Water Centre, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Karin Meinikmann
- Julius Kühn Institute - Federal Research Centre for Cultivated Plants, Institute for Breeding Research on Agricultural Crops, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andrea Portmann
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, USA
| | - Phillip J Blaen
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Yorkshire Water, Leeds, UK
| | - Marcus A Horn
- Department of Ecological Microbiology, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Leibniz University of Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Stefan Krause
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Ecologie des Hydrosystèmes Naturels et Anthropisés (LEHNA), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Jörg Lewandowski
- Department Ecohydrology, Leibniz Institute of Freshwater Ecology and Inland Fisheries, Berlin, Germany.,Geography Department, Humboldt University Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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39
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Saifur S, Gardner CM. Loading, transport, and treatment of emerging chemical and biological contaminants of concern in stormwater. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2021; 83:2863-2885. [PMID: 34185685 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2021.187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Stormwater is a largely uncontrolled source of pollution in rural and urban environments across the United States. Concern regarding the growing diversity and abundance of pollutants in stormwater, as well as their impacts on water quality, has grown significantly over the past several decades. In addition to conventional contaminants like nutrients and heavy metals, stormwater is a well-documented source of many contaminants of emerging concern, which can be toxic to both aquatic and terrestrial organisms and remain a barrier to maintaining high quality water resources. Chemical pollutants like pharmaceuticals and personal care products, industrial pollutants such as per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and tire wear particles in stormwater are of great concern due to their toxic, genotoxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic properties. Emerging microbial contaminants such as pathogens and antibiotic resistance genes also represent significant threats to environmental water quality and human health. Knowledge regarding the transport, behavior, and the remediation capacity of these pollutants in runoff is key for addressing these pollutants in situ and minimizing ecosystem perturbations. To this end, this review paper will analyze current understanding of these contaminants in stormwater runoff in terms of their transport, behavior, and bioremediation potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumaiya Saifur
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane Street, Pullman, WA 99164, USA E-mail:
| | - Courtney M Gardner
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, 405 Spokane Street, Pullman, WA 99164, USA E-mail:
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40
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Psoma AK, Rousis NI, Georgantzi EN, Τhomaidis ΝS. An integrated approach to MS-based identification and risk assessment of pharmaceutical biotransformation in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 770:144677. [PMID: 33508673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The omnipresence of pharmaceuticals at relatively high concentrations (μg/L) in environmental compartments indicated their inadequate removal by wastewater treatment plants. As such, batch reactors seeded with activated sludge were set up to assess the biotransformation of metformin, ranitidine, lidocaine and atorvastatin. The main objective was to identify transformation products (TPs) through the establishment of an integrated workflow for suspect and non-target screening based on reversed phase liquid chromatography quadrupole-time-of-flight mass spectrometry. To support the identification, hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography (HILIC) was used as a complementary tool, in order to enhance the completeness of the developed workflow by identifying the more polar TPs. The structure assignment/elucidation of the candidate TPs was mainly based on interpretation of MS/MS spectra. Twenty-two TPs were identified, with fourteen of them reaching high identification confidence levels (level 1: confirmed structure by reference standards and level 2: probable structure by library spectrum match and diagnostic evidence). Finally, retrospective analysis in influent and effluent wastewater was performed for the TPs for four consecutive years in wastewater sampled in Athens, Greece. The potential toxicological threat of the compounds to the aquatic environment was assessed and atorvastatin with two of its TPs showed a potential risk to the aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini K Psoma
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos I Rousis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Eleni N Georgantzi
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Νikolaos S Τhomaidis
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
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Manasfi R, Brienza M, Ait-Mouheb N, Montemurro N, Perez S, Chiron S. Impact of long-term irrigation with municipal reclaimed wastewater on the uptake and degradation of organic contaminants in lettuce and leek. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142742. [PMID: 33097266 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A two years drip irrigation of lettuce and leek crops with treated municipal wastewater without and with spiking with fourteen wastewater relevant contaminants at 10 μg/L concentration level was conducted under greenhouse cultivation conditions to investigate their potential accumulation in soil and leaves and to assess human health related risks. Lettuce and leek crops were selected as a worse-case scenario since leafy green vegetable has a high potential for organic contaminants uptake. The results revealed limited accumulation of contaminants in soil and plant leaves, their concentration levels being in the range of 1-30 ng/g and 1-660 ng/g range in soil and leaves, respectively. This was likely related to abiotic and biotic transformation or simply binding processes in soil, which limited contaminants plant uptake. This assumption was underpinned by studies of the enantiomeric fractionation of chiral compounds (e.g. climbazole and metoprolol) in soil as pieces of evidence of biodegradation and by the identification of transformation products or metabolites in leaves by means of liquid chromatography - high resolution - mass spectrometry using a suspect screening workflow. The high bioconcentration factors were not limited to compounds with intermediate Dow (100 to 1000) such as carbamazepine but also observed for hydrophilic compounds such as clarithromycin, hydrochlorothiazide and the food additives acesulfame and sucralose. This result assumed that accumulation was not only driven by passive processes (e.g. lipoidal diffusion through lipid bilayer cell membranes or Casparian strip) but might be supported by carrier-mediated transporters. As a whole, this study confirmed earlier reports on the a de minimis human health risk related to the consumption of raw leafy green vegetable irrigated with domestic TWW containing organic contaminants residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayana Manasfi
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Monica Brienza
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | - Nassim Ait-Mouheb
- UMR G-eau, Montpellier University, INRAE, 361 rue Jean-François Breton, 34196 Montpellier cedex 5, France
| | | | - Sandra Perez
- ENFOCHEM, IDAEA-CSIC, c/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Serge Chiron
- UMR HydroSciences Montpellier, Montpellier University, IRD, 15 Ave Charles Flahault, 34093 Montpellier cedex 5, France.
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Sabater-Liesa L, Montemurro N, Ginebreda A, Barceló D, Eichhorn P, Pérez S. Retrospective mass spectrometric analysis of wastewater-fed mesocosms to assess the degradation of drugs and their human metabolites. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 408:124984. [PMID: 33418519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Temporary rivers become dependent on wastewater effluent for base flows, which severely impacts river ecosystems through exposure to elevated levels of nutrients, dissolved organic matter, and organic micropollutants. However, biodegradation processes occurring in these rivers can be enhanced by wastewater bacteria/biofilms. Here, we evaluated the attenuation of pharmaceuticals and their human metabolites performing retrospective analysis of 120 compounds (drugs, their metabolites and transformation products) in mesocosm channels loaded with wastewater effluents twice a week for a period of 31 days. Eighteen human metabolites and seven biotransformation products were identified with high level of confidence. Compounds were classified into five categories. Type-A: recalcitrant drugs and metabolites (diclofenac, carbamazepine and venlafaxine); Type-B: degradable drugs forming transformation products (TPs) (atenolol, sitagliptin, and valsartan); Type-C: drugs for which no known human metabolites or TPs were detected (atorvastatin, azithromycin, citalopram, clarithromycin, diltiazem, eprosartan, fluconazole, ketoprofen, lamotrigine, lormetazepam, metformin, telmisartan, and trimethoprim); Type-D: recalcitrant drug metabolites (4-hydroxy omeprazole sulfide, erythro/threo-hydrobupropion, and zolpidem carboxylic acid); Type-E: unstable metabolites whose parent drug was not detectable (norcocaine, benzolylecgonine, and erythromycin A enol ether). Noteworthy was the valsartan acid formation from valsartan with transient formation of TP-336.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Sabater-Liesa
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Nicola Montemurro
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Antoni Ginebreda
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Sandra Pérez
- ENFOCHEM, Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona 08034, Spain
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Tao Y, Jia C, Jing J, Zhao M, Yu P, He M, Chen L, Zhao E. Uptake, Translocation, and Biotransformation of Neonicotinoid Imidaclothiz in Hydroponic Vegetables: Implications for Potential Intake Risks. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2021; 69:4064-4073. [PMID: 33787257 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c07006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imidaclothiz is a novel and systemic neonicotinoid pesticide with excellent insecticidal efficacy. However, knowledge of its uptake, translocation, and biotransformation within plants is still largely unknown, restricting work on its accurate and comprehensive risk assessment. Here, we systematically investigated the behavior of imidaclothiz in three plant-water systems via hydroponic experiments. The results showed that imidaclothiz was readily taken up by plant roots and translocated upward, resulting in relative enrichment in leaves. The recoveries of imidaclothiz in plant-water systems decreased with increasing exposure time, and approximately 31.8-45.6% mass loss was measured at the end of exposure. Ultimately, imidaclothiz yielded five products in celery leaves, three products in lettuce leaves, and two products in radish leaves. Multiple metabolic reactions including hydroxylation, hydrolysis of nitrate ester, and methylation occurred within plants. This is the first report on the fate of imidaclothiz within plants and suggests increasing concerns about the risk assessment of imidaclothiz.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Tao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Chunhong Jia
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Jing
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Mingyu Zhao
- College of Land Resources and Environment, Jiangxi Agricultural University, Nanchang 330000, P. R. China
| | - Pingzhong Yu
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Min He
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
| | - Ercheng Zhao
- Institute of Plant and Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, P. R. China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environment Friendly Management of Diseases and Pests of North China Fruits, Haidian, Beijing 100081, P. R. China
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44
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Castro G, Ramil M, Cela R, Rodríguez I. Assessment of UV combined with free chlorine for removal of valsartan acid from water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 762:143173. [PMID: 33139010 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Valsartan acid (VALA) is a persistent and mobile pollutant, ubiquitously distributed in the aquatic environment. Herein, we assessed the efficiency of UV/free chlorine for the removal of this pollutant. Degradation experiments were performed using different water samples, considering several pH values and concentrations of inorganic anions. Time-course of VALA was measured by injection of different reaction time aliquots in a liquid chromatography (LC) triple quadrupole (QqQ) mass spectrometry (MS) system, whilst the study of potential transformation products (TPs) was evaluated by LC combined with a hybrid quadrupole time-of-flight (QTOF) MS system. Formation of volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) was investigated by gas chromatography (GC) with TOF-MS detection. Compared to free chlorine treatment and UV photolysis, the combination of both parameters significantly enhanced the degradability of VALA. At neutral pH, UV/free chlorine was also more effective than UV/H2O2 to remove VALA from spiked water solutions. Three TPs of VALA were tentatively identified by LC-QTOF-MS, although only one was stable in the UV/free chlorine media. As regards volatile DBPs, the formation of chloroform, dichloroacetonitrile, di- and trichloroacetic acid was noticed. The mass yield of DBPs formation from VALA varied from 0.3% (dichloroacetonitrile) to 1.1% (chloroform). The efficiency of UV/free chlorine was first investigated in spiked solutions with increasing complexities: ultrapure, river and treated wastewater. Thereafter, the feasibility of reducing VALA levels in polluted river water was demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Castro
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - M Ramil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R Cela
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Rodríguez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Research Institute on Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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45
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Young TM, Black GP, Wong L, Bloszies CS, Fiehn O, He G, Denison MS, Vogel CFA, Durbin-Johnson B. Identifying Toxicologically Significant Compounds in Urban Wildfire Ash Using In Vitro Bioassays and High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3657-3667. [PMID: 33647203 PMCID: PMC8351470 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Urban wildfires may generate numerous unidentified chemicals of toxicity concern. Ash samples were collected from burned residences and from an undeveloped upwind reference site, following the Tubbs fire in Sonoma County, California. The solvent extracts of ash samples were analyzed using GC- and LC-high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) and using a suite of in vitro bioassays for their bioactivity toward nuclear receptors [aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor (AR)], their influence on the expression of genetic markers of stress and inflammation [interleukin-8 (IL-8) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2)], and xenobiotic metabolism [cytochrome P4501A1 (CYP1A1)]. Genetic markers (CYP1A1, IL-8, and COX-2) and AhR activity were significantly higher with wildfire samples than in solvent controls, whereas AR and ER activities generally were unaffected or reduced. The bioassay responses of samples from residential areas were not significantly different from the samples from the reference site despite differing chemical compositions. Suspect and nontarget screening was conducted to identify the chemicals responsible for elevated bioactivity using the multiple streams of HRMS data and open-source data analysis workflows. For the bioassay endpoint with the largest available database of pure compound results (AhR), nontarget features statistically related to whole sample bioassay response using Spearman's rank-order correlation coefficients or elastic net regression were significantly more likely (by 10 and 15 times, respectively) to be known AhR agonists than the overall population of compounds tentatively identified by nontarget analysis. The findings suggest that a combination of nontarget analysis, in vitro bioassays, and statistical analysis can identify bioactive compounds in complex mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas M Young
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Gabrielle P Black
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Luann Wong
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Clayton S Bloszies
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Oliver Fiehn
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- West Coast Metabolomics Center, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Guochun He
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Michael S Denison
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Blythe Durbin-Johnson
- Division of Biostatistics, School of Medicine, University of California, Davis, Davis, California 95616, United States
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46
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Overdahl KE, Sutton R, Sun J, DeStefano NJ, Getzinger GJ, Ferguson PL. Assessment of emerging polar organic pollutants linked to contaminant pathways within an urban estuary using non-targeted analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:429-445. [PMID: 33656498 PMCID: PMC9136708 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00463d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
A comprehensive, non-targeted analysis of polar organic pollutants using high resolution/accurate mass (HR/AM) mass spectrometry approaches has been applied to water samples from San Francisco (SF) Bay, a major urban estuary on the western coast of the United States, to assess occurrence of emerging contaminants and inform future monitoring and management activities. Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Samplers (POCIS) were deployed selectively to evaluate the influence of three contaminant pathways: urban stormwater runoff (San Leandro Bay), wastewater effluent (Coyote Creek, Lower South Bay), and agricultural runoff (Napa River). Grab samples were collected before and after deployment of the passive samplers to provide a quantitative snapshot of contaminants for comparison. Composite samples of wastewater effluent (24 hours) were also collected from several wastewater dischargers. Samples were analyzed using liquid-chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry. Resulting data were analyzed using a customized workflow designed for high-fidelity detection, prioritization, identification, and semi-quantitation of detected molecular features. Approximately 6350 compounds were detected in the combined data set, with 424 of those compounds tentatively identified through high quality spectral library match scores. Compounds identified included ethoxylated surfactants, pesticide and pharmaceutical transformation products, polymer additives, and rubber vulcanization agents. Compounds identified in samples were reflective of the apparent sources and pathways of organic pollutant inputs, with stormwater-influenced samples dominated by additive chemicals likely derived from plastics and vehicle tires, as well as ethoxylated surfactants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten E Overdahl
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27708, USA.
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Kang D, Doudrick K, Park N, Choi Y, Kim K, Jeon J. Identification of transformation products to characterize the ability of a natural wetland to degrade synthetic organic pollutants. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 187:116425. [PMID: 32979581 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 07/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural wetlands have been recognized as a natural reactor for degradation and elimination of environmental pollutants. The Upo Wetland, the largest inland wetland in Korea, is mainly surrounded by agricultural lands and it is susceptible to contamination from excess nutrient loads and synthetic organic contaminants (SOCs) (e.g., pesticides). The aim of this study was to identify major SOCs in the wetland and evaluate their degradation. We used high resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) with a two-step analysis approach (i.e., 1st analysis for target measurement along with suspect and non-target screening (SNTS) and 2nd analysis for complimentary suspect screening) to identify and quantify the transformation products (TPs) of the identified parent SOCs. Quantitative analysis of 30 targets, mainly including pesticides, showed that fungicides were the major SOCs detected in the wetland, accounting for about 50% of the composition ratio of the total SOCs quantified. Orysastrobin occurred at the highest mean concentration (>700 ng/L), followed by two other fungicides, carbendazim and tricyclazole. The first analysis (SNTS) tentatively identified 39 TPs (30 by suspect, 9 by non-target screening) of 14 parent pesticides. Additionally, the second analysis (complimentary suspect screening) identified 9 more TPs. Among the 48 total TPs identified, 7 were confirmed with reference standards. The identification of the remaining TPs had a high confidence level (e.g., level 2 or 3). Regarding transport though the wetland, most TPs showed greater peak area ratios (i.e., the relative portion of chromatographic area of the TPs to the parent compound) at the outlet point of the wetland compared to the inlet point. The risk quotient, which was calculated using the concentrations of parent compounds, decreased toward the outlet, demonstrating the degradation capacity of the wetland. The estimates for biodegradability, hydrophobicity, and toxicity by an in-silico quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) model indicated a lower half-life, lower logDOW, and greater effect concentration for most TPs compared to the parent compounds. Based on these results, we conclude that natural wetlands play a role as an eco-friendly reactor for degrading SOCs to form numerous TPs that are lower risk than the parent compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daeho Kang
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Korea
| | - Kyle Doudrick
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Earth Sciences, USA
| | - Naree Park
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Korea
| | - Younghun Choi
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Korea
| | - Kyunghyun Kim
- Watershed and Total Load Management Research Division, National Institute of Environmental Research, Incheon, 22689, Korea
| | - Junho Jeon
- Graduate School of FEED of Eco-Friendly Offshore Structure, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Korea; School of Civil, Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Changwon National University, Changwon, Gyeongsangnamdo, 51140, Korea
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48
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Wang S, Matt M, Murphy BL, Perkins M, Matthews DA, Moran SD, Zeng T. Organic Micropollutants in New York Lakes: A Statewide Citizen Science Occurrence Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13759-13770. [PMID: 33064942 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of organic micropollutants (OMPs) is a challenge for aquatic ecosystem management, and closing the gaps in risk assessment of OMPs requires a data-driven approach. One promising tool for increasing the spatiotemporal coverage of OMP data sets is through the active involvement of citizen volunteers to expand the scale of OMP monitoring. Working collaboratively with volunteers from the Citizens Statewide Lake Assessment Program (CSLAP), we conducted the first statewide study on OMP occurrence in surface waters of New York lakes. Samples collected by CSLAP volunteers were analyzed for OMPs by a suspect screening method based on mixed-mode solid-phase extraction and liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. Sixty-five OMPs were confirmed and quantified in samples from 111 lakes across New York. Hierarchical clustering of OMP occurrence data revealed the relevance of 11 most frequently detected OMPs for classifying the contamination status of lakes. Partial least squares regression and multiple linear regression analyses prioritized three water quality parameters linked to agricultural and developed land uses (i.e., total dissolved nitrogen, specific conductance, and a wastewater-derived fluorescent organic matter component) as the best combination of predictors that partly explained the interlake variability in OMP occurrence. Lastly, the exposure-activity ratio approach identified the potential for biological effects associated with detected OMPs that warrant further biomonitoring studies. Overall, this work demonstrated the feasibility of incorporating citizen science approaches into the regional impact assessment of OMPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiru Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - Monica Matt
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - Bethany L Murphy
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
| | - MaryGail Perkins
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - David A Matthews
- Upstate Freshwater Institute, 224 Midler Park Drive, Syracuse, New York 13206, United States
| | - Sharon D Moran
- Department of Environmental Studies, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Teng Zeng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Syracuse University, 151 Link Hall, Syracuse, New York 13244, United States
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49
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Wielens Becker R, Wilde ML, Salmoria Araújo D, Seibert Lüdtke D, Sirtori C. Proposal of a new, fast, cheap, and easy method using DLLME for extraction and preconcentration of diazepam and its transformation products generated by a solar photo-Fenton process. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 184:116183. [PMID: 32702571 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
This work evaluated the formation of transformation products (TPs) during the degradation of diazepam (DZP) by a solar photo-Fenton process. Six TPs were identified, three of them for the first time. After elucidation of the TPs, a new, cheap, fast, and easy method was employed to extract and preconcentrate DZP and its TPs, using dispersive liquid-liquid microextraction (DLLME). The method was optimized using factorial and Doehlert designs, with the best results obtained using acetonitrile as disperser solvent and chloroform as extraction solvent, with volumes of 1000 and 650 µL, respectively. When DZP degradation was performed in ultrapure water, the extraction/preconcentration of DZP and its TPs by DLLME was very similar to the results obtained using a traditional SPE method. However, when hospital wastewater was used as the matrix, more limited extraction efficiency was obtained using DLLME, compared to SPE. Meanwhile, all the TPs extracted by SPE were also extracted by the DLLME technique. Furthermore, DLLME was much less expensive than SPE, besides being faster, easier, and requiring only small amounts of organic solvents. This work reports a new and very important tool for the extraction and preconcentration of TPs formed during degradation using techniques such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), since without this step it would not be possible to identify all the TPs formed in some complex wastewater matrices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Wielens Becker
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Luís Wilde
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Débora Salmoria Araújo
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Seibert Lüdtke
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil
| | - Carla Sirtori
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91501-970, Porto Alegre-RS, Brazil.
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Zhang K, Zhao Y, Fent K. Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents in surface waters at global scale: Occurrence, ecotoxicity and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 729:138770. [PMID: 32361434 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have emerged as major groups of environmental contaminants over the past decades. However, knowledge about their occurrence in freshwaters and their ecotoxicity is still limited. Here, we critically summarize the presence of 82 cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and represent their effects on aquatic organisms. Only about 71% of these pharmaceuticals in use have been analyzed for their residues in aquatic ecosystems and only about 24% for their effects. When detected in surface waters, they occurred at concentrations of dozens to hundreds of ng/L. In wastewaters, they reached up to several μg/L. Effects of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents have been extensively studied in fish and a few in invertebrates, such as Daphnia magna and mussels. These pharmaceuticals affect cardiac physiology, lipid metabolism, growth and reproduction. Besides, effects on spermatogenesis and neurobehavior are observed. Environmental risks are associated with beta-blockers propranolol, metoprolol, and lipid lowering agents bezafibrate and atorvastatin, where adverse effects (biochemical and transcriptional) occurred partially at surface water concentrations. In some cases, reproductive effects occurred at environmentally relevant concentrations. This review summarizes the state of the art on the occurrence of cardiovascular drugs and lipid regulating agents at a global-scale and highlights their risks to fish. Further research is needed to include more subtle changes on heart function and to explore non-investigated drugs. Their occurrence in freshwaters and impact on a diverse array of aquatic organisms are particularly needed to fully assess their environmental hazards and risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanbin Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Karl Fent
- University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland, School of Life Sciences, Hofackerstrasse 30, CH-4132 Muttenz, Switzerland
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