1
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Liu X, Wu C, Li Z, Li R, Wang F, Lv S, Li R, Zhang F, Wang H, Liang C, Zhang L, Wang G. Atmospheric brown carbon in China haze is dominated by secondary formation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 945:173901. [PMID: 38880143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2024] [Revised: 06/02/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) is a class of light-absorbing organic aerosols (OA) and has significant influence on atmospheric radiative forcing. However, the current limited understanding of the physicochemical properties of BrC restricts the accurate evaluation of its environmental effects. Here the optical characteristics and chemical composition of BrC during wintertime in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region, China were measured by using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometry (HR-AMS) and UV-vis spectrometry. Our results showed that BrC in PM2.5 during the campaign was dominated by water-soluble organics, which consist of less oxidized oxygenated OA (LO-OOA), more oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA), fossil fuel OA (FFOA) and biomass burning OA (BBOA). MO-OOA and BBOA were the strongest light absorbing BrC at 365 nm (Abs365), followed by LO-OOA and FFOA with a mass absorption coefficient (MAC) being 0.74 ± 0.04, 0.73 ± 0.03, 0.48 ± 0.04 and 0.39 ± 0.06 m2 g-1 during the campaign, respectively. In the low relative humidity (RH < 80 %) haze periods Abs365 of LO-OOA contributed to 44 % of the total light absorption at 365 nm, followed by MO-OOA (31 %), FFOA (21 %) and BBOA (4 %). In contrast, in the high-RH (RH > 80 %) haze periods Abs365 was dominated by MO-OOA, which accounted for 62 % of the total Abs365, followed by LO-OOA (17 %), BBOA (13 %) and FFOA (8 %). Chemical composition analysis further showed that LO-OOA and MO-OOA are produced from gas-phase photooxidation of VOCs and aerosol aqueous reactions, respectively, in which ammonia significantly enhanced the formation and light absorption of BrC in the high RH haze period. On average, >75 % of the total Abs365nm in the YRD region during the haze events was contributed by LO-OOA and MO-OOA, suggesting that atmospheric BrC in China haze periods is predominantly formed by secondary reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rongjie Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fanglin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Shaojun Lv
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Rui Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Haoyang Wang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chenlong Liang
- Laboratory of Mass Spectrometry Analysis, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- China Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China.
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2
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You B, Zhang Z, Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Li Z, Chen C, Zhou W, Xu W, Lei L, Fu P, Hou S, Li P, Sun Y. Seasonal characterization of chemical and optical properties of water-soluble organic aerosol in Beijing. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 930:172508. [PMID: 38642752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) plays a crucial role in altering radiative forcing and impacting human health. However, our understanding of the seasonal variations of WSOA in Chinese megacities after the three-year clean air action plan is limited. In this study, we analyzed PM2.5 filter samples collected over one year (2020-2021) in Beijing to characterize the seasonal changes in the chemical and optical properties of WSOA using an offline aerosol mass spectrometer along with spectroscopy techniques. The mean mass concentration of WSOA during the observation period was 8.84 ± 7.12 μg m-3, constituting approximately 64-67 % of OA. Our results indicate the contribution of secondary OA (SOA) increased by 13-28 % due to a substantial reduction in primary emissions after the clean air action plan. The composition of WSOA exhibited pronounced seasonal variations, with a predominant contribution from less oxidized SOA in summer (61 %) and primary OA originating from coal combustion and biomass burning during the heating season (34 %). The mass absorption efficiency of WSOA at 365 nm in winter was nearly twice that in summer, suggesting that WSOA from primary emissions possesses a stronger light-absorbing capability than SOA. On average, water-soluble brown carbon accounted for 33-48 % of total brown carbon absorption. Fluorescence analysis revealed humic-like substances as the most significant fluorescence component of WSOA, constituting 82 %. Furthermore, both absorption and fluorescence chromophores were associated with nitrogen-containing compounds, highlighting the role of nitrogen-containing species in influencing the optical properties of WSOA. The results are important for chemical transport models to accurately simulate the WSOA and its climate effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Lu Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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Bhowmik HS, Tripathi SN, Shukla AK, Lalchandani V, Murari V, Devaprasad M, Shivam A, Bhushan R, Prévôt ASH, Rastogi N. Contribution of fossil and biomass-derived secondary organic carbon to winter water-soluble organic aerosols in Delhi, India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:168655. [PMID: 37992837 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, among the world's most polluted megacities, is a hotspot of particulate matter emissions, with high contribution from organic aerosol (OA), affecting health and climate in the entire northern India. While the primary organic aerosol (POA) sources can be effectively identified, an incomplete source apportionment of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) causes significant ambiguity in the management of air quality and the assessment of climate change. Present study uses positive matrix factorization analysis on the water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) data from the offline-aerosol mass spectrometry (AMS). It revealed POA as the dominant source of WSOA, with biomass-burning OA (31-34 %) and solid fuel combustion OA (∼21 %) being two major contributors. Here we use water-solubility fingerprints to track the SOA precursors, such as oxalates or organic nitrates, instead of identifying them based on their O:C ratio. Non-fossil precursors dominate in more oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (MO-OOC) (∼90 %), a proxy for aged secondary organic carbon (SOC), by coupling offline-AMS with 14C measurements. On the contrary, the oxidation of fossil fuel emissions produces a large quantity of fresh fossil SOC, which accounts for ∼75 % of less oxidized oxygenated organic carbon (LO-OOC). Our study reveals that apart from major POA contributions, large fractions of fossil (10-14 %) and biomass-derived SOA (23-30 %) contribute significantly to the total WSOA load, having impact on climate and air quality of the Delhi megacity. Our study reveals that large-scale unregulated biomass burning was not only found to dominate in POA but was also observed to be a significant contributor to SOA with implications on human health, highlighting the need for effective control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himadri S Bhowmik
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Sachchida N Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering and Sustainable Energy Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India.
| | - Ashutosh K Shukla
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India
| | - Vipul Lalchandani
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Vishnu Murari
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur 208016, India; Institut Mines Télécom (IMT) Nord, 941 rue Charles Bourseul, 59508 Douai, France
| | - M Devaprasad
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India; Indian Institute of Technology, Gandhinagar, Gujarat 382355, India
| | - Ajay Shivam
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Ravi Bhushan
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institut, Villigen, PSI, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
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4
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Su D, Chen L, Wang J, Zhang H, Gao S, Sun Y, Zhang H, Yao J. Long- and short-term health benefits attributable to PM 2.5 constituents reductions from 2013 to 2021: A spatiotemporal analysis in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 907:168184. [PMID: 37907103 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Long- and short-term exposure to constituents of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) substantially affects human health. However, assessments of the health and economic benefits of reducing PM2.5 constituents are scarce. This study estimates the number of premature deaths from all-cause, cardiovascular (CVD), and respiratory diseases avoided due to reductions in daily and annual average concentrations of PM2.5 constituents. The Environmental Benefits Mapping and Analysis Program was used for two scenarios: we used yearly concentrations of PM2.5 constituents from 2013 to 2020 as the baseline concentration surface (Scenario I), and 2021 as the baseline year (Scenario II). With reductions in daily and annual average concentrations of PM2.5 constituents, 309,099 (95 % confidence interval [CI]: 37,265-571,485) and 195,297 (95 % CI: 178,192-211,914) premature deaths were avoided in Scenario I, respectively; meanwhile, 347,296 (95 % CI: 79,258-604,758) and 201,567 (95 % CI: 185,038-217,530) premature deaths were avoided in Scenario II, respectively. Moreover, economic benefits associated with the prevention of premature deaths were estimated using the willingness to pay (WTP) and modified human capital (AHC) methods. The total estimated economic benefits amounted to 563.32 billion RMB (WTP) and 322.03 billion RMB (AHC) in Scenario I. In Scenario II, the associated economic benefits were 751.48 billion RMB (WTP) and 427.56 billion RMB (AHC), accounting for 0.657 and 0.374 % of China's gross domestic product in 2021, respectively. Additionally, we analyzed the sensitivity of CVD-related premature deaths to the concentrations of PM2.5 constituents, and found that CVD-related premature deaths were more sensitive to black carbon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Die Su
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Li Chen
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Shuang Gao
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Yanling Sun
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Hu Zhang
- School of Geographic and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin Normal University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Academy of Eco-civilization Development for Jing-Jin-Ji Megalopolis, China
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5
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Lei Y, Zhang K, Lu Y, Qin Y, Li L, Li J, Liu X, Wu C, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang J, Zhang F, Wang G. Characterization of water-soluble brown carbon in atmospheric fine particles over Xi'an, China: Implication of aqueous brown carbon formation from biomass burning. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163442. [PMID: 37059143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Brown carbon (BrC) aerosols can affect not only the climate but also human health, however, the light absorption, chemical compositions, and formation mechanisms of BrC are still uncertain, which leads to uncertainties in the accurate estimation of its climate and health impacts. In this study, highly time - resolved brown carbon (BrC) in fine particles was investigated in Xi'an using offline aerosol mass spectrometer analysis. The light absorption coefficient (babs365) and mass absorption efficiency (MAE365) at 365 nm of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) generally increased with oxygen-to-carbon (O/C) ratios, indicating that oxidized OA could have more impacts on BrC light absorption. Meanwhile, the light absorption appeared to increase generally with the increases of nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios and water-soluble organic nitrogen; strong correlations (R of 0.76 for CxHyNp+ and R of 0.78 for CxHyOzNp+) between babs365 and the N - containing organic ion families were observed, suggesting that the N - containing compounds are the effective BrC chromophores. babs365 correlated relatively well with BBOA (r of 0.74) and OOA (R of 0.57), but weakly correlated with CCOA (R of 0.33), indicating that BrC in Xi'an was likely to be associated with biomass burning and secondary sources. A multiple linear regression model was applied to apportion babs365 to contributions of different factors resolved from positive matrix factorization on water-soluble organic aerosols (OA) and obtained MAE365 values of different OA factors. We found that biomass-burning organic aerosol (BBOA) dominated the babs365 (48.3 %), followed by oxidized organic aerosol (OOA, 33.6 %) and coal combustion organic aerosol (CCOA, 18.1 %). We further observed that nitrogen-containing organic matter (i.e., CxHyNp+ and CxHyOzNp+) increased with the increase of OOA/WSOA and the decrease of BBOA/WSOA, especially under high ALWC conditions. Our work offered proper observation evidence that BBOA is oxidized through the aqueous formation to produce BrC in Xi'an, China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Lei
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Ke Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yeyu Lu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697-2025, USA
| | - Lijuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Si Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Yubao Chen
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Junke Zhang
- Faculty of Geosciences and Environmental Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 611756, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, East China Normal University, Shanghai 202162, China.
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6
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Lee WC, Deng Y, Zhou R, Itoh M, Mochida M, Kuwata M. Water Solubility Distribution of Organic Matter Accounts for the Discrepancy in Hygroscopicity among Sub- and Supersaturated Humidity Regimes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:17924-17935. [PMID: 36346950 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c04647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Water uptake properties of organic matter (OM) are critical for aerosol direct and indirect effects. OM contains various chemical species that have a wide range of water solubility. However, the role of water solubility on water uptake by OM has poorly been investigated. We experimentally retrieved water solubility distributions of water-soluble OM (WSOM) from combustion of mosquito coil and tropical peat using the 1-octanol-water partitioning method. In addition, hygroscopic growth and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of solubility-segregated WSOM were measured. The dominant fraction of WSOM from mosquito coil smoldering was highly soluble (water solubility (S) > 10-2 g cm-3), while that from peat combustion contained ∼40% of less-soluble species (S < 10-3 g cm-3). The difference in water solubility distributions induced changes in the roles of less water-soluble fractions (S < 10-3 g cm-3) on CCN activity. Namely, the less water-soluble fraction from mosquito coil combustion fully dissolved at the point of critical supersaturation, while that for tropical peat smoldering was limited by water solubility. The present result suggests that water solubility distributions of OM, rather than its bulk chemical property, need to be quantified for understanding the water uptake process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chien Lee
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Division of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Yange Deng
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Masayuki Itoh
- School of Human Science and Environment, University of Hyogo, Hyogo651-2103, Japan
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto606-8501, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya464-8601, Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Beijing Innovation Center for Engineering Science and Advanced Technology (BIC-ESAT), Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Laboratory for Climate and Ocean-Atmosphere Studies, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing100871, China
- Earth Observatory of Singapore, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Asian School of Environment, Nanyang Technological University, 639798Singapore
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme, 138602Singapore
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7
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Jiang X, Liu D, Li Q, Tian P, Wu Y, Li S, Hu K, Ding S, Bi K, Li R, Huang M, Ding D, Chen Q, Kong S, Li W, Pang Y, He D. Connecting the Light Absorption of Atmospheric Organic Aerosols with Oxidation State and Polarity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:12873-12885. [PMID: 36083258 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The light-absorbing organic aerosol (OA) constitutes an important fraction of absorbing components, counteracting major cooling effect of aerosols to climate. The mechanisms in linking the complex and changeable chemistry of OA with its absorbing properties remain to be elucidated. Here, by using solvent extraction, ambient OA from an urban environment was fractionated according to polarity, which was further nebulized and online characterized with compositions and absorbing properties. Water extracted high-polar compounds with a significantly higher oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C) than methanol extracts. A transition O/C of about 0.6 was found, below and above which the enhancement and reduction of OA absorptivity were observed with increasing O/C, occurring on the less polar and high polar compounds, respectively. In particular, the co-increase of nitrogen and oxygen elements suggests the important role of nitrogen-containing functional groups in enhancing the absorptivity of the less polar compounds (e.g., forming nitrogen-containing aromatics), while further oxidation (O/C > 0.6) on high-polar compounds likely led to fragmentation and bleaching chromophores. The results here may reconcile the previous observations about darkening or whitening chromophores of brown carbon, and the parametrization of O/C has the potential to link the changing chemistry of OA with its polarity and absorbing properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Dantong Liu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Qian Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ping Tian
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Yangzhou Wu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Siyuan Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kang Hu
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Shuo Ding
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Kai Bi
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Ruijie Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Mengyu Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Deping Ding
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Cloud, Precipitation and Atmospheric Water Resources, 44 Zizhuyuan Road, Beijing 100089, China
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, 6 Xuefuzhong Road, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Shaofei Kong
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Environmental Science, China University of Geosciences, 388 Lumo Road, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Weijun Li
- Department of Atmospheric Science, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yu Pang
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Earth Science, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ding He
- Department of Ocean Science and Hong Kong Branch of the Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, SAR 999077, China
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8
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Du A, Li Y, Sun J, Zhang Z, You B, Li Z, Chen C, Li J, Qiu Y, Liu X, Ji D, Zhang W, Xu W, Fu P, Sun Y. Rapid transition of aerosol optical properties and water-soluble organic aerosols in cold season in Fenwei Plain. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 829:154661. [PMID: 35314216 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The Fenwei Plain (FWP) continues to be one of the most polluted regions in China despite the improvement of air quality in recent years. However, our understanding of aerosol optical properties (AOP) and its relationship with aerosol composition particularly in cold season is far from complete. Here we conducted three-month measurements of AOP from November 2020 to January 2021 in the FWP along with fine particle composition and water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) measurements. Our results showed rapid transitions in AOP from November to January due to the enhanced primary emissions and the decreased aqueous-phase processing. The single scattering albedo (SSA) decreased from 0.85 to 0.78, while the absorption Ångstrӧm exponent (AAE) increased from 1.41 to 1.60, demonstrating the increasing role of absorbing aerosol and brown carbon in cold season. Further analysis showed that SSA increased significantly with the fraction of secondary inorganic aerosol, while AAE was highly correlated with the fraction of primary OA (POA), highlighting the different impacts of primary and secondary aerosol on AOP. Chemical apportionment showed the dominant contributions of ammonium nitrate (29%) and ammonium sulfate (27%) to particle extinction before heating season, while that of POA increased to 27% during heating season. Although the pollution level showed a clear increase during the heating season, the changes in visibility were small due to the decreased mass extinction efficiency from 3.48 to 2.91 m2 g-1. Positive matrix factorization illustrated a clear transition in WSOA composition from the dominance of secondary OA (SOA) in November to POA in heating season. Compared with the large decrease in water-soluble aqueous-phase SOA, the consistently high concentration of photochemical-related SOA elucidated the presence of strong photochemical processing in cold season. Overall, our results demonstrate the significant transition in primary emissions and secondary formation in cold season, and such changes have affected AOP substantially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodong Du
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiaxing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo You
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhijie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xingang Liu
- School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Dongsheng Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Wenjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
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9
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Wang W, Lin Y, Yang H, Ling W, Liu L, Zhang W, Lu D, Liu Q, Jiang G. Internal Exposure and Distribution of Airborne Fine Particles in the Human Body: Methodology, Current Understandings, and Research Needs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:6857-6869. [PMID: 35199997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c07051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne fine particles (PM2.5, particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter <2.5 μm) severely threatens global human health. Understanding the distribution and processes of inhaled PM2.5 in the human body is crucial to clarify the causal links between PM2.5 pollution and diseases. In contrast to extensive research on the emission and formation of PM2.5 in the ambient environment, reports about the occurrence and fate of PM2.5 in humans are still limited, although many studies have focused on the exposure and adverse effects of PM2.5 with animal models. It has been shown that PM2.5, especially ultrafine particles (UFPs), have the potential to go across different biological barriers and translocate into different human organs (i.e., blood circulation, brain, heart, pleural cavity, and placenta). In this Perspective, we summarize the factors affecting the internal exposure of PM2.5 and the relevant analytical methodology and review current knowledge about the exposure pathways and distribution of PM2.5 in humans. We also discuss the research challenges and call for more studies on the identification and characterization of key toxic species of PM2.5, quantification of internal exposure doses in the general population, and further clarification of translocation, metabolism, and clearance pathways of PM2.5 in the human body. In this way, it is possible to develop toxicity-based air quality standards instead of the currently used mass-based standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weichao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yue Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Hang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weibo Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Lin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Weican Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Dawei Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Qian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan 430056, China
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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10
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Baek KM, Park EH, Kang H, Ji MJ, Park HM, Heo J, Kim H. Seasonal characteristics of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen in PM 2.5 in Seoul, Korea: Source and atmospheric processes of free amino acids and aliphatic amines. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152335. [PMID: 34914982 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The seasonal characteristics of atmospheric water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) in particulate matter with a diameter of 2.5 μm or smaller (PM2.5) were analyzed focusing on sources and atmospheric processing. Daily collected samples over 23 h (10:00-9:00) from 7 August 2018 to 31 December 2019 on quartz filters with a high-volume sampler at the Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) in Seoul were considered. The most common species in the Seoul atmosphere included Glycine (5.45 ± 9.81 ng/m3) among free amino acids (FAAs) and trimethylamine (TMA) (5.35 ± 3.80 ng/m3) among aliphatic amines (AAs). The top 10 WSON species (93.6% of all WSON species) were categorized into three groups based on correlation analysis considering meteorological data, (e.g., temperature, rainfall, relative humidity (RH), wind speed) gaseous pollutants (e.g., SO2, CO, NO2) and mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. Those three groups are G1 (Glycine, Alanine, and Threonine), G2 (Gln Glutamine, Lys Lysine, and Glutamic acid) and G3 (Trimethylamine (TMA), dimethylamine (DMA), and methylamine (MA)), where G1, G2 and G3 accounted for 31.1%, 8.8% and 51.1%, respectively, of the total species. Among these three groups, G1 and G3 are from combustion sources, and G2 shows secondary features generated by photochemical reactions involving ozone. Although both G1 and G3 exhibited features influenced by combustion sources, the AA species (TMA, DMA, and MA) in G3 demonstrated typical features enhanced under high-humidity conditions, suggesting not only primary sources but also secondary formation at the local scale influence to the AA in G3 group. Based on long-term measurements more than a year, our findings suggest that complex and diverse sources of atmospheric WSON are in Seoul, Korea both from primary and secondary, which may affect its environmental, climate and health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung-Min Baek
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ha Park
- Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyungu Kang
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Jung Ji
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Mee Park
- Advanced Analysis Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jongbae Heo
- Busan Development Institute, Busan 47210, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwajin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Graduate School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Ning C, Gao Y, Zhang H, Wang L, Yu H, Zou L, Cao R, Chen J. Molecular chemodiversity of water-soluble organic matter in atmospheric particulate matter and their associations with atmospheric conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151171. [PMID: 34699831 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is a complex mixture of organic compounds affecting global climate change and carbon cycle. Herein, Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) was used for identification of WSOM molecular compositions in annual atmospheric particulate matter with diameters ≤10 μm (PM10). Totally 6538 unambiguous monoisotopic molecular formulas were assigned to WSOM with m/z values concentrating in 150-600 Da. The CHO compounds with high unsaturation degrees contributed most (51.7-52.1%) to WSOM in spring and summer. However, the S-containing compounds (CHOS and CHNOS) with higher O/C and H/C ratios accounted for 56.8-63.2% of WSOM in autumn and winter. Temperature (r = 0.82) and O3 (r = 0.89) showed higher correlation with CHO compounds, which were mainly aliphatics and highly unsaturated structures with high oxygen compounds (80.7-90.8%). The concentrations of SO42- (r = 0.33) and NO3- (r = 0.46) in PM10 both showed a positive correlation with the abundances of the S-containing compounds due to their direct participation in atmospheric reactions. Among them, 96-100% and 78-96% of the CHOS and CHNOS compounds were confirmed to be organosulfates (OSs) and nitrooxy-organosulfates (NOSs) by MS/MS analysis, respectively. These findings illustrate the strong association of atmospheric conditions with molecular chemodiversity of WSOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria/Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lili Zou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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12
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Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen Species in PM2.5 in Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos12050574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) is an important component of PM2.5 which may affect air quality, climate and human health. Herein, one-year field samples of atmospheric PM2.5 (June 2017–May 2018) were collected in northern Nanjing. Chemical characterization of PM2.5 major components as well as WSON were conducted, and WSON composition and sources were further investigated via measurements by a Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) as well as positive matrix factorization (PMF). Inorganic ions, mainly consisting of ammonium, sulfate, and nitrate, were found to dominate PM2.5 mass (58.7%), followed by organic matter (OM) (22.6%), and elemental carbon (EC) (2.1%). Water-soluble OM dominated OM (65.1%), and its temporal variation was closely correlated with that of secondary organic matter, while time series of water-insoluble OM concentrations correlated tightly with that of primary organic matter. Average WSON concentration was 2.15 μg/m3, which was highest in winter and lowest in summer. Correlation analysis of WSON with PM2.5 components also indicated that WSON was mainly from secondary sources. SP-AMS revealed that WSON mass spectrum was composed of CxHyNp+ (91.2%) and CxHyOzNp+ (8.8%), indicating dominance of amines and other oxygenated ON compounds. PMF analysis resolved two primary sources (traffic, biomass burning) and two secondary sources (less-oxidized and more-oxidized factors) of WSOM and WSON, and the secondary source dominated both WSOM and WSON. Contribution of the more-oxidized ON factor was very high in winter, and the less-oxidized factor was significant in summer, indicating a likely important role of aqueous-phase processing in winter as well as photochemical oxidation in summer to WSON.
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13
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Zhou R, Chen Q, Chen J, Ren L, Deng Y, Vodička P, Deshmukh DK, Kawamura K, Fu P, Mochida M. Distinctive Sources Govern Organic Aerosol Fractions with Different Degrees of Oxygenation in the Urban Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:4494-4503. [PMID: 33783200 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c08604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Understanding how the sources of an atmospheric organic aerosol (OA) govern its burden is crucial for assessing its impact on the environment and adopting proper control strategies. In this study, the sources of OA over Beijing were assessed year-around based on the combination of two separation approaches for OA, one from chemical fractionation into the high-polarity fraction of water-soluble organic matter (HP-WSOM), humic-like substances (HULIS), and water-insoluble organic matter (WISOM), and the other from statistical grouping using positive matrix factorization (PMF) of high-resolution aerosol mass spectra. Among the three OA fractions, HP-WSOM has the highest O/C ratio (1.36), followed by HULIS (0.56) and WISOM (0.17). The major sources of different OA fractions were distinct: HP-WSOM was dominated by more oxidized oxygenated OA (96%); HULIS by cooking-like OA (40%), less oxidized oxygenated OA (27%), and biomass burning OA (21%); and WISOM by fossil fuel OA (77%). In addition, our results provide evidence that mass spectral-based PMF factors are associated with specific substructures in molecules. These structures are further discussed in the context of the FT-IR results. This study presents an overall relationship of OA groups monitored by chemical and statistical approaches for the first time, providing insights for future source apportionment studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruichen Zhou
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Qingcai Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shaanxi University of Science and Technology, Xi'an 710021, China
| | - Jing Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yange Deng
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
| | - Petr Vodička
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | | | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
- Institute for Space-Earth Environmental Research, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8601, Japan
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14
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Li H, Zhang Q, Jiang W, Collier S, Sun Y, Zhang Q, He K. Characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in a heavily polluted environment in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143970. [PMID: 33338790 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) in fine particles (PM2.5) collected during wintertime in a polluted city (Handan) in Northern China was characterized using a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS). Through comparing with real-time measurements from a collocated Aerosol Chemical Speciation Monitor (ACSM), we determined that WSOA on average accounts for 29% of total organic aerosol (OA) mass and correlates tightly with secondary organic aerosol (SOA; Pearson's r = 0.95). The mass spectra of WSOA closely resemble those of ambient SOA, but also show obvious influences from coal combustion and biomass burning. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis of the WSOA mass spectra resolved a water-soluble coal combustion OA (WS-CCOA; O/C = 0.17), a water-soluble biomass burning OA (WS-BBOA; O/C = 0.32), and a water-soluble oxygenated OA (WS-OOA; O/C = 0.89), which account for 10.3%, 29.3% and 60.4% of the total WSOA mass, respectively. The water-solubility of the OA factors was estimated by comparing the offline AMS analysis results with the ambient ACSM measurements. OOA has the highest water-solubility of 49%, consistent with increased hygroscopicity of oxidized organics induced by atmospheric aging processes. In contrast, CCOA is the least water soluble, containing 17% WS-CCOA. The distinct characteristics of WSOA from different sources extend our knowledge of the complex aerosol chemistry in the polluted atmosphere of Northern China and the water-solubility analysis may help us to understand better aerosol hygroscopicity and its effects on radiative forcing in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyan Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
| | - Wenqing Jiang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Sonya Collier
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
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15
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Altuwayjiri A, Soleimanian E, Moroni S, Palomba P, Borgini A, De Marco C, Ruprecht AA, Sioutas C. The impact of stay-home policies during Coronavirus-19 pandemic on the chemical and toxicological characteristics of ambient PM 2.5 in the metropolitan area of Milan, Italy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143582. [PMID: 33213922 PMCID: PMC7833074 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The goal of this study was to characterize changes in components and toxicological properties of PM2.5 during the nationwide 2019-Coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown restrictions in Milan, Italy. Time-integrated PM2.5 filters were collected at a residential site in Milan metropolitan area from April 11th to June 3rd at 2020, encompassing full-lockdown (FL), the followed partial-lockdown (PL2), and full-relaxation (FR) periods of COVID-19 restrictions. The collected filters were analyzed for elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC), individual organic species (e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and levoglucosan), and metals. According to online data, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and benzene (C6H6) levels significantly decreased during the entire COVID-19 period compared to the same time span in 2019, mainly due to the government-backed shutdowns and curtailed road traffic. Similarly, with a few exceptions, surrogates of tailpipe emissions (e.g., traffic-associated PAHs) as well as re-suspended road dust (e.g., Fe, Mn, Cu, Cr, and Ti) were relatively lower during FL and PL2 periods in comparison with year 2019, whereas an increasing trend in mass concentration of mentioned species was observed from FL to PL2 and FR phases due to the gradual lifting of lockdown restrictions. In contrast, comparable concentrations of ambient PM2.5 and black carbon (BC) between lockdown period and the same time span in 2019 were attributed to the interplay between decreased road traffic and elevated domestic biomass burning as a result of adopted stay-home strategies. Finally, the curtailed road traffic during FL and PL2 periods led to ~25% drop in the PM2.5 oxidative potential (measured via 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein (DCFH) and dithiothreitol (DTT) assays) with respect to the FR period as well as the same time span in 2019. The results of this study provide insights into the changes in components and oxidative potential of PM2.5 in the absence of road traffic during COVID-19 restrictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmalik Altuwayjiri
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ehsan Soleimanian
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Silvia Moroni
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Paolo Palomba
- Agenzia Mobilità Ambiente e Territorio - AMAT srl, Mobility, Environment and Territory Agency, Milan, Italy
| | - Alessandro Borgini
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Cinzia De Marco
- Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori, Milan, Italy; Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Ario A Ruprecht
- Associazione Medici per l'Ambiente ISDE Italia, International Society of Doctors for the Environment (ISDE), Italy
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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16
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Xie W, You J, Zhi C, Li L. The toxicity of ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5) to vascular endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 41:713-723. [DOI: 10.1002/jat.4138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xie
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Jia You
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Chenxi Zhi
- Clinical Anatomy & Reproductive Medicine Application Institute University of South China Hengyang China
| | - Liang Li
- Hunan Province Key Laboratory of Typical Environmental Pollution and Health Hazards University of South China Hengyang China
- Institute of Cardiovascular Research, Key Laboratory for Atherosclerology of Hunan Province, Medical Research Center, Hunan Province Cooperative Innovation Center for Molecular Target New Drug Study University of South China Hengyang China
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17
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Liu Y, Zhao D, Peng W, Xue P, Jiang X, Chen S, Gao H, Wang X, Feng S. Atmospheric PM 2.5 blocking up autophagic flux in HUVECs via inhibiting Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111450. [PMID: 33039871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Despite of growing evidence linking PM2.5 exposure to autophagic activity in various human cells, the functional significance of PM2.5 exposure affecting autophagy in the pathogenesis of human cardiovascular disease and the underlying molecular mechanisms remain unclear. In this study, the effects of ambient PM2.5 (with final concentration 0, 1, 5, 25 µg/mL) on the autophagic activity in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were systematically studied. The results showed that the internalized PM2.5 mainly localized in the membrane-surrounded vacuoles in the cytoplasm. Compared with the negative control, dose-dependent increase of autophagosomes, puncta and protein levels of LC3-II and p62, and both dose- and time-dependent increase of AKT phosphorylation, with inversely time-dependent reduction of Beclin 1, ATG3 and ATG5 proteins, were presented in the PM2.5-treated HUVECs, indicating a clear impairment of autophagic degradation in the PM2.5-exposed HUVECs. Meanwhile, increase in lysosomes, LAMP1, proteases of CTSB and CTSD, and protein phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and TFEB was identified in the PM2.5-treated HUVECs, showing a PM2.5-mediated enhancement in lysosomal activity. A novel finding in this study is that both Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2, two key proteins involved in the control of membrane fusion between autophagosome and lysosome, were significantly decreased in the PM2.5-exposed HUVECs, suggesting that the fusion of autophagosome-lysosome was blocked up. Collectively, ambient PM2.5 exposure may block up the autophagic flux in HUVECs through inhibiting the expression of Sntaxin-17 and LAMP2. Autophagic activity in HUVECs is a useful biomarker for assessing risks of environmental factors to human cardiovascular health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanfeng Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Dongting Zhao
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Wenyi Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Panpan Xue
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Xiaojun Jiang
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shuting Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Hengyang for Health Hazard Factors Inspection and Quarantine, School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Huiqian Gao
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China
| | - Xinming Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
| | - Shaolong Feng
- The Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541199, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou 510640, China; The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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18
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Kataoka H, Tanaka K, Tazuya-Murayama K, Yamashita T, Nishikawa JI. Cytotoxic Effects of Water-Soluble Extracts of Coarse and Fine Atmospheric Particulate Matter on Mast Cell Lines. Biol Pharm Bull 2021; 44:57-62. [PMID: 33390550 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b20-00576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution causes serious health disorders, because PM2.5 becomes deposited in the tracheobronchial and alveoli regions. In the extrathoracic region, there are more deposits of coarse particulate matter than fine particulates. As adverse health issues caused by coarse particulates have not been well investigated, this study examined the cytotoxicity of water-soluble extracts of both fine (0.05-3 µm, PM0.05-3) and coarse (> 3 µm, PM>3) particulates collected from April 2016 to March 2019 in Fukuoka, Japan. Also evaluated were concentrations of NH4+ and SO42-, multi-components of well-known secondary generation substances. The findings revealed that PM>3 showed stronger cytotoxic effects on mast cell lines than PM0.05-3. Cytotoxic effects were observed at concentrations of over 15 mM of (NH4)2SO4 and over 30 mM of NH4Cl. In contrast, Na2SO4 caused few cytotoxic effects up to a concentration of 50 mM. The causative substances for this cytotoxicity may not have been NH4+ and SO42- because their PM>3 concentrations indicating the largest cytotoxic effects were 1 and 0.4 mM, respectively. The cytotoxicities of PM>3 and PM0.05-3 were the highest in the first half of FY2016. These cytotoxicities seem to be due to cross-border pollution, although this pollution has been declining in recent years. An increasing trend of cytotoxicity was observed in the second half of FY2018. This study showed that cytotoxicity and particulate concentrations are not always correlated. Thus, we should focus not only on the quantity of atmospheric particulate matter, but also on its quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiromi Kataoka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Kaori Tanaka
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | | | - Taku Yamashita
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Jun-Ichi Nishikawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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19
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D'Evelyn SM, Vogel C, Bein KJ, Lara B, Laing EA, Abarca RA, Zhang Q, Li L, Li J, Nguyen TB, Pinkerton KE. Differential inflammatory potential of particulate matter (PM) size fractions from Imperial Valley, CA. ATMOSPHERIC ENVIRONMENT (OXFORD, ENGLAND : 1994) 2021; 244:117992. [PMID: 33184556 PMCID: PMC7654835 DOI: 10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) in Imperial Valley originates from a variety of sources such as agriculture, traffic at the border crossing, emissions from the cross-border city of Mexicali, and the drying lakebed of the Salton Sea. Dust storms in Imperial Valley, California regularly lead to exceedances of the federal air quality standards for PM10 (diameter less than 10 microns). To determine if there are differences in the composition and biological response to Imperial County PM by size, ambient PM samples were collected from a sampling unit stationed in the northern-most part of the valley, South of the Salton Sea. Ultrafine, fine, and coarse PM samples were collected and extracted separately. Chemical composition of each size fraction was obtained after extraction by using several analytical techniques, and biological response was measured by exposing a cell line of macrophages to particles and quantifying subsequent gene expression. Biological measurements demonstrated coarse PM induced an inflammatory response in macrophages measured in increases of inflammatory markers IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8 and CXCL2 expression, whereas ultrafine and fine PM only demonstrated significant increases in expression of CYP1a1. These differential responses were due not only to particle size, but to the distinct chemical profiles of each size faction as well. Community groups in Imperial Valley have already completed several projects to learn more about local air quality, giving residents access to data that provides real-time levels of PM2.5 and PM10 as well as recommendations on health-based practices dependent on the current AQI (air quality index). However, to date there is no information on the composition or toxicity of ambient PM from the region. The data presented here could provide more definitive information on the toxicity of PM by size, and further inform the community on local air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M D'Evelyn
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
| | - Cfa Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - K J Bein
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
| | | | - E A Laing
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
| | - R A Abarca
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
| | - Q Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - L Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - J Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - T B Nguyen
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis
| | - K E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis
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20
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Qiu Y, Xu W, Jia L, He Y, Fu P, Zhang Q, Xie Q, Hou S, Xie C, Xu Y, Wang Z, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. Molecular composition and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in summer in Beijing. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 255:126850. [PMID: 32402868 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 04/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA) constitutes a large fraction of OA and plays an important role in formation of secondary OA (SOA). Here we characterized the sources and molecular composition of WSOA in summer in Beijing using high-resolution aerosol mass spectrometer and orbitrap mass spectrometer equipped with electrospray ionization. Our results showed that WSOA was the major fraction of OA on average accounting for 69% in summer, which is much higher than that (47%) in winter. However, the oxidation degree of WSOA was comparable between summer and winter (O/C = 0.62 vs. 0.63). Positive matrix factorization analysis showed that SOA contributed dominantly to WSOA (72%) indicating that WSOA was mainly from secondary formation. The two water-soluble SOA factors that are associated with regional processing (OOA-1) and photochemical production (OOA-2), respectively, showed very different behaviors throughout the study. OOA-2 showed much enhanced contribution during polluted periods with low relative humidity (RH), while OOA-1 played a more important role during high RH periods. Molecular composition analysis of WSOA revealed a high diversity of CHO (compounds only containing carbon, hydrogen and oxygen) and CHOS (sulfur-containing organics) in WSOA in summer. Particularly, the relative intensity fraction of CHOS- compounds was increased by 42% from clean to polluted days which was associated with large increases (20%) in organosulfates (OSs) with lower O∗/C (0.1-0.4), and OOA-1. These results suggest the formation of more unsaturated OSs in OOA-1 during polluted days in summer. Comparatively, the biogenic-derived OSs remained relatively stable (24-31%) for the entire study highlighting the ubiquitous importance of biogenic SOA in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weiqi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Long Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yao He
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Conghui Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yongfu Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | | | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen, 361021, China.
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21
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Hu R, Xu Q, Wang S, Hua Y, Bhattarai N, Jiang J, Song Y, Daellenbach KR, Qi L, Prevot ASH, Hao J. Chemical characteristics and sources of water-soluble organic aerosol in southwest suburb of Beijing. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 95:99-110. [PMID: 32653198 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 filter sampling and components measurement were conducted in autumn and winter from 2014 to 2015 at a suburban site (referred herein as "LLH site") located in the southwest of Beijing. The offline aerosol mass spectrometry (offline-AMS) analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) were applied for measurement and source apportionment of water-soluble organic aerosol (WSOA). Organic aerosol (OA) always dominated PM2.5 during the sampling period, especially in winter. WSOA pollution was serious during the polluted period both in autumn (31.1 µg/m3) and winter (31.9 µg/m3), while WSOA accounted for 54.4% of OA during the polluted period in autumn, much more than that (21.3%) in winter. The oxidation degree of WSOA at LLH site was at a high level (oxygen-to-carbon ratio, O/C=0.91) and secondary organic aerosol (SOA) contributed more mass ratio of WSOA than primary organic aerosol (POA) during the whole observation period. In winter, coal combustion OA (CCOA) was a stable source of OA and on average accounted for 25.1% of WSOA. In autumn, biomass burning OA (BBOA) from household combustion contributed 38.3% of WSOA during polluted period. In addition to oxygenated OA (OOA), aqueous-oxygenated OA (aq-OOA) was identified as an important factor of SOA. During heavy pollution period, the mass proportion of aq-OOA to WSOA increased significantly, implying the significant SOA formation through aqueous-phase process. The result of this study highlights the concentration on controlling the residential coal and biomass burning, as well as the research needs on aqueous chemistry in OA formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruolan Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Qingcheng Xu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yang Hua
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Noshan Bhattarai
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Department of Environmental Science, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Kaspar R Daellenbach
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lu Qi
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prevot
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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22
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Zhou W, Xu W, Kim H, Zhang Q, Fu P, Worsnop DR, Sun Y. A review of aerosol chemistry in Asia: insights from aerosol mass spectrometer measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1616-1653. [PMID: 32672265 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00212g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic emissions in Asia have significantly increased during the last two decades; as a result, the induced air pollution and its influences on radiative forcing and public health are becoming increasingly prominent. The Aerodyne Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (AMS) has been widely deployed in Asia for real-time characterization of aerosol chemistry. In this paper, we review the AMS measurements in Asia, mainly in China, Korea, Japan, and India since 2001 and summarize the key results and findings. The mass concentrations of non-refractory submicron aerosol species (NR-PM1) showed large spatial distributions with high mass loadings occurring in India and north and northwest China (60.2-81.3 μg m-3), whereas much lower values were observed in Korea, Japan, Singapore and regional background sites (7.5-15.1 μg m-3). Aerosol composition varied largely in different regions, but was overall dominated by organic aerosols (OA, 32-75%), especially in south and southeast Asia due to the impact of biomass burning. While sulfate and nitrate showed comparable contributions in urban and suburban regions in north China, sulfate dominated inorganic aerosols in south China, Japan and regional background sites. Positive matrix factorization analysis identified multiple OA factors from different sources and processes in different atmospheric environments, e.g., biomass burning OA in south and southeast Asia and agricultural seasons in China, cooking OA in urban areas, and coal combustion in north China. However, secondary OA (SOA) was a ubiquitous and dominant aerosol component in all regions, accounting for 43-78% of OA. The formation of different SOA subtypes associated with photochemical production or aqueous-phase/fog processing was widely investigated. The roles of primary emissions, secondary production, regional transport, and meteorology on severe haze episodes, and different chemical responses of primary and secondary aerosol species to source emission changes and meteorology were also demonstrated. Finally, future prospects of AMS studies on long-term and aircraft measurements, water-soluble OA, the link of OA volatility, oxidation levels, and phase state were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 100029 Beijing, China.
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23
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Yuan W, Fulgar CC, Sun X, Vogel CFA, Wu CW, Zhang Q, Bein KJ, Young DE, Li W, Wei H, Pinkerton KE. In vivo and in vitro inflammatory responses to fine particulate matter (PM 2.5) from China and California. Toxicol Lett 2020; 328:52-60. [PMID: 32320776 PMCID: PMC7641014 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Ambient PM2.5 was collected during the winter season from Taiyuan, Shanxi, China; Jinan, Shandong, China; and Sacramento, California, USA, and used to create PMSX, PMSD, and PMCA extracts, respectively. Time-lag experiments were performed to explore the in vivo and in vitro toxicity of the PM extracts. In vivo inflammatory lung responses were assessed in BALB/c mice using a single oropharyngeal aspiration (OPA) of PM extract or vehicle (CTRL) on Day 0. Necropsies were performed on Days 1, 2, and 4 post-OPA, and pulmonary effects were determined using bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and histopathology. On Day 1, BAL neutrophils were significantly elevated in all PM- versus CTRL-exposed mice, with PMCA producing the strongest response. However, histopathological scoring showed greater alveolar and perivascular effects in PMSX-exposed mice compared to all three other groups. By Day 4, BAL neutrophilia and tissue inflammation were resolved, similar across all groups. In vitro effects were examined in human HepG2 hepatocytes, and U937 cells following 6, 24, or 48 h of exposure to PM extract or DMSO (control). Luciferase reporter and quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays were used to determine in vitro effects on aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) activation and gene transcription, respectively. Though all three PM extracts activated AhR, PMSX produced the greatest increases in AhR activation, and mRNA levels of cyclooxygenase-2, cytochrome P450, interleukin (IL)-8, and interleukin (IL)-1β. These effects were assumed to result from a greater abundance of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PMSX compared to PMSD and PMCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjun Yuan
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China; Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ciara C Fulgar
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA; Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA; Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Ching-Wen Wu
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Keith J Bein
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Dominique E Young
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, University of California, Davis, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, China.
| | - Haiying Wei
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China.
| | - Kent E Pinkerton
- Center for Health and the Environment, University of California, Davis, USA.
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24
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Thapa P, Xu J, Neupane B, Rupakheti D. Chemical composition of inorganic and organic species in snow/ice in the glaciers of western China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:135351. [PMID: 31855639 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies have revealed the abundance of dissolved organic matter (DOM) in snow/glaciers of the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Here, we present a comprehensive study on the chemical compositions of snowpit samples collected from widely distributed eight glaciers in the western China (six from the TP) to investigate the spatial variation of deposited atmospheric aerosols. An Aerodyne high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was used to chemically characterize the DOM in snow samples which can offer chemical properties of DOM. Highest mass concentration of dissolved species mass was observed in Tienshan Baishui No 1 glacier (TS, 6.55 ± 0.85 mg/L) close to Takalamagan Desert, whereas lowest (0.89 ± 0.18 mg/L) was observed in Zadang Glacier (ZD) in the central TP. DOM (8-40%) and calcium as well as magnesium (9-67%) were generally the most abundant chemical species. Average DOM concentration in the TP glaciers among the investigated sites were comparable. DOM was found highly oxidized with an oxygen to carbon ratio (O/C ratio) ranging from 0.82 to 1.03. Highly oxidized DOM could have related with aerosol aqueous processes as illustrated by observed organic acids. This study provides insights into the spatial variations of the DOM and dissolved inorganic matter, as well as oxidized organic aerosol, were most likely due to local and regional contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poonam Thapa
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China.
| | - Bigyan Neupane
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Dipesh Rupakheti
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Soleimanian E, Mousavi A, Taghvaee S, Shafer MM, Sioutas C. Impact of secondary and primary particulate matter (PM) sources on the enhanced light absorption by brown carbon (BrC) particles in central Los Angeles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135902. [PMID: 31837867 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we investigated aerosol chemical composition, spectral properties of aerosol extracts, and source contributions to the aerosol light-absorbing brown carbon (BrC) in central Los Angeles from July 2018 to March 2019, during warm and cold seasons. Spectrophotometric measurements (water and methanol extracts; 200 < λ < 1100) and chemical analyses were performed on collected particulate matter (PM), and relationships of BrC light absorption (Abs365) to source tracer chemical species were evaluated. Mass absorption efficiency (MAE) of both water and methanol extracted solutions exhibited an increasing trend from warm period to cold season, with an annual average value of 0.61 ± 0.22 m2.g-1 and 1.38 ± 0.89 m2.g-1, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) were coupled with multiple linear regression (MLR) to identify and quantify sources of BrC light absorption in each of the seasons. Our finding documented fossil fuel combustion as the dominant source of BrC light absorption during warm season, with relative contribution of 38% to total BrC light absorption, followed by (secondary organic aerosol) SOA (30%) and biomass burning (12%). In contrast, biomass burning was the major source of BrC during the cold season (53%), while fossil fuel combustion and SOA contributed to 18% and 12% of BrC, respectively. Significantly higher contribution of biomass burning to BrC during the cold season suggested that residential heating activities (wood burning) play a major role in increased BrC concentrations. Previously collected Aethalometer model data documented fossil fuel combustion as the dominant contributing source to >90% of BC throughout the year. Finally, the solar radiation absorption ratio of BrC to elemental carbon (EC) in the ultraviolet range (300-400 nm) was maximum during the cold season with the annual corresponding values of 13-25% and 17-29% for water- and methanol-soluble BrC, respectively; which provides further evidence of the important effect of BrC light absorption on atmospheric radiative balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehsan Soleimanian
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Amirhosein Mousavi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Sina Taghvaee
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - Martin M Shafer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin State Laboratory of Hygiene, Madison, WI, USA.
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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26
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Ning C, Gao Y, Zhang H, Yu H, Wang L, Geng N, Cao R, Chen J. Molecular characterization of dissolved organic matters in winter atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM 2.5) from a coastal city of northeast China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 689:312-321. [PMID: 31276999 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Dissolved organic matters (DOMs) in fine particulate matters (PM2.5) play a crucial role in global climate change and carbon cycle. However, the chemical components of DOMs are poorly understood due to its ultra-complexity. In this study, DOMs in atmospheric PM2.5 collected during the heating period in coastal city Dalian were analyzed with ultrahigh resolution Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometer, and the molecular composition was characterized. A large number of monoisotopic molecular formulas were assigned to DOMs, which could be classified into CHO, CHNO, CHOS, and CHNOS subgroups. A total of 4228 molecular formulas were identified in DOMs collected in hazy days, while only 2313 components were found in DOMs collected in normal days. CHO group was the dominated components in normal days, whereas CHNO group gave significantly higher contributions in hazy days. The S-containing (CHOS and CHNOS) groups posed the highest relative percentages in both normal and hazy days. In addition, potential emission sources were discussed according to the chemical component analysis. The van Krevelent diagram illustrated that lignin-like and protein/amino sugar family species were the most abundant subclasses in DOMs; and 78% and 94% of DOMs in atmospheric PM2.5 collected from Dalian could come from biogenic origins in hazy and normal days, respectively. More compounds in hazy days were derived from anthropogenic emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuiping Ning
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China.
| | - Haijun Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Haoran Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria / Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ningbo Geng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Rong Cao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Jiping Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory of Separation Sciences for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
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27
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Lee WC, Chen J, Budisulistiorini SH, Itoh M, Shiodera S, Kuwata M. Polarity-Dependent Chemical Characteristics of Water-Soluble Organic Matter from Laboratory-Generated Biomass-Burning Revealed by 1-Octanol-Water Partitioning. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:8047-8056. [PMID: 31194524 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polarity distribution of water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) is an important factor in determining the hygroscopic and cloud nucleation abilities of organic aerosol particles. We applied a novel framework to quantitatively classify WSOM based on the 1-octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW), which often serves as a proxy of polarity. In this study, WSOM was generated in a laboratory biomass-burning experiment by smoldering of Indonesian peat and vegetation samples. The fractionated WSOM was analyzed using a UV-visible spectrophotometer, spectrofluorometer, and time-of-flight aerosol chemical speciation monitor. Several deconvolution methods, including positive matrix factorization, parallel factor analysis, and least-squares analysis, were applied to the measured spectra, resulting in three classes of WSOM. The highly polar fraction of WSOM, which predominantly exists in the range of log KOW < 0, is highly oxygenated and exhibits similar optical properties as those of light-absorbing humic-like substances (HULIS, termed after the humic substances due to the similarity in chemical characteristics). WSOM in the least-polar fraction, which mainly distributes in log KOW > 1, mostly consists of hydrocarbon-like and high molecular weight species. In between the most- and least-polar fraction, WSOM in the marginally polar fraction likely contains aromatic compounds. The analyses have also suggested the existence of HULIS with different polarities. Comparison with previous studies indicates that only WSOM in the highly polar fraction (log KOW < 0) likely contributes to water uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jing Chen
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
| | | | - Masayuki Itoh
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- School of Human Science and Environment , University of Hyogo , Hyogo 651-2103 , Japan
| | - Satomi Shiodera
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Research Institute for Humanity and Nature , Kyoto 603-8047 , Japan
| | - Mikinori Kuwata
- Campus for Research Excellence and Technological Enterprise (CREATE) Programme , Singapore 138602
- Center for Southeast Asian Studies , Kyoto University , Kyoto 606-8501 , Japan
- Asian School of the Environment , Nanyang Technological University , Singapore 639798
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28
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Wu C, Yang J, Fu Q, Zhu B, Ruan T, Jiang G. Molecular characterization of water-soluble organic compounds in PM2.5 using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 668:917-924. [PMID: 30870757 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic compounds (WSOCs) are a complex mixture of organic components with a variety of chemicals structures that may have significant impacts on the formation process and health hazards of atmospheric fine particles. In this study, the molecular characteristics of WSOCs in PM2.5 were investigated using ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry. In total 7389 compounds in PM2.5 water extracts were identified, including CHO±, CHOS±, CHON±, CHONS±, CH+, CHS+, CHN+ and CHNS+ species. CHO± and CHON± were the major components in PM2.5 water extracts. S-containing compounds detected in both ionization modes were observed with distinct molecular characteristics. Selective partitioning of WSOCs between PM2.5 water extracts and polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS, log DPDMS = 0.51-3.87) coating phases was found, which was significantly correlated with molecular characteristic (i.e. double-bond equivalent, number of O and H atoms, O/C ratios, and aromaticity equivalent). The extent of accumulation for negatively charged compounds was generally lower, which related to the existence of polar functional groups, such as hydroxyl, carboxyl, nitrate, and sulfate, as observed by MS/MS fragmentation analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental, Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Qiang Fu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Quality Control in Environmental, Monitoring, China National Environmental Monitoring Center, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Bao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Ting Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Chemical Characteristics of PM2.5 and Water-Soluble Organic Nitrogen in Yangzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos10040178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chemical characterization of fine atmospheric particles (PM2.5) is important for effective reduction of air pollution. This work analyzed PM2.5 samples collected in Yangzhou, China, during 2016. Ionic species, organic matter (OM), elemental carbon (EC), and trace metals were determined, and an Aerodyne soot-particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was introduced to determine the OM mass, rather than only organic carbon mass. We found that inorganic ionic species was dominant (~52%), organics occupied about 1/4, while trace metals (~1%) and EC (~2.1%) contributed insignificantly to the total PM2.5 mass. Water-soluble OM appeared to link closely with secondary OM, while water-insoluble OM correlated well with primary OM. The PM2.5 concentrations were relatively low during summertime, while its compositions varied little among different months. Seasonal variations of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON) concentrations were not significant, while the mass contributions of WSON to total nitrogen were remarkably high during summer and autumn. WSON was found to associate better with secondary sources based on both correlation analyses and principle component analyses. Analyses of potential source contributions to WSON showed that regional emissions were dominant during autumn and winter, while the ocean became relatively important during spring and summer.
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JIANG HX, LI J, TANG J, MO YZ, ZHANG G. Applications of High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry in Studies of Brown Carbon. CHINESE JOURNAL OF ANALYTICAL CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2040(18)61115-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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31
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Zhang J, Fulgar CC, Mar T, Young DE, Zhang Q, Bein KJ, Cui L, Castañeda A, Vogel CFA, Sun X, Li W, Smiley-Jewell S, Zhang Z, Pinkerton KE. TH17-Induced Neutrophils Enhance the Pulmonary Allergic Response Following BALB/c Exposure to House Dust Mite Allergen and Fine Particulate Matter From California and China. Toxicol Sci 2018; 164:627-643. [PMID: 29846732 PMCID: PMC6061684 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfy127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asthma is a global and increasingly prevalent disease. According to the World Health Organization, approximately 235 million people suffer from asthma. Studies suggest that fine particulate matter (PM2.5) can induce innate immune responses, promote allergic sensitization, and exacerbate asthmatic symptoms and airway hyper-responsiveness. Recently, severe asthma and allergic sensitization have been associated with T-helper cell type 17 (TH17) activation. Few studies have investigated the links between PM2.5 exposure, allergic sensitization, asthma, and TH17 activation. This study aimed to determine whether (1) low-dose extracts of PM2.5 from California (PMCA) or China (PMCH) enhance allergic sensitization in mice following exposure to house dust mite (HDM) allergen; (2) eosinophilic or neutrophilic inflammatory responses result from PM and HDM exposure; and (3) TH17-associated cytokines are increased in the lung following exposure to PM and/or HDM. Ten-week-old male BALB/c mice (n = 6-10/group) were intranasally instilled with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), PM+PBS, HDM, or PM+HDM, on days 1, 3, and 5 (sensitization experiments), and PBS or HDM on days 12-14 (challenge experiments). Pulmonary function, bronchoalveolar lavage cell differentials, plasma immunoglobulin (Ig) protein levels, and lung tissue pathology, cyto-/chemo-kine proteins, and gene expression were assessed on day 15. Results indicated low-dose PM2.5 extracts can enhance allergic sensitization and TH17-associated responses. Although PMCA+HDM significantly decreased pulmonary function, and significantly increased neutrophils, Igs, and TH17-related protein and gene levels compared with HDM, there were no significant differences between HDM and PMCH+HDM treatments. This may result from greater copper and oxidized organic content in PMCA versus PMCH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
- Center for Health and the Environment
| | | | | | - Dominique E Young
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; and
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; and
| | - Keith J Bein
- Center for Health and the Environment
- Air Quality Research Center, University of California, Davis, California 95616
| | - Liangliang Cui
- Jinan Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Christoph F A Vogel
- Center for Health and the Environment
- Department of Environmental Toxicology; and
| | - Xiaolin Sun
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Li
- Biomedical Engineering Institute, School of Control Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan, People’s Republic of China
| | | | - Zunzhen Zhang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, West China School of Public Health, Sichuan University, Chengdu, People’s Republic of China
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Baltensperger U. Spiers Memorial Lecture. Introductory lecture: chemistry in the urban atmosphere. Faraday Discuss 2018; 189:9-29. [PMID: 27247983 DOI: 10.1039/c6fd00065g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The urban atmosphere is characterised by a multitude of complex processes. Gaseous and particulate components are continuously emitted into the atmosphere from many different sources. These components are then dispersed in the urban atmosphere via turbulent mixing. Numerous chemical reactions modify the gas phase chemistry on multiple time scales, producing secondary pollutants. Through partitioning, the chemical and physical properties of the aerosol particles are also constantly changing as a consequence of dispersion and gas phase chemistry. This review presents an overview of the involved processes, focusing on the contributions presented at this conference and putting them into a broader context. Advanced methods for aerosol source apportionment are presented as well, followed by some aspects of health effects related to air pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland.
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33
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Chakraborty A, Rajeev P, Rajput P, Gupta T. Water soluble organic aerosols in indo gangetic plain (IGP): Insights from aerosol mass spectrometry. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:1573-1582. [PMID: 28535589 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.05.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Filter samples collected during winter of 2015-16 from two polluted urban locations (Allahabad and Kanpur) residing within Indo-Gangetic plain (IGP) showed high levels of water-soluble organic aerosols (WSOA). Total organic aerosols (OA) in submicron fraction, measured at Kanpur in real time via Aerosol Mass Spectrometer also showed substantially high concentration levels. WSOA to OA contribution in Kanpur was found to be very high (around 55%) indicating significant contributions from secondary OA (SOA). On average, WSOA oxidation ratio (O/C) was found to be higher (15-20%) in Kanpur than at Allahabad. WSOA from Allahabad was found to be following a much shallower slope (-0.38) in Van Krevelen diagram (H/C vs O/C plot) than Kanpur (-0.58). These differences suggest different composition and chemistry of WSOA at these two different locations. O/C ratios of WSOA were found to be much higher (~40%) than that of OA and independent of WSOA loading. Higher OA loadings were found to be associated with less oxidized primary OAs (POA) and culminated into lower WSOA/OA ratios. The presence of organo sulfate in filter samples from both locations indicate a significant amount of aqueous processing of organics. Concentrations and characteristics of water insoluble OA (WIOA) in Kanpur revealed that although they are present in significant quantity, their oxidation levels are much (almost 3 times) lower than that of WSOA. This finding indicates that less oxidized OAs are less soluble in line with the conventional wisdom. This study provides the first insight into oxidation levels and evolution of WSOA from India and also explores the interplay between WSOA and OA characteristics based on AMS measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pradhi Rajeev
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Prashant Rajput
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India
| | - Tarun Gupta
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India; Centre for Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, India.
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34
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Hu YC, Zhang XH, Li QS, Zhang YH, Li ZS. Effect of Water on the Structure and Stability of Hydrogen-Bonded Oxalic Acid Dimer. Chemphyschem 2017; 18:3375-3383. [DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201700950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Chun Hu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Xiu-Hui Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Quan-Song Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
| | - Ze-Sheng Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Beijing Institute of Technology; Beijing 100081 P.R. China
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35
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Summertime Day-Night Differences of PM2.5 Components (Inorganic Ions, OC, EC, WSOC, WSON, HULIS, and PAHs) in Changzhou, China. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8100189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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36
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Ye Z, Li Q, Liu J, Luo S, Zhou Q, Bi C, Ma S, Chen Y, Chen H, Li L, Ge X. Investigation of submicron aerosol characteristics in Changzhou, China: Composition, source, and comparison with co-collected PM 2.5. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 183:176-185. [PMID: 28549323 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Mass concentrations and chemical compositions of submicron particles (PM1) collected during July 2015 to April 2016 in Changzhou, a city in the Yangtze River Delta region, were systematically investigated for the first time. Specifically, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SP-AMS) was employed to characterize the water-soluble organic matter (WSOM). The average concentration of PM1 was 63.6 μg m-3, occupying ∼60% of co-collected PM2.5 mass. Water soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) was the most abundant component with secondary ions (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+) as the dominant species. Organic matter (OM) accounted for 21.6% of PM1, with approximately 80% was water-soluble. Trace metals could constitute up to 3.0% of PM1 mass, and Fe, Al and Zn were the three most abundant ones. PAHs were predominated by ones with 5-6 rings, occupying over half of the PAHs mass; further analyses showed that fuel and coal combustion had significant contributions to PAHs. Positive matrix factorization of the WSOM data separated four factors: a traffic-related hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), a local OA (LOA) likely associated with cooking and coal combustion emissions, etc., a secondary nitrogen-enriched OA (NOA) and an oxygenated OA (OOA). PCA analyses showed that crustal source was likely important for PM1 too. Back trajectory results implied that both PM1 and PM2.5 were mainly derived from local/regional emissions. Our findings present results regarding the PM1 chemistry and its relationship with the PM2.5 in Changzhou, which are valuable for the government to make effective policies to reduce the aerosol pollution in and near the city.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Qing Li
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jiashu Liu
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shipeng Luo
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Quanfa Zhou
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Chenglu Bi
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
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37
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Differential pulmonary effects of wintertime California and China particulate matter in healthy young mice. Toxicol Lett 2017; 278:1-8. [PMID: 28698096 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.07.853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 06/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter (PM) is associated with adverse cardiorespiratory effects. To better understand source-orientated PM toxicity, a comparative study of the biological effects of fine PM (diameter≤2.5μm, PM2.5) collected during the winter season from Shanxi Province, China, and the Central Valley, California, United States, was conducted. The overarching hypothesis for this study was to test whether the chemical composition of PM on an equal mass basis from two urban areas, one in China and one in California, can lead to significantly different effects of acute toxicity and inflammation in the lungs of healthy young mice. Male, 8-week old BALB/C mice received a single 50μg dose of vehicle, Taiyuan PM or Sacramento PM by oropharyngeal aspiration and were sacrificed 24h later. Bronchoalveolar lavage, ELISA and histopathology were performed along with chemical analysis of PM composition. Sacramento PM had a greater proportion of oxidized organic material, significantly increased neutrophil numbers and elevated CXCL-1 and TNF-α protein levels compared to the Taiyuan PM. The findings suggest that Sacramento PM2.5 was associated with a greater inflammatory response compared to that of Taiyuan PM2.5 that may be due to a higher oxidice. Male, 8-week old BALB/C mice received a single 50μg dose of vehicle, Taiyuan PM or Sacramento PM by oropharyngeal aspiration and were sacrificed 24h later. Bronchoalveolar lavage, ELISA and histopathology were performed along with chemical analysis of PM composition. Sacramento PM had a greater proportion of oxidized organic material, significantly increased neutrophil numbers and elevated CXCL-1 and TNF-α protein levels compared to the Taiyuan PM. The findings suggest that Sacramento PM2.5 was associated with a greater inflammatory response compared to that of Taiyuan PM2.5 that may be due to a higher oxidized state of organic carbon and copper content.
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38
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Wang W, Deng Z, Feng Y, Liao F, Zhou F, Feng S, Wang X. PM 2.5 induced apoptosis in endothelial cell through the activation of the p53-bax-caspase pathway. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 177:135-143. [PMID: 28284960 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). Nevertheless, a comprehensive understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms by which PM2.5 exposure induces or aggravates CVDs remain insufficiently clear. In the present study, the flow cytometry was employed to investigate the apoptosis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) induced by PM2.5 in culture. The underlying apoptotic pathway was also studied through the determination of the protein expression and activation of p53, Bax, Bcl-2, caspases-9, -7, -3, and PARP by western blot. The results showed that PM2.5 could significantly induce the apoptosis of HUVECs at the tested concentrations (0.2, 1, 5, 25 μg mL-1), compared with the negative control (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). The apoptotic rate of HUVECs increased with the elevating levels of PM2.5 exposure, showing a clear dose-effect relationship. Moreover, the increasing phosphorylation of p53, decreasing ratio of Bcl-2/Bax, and enhancing activation of the downstream proteins caspase-9, -7, -3 and PARP, were also observed with the increasing concentrations of PM2.5 administration in the western blot, indicating that the intracellular approach of apoptosis, the p53-Bax-caspases pathway, is the major way of PM2.5-induced apoptosis in HUVECs. In conclusion, these results suggested that induction of EC apoptosis is an important mechanism by which ambient PM2.5 exposure poses adverse effects on the cardiovascular system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxiang Wang
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China; The Library, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Ziyong Deng
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Yuqin Feng
- The College of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China
| | - Fen Liao
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Furong Zhou
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China
| | - Shaolong Feng
- The School of Public Health, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China.
| | - Xinming Wang
- The State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China.
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Ge X, Li L, Chen Y, Chen H, Wu D, Wang J, Xie X, Ge S, Ye Z, Xu J, Chen M. Aerosol characteristics and sources in Yangzhou, China resolved by offline aerosol mass spectrometry and other techniques. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:74-85. [PMID: 28351008 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.03.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Revised: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Detailed chemical characterization of fine aerosols (PM2.5) is important for reducing air pollution in densely populated areas, such as the Yangtze River Delta region in China. This study systematically analyzed PM2.5 samples collected during November 2015 to April 2016 in urban Yangzhou using a suite of techniques, in particular, an Aerodyne soot particle aerosol mass spectrometry (SP-AMS). The techniques used here reconstructed the majority of total PM2.5 measured where extracted species comprised on average 91.2%. Source analyses of inorganic components showed that secondary nitrate, sulfate and chloride were the major species, while primary sources including biomass burning, coal combustion, traffic, industry and re-suspended dust due to nearby demolition activities, could contribute to other species. EC-tracer method estimated that the organic matter (OM) was composed of 65.4% secondary OM (SOM) and 34.6% primary OM (POM), while the SP-AMS analyses showed that the OM was comprised of 60.3% water-soluble OM (WSOM) and 39.7% water-insoluble OM (WIOM). Correlation analyses suggested that WSOM might be rich in secondary organic species, while WIOM was likely mainly comprised of primary organic species. We further conducted positive matrix factorization (PMF) analyses on the WSOM, and identified three primary factors including traffic, cooking and biomass burning, and two secondary factors. We found the secondary factors dominated WSOM mass (68.1%), and their mass contributions increased with the increase of WSOM concentrations. Relatively small contribution of primary sources to WSOM was probably due to their low water solubility, which should be investigated further in future. Overall, our findings improve understanding of the complex aerosol sources and chemistry in this region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Ge
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China.
| | - Ling Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yanfang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hui Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China; Yangzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Yangzhou 225007, China
| | - Xinchun Xie
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Shun Ge
- Nanjing Tianbo Environmental Technology Co., Ltd, Nanjing 210047, China
| | - Zhaolian Ye
- College of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu University of Technology, Changzhou 213001, China
| | - Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Mindong Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Cleaning Materials, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Choi JH, Ryu J, Jeon S, Seo J, Yang YH, Pack SP, Choung S, Jang KS. In-depth compositional analysis of water-soluble and -insoluble organic substances in fine (PM 2.5) airborne particles using ultra-high-resolution 15T FT-ICR MS and GC×GC-TOFMS. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 225:329-337. [PMID: 28274593 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter consisting of ionic species, salts, heavy metals and carbonaceous material is one of the most serious environmental pollutants owing to its impacts on the environment and human health. Although elemental and organic carbon compounds are known to be major components of aerosols, information on the elemental composition of particulate matter remains limited because of the broad range of compounds involved and the limits of analytical instruments. In this study, we investigated water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds in fine (PM2.5) airborne particles collected during winter in Korea to better understand the elemental compositions and distributions of these compounds. To collect ultra-high-resolution mass profiles, we analyzed water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds, extracted with water and dichloromethane, respectively, using an ultra-high-resolution 15 T Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (15T FT-ICR) mass spectrometer in positive ion mode (via both electrospray ionization [ESI] and atmospheric pressure photoionization [APPI] for water-extracts and via APPI for dichloromethane-extracts). In conjunction with the FT-ICR mass spectrometry (MS) data, subsequent two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC×GC-TOFMS) data were used to identify potentially hazardous organic components, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. This analysis provided information on the sources of ambient particles collected during winter season and partial evidence of contributions to the acidity of organic content in PM2.5 particles. The compositional and structural features of water-soluble and -insoluble organic compounds from PM2.5 particles are important for understanding the potential impacts of aerosol-carried organic substances on human health and global ecosystems in future toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Hoon Choi
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea; Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Jijeong Ryu
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Sodam Jeon
- Division of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungju Seo
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea
| | - Yung-Hun Yang
- Department of Microbial Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Pil Pack
- Department of Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Korea University, Sejong 30019, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungwook Choung
- Mass Spectrometry and Advanced Instrumentation Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kyoung-Soon Jang
- Biomedical Omics Group, Korea Basic Science Institute, Cheongju 28119, Republic of Korea; Division of Bio-Analytical Science, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
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Chen P, Wang T, Lu X, Yu Y, Kasoar M, Xie M, Zhuang B. Source apportionment of size-fractionated particles during the 2013 Asian Youth Games and the 2014 Youth Olympic Games in Nanjing, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 579:860-870. [PMID: 27884527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, samples of size-fractionated particulate matter were collected continuously using a 9-size interval cascade impactor at an urban site in Nanjing, before, during and after the Asian Youth Games (AYG), from July to September of 2013, and the Youth Olympic Games (YOG), from July to September of 2014. First, elemental concentrations, water-soluble ions including Cl-, NO3-, SO42-, NH4+, K+, Na+ and Ca2+, organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) were analysed. Then, the source apportionment of the fine and coarse particulate matter was carried out using the chemical mass balance (CMB) model. The average PM10 concentrations were 90.4±20.0μg/m3 during the 2013 AYG and 70.6±25.3μg/m3 during the 2014 YOG. For PM2.1, the average concentrations were 50.0±12.8μg/m3 in 2013 and 34.6±17.0μg/m3 in 2014. Investigations showed that the average concentrations of particles declined significantly from 2013 to 2014, and concentrations were at the lowest levels during the events. Results indicated that OC, EC, sulfate and crustal elements have significant monthly and size-based variations. The major components, including crustal elements, water-soluble ions and carbonaceous aerosol accounted for 75.3-91.9% of the total particulate mass concentrations during the sampling periods. Fugitive dust, coal combustion dust, iron dust, construction dust, soil dust, vehicle exhaust, secondary aerosols and sea salt have been classified as the main emissions in Nanjing. The source apportionment results indicate that the emissions from fugitive dust, which was the most abundance emission source during the 2013 AYG, contributed to 23.0% of the total particle mass. However, fugitive dust decreased to 6.2% of the total particle mass during the 2014 YOG. Construction dust (14.7% versus 7.8% for the AYG and the YOG, respectively) and secondary sulfate aerosol (9.3% versus 8.0% for the AYG and the YOG, respectively) showed the same trend as fugitive dust, suggesting that the mitigation measures of controlling particles from the paved roads, construction and industry worked more efficiently during the YOG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pulong Chen
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tijian Wang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Xiaobo Lu
- Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yiyong Yu
- Nanjing Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Matthew Kasoar
- Department of Physics, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Min Xie
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Bingliang Zhuang
- School of Atmospheric Sciences, CMA-NJU Joint Laboratory for Climate Prediction Studies, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Xu L, Guo H, Weber RJ, Ng NL. Chemical Characterization of Water-Soluble Organic Aerosol in Contrasting Rural and Urban Environments in the Southeastern United States. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:78-88. [PMID: 27997132 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
We developed a novel system for direct and online characterization of water-solubility of organic aerosol (OA) by coupling a Particle Into Liquid Sampler (PILS) to a High-Resolution Time-of-Flight Aerosol Mass Spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS). We showed that approximately 88% and 77% of OA are water-soluble in rural Centreville, Alabama and urban Atlanta, Georgia, respectively. The water-solubility of OA factors, resolved with Positive Matrix Factorization analysis of AMS data, is directly investigated for the first time. Above 80% of isoprene-derived OA is water-soluble and its water-soluble fraction has the least variability among all OA factors. This is consistent with that the majority of this factor represents OA formed through the aqueous-phase reaction of isoprene epoxydiols. More-oxidized oxygenated OA is dominantly water-soluble, consistent with this factor representing highly oxidized compounds. Less-oxidized oxygenated OA has the lowest water-solubility among all secondary OA factors, which agrees with the hypothesis that this factor in the southeastern U.S. includes contributions from organic nitrates. While hydrocarbon-like OA is largely water-insoluble, biomass burning OA and cooking OA have the largest range of water-soluble fraction. This study on the water-solubility of OA factors provides insights for interpretation of OA factors and improves understanding of the complex OA sources in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Xu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Hongyu Guo
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Rodney J Weber
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Nga Lee Ng
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology , Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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43
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Seasonal Variations and Sources of 17 Aerosol Metal Elements in Suburban Nanjing, China. ATMOSPHERE 2016. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos7120153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Chen Q, Ikemori F, Higo H, Asakawa D, Mochida M. Chemical Structural Characteristics of HULIS and Other Fractionated Organic Matter in Urban Aerosols: Results from Mass Spectral and FT-IR Analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:1721-1730. [PMID: 26771766 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b05277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The chemical characteristics of complex organic matter in atmospheric aerosols remain poorly understood. Water-insoluble organic matter (WISOM) and water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) in the total suspended particulates collected in the city of Nagoya in summer/early autumn and winter were extracted using multiple solvents. Two fractions of humic-like substances, showing neutral and acidic behavior (HULIS-n and HULIS-a, respectively), and the remaining highly polar part (HP-WSOM) were fractionated from WSOM using solid phase extraction. The chemical structural characteristics and concentrations of the organic matter were investigated using mass spectrometry and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. WISOM and HULIS-n had low O/C ratios (0.1 and 0.4, respectively) and accounted for a large fraction of the organics in aerosols (70%). HULIS-a and HP-WSOM had higher O/C ratios (0.7 and 1.0, respectively), and their concentrations in summer and early autumn were on average ∼2 times higher than those in winter. The mass spectrum and FT-IR analyses suggest the following: (1) WISOM were high-molecular-weight aliphatics (primarily C27-C32) with small proportions of -CH3, -OH, and C═O groups; (2) HULIS-n was abundant in aliphatic structures and hydroxyl groups (primarily C9-C18) and by branched structures; (3) HULIS-a and HP-WSOM contained relatively large amounts of low-molecular-weight carboxylic acids and alcohols (primarily C4-C10); and (4) WISOM and HULIS-n were relatively abundant in amines and organic nitrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingcai Chen
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
| | - Fumikazu Ikemori
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
- Nagoya City Institute for Environmental Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hayato Higo
- Fukuoka City HAKATA Health & Welfare Center, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Daichi Asakawa
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health and Environmental Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mochida
- Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Nagoya University , Nagoya, Japan
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45
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Li Q, Liu H, Alattar M, Jiang S, Han J, Ma Y, Jiang C. The preferential accumulation of heavy metals in different tissues following frequent respiratory exposure to PM2.5 in rats. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16936. [PMID: 26582271 PMCID: PMC4652264 DOI: 10.1038/srep16936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the pattern of accumulation of some of main heavy metals in blood and various organs of rats after exposed to the atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5). Rats were randomly divided into control and three treatment groups (tracheal perfusion with 10 mg/kg, 20 mg/kg and 40 mg/kg of PM2.5 suspension liquid, respectively). Whole blood and the lung, liver, kidney, and cerebral cortex were harvested after rats were treated and sacrificed. The used heavy metals were detected using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) instrument. As results, Lead was increased in the liver, lung and cerebral cortex and the level of manganese was significantly elevated in the liver and cerebral cortex in PM2.5 treated rats. Besides, arsenic was prominently enriched both in cerebral cortex and in blood, and so did the aluminum in the cerebral cortex and the copper in the liver. However, cadmium, chromium and nickel have shown no difference between the control group and the three PM2.5 treated groups. Following the exposure of PM2.5, different heavy metals are preferentially accumulated in different body tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingzhao Li
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Jianshe Road 57, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huibin Liu
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mohamed Alattar
- Department of Cardiothoracic surgery, Zagazig University hospital, faculty of medicine, Zagazig University, Sharkia 44519, Egypt
| | - Shoufang Jiang
- School of Public Health, North China University of Science and Technology, Jianshe Road 57, Tangshan 063001, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Han
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yujiao Ma
- Office of Clinical Drug Trial Institution, The Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chunyang Jiang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Tianjin Union Medicine Centre, 190 Jieyuan Road, Hongqiao District, Tianjin 300121, People’s Republic of China
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Characteristics of Organic and Elemental Carbon in PM2.5 and PM0.25 in Indoor and Outdoor Environments of a Middle School: Secondary Formation of Organic Carbon and Sources Identification. ATMOSPHERE 2015. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos6030361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Heal MR, Hammonds MD. Insights into the composition and sources of rural, urban and roadside carbonaceous PM₁₀. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:8995-9003. [PMID: 25055000 DOI: 10.1021/es500871k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Insights into the nature and sources of the urban and roadside increments in carbonaceous PM10 are gained from bulk chemical analyses on daily filter samples collected at a roadside, urban background and rural site in Edinburgh, UK (not all sampling contemporaneous). The concentrations of PM10 water-soluble organic matter (WSOM) at the three sites were similar, and (where measured concurrently) strongly correlated, indicating a uniform background source, in contrast to the black carbon component (quantified by filter optical reflectance) whose average concentrations at urban background and roadside were, respectively, about 3 and 7 times greater than at the rural site, indicating local urban sources. BC was not a major component of PM10 but was a major component of the urban and roadside PM10 increments (∼50% and ∼60% respectively). The roadside WSOM had greater hydrophobicity than the urban background WSOM. UV-vis spectra indicated increased prevalence of unsaturated bonds and conjugation in urban background WSOM in winter compared with summer. This is consistent with both summertime photochemical production of particle OM and maritime primary aliphatic WSOM. Raman microscopy of a small subset of samples indicated carbon functionality ranged between diesel-like material and more complex humic-like material. Results overall indicate the presence of a background functionalized carbonaceous material, with local BC sources superimposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathew R Heal
- School of Chemistry, The University of Edinburgh , West Mains Road, Edinburgh, EH9 3JJ, United Kingdom
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48
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Ge X, Shaw SL, Zhang Q. Toward understanding amines and their degradation products from postcombustion CO2 capture processes with aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:5066-5075. [PMID: 24617831 PMCID: PMC4014145 DOI: 10.1021/es4056966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Amine-based postcombustion CO2 capture (PCCC) is a promising technique for reducing CO2 emissions from fossil fuel burning plants. A concern of the technique, however, is the emission of amines and their degradation byproducts. To assess the environmental risk of this technique, standardized stack sampling and analytical methods are needed. Here we report on the development of an integrated approach that centers on the application of a high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) for characterizing amines and PCCC-relevant species. Molecular characterization is achieved via ion chromatography (IC) and electrospray ionization high-resolution mass spectrometry (ESI-MS). The method has been optimized, particularly, by decreasing the AMS vaporizer temperature, to gain quantitative information on the elemental composition and major nitrogen-containing species in laboratory-degraded amine solvents commonly tested for PCCC applications, including ethanolamine (MEA), methyldiethanolamine (MDEA), and piperazine (PIP). The AMS-derived nitrogen-to-carbon (N/C) ratios for the degraded solvent and product mixtures agree well with the results from a total organic carbon and total nitrogen (TOC/TN) analyzer. In addition, marker ions identified in the AMS spectra are used to estimate the mass contributions of individual species. Overall, our results indicate that this new approach is suitable for characterizing PCCC-related mixtures as well as organic nitrogen species in other sample types. As an online instrument, AMS can be used for both real-time characterization of emissions from operating PCCC plants and ambient particles in the vicinity of the facilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Ge
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Stephanie L. Shaw
- Electric Power
Research Institute, 3420 Hillview Avenue, Palo Alto, California 98052, United States
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department
of Environmental Toxicology, University
of California at Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, California 95616, United States
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49
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Xu J, Zhang Q, Li X, Ge X, Xiao C, Ren J, Qin D. Dissolved organic matter and inorganic ions in a central Himalayan glacier--insights into chemical composition and atmospheric sources. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:6181-6188. [PMID: 23668686 DOI: 10.1021/es4009882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Melting of Himalayan glaciers can be accelerated by the deposition of airborne black carbon and mineral dust as it leads to significant reductions of the surface albedo of snow and ice. Whereas South Asia has been shown a primary source region to these particles, detailed sources of these aerosol pollutants remain poorly understood. In this study, the chemical compositions of snow pit samples collected from Jima Yangzong glacier in the central Himalayas were analyzed to obtain information of atmospheric aerosols deposited from summer 2009 to spring 2010. Especially, an Aerodyne high resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) was used for the first time to chemically characterize the dissolved organic and inorganic matter (DOM and DIM) in snow samples. The concentrations of these species varied seasonally, with high levels observed during the winter-spring period and low levels during the summer monsoon period. On average, the dissolved substances was dominated by organics (58%) with important contributions from inorganic species, NO3(-) (12.5%), Ca(2+) (9.1%), NH4(+) (8.7%), and SO(4)(2-) (8.1%). DOM was found more oxidized with an average (± 1σ) atomic oxygen-to-carbon ratio (nO/nC) of 0.64 (± 0.14) and organic mass-to-carbon ratio (OM/OC) of 2.01 (± 0.19) during the winter-spring periods compared to the summer season (nO/nC = 0.31 ± 0.09 and OM/OC = 1.58 ± 0.12). In addition, biomass burning particles were found significantly enhanced in snow during the winter-spring periods, consistent with HYSPLIT back trajectory analysis of air mass history, which indicates prevailing atmospheric transport from northwest India and Nepal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianzhong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Sciences, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, CAS, Lanzhou 730000, China
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Weber KH, Morales FJ, Tao FM. Theoretical Study on the Structure and Stabilities of Molecular Clusters of Oxalic Acid with Water. J Phys Chem A 2012; 116:11601-17. [DOI: 10.1021/jp308499f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin H. Weber
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State
College Boulevard, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Francisco J. Morales
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State
College Boulevard, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
| | - Fu-Ming Tao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Fullerton, 800 N. State
College Boulevard, Fullerton, California 92834, United States
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