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Kumar D, Hegde P, Arun BS, Gogoi MM, Babu SS. Anthropogenic sources and liquid water drive secondary organic aerosol formation over the eastern Himalaya. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175072. [PMID: 39084378 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 07/05/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols have a serious impact on altering the radiation balance of the vulnerable Himalayan atmosphere. Organic aerosol (OA), one of the least resolved aerosol fractions in the Himalayas, constrain our competence to assess their climate impacts on the region. Here we investigate water-soluble OA molecules in PM10 samples collected from March to May 2019 at Lachung (27.4°N and 88.4°E), a high-altitude location (2700 m a.s.l.) in the eastern Himalaya, to elucidate their origin and formation process. The dominance of oxalic acid (C2) reveals that water-soluble OA in the eastern Himalaya are atmospherically processed. Backward air mass trajectories and mass concentration ratios of organic tracers as well as relationships with inorganic species (K+, SO42-, NH4+) suggest an anthropogenic origin of water-soluble OA with significant atmospheric processing during long-range transport to the eastern Himalayan region. We used the thermodynamic prediction of aerosol liquid water (ALW) to examine the formation mechanism of secondary OA (SOA) such as oxalic acid. Correlations of ALW with SO42- and water-soluble organic matter show that ALW is sensitive to both anthropogenic sulfate and water-soluble organic compounds in Himalayan aerosols. A strong positive relationship of C2 acid with predicted ALW provides evidence of extensive SOA formation from precursors via aqueous phase photochemical processes. This inference is supported by positive correlations of C2 acid relative abundance with diagnostic mass concentration ratios of C2 acid to precursor molecules. Our findings underscore the importance of anthropogenic sources and ALW in SOA formation through aqueous phase processes in the eastern Himalaya.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay Kumar
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - Prashant Hegde
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India.
| | - B S Arun
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India; Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, Leipzig 04318, Germany
| | - Mukunda M Gogoi
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
| | - S Suresh Babu
- Space Physics Laboratory, Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre, Thiruvananthapuram 695022, India
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2
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Li Q, Ma S, Liu Y, Wu X, Fu H, Tu X, Yan S, Zhang L, George C, Chen J. Phase State Regulates Photochemical HONO Production from NaNO 3/Dicarboxylic Acid Mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:7516-7528. [PMID: 38629947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c10980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/01/2024]
Abstract
Field observations of daytime HONO source strengths have not been well explained by laboratory measurements and model predictions up until now. More efforts are urgently needed to fill the knowledge gaps concerning how environmental factors, especially relative humidity (RH), affect particulate nitrate photolysis. In this work, two critical attributes for atmospheric particles, i.e., phase state and bulk-phase acidity, both influenced by ambient RH, were focused to illuminate the key regulators for reactive nitrogen production from typical internally mixed systems, i.e., NaNO3 and dicarboxylic acid (DCA) mixtures. The dissolution of only few oxalic acid (OA) crystals resulted in a remarkable 50-fold increase in HONO production compared to pure nitrate photolysis at 85% RH. Furthermore, the HONO production rates (PHONO) increased by about 1 order of magnitude as RH rose from <5% to 95%, initially exhibiting an almost linear dependence on the amount of surface absorbed water and subsequently showing a substantial increase in PHONO once nitrate deliquescence occurred at approximately 75% RH. NaNO3/malonic acid (MA) and NaNO3/succinic acid (SA) mixtures exhibited similar phase state effects on the photochemical HONO production. These results offer a new perspective on how aerosol physicochemical properties influence particulate nitrate photolysis in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
| | - Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, PR China
| | - Yu Liu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Xinyuan Wu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
- Collaborative Innovation Centre of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology (CICAEET), Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, PR China
- Institute of Eco-Chongming (SIEC), 20 Cuiniao Road, Shanghai 202162, PR China
| | - Xiang Tu
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Jiangxi Academy of Eco-Environmental Sciences and Planning, Nanchang 330000, PR China
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Liwu Zhang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
| | - Christian George
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, IRCELYON, Villeurbanne F-69626, France
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, PR China
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Shen M, Li J, Liu Y, Dai W, Wang G, Qi W, Chen Y, Guo X, Zhang Y, Li L, Cao Y, Feng Q, Su H, Cao J. Comparison of acidity and chemical composition of summertime cloud water and aerosol at an alpine site in Northwest China: Implications for the neutral property of clouds in the free troposphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 925:171775. [PMID: 38499095 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
Aerosol and cloud acidity are essential to human health, ecosystem health and productivity, as well as climate effects. The main chemical composition of cloud water greatly varies in different regions, resulting in substantial differences in the pH of cloud water. However, the influences of the anthropogenic emissions of acidic gases and substances, alkaline dust components, and dicarboxylic acids (diacids) on the ground concerning the acidity of cloud water in the free troposphere of the Guanzhong Plain, China, remain clear. In this study, cloud water and PM2.5 samples were simultaneously collected in the troposphere (Mt. Hua, 2060 m a.s.l). The results indicated that the cloud water was alkaline (pH = 7.6) and PM2.5 was acidic (pH = 3.2). These results showed the neutral property of clouds collected in the heavily polluted Guanzhong Plain, although most previous studies always considered acidity as a marker of pollution. The sulfate (SO42-), nitrate (NO3-), and ammonium (NH4+) (SNA) of particulate matter and cloud water in the same period were compared. SO42- was dominant in particulate matters (accounting for 63.4 % of the total SNA) but substantially decreased in cloud water (only 30.1 % of the total SNA), whereas NO3- and NH4+ increased from 28.5 % and 8.2 % to 39.8 % and 30.2 %, respectively. This could be attributed to the complex formation mechanism and sources of SO42- and NO3- in the cloud. The results of ion balance indicated that a significant deficit of inorganic anion equivalents was observed in the cloud water samples. The high concentration of diacids in the cloud phase (1237.4 μg L-1) may facilitate the formation of salt complexes with NH4+, thus influencing the acidity of the cloud water. The pH of cloud water has increased in recent decades due to the sustained reduction of sulfur dioxide, which may also affect the acidity of future precipitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi 710061, China.
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Hui Su
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China.
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Vodička P, Kawamura K, Schwarz J, Ždímal V. A year-round observation of δ 13C of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fine aerosols: Implications from Central European background site. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 337:139393. [PMID: 37399994 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.139393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/05/2023]
Abstract
Isotopic analysis of specific compounds in aerosols can be a useful tool when studying atmospheric processes. Here, we present the results of stable carbon isotope ratio (δ13C) measurements performed on a one-year set (n = 96, Sep. 2013-Aug. 2014) of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in PM1 at a rural Central European background site, Košetice (Czech Republic). The most 13C enriched acid was oxalic (C2, annual average = -16.6 ± 5.0‰) followed by malonic (C3, avg. = -19.9 ± 6.6‰) and succinic (C4, avg. = -21.3 ± 4.6‰) acids. Thus, δ13C values decreased with an increase in carbon numbers. Azelaic acid (C9, avg. = -27.2 ± 3.6‰) was found to be the least 13C enriched. A comparison of δ13C of dicarboxylic acids from other background sites, especially in Asia, shows similar values to those from the European site. This comparison also showed that C2 is more 13C enriched at background sites than at urban ones. In general, we did not observe significant seasonal differences in δ13C values of dicarboxylic acids at the Central European station. We observed statistically significant differences (p value < 0.05) between winter and summer δ13C values solely for C4, glyoxylic acid (ωC2), glutaric acid (C5) and suberic acid (C8). The only significant correlations between δ13C of C2 and δ13C of C3 were found in spring and summer, suggesting that the oxidation of C3 to C2 is significant in these months with a strong contribution from biogenic aerosols. The strongest season-independent annual correlation was observed in δ13C values between C2 and C4, the two dominant dicarboxylic acids. Therefore, C4 appears to be the main intermediate precursor of C2 throughout the whole year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Vodička
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic; Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, 1200 Matsumoto-cho, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan.
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals, Czech Academy of Sciences, Rozvojová 1/135, 165 02, Prague 6, Czech Republic
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5
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Chen Z, Li H, Shang H, Liu X, Guo F, Liu X, Yu L, Zhou B, Liu X, Shi Y, Zhang L, Ai Z. Oxalate-Promoted SO 2 Uptake and Oxidation on Iron Minerals: Implications for Secondary Sulfate Aerosol Formation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:13559-13568. [PMID: 37647604 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c03369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
Mineral dust serves as a significant source of sulfate aerosols by mediating heterogeneous sulfur dioxide (SO2) oxidation in the atmosphere. Given that a considerable proportion of small organic acids are deposited onto mineral dust via long-range transportation, understanding their impact on atmospheric SO2 transformation and sulfate formation is of great importance. This study investigates the effect of oxalate on heterogeneous SO2 uptake and oxidation phenomenon by in situ FTIR, theoretical calculation, and continuous stream experiments, exploiting hematite (Fe2O3) as an environmental indicator. The results highlight the critical role of naturally deposited oxalate in mononuclear monodentate coordinating surface Fe atoms of Fe2O3 that enhances the activation of O2 for oxidizing SO2 into sulfate. Meanwhile, oxalate increases the hygroscopicity of Fe2O3, facilitating H2O dissociation into reactive hydroxyl groups and further augmenting the SO2 uptake capacity of Fe2O3. More importantly, other conventional iron minerals, such as goethite and magnetite, as well as authentic iron-containing mineral dust, exhibit similar oxalate-promoted sulfate accumulation behaviors. Our findings suggest that oxalate-assisted SO2 oxidation on iron minerals is one of the important contributors to secondary sulfate aerosols, especially during the nighttime with high relative humidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyue Chen
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Hao Li
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Huan Shang
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xupeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Furong Guo
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiufan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Linghao Yu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Biao Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
| | - Yanbiao Shi
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Lizhi Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, P. R. China
| | - Zhihui Ai
- Key Laboratory of Pesticide & Chemical Biology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Environmental & Applied Chemistry, College of Chemistry, Central China Normal University, Wuhan 430079, P. R. China
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6
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Qi W, Zhang Y, Shen M, Li L, Dai W, Chen Y, Liu Y, Guo X, Cao Y, Wang X, Jiang Y, Li J. Comparison of Gas-Particle Partitioning of Glyoxal and Methylglyoxal in the Summertime Atmosphere at the Foot and Top of Mount Hua. Molecules 2023; 28:5276. [PMID: 37446934 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Glyoxal and methylglyoxal are important volatile organic compounds in the atmosphere. The gas-particle partitioning of these carbonyl compounds makes significant contributions to O3 formation. In this study, both the gas- and particle-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the foot and top of Mount Hua were determined simultaneously. The results showed that the gaseous-phase glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations at the top were higher than those at the foot of the mountain. However, the concentrations for the particle phase showed the opposite trend. The average theoretical values of the gas-particle partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal concentrations (4.57 × 10-10 and 9.63 × 10-10 m3 μg-1, respectively) were lower than the observed values (3.79 × 10-3 and 6.79 × 10-3 m3 μg-1, respectively). The effective Henry's law constants (eff.KH) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were in the order of 108 to 109 mol/kgH2O/atm, and they were lower at the foot than they were at the top. The particle/gas ratios (P/G ratios) of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were 0.039 and 0.055, respectively, indicating more glyoxal and methylglyoxal existed in the gas phase. The factors influencing the partitioning coefficients of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal were positively correlated with the relative humidity (RH) and negatively correlated with the PM2.5 value. Moreover, the partitioning coefficient of the glyoxal and methylglyoxal was more significant at the top than at the foot of Mount Hua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101408, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yingkun Jiang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
- National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Xi'an 710499, China
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7
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Liu D, Xu S, Lang Y, Hou S, Wei L, Pan X, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kawamura K, Fu P. Size distributions of molecular markers for biogenic secondary organic aerosol in urban Beijing. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 327:121569. [PMID: 37028792 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 03/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
To understand the source, formation, and seasonality of biogenic secondary organic aerosol (BSOA), a nine-stage cascade impactor was utilized to collect size-segregated particulate samples from April 2017 to January 2018 in Beijing, China. BSOA tracers derived from isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene were measured with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Isoprene and monoterpene SOA tracers exhibited significant seasonal variations, with a summer maximum and a winter minimum. Dominance of 2-methyltetrols (isoprene SOA tracers) with a good correlation with levoglucosan (a biomass burning tracer), which was combined with the detection of methyltartaric acids (possible indicators for aged isoprene) in summer, implies possible biomass burning and long-range transport. In contrast, sesquiterpene SOA tracer (β-caryophyllinic acid) was dominant in winter and was probably associated with the local burning of biomass. Bimodal size distributions were observed for most isoprene SOA tracers, consistent with previous laboratory experiments and field studies showing that they can be formed not only in the aerosol phase but also in the gas phase. Monoterpene SOA tracers cis-pinonic acid and pinic acid showed a coarse-mode peak (5.8-9.0 μm) in four seasons due to their volatile nature. Sesquiterpene SOA tracer β-caryophyllinic acid showed a unimodal pattern with a major fine-mode peak (1.1-2.1 μm), which is linked to local biomass burning. The tracer-yield method was used to quantify the contributions of isoprene, monoterpene, and sesquiterpene to secondary organic carbon (SOC) and SOA. The highest isoprene SOC and SOA concentrations occurred in summer (2.00 μgC m-3 and 4.93 μg m-3, respectively), contributing to 1.61% of OC and 5.22% of PM2.5, respectively. These results suggest that BSOA tracers are promising tracers for understanding the source, formation, and seasonality of BSOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Di Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Shaofeng Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yunchao Lang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiaole Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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8
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Liang C, Wang S, Hu R, Huang G, Xie J, Zhao B, Li Y, Zhu W, Guo S, Jiang J, Hao J. Molecular tracers, mass spectral tracers and oxidation of organic aerosols emitted from cooking and fossil fuel burning sources. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161635. [PMID: 36657674 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.161635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosol (SOA) composes a substantial fraction of atmospheric particles, yet the formation and aging mechanism of SOA remains unclear. Here we investigate the initial oxidation of primary organic aerosol (POA) and further aging of SOA in winter Beijing by using aerosol mass spectrometer (AMS) measurements along with offline molecular tracer analysis. Multilinear engine (ME-2) source apportionment was conducted to capture the characteristic of source-related SOA, and connect them with specific POA. Our results show that urban cooking and fossil fuel burning sources contribute significantly (17 % and 20 %) to total organic aerosol (OA) in winter Beijing. Molecular tracer analysis by two-dimensional gas chromatography-time-of-flight mass spectrometer (GC × GC-ToF-MS) reveals that cooking SOA (CSOA) is produced through both photooxidation and aqueous-phase processing, while less oxidized SOA (LO-SOA) is the photooxidation product of fossil fuel burning OA (FFOA) and may experience aqueous-phase aging to form more-oxidized oxygenated OA (MO-OOA). Furthermore, CHOm/z 69 and CHOm/z 85 are mass spectral tracers indicating the initial photooxidation, while CHO2+ and C2H2O2+ imply further aqueous-phase aging of OA. Tracer analysis indicates that the formation of diketones is involved in the initial photooxidation of POA, while the formation of glyoxal and diacids is involved in the further aqueous-phase aging of SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengrui Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Ruolan Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guanghan Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jinzi Xie
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Wenfei Zhu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing 100084, China
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9
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Cao Y, Liu H, Hu J, Wang Z, Zhu M, Liu X, Yang K, Gan H, Liu W. Evaluating the accuracy and reliability of compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry with the addition of a reduction furnace. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2023; 37:e9450. [PMID: 36478616 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.9450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/C/IRMS) is widely used for compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis. However, current isotopic analysis systems utilize the GC IsoLink combustion reactor, and independent reduction furnaces are not implemented. Therefore, whether this limitation in furnace use affects the precision of compound-specific carbon isotopic analysis needs to be evaluated. METHODS We attempted to add a separate reduction furnace to the GC IsoLink interface and compared the δ13 C values of n-alkanes (including C and H elements), fatty acid methyl ester (including C, H, and O elements), caffeine (USGS61 and USGS62, including C, H, O, and N elements), and 9-ethylcarbazole (including C, H, and N elements) before and after the addition of the reduction furnace using the GC IsoLink combustion reactor. RESULTS For n-alkanes and fatty acid methyl esters, the δ13 C differences between the measured values and their standard values were basically falling within 0.5‰ whether or not an independent reduction furnace was added. However, for the nitrogen-containing compounds (caffeine and 9-ethylcarbazole), the δ13 C differences between the measured values and their standard values were much larger without an independent reduction furnace (1.0-3.71‰ for USGS61, 1.78-2.19‰ for USGS62, and 0.39-1.13‰ for 9-ethylcarbazole) than with a reduction furnace (-0.31-0.68‰ for USGS61, -0.44-0.06‰ for USGS62, and -0.04-0.25‰ for 9-ethylcarbazole). CONCLUSIONS The addition of an independent reduction furnace had no significant effect on the δ13 C of n-alkanes and fatty acid methyl esters, but it had a significant effect on the δ13 C of nitrogen-containing compounds. It is suggested that GC IsoLink needs an independent reduction furnace to effectively eliminate the interference of NOx on CO2 isotopic determination to improve the accuracy of δ13 C for nitrogen-containing compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunning Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
| | - Hu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
| | - Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
| | - Mengshu Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Kaili Yang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Haijiao Gan
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an, China
| | - Weiguo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
- CAS Center for Excellence in Quaternary Science and Global Change, Xi'an, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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10
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Shen M, Qi W, Guo X, Dai W, Wang Q, Liu Y, Zhang Y, Cao Y, Chen Y, Li L, Liu H, Cao J, Li J. Influence of vertical transport on chemical evolution of dicarboxylic acids and related secondary organic aerosol from surface emission to the top of Mount Hua, Northwest China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 858:159892. [PMID: 36336041 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Revised: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are strong hygroscopic organic compounds in the atmosphere, and thus significantly affect the cloud formation process and radiative forcing on a regional scale. So far, the evolution of dicarboxylic acids during vertical transport from the surface to the mountaintop has yet to be explicitly understood. In this study, the molecular distribution and stable carbon isotopic (δ13C) compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related organic compounds (DCRCs) in PM2.5 were measured simultaneously at the top (c. 2060 m a.s.l.) and foot (c. 400 m a.s.l.) of Mount (Mt.) Hua during the summer of 2020. Due to the strong anthropogenic emissions at ground level, the concentrations of DCRCs at foot of Mt. Hua were generally higher than those at the top. Oxalic acid (C2) was the predominant diacid in both sites, whose concentrations at foot and top of Mt. Hua were 87-852 and 40-398 ng m-3, respectively. Ratios of adipic acid to azelaic acid (C6/C9), phthalic aid to azelaic acid (pH/C9), glyoxal to methylglyoxal (Gly/mGly), and lower δ13C values (-21.0 ± 2.3 ‰ and - 21.9 ± 2.7 ‰) of C2 indicated that the contributions of anthropogenic sources to DCRCs in PM2.5 in the mountain region are more significant than biogenic sources. Aerosols from the foot of Mt. Hua could affect the atmosphere on the top of the mountain via vertical transport under the influence of daytime valley wind, even though the altitude of Mt. Hua is beyond the boundary layer most of time. The value δ13C of C2 is linearly correlated with C2/mGly, C2/pyruvic acid (Pyr), C2/glyoxylic acid (ωC2) at the top of the mountain, and C2/Gly, C2/ωC2 at the foot of the mountain, indicating that the formation pathway of C2 is mGly-Pyr-ωC2-C2 at the top of Mt. Hua and Gly-ωC2-C2 at the foot of Mt. Hua.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minxia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weining Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Wenting Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Qiyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yali Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yue Cao
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Yukun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Multiphase Flow in Power Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Lu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Xi'an Institute for Innovative Earth Environment Research, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; National Observation and Research Station of Regional Ecological Environment Change and Comprehensive Management in the Guanzhong Plain, Shaanxi, China.
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11
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KAWAMURA K. Geochemical studies of low molecular weight organic acids in the atmosphere: sources, formation pathways, and gas/particle partitioning. PROCEEDINGS OF THE JAPAN ACADEMY. SERIES B, PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES 2023; 99:1-28. [PMID: 36631074 PMCID: PMC9851960 DOI: 10.2183/pjab.99.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight monocarboxylic acids (LMW monoacids, C1-C10) are the most abundant gaseous organic compound class in the atmosphere. Formic or acetic acid is the dominant volatile organic compound (VOC) in Earth's atmosphere. They can largely contribute to rainwater acidity, especially in the tropical forest, and react with alkaline metals, ammonia, and amines, contributing to new particle formation and secondary organic aerosol production. Gaseous and particulate LMW monoacids were abundantly reported in China. They can be directly emitted from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burring; however, the secondary formation is more important than primary emissions via the photochemical oxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic VOCs. In this paper, we review the distributions of LMW monoacids from urban, mountain, and marine sites as well as from rainwater and alpine snow samples and discuss their sources and formation mechanisms in the atmosphere. We also discuss their importance as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) and provide future perspectives of LMW monoacids study in the warming world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimitaka KAWAMURA
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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12
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Zhang X, Tan S, Chen X, Yin S. Computational chemistry of cluster: Understanding the mechanism of atmospheric new particle formation at the molecular level. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 308:136109. [PMID: 36007737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.136109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
New particle formation (NPF), which exerts significant influence over human health and global climate, has been a hot topic and rapidly expands field of research in the environmental and atmospheric chemistry recent years. Generally, NPF contains two processes: formation of critical nucleus and further growth of the nucleus. However, due to the complexity of the atmospheric nucleation, which is a multicomponent process, formation of critical clusters as well as their growth is still connected to large uncertainties. Detection limits of instruments in measuring specific gaseous aerosol precursors and chemical compositions at the molecular level call for computational studies. Computational chemistry could effectively compensate the deficiency of laboratory experiments as well as observations and predict the nucleation mechanisms. We review the present theoretical literatures that discuss nucleation mechanism of atmospheric clusters. Focus of this review is on different nucleation systems involving sulfur-containing species, nitrogen-containing species and iodine-containing species. We hope this review will provide a deep insight for the molecular interaction of nucleation precursors and reveal nucleation mechanism at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomeng Zhang
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Shendong Tan
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China
| | - Xi Chen
- National-Regional Joint Engineering Research Center for Soil Pollution Control and Remediation in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Integrated Agro-environmental Pollution Control and Management, Institute of Eco-environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510650, PR China
| | - Shi Yin
- MOE & Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Spectral Analysis and Functional Probes, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, PR China.
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13
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Zhong QE, Cheng C, Li M, Yang S, Wang Z, Yun L, Liu S, Mao L, Fu Z, Zhou Z. Insights into the different mixing states and formation processes of amine-containing single particles in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 846:157440. [PMID: 35868389 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The formation processes of particulate amines are closely related to their emission sources and secondary reactions, which can be revealed through the investigation of their real-time mixing states in individual particles. The mixing states of methylamine (MA)-, trimethylamine (TMA)-, and diethylamine (DEA)-containing particles were studied using a high-performance single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (HP-SPAMS) in Guangzhou, China, in January 2020. The sharp increase in TMA particles was found to be closely associated with the increase in the ambient relative humidity (RH), while the MA- and DEA-containing particles were not similarly influenced by the changes in the RH. The prominent enrichment of secondary oxygenated organics in DEA particles during the daytime was consistent with the active period of photochemistry, implying that the sharp decrease in DEA particles in the afternoon was likely due to photo-oxidation of the DEA. The number fraction (Nf) of DEA particles, the Nf of the nitrate in the DEA particles, and the abundance of nitrate increased as the NOx content all increased during the nighttime, suggesting that the formation of DEA·HNO3 salt was the dominant pathway of particulate DEA production. These results are consistent with our previous measurements in Nanjing, confirming the general and distinct mixing states of TMA and DEA particles. Positive matrix factorization analysis revealed that the total fraction of the more oxidized organics factor and the less oxidized organics factor were much higher in the DEA particles (26.9 %) than in the TMA particles (9 %), confirming the significant enrichment of oxygenated species in the DEA particles. The different mixing states of the amines revealed the unique response of each type of amine to the same atmospheric environment, and the prominent mixing states of the DEA with secondary oxygenated species suggest the potential role of DEA in tracing the evolution of organic aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi En Zhong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Zaihua Wang
- Institute of Resources Utilization and Rare Earth Development, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China
| | - Lijun Yun
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Sulin Liu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liyuan Mao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Guangzhou Hexin Analytical Instrument Company Limited, Guangzhou 510530, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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14
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Li P, Pavuluri CM, Dong Z, Xu Z, Fu P, Liu CQ. Year-round observations of stable carbon isotopic composition of carboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-Dicarbonyls in fine aerosols at Tianjin, North China: Implications for origins and aging. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 834:155385. [PMID: 35452741 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To better understand the origins and photochemical processing (aging) of organic aerosols (OA), we studied fine aerosols (PM2.5) collected at urban (Nankai District (ND)) and suburban (Haihe Education Park (HEP)) Tianjin, North China over a one-year period (2018-2019) for stable carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) of water-soluble diacids, oxoacids, α-dicarbonyls and fatty acids. Maleic (M, -18.3 ± 10.9‰ at ND and -23.5 ± 10.2‰ at HEP) and fumaric (F, -22.0 ± 12.1‰ at ND and -22.5 ± 10.5‰ at HEP) acids were found to be most enriched with 13C followed by oxalic acid (C2, -24.7 ± 3.9‰ at ND and -25.9 ± 4.7‰ at HEP) during the campaign. Based on seasonal changes in δ13C of selected marker species: C6 and C9 diacids, phthalic, glyoxylic and pyruvic acids and glyoxal, and their comparison with the source signatures, we found that water-soluble OA in Tianjin were mainly originated from fossil fuel combustion and biomass burning emissions and were subjected for significant aging. The contribution from fossil fuel combustion including coal combustion was high in autumn and winter, especially at ND. Considering the enrichment of 13C in specific species together with linear relations of δ13C of selected species with their concentrations, with mass ratios and with the relative abundance of C2 diacid, we inferred that the photochemical transformations of longer-chain diacids, oxidation of α-dicarbonyls (Gly and mGly), preferably in gas phase, were important in warm period (March-September), whereas the oxidation of Gly, mGly and other precursors in aqueous phase were major in cold period (October-February).
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Affiliation(s)
- Peisen Li
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Zhichao Dong
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Zhanjie Xu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cong-Qiang Liu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Earth Critical Zone Science and Sustainable Development in Bohai Rim, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
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15
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Molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in wintertime aerosols of Northwest China. Sci Rep 2022; 12:11266. [PMID: 35789176 PMCID: PMC9253100 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-15222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are one of the important water-soluble organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols, causing adverse effects to both climate and human health. More attention has therefore been paid to organic acids in aerosols. In this study, the molecular distribution and diurnal variations of wintertime dicarboxylic acids in a rural site of Guanzhong Plain, Northwest China, were explored. Oxalic acid (C2, day: 438.9 ± 346.8 ng m−3, night: 398.8 ± 392.3 ng m−3) is the most abundant compound followed by methylglyoxal (mGly, day: 207.8 ± 281.1 ng m−3, night: 222.9 ± 231.0 ng m−3) and azelaic (C9, day: 212.8 ± 269.1 ng m−3, night: 211.4 ± 136.7 ng m−3) acid. The ratios of C9/C6 and C9/Ph indicating that atmospheric dicarboxylic acids in winter in the region mainly come from biomass burning. Furthermore, secondary inorganic ions (NO3−, SO42−, and NH4+), relative humidity, liquid water content, and in-situ pH of aerosols are highly linearly correlated with C2, suggesting that liquid phase oxidation is an important pathway for the formation of dicarboxylic acids. The δ13C analysis of C2 suggested that lighter carbon isotope compositions tend to be oxidized to form aqueous-phase secondary organic aerosols (aqSOA), leading to the decay of 13C in aqSOA products rather than aerosol aging. This study provides a theoretical basis for the mechanism of formation of dicarboxylic acid.
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16
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Hilario MRA, Crosbie E, Bañaga PA, Betito G, Braun RA, Cambaliza MO, Corral AF, Cruz MT, Dibb JE, Lorenzo GR, MacDonald AB, Robinson CE, Shook MA, Simpas JB, Stahl C, Winstead E, Ziemba LD, Sorooshian A. Particulate Oxalate-To-Sulfate Ratio as an Aqueous Processing Marker: Similarity Across Field Campaigns and Limitations. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2021; 48:e2021GL096520. [PMID: 35136274 PMCID: PMC8819676 DOI: 10.1029/2021gl096520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 11/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Leveraging aerosol data from multiple airborne and surface-based field campaigns encompassing diverse environmental conditions, we calculate statistics of the oxalate-sulfate mass ratio (median: 0.0217; 95% confidence interval: 0.0154-0.0296; R = 0.76; N = 2,948). Ground-based measurements of the oxalate-sulfate ratio fall within our 95% confidence interval, suggesting the range is robust within the mixed layer for the submicrometer particle size range. We demonstrate that dust and biomass burning emissions can separately bias this ratio toward higher values by at least one order of magnitude. In the absence of these confounding factors, the 95% confidence interval of the ratio may be used to estimate the relative extent of aqueous processing by comparing inferred oxalate concentrations between air masses, with the assumption that sulfate primarily originates from aqueous processing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ewan Crosbie
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | - Paola Angela Bañaga
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Grace Betito
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Rachel A Braun
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Now at: Healthy Urban Environments Initiative, Global Institute of Sustainability and Innovation, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Maria Obiminda Cambaliza
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Andrea F Corral
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Melliza Templonuevo Cruz
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Institute of Environmental Science and Meteorology, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Jack E Dibb
- Earth Systems Research Center, Institute for the Study of Earth, Oceans, and Space, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH, USA
| | - Genevieve Rose Lorenzo
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Alexander B MacDonald
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Claire E Robinson
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - James Bernard Simpas
- Manila Observatory, Quezon City, Philippines
- Department of Physics, School of Science and Engineering, Ateneo de Manila University, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Connor Stahl
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Edward Winstead
- NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, VA, USA
- Science Systems and Applications, Inc., Hampton, VA, USA
| | | | - Armin Sorooshian
- Department of Hydrology and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA
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17
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Zhang Z, Zhao W, Hu W, Deng J, Ren L, Wu L, Chen S, Meng J, Pavuluri CM, Sun Y, Wang Z, Kawamura K, Fu P. Molecular characterization and spatial distribution of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in fresh snow in China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118114. [PMID: 34536649 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 08/29/2021] [Accepted: 09/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Low molecular weight organic compounds are ubiquitous in the atmosphere. However, knowledge on their concentrations and molecular distribution in fresh snow remains limited. Here, twelve fresh snow samples collected at eight sites in China were investigated for dicarboxylic acids and related compounds (DCRCs) including oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in the snow samples ranged from 0.99 to 14.6 mg C L-1. Concentrations of total dicarboxylic acids were from 225 to 1970 μg L-1 (av. 650 μg L-1), while oxoacids (28.3-173, av. 68.1 μg L-1) and dicarbonyls (12.6-69.2, av. 31.3 μg L-1) were less abundant, accounting for 4.6-8.5% (6.2%), 0.45-1.4% (0.73%), and 0.12-0.88% (0.46%) of DOC, respectively. Molecular patterns of dicarboxylic acids are characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid (C2) (95.0-1030, av. 310 μg L-1), followed by phthalic (Ph) (9.69-244, av. 69.9 μg L-1) or succinic (C4) (23.8-163, av. 63.7 μg L-1) acid. Higher concentrations of Ph in snow from Beijing and Tianjin than other urban and rural regions suggest significant emissions from vehicular exhausts and other fossil fuel combustion sources in megacities. C2 constituted 40-54% of total diacids, corresponding to 1.5-2.6% of snow DOC. The total measured DCRCs represent 5.5-10% of snow DOC, which suggests that there are large amounts of unknown organics requiring further investigations. The spatial distributions of diacids exhibited higher loadings in megacities than rural and island sites. Molecular distributions of diacids indicated that the photochemical modification was restrained under the weak solar radiation during the snow events, while anthropogenic primary sources had a more significant influence in megacities than rural areas and islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhimin Zhang
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Wanyu Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Junjun Deng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Lujie Ren
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Libin Wu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Shuang Chen
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China; School of Geography and the Environment, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng, 252000, China
| | - Chandra Mouli Pavuluri
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Yele Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Physics and Atmospheric Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai, 487-8501, Japan
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, School of Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300072, China.
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Gong H, Cheng C, Li M, Yang S, Zhou Q, Zhong QE, Zhang Y, Xie Y, Zhou Z. The enhanced mixing states of oxalate with metals in single particles in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:146962. [PMID: 33866183 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.146962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Recently, internal mixing states of oxalate with metals in single particles have been reported from field studies, yet the role of metals in the formation processes of oxalate remains unclear due to the diversity of chemical components and complex atmospheric environment. In this study, the mixing states of oxalate with five metals, including zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), vanadium (V) and iron (Fe) were investigated in Guangzhou, China. It was found that 55% of oxalate-containing particles were internally mixed with these metals. The number fraction of oxalate in the metal-containing particles ranged from 5.4-26%, which is much higher than that in the total detected particles (4.0%), indicating significant enrichment of oxalate in the metal-containing particles. Enhanced oxalate production was found in the Fe- and V-containing particles based on distinctly higher relative peak area (RPA) ratios of oxalate to its precursors compared to the total particles, possibly due to enhanced aqueous phase reactions in the Fe- and V-containing particles. However, enrichment of oxalate in the Zn-, Pb-, and Cu-containing particles was possibly associated with complexation of gas phase oxalic acid with the metals, as indicated by the small increase in RPA ratios in these particles. On the other hand, the internal mixing of oxalate with metals was found to provide a way of efficient photolysis of oxalate-metal complexes, which led to a decrease in oxalate after sunrise in the metal-containing particles. In this study, the enhanced mixing states of oxalate with metals have revealed the important role of metals in the production and degradation of oxalate, providing insights for the evaluation of metals in the formation processes of organic aerosol in field studies, which is beneficial to the further study of air pollution in metal emission areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haifeng Gong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Suxia Yang
- Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China; Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qianni Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Qi En Zhong
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Yutong Xie
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-line source apportionment system of air pollution Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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Yu Q, Chen J, Cheng S, Qin W, Zhang Y, Sun Y, Ahmad M. Seasonal variation of dicarboxylic acids in PM 2.5 in Beijing: Implications for the formation and aging processes of secondary organic aerosols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142964. [PMID: 33131838 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Dicarboxylic acids are a group of highly oxidized components, which can provide insights into the formation mechanism and aging process of secondary organic aerosols (SOA). Based on the 12-h day and night PM2.5 samples collected in downtown Beijing in January, April, July and October of 2017, dicarboxylic acids and relevant components were measured to investigate their seasonal variation pattern and sources. High concentrations of the identified organic acids were observed, following the decreasing order of July > January > October > April. The high fractions of phthalic acid and maleic acid in January indicated severe aromatic SOA pollution during the sampling period in winter, and the high malonic acid to succinic acid and malic acid to succinic acid ratios in July suggested strong photochemical formation over the sampling period in summer. Based on the calculation of principle component analysis and multiple linear regression, water-soluble organic acids were mainly formed from the aerosol aging process during the sampling periods except for January, while water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC) mostly originated from combustion sources. Correlation analysis was conducted between the CO-normalized concentrations of organic acids and PM2.5, O3, as well as the meteorological parameters. The results suggested that gas-phase photooxidation contributed significantly to the formation of these organic acids during the entire sampling period, and the aqueous-phase process played an important role over the severe haze event in January. Our results also suggested that the intensity of photooxidation and the aging degree of SOA were enhanced along with the reduction of PM2.5 in Beijing in recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Siming Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuewei Sun
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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20
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Meng J, Li Z, Zhou R, Chen M, Li Y, Yi Y, Ding Z, Li H, Yan L, Hou Z, Wang G. Enhanced photochemical formation of secondary organic aerosols during the COVID-19 lockdown in Northern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 758:143709. [PMID: 33223177 PMCID: PMC7666554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
To eliminate the spread of a novel coronavirus breaking out in the end of 2019 (COVID-19), the Chinese government has implemented a nationwide lockdown policy after the Chinese lunar New Year of 2020, resulting in a sharp reduction in air pollutant emissions. To investigate the impact of the lockdown on aerosol chemistry, the number fraction, size distribution and formation process of oxalic acid (C2) containing particles and its precursors were studied using a single particle aerosol mass spectrometer (SPAMS) at the urban site of Liaocheng in the North China Plain (NCP). Our results showed that five air pollutants (i.e., PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, and CO) decreased by 30.0-59.8% during the lockdown compared to those before the lockdown, while O3 increased by 63.9% during the lockdown mainly due to the inefficient titration effect of O3 via NO reduction. The increased O3 concentration can boost the atmospheric oxidizing capacity and further enhance the formation of secondary organic aerosols, thereby significantly enhancing the C2 particles and its precursors as observed during the lockdown. Before the lockdown, C2 particles were significantly originated from biomass burning emissions and their subsequent aqueous-phase oxidation. The hourly variation patterns and correlation analysis before the lockdown suggested that relative humidity (RH) and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC) played a key role in the formation of C2 particles and the increased aerosol acidity can promote the conversion of precursors such as glyoxal (Gly) and methyglyoxal (mGly) into C2 particles in the aqueous phase. RH and ALWC decreased sharply but O3 concentration and solar radiation increased remarkably during the lockdown, the O3-dominated photochemical pathways played an important role in the formation of C2 particles in which aerosol acidity was ineffective. Our study indicated that air pollution treatment sponges on a joint-control and balanced strategy for controlling numerous pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Min Chen
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhijian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Hongji Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Jilin Normal University, Siping 136000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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21
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Ding Z, Du W, Wu C, Cheng C, Meng J, Li D, Ho K, Zhang L, Wang G. Summertime atmospheric dicarboxylic acids and related SOA in the background region of Yangtze River Delta, China: Implications for heterogeneous reaction of oxalic acid with sea salts. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143741. [PMID: 33288259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 10/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The diacid chemistry of summertime PM2.5 and the size-segregated aerosols (9-stages) in Chongming Island, a coastal site in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD), China, were investigated. Our results showed that oxalic acid (C2) was the dominant dicarboxylic acid, followed by succinic acid (C4), malonic acid (C3), adipic acid (C6) and phthalic acid (Ph). Two types of haze pollution events were identified during the sampling period, i.e., Event I, which was mainly caused by the local biomass burning emission, and Event II, which was caused by a long-distance transport of the YRD urban pollution. C2 linearly correlated with SO42- and NO3- in Event I but only with O3 in Event II, indicating that oxalic acid formation was dominated by the aerosol aqueous phase oxidation in Event I and by the gaseous phase oxidation in Event II, respectively. 65.5% of Cl- in sea salts at the site in the clean period was depleted and robustly correlated with oxalic acid (R2 = 0.74). We proposed a mechanism to explain such a significant Cl- depletion, in which anthropogenic VOC oxidize into oxalic acid and its precursors such as glyoxal and methyglyoxal by a photochemical oxidation, and then oxalic acid and the related compounds subsequently react with sea salts and release HCl into the troposphere. The significant Cl- depletion of sea salts related with the organic acid (C2) in coastal China was found for the first time and should be considered in future studies, because oxalic acid and related SOA in the country are abundant and the released HCl may effectively enhance the oxidation capacity of the atmosphere by photolytically producing Cl radicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijian Ding
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Wei Du
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Dapeng Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Kinfai Ho
- JC School of Public Health and Primary Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather, Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 20 Cuiniao Rd., Chenjia Zhen, Chongming, Shanghai 202162, China.
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22
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Peng J, Hu M, Shang D, Wu Z, Du Z, Tan T, Wang Y, Zhang F, Zhang R. Explosive Secondary Aerosol Formation during Severe Haze in the North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:2189-2207. [PMID: 33539077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Severe haze events with exceedingly high-levels of fine aerosols occur frequently over the past decades in the North China Plain (NCP), exerting profound impacts on human health, weather, and climate. The development of effective mitigation policies requires a comprehensive understanding of the haze formation mechanisms, including identification and quantification of the sources, formation, and transformation of the aerosol species. Haze evolution in this region exhibits distinct physical and chemical characteristics from clean to polluted periods, as evident from increasing stagnation and relative humidity, but decreasing solar radiation as well as explosive secondary aerosol formation. The latter is attributed to highly elevated concentrations of aerosol precursor gases and is reflected by rapid increases in the particle number and mass concentrations, both corresponding to nonequilibrium chemical processes. Considerable new knowledge has been acquired to understand the processes regulating haze formation, particularly in light of the progress in elucidating the aerosol formation mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent advances in understanding secondary aerosol formation, by highlighting several critical chemical/physical processes, that is, new particle formation and aerosol growth driven by photochemistry and aqueous chemistry as well as the interaction between aerosols and atmospheric stability. Current challenges and future research priorities are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Min Hu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education (IJRC), College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Dongjie Shang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhijun Wu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhuofei Du
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tianyi Tan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yanan Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Fang Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- College of Global Change and Earth System Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Renyi Zhang
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
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23
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Cheng C, Chan CK, Lee BP, Gen M, Li M, Yang S, Hao F, Wu C, Cheng P, Wu D, Li L, Huang Z, Gao W, Fu Z, Zhou Z. Single particle diversity and mixing state of carbonaceous aerosols in Guangzhou, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 754:142182. [PMID: 33254891 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many field studies have investigated the formation mechanisms of organic aerosol (OA) based on bulk analysis, yet the source and formation process of individual organic particles may be quite different due to the diversity of chemical composition and mixing state in single particles. Here we present the observation results of chemical composition and mixing state of carbonaceous single particles at an urban site in Guangzhou. The carbonaceous particles accounted for 74.6% of the total detected single particles, and were grouped into four types including elemental carbon-aged (EC-aged), elemental and organic carbon (ECOC), organic carbon-rich (OC-rich) and secondary ions-rich (SEC) particles. The formation of EC-aged particles was closely associated with the absorption of organics onto fresh EC particles from primary sources, and the further enrichment of organics in EC-aged particles resulted in the production of ECOC particles. In the daytime OC-rich and SEC particles were mainly produced from the photochemical reactions, while in the nighttime their sharp increases were found along with the enrichment of nitrate and organic nitrogen fragments, suggesting the heterogeneous formation of nitrate and organic nitrogen in OC-rich and SEC particles. The production rates of carbonaceous particles were also investigated in an episodic event, and the EC-aged particles showed the highest production rate compared to the other carbonaceous particles both in the daytime and nighttime, suggesting a significant role of EC in the formation and aging process of carbonaceous particles. The results from this work have revealed different formation processes and production rates of carbonaceous particles due to their diversity in mixing state, providing further insights into the formation mechanisms of OA in field studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunlei Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Chak K Chan
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Berto Paul Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Masao Gen
- Faculty of Frontier Engineering, Institute of Science and Engineering, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan
| | - Mei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China.
| | - Suxia Yang
- Institute for Environment and Climate Research, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Feng Hao
- Environmental Monitoring Center of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Hohhot 010011, China
| | - Cheng Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Peng Cheng
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Dui Wu
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Lei Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhengxu Huang
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Wei Gao
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Zhen Zhou
- Institute of Mass Spectrometry and Atmospheric Environment, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for on-Line Source Apportionment System of Air Pollution, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China; Guangdong-Hongkong-Macau Joint Laboratory of Collaborative Innovation for Environmental Quality, Guangzhou 510632, China
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24
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Rai P, Furger M, El Haddad I, Kumar V, Wang L, Singh A, Dixit K, Bhattu D, Petit JE, Ganguly D, Rastogi N, Baltensperger U, Tripathi SN, Slowik JG, Prévôt ASH. Real-time measurement and source apportionment of elements in Delhi's atmosphere. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 742:140332. [PMID: 33167294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Delhi, the capital of India, suffers from heavy local emissions as well as regional transport of air pollutants, resulting in severe aerosol loadings. To determine the sources of these pollutants, we have quantified the mass concentrations of 26 elements in airborne particles, measured by an online X-ray fluorescence spectrometer with time resolution between 30 min and 1 h. Measurements of PM10 and PM2.5 (particulate matter <10 μm and < 2.5 μm) were conducted during two consecutive winters (2018 and 2019) in Delhi. On average, 26 elements from Al to Pb made up ~25% and ~19% of the total PM10 mass (271 μg m-3 and 300 μg m-3) in 2018 and 2019, respectively. Nine different aerosol sources were identified during both winters using positive matrix factorization (PMF), including dust, non-exhaust, an S-rich factor, two solid fuel combustion (SFC) factors and four industrial/combustion factors related to plume events (Cr-Ni-Mn, Cu-Cd-Pb, Pb-Sn-Se and Cl-Br-Se). All factors were resolved in both size ranges (but varying relative concentrations), comprising the following contributions to the elemental PM10 mass (in % average for 2018 and 2019): Cl-Br-Se (41.5%, 36.9%), dust (27.6%, 28.7%), non-exhaust (16.2%, 13.7%), S-rich (6.9%, 9.2%), SFC1 + SFC2 (4%, 7%), Pb-Sn-Se (2.3%, 1.66%), Cu-Cd-Pb (0.67%, 2.2%) and Cr-Ni-Mn (0.57%, 0.47%). Most of these sources had the highest relative contributions during late night (22:00 local time (LT)) and early morning hours (between 03:00 to 08:00 LT), which is consistent with enhanced emissions into a shallow boundary layer. Modelling of airmass source geography revealed that the Pb-Sn-Se, Cl-Br-Se and SFC2 factors prevailed for northwest winds (Pakistan, Punjab, Haryana and Delhi), while the Cu-Cd-Pb and S-rich factors originated from east (Nepal and Uttar Pradesh) and the Cr-Ni-Mn factor from northeast (Uttar Pradesh). In contrast, SFC1, dust and non-exhaust were not associated with any specific wind direction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pragati Rai
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Markus Furger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
| | - Imad El Haddad
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Varun Kumar
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Liwei Wang
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Atinderpal Singh
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Kuldeep Dixit
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India
| | - Deepika Bhattu
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Jean-Eudes Petit
- Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et l'Environnement, CEA/Orme des Merisiers, 91191 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Dilip Ganguly
- Centre for Atmospheric Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India
| | - Neeraj Rastogi
- Geosciences Division, Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad 380009, India
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - Sachchida Nand Tripathi
- Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208016, India.
| | - Jay G Slowik
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland
| | - André S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen PSI, Switzerland.
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25
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Yassine MM, Suski M, Dabek-Zlotorzynska E. Characterization of benzene polycarboxylic acids and polar nitroaromatic compounds in atmospheric aerosols using UPLC-MS/MS. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1630:461507. [PMID: 32916378 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The molecular characterization of water-soluble organic compounds (WSOC), a large fraction of the organic mass found in the atmospheric aerosols, is important to better understand emissions and atmospheric processes influencing the particulate pollution in most urban areas. This study deals with the development of a routine method using ultrahigh pressure liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-MS/MS) for rapid analysis of primary and secondary organic compounds distributed among three classes: (i) benzene polycarboxylic acids; (ii) nitroaromatic acids and (iii) nitrophenols in ambient particles. Using an UPLC HSS T3 column with a mobile phase consisting of formic acid/acetonitrile under gradient elution, all target analytes were eluted within a total time of 12 min. Although some targeted analytes with different m/z were not resolved, a quantitation of these compounds was carried by distinct multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) transitions. Quality parameters of the method were established. The method was proven to be sensitive with limits of detection ranged from 0.02 to 0.89 ng/mL. Together with a simple sample preparation and the use of labeled internal standards, the method was confirmed to be robust and reliable to determine a large number of organic tracers in atmospheric particulate matter samples. The analytical procedure was also applied to assess the abundance and characteristics of target analytes in PM2.5 emitted from diesel and gasoline-powered engines, and Urban Dust and Diesel Particulate Matter Standard Reference Materials (SRM 1649b and SRM 1650b, respectively). The obtained results suggest that trimellitic, 4-hydroxyphthalic and 4-nitrophthalic acids may be used as potential tracers for diesel engine emissions. Clear differences in distribution of target species were observed between urban PM2.5 affected by the traffic and biomass burning emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Yassine
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Michal Suski
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Ewa Dabek-Zlotorzynska
- Analysis and Air Quality Section, Air Quality Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 335 River Road, Ottawa, ON K1A 0H3, Canada.
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26
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Ari PE, Ari A, Dumanoğlu Y, Odabasi M, Gaga EO. Organic chemical characterization of size segregated particulate matter samples collected from a thermal power plant area. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 262:114360. [PMID: 32443206 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kütahya city, a thermal power plant (TPPs) affected region of Turkey, has serious air quality problems like similar industrial regions of the world due to the emissions from three closely-located coal-fired TPPs, residential coal combustion along with the contribution of several industrial stacks. The organic chemical speciation of ambient size-segregated particulate matter (PM) was investigated during two seasons at two sites with different pollution characteristics (urban and rural). The ambient PM was collected using a high volume cascade impactor, with 6 stages: PM>10.2, PM10.2-4.2, PM4.2-2.1, PM2.1-1.3, PM1.3-0.69 and PM<0.69. Collected PM samples were extracted with organic solvents and the organic composition (Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), n-alkanes and carboxylic acids) was determined by GC-MS. Sources of the organic species were assessed using molecular PAH diagnostic ratios, carbon preference index and wax percentages. More than 70% of the PM-bound PAHs were quantified in submicron particles. Similarly, 34-42% of n-alkanes and approximately 30% of the carboxylic acids were found on the smallest particles. The main sources of the PM-bound organic species were considered as the anthropogenic emissions such as coal and biomass combustion and also vehicular emissions rather than the biogenic sources. Considerably high cancer risk levels were obtained through inhalation of PAHs. Seasonal variations and size distributions of the carboxylic acids and levoglucosan were also evaluated. Polar organic compound concentrations were higher in the summer period at both locations probably due to the higher sunlight intensity and temperature favoring their photochemical formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Ertürk Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Akif Ari
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Bolu Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu, Turkey; Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey
| | - Yetkin Dumanoğlu
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Odabasi
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Dokuz Eylül University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - Eftade O Gaga
- Engineering Faculty, Department of Environmental Engineering, Eskişehir Technical University, Eskişehir, Turkey.
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27
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Ma Y, Cheng Y, Gao G, Yu JZ, Hu D. Speciation of carboxylic components in humic-like substances (HULIS) and source apportionment of HULIS in ambient fine aerosols (PM 2.5) collected in Hong Kong. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:23172-23180. [PMID: 32333354 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08915-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Humic-like substances (HULIS) are an important mixture of organic compounds, which account for a great part of water-soluble organic compounds in ambient aerosols. In this study, individual carboxylic and hydroxylic species in HULIS extracts of PM2.5 samples collected in Hong Kong during summer were measured by gas chromatography mass spectrometry with prior chemical derivatization. Significantly higher levels of HULIS were observed on days mainly impacted by regional pollution (regional days, 4.11 ± 1.76 μg m-3) than on days under local emission influences (local days, 0.56 ± 0.30 μg m-3). Positive matrix factorization was applied to identify the major sources and apportion their contributions to HULIS. Simultaneous monitoring and analysis data from four different sampling sites showed that sources of HULIS in Hong Kong were mainly regional with small spatial variations. Secondary aerosol formation (both organic and inorganic) had a predominant contribution (52.7%) to HULIS during the whole sampling period. It accounted for 1.88 ± 0.91 μg m-3 of HULIS on regional days, which was about 5 times higher than its contribution (0.39 ± 0.34 μg m-3) on local days. Of the three identified primary sources, biomass burning had the largest contribution on both regional (34.9%) and local days (24.6%). Marine vessels were also a significant contributor, especially on local days (20.3%). Vehicle exhaust, on the other hand, showed a negligible contribution to HULIS (2.1%) in Hong Kong in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqiu Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Yubo Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Gao
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhen Yu
- Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China
| | - Di Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR, People's Republic of China.
- HKBU Institute of Research and Continuing Education, Shenzhen Virtual University Park, Shenzhen, 518057, People's Republic of China.
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28
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Rong H, Liu L, Liu J, Zhang X. Glyoxylic Sulfuric Anhydride from the Gas-Phase Reaction between Glyoxylic Acid and SO3: A Potential Nucleation Precursor. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:3261-3268. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c01558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Rong
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jiarong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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29
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Meng J, Liu X, Hou Z, Yi Y, Yan L, Li Z, Cao J, Li J, Wang G. Molecular characteristics and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in the urban atmosphere of the North China Plain: Implications for aqueous phase formation of SOA during the haze periods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135256. [PMID: 31838425 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 10/25/2019] [Accepted: 10/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the past five years, Chinese government has promulgated stringent measures to mitigate air pollution. However, PM2.5 levels in the China North Plain (NCP), which is one of the regions with the heaviest air pollution in the world, are still far beyond the World Health Organization (WHO) standard. To improve our understanding on the sources and formation mechanisms of haze in the NCP, PM2.5 samples were collected during the winter of 2017 on a day/night basis at the urban site of Liaocheng, which is one of the most polluted cities in the NCP. The samples were determined for molecular distributions and stable carbon isotope compositions of dicarboxylic acids and their precursors (ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls), levoglucosan, elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC) and water-soluble organic carbon (WSOC). Our results showed that oxalic acid (C2) is the dominant dicarboxylic acid, followed by succinic acid (C4) and malonic acid (C3), and glyoxylic acid (ωC2) is the most abundant ketocarboxylic acids. Concentrations of C2, glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (mGly) presented robust correlations with levoglucosan, suggesting that biomass burning is a significant source of PM2.5 in the NCP. Moreover, C2 and Gly and mGly linearly correlated with SO42-, relative humidity (RH), aerosol liquid water content (LWC) as well as particle in-situ pH (pHis), indicating that aqueous-phase oxidation is the major formation pathway of these SOA, and is driven by acid-catalyzed oxidation. Concentrations and relative abundances of secondary species including SNA (SO42-, NO3- and NH4+), dicarboxylic acids, and aerosol LWC in PM2.5 are much higher in the haze periods than in the clean periods, suggesting that aqueous reaction is a vital role in the haze formation. In comparison with those in the clean periods, stable carbon isotopic compositions (δ13C) of major dicarboxylic acids and related SOA and the mass ratios of C2/diacids, C2/Gly and C2/mGly are higher in the haze periods, indicating that haze particles were more aged and enriched in secondary species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Xiaodi Liu
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Zhanfang Hou
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Yanan Yi
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Li Yan
- Chinese Academy for Environmental Planning, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment and Planning, Liaocheng University, Liaocheng 252000, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China.
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30
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Wang J, Wang G, Wu C, Li J, Cao C, Li J, Xie Y, Ge S, Chen J, Zeng L, Zhu T, Zhang R, Kawamura K. Enhanced aqueous-phase formation of secondary organic aerosols due to the regional biomass burning over North China Plain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 256:113401. [PMID: 31753639 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
This study reveals the impact of biomass burning (BB) on secondary organic aerosols (SOA) formation in the North China Plain (NCP). Filter samples were analyzed for secondary inorganic aerosols (SIA), oxalic acid (C2) and related aqueous-phase SOA compounds (aqSOA), stable carbon isotope composition of C2 (δ13C(C2)) and aerosol liquid water content (ALWC). Based on the PM2.5 loadings, BB tracer concentrations, wildfire spots and air-mass back trajectories, we distinguished two episodes from the whole campaign, Episode I and Episode II, which were characteristic of regional and local BB, respectively. The abundances of PM2.5 and organic matter in the two events were comparable, but concentrations and fractions of SIA, aqSOA during Episode I were much higher than those during Episode II, along with heavier δ13C(C2), suggesting an enhanced aqSOA formation in the earlier period. We found that the enhancement of aqSOA formation during Episode I was caused by an increased ALWC, which was mainly driven by SIA during the regional BB event. Our work showed that intensive burning of crop residue in East Asia can sharply enhance aqSOA production on a large scale, which may have a significant impact on the regional climate and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Lab of Geophysical Information System of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210041, China; Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China.
| | - Can Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; Key Lab of Geophysical Information System of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210041, China
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Cong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Yuning Xie
- Key Lab of Geophysical Information System of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210041, China
| | - Shuangshuang Ge
- Key Lab of Geophysical Information System of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 210041, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Institute of Eco-Chongming, 3663 N. Zhongshan Rd., Shanghai, 200062, China
| | - Limin Zeng
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Tong Zhu
- BIC-ESAT and SKL-ESPC, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Renjian Zhang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-0891, Japan
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31
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Zhao W, Wang Z, Li S, Li L, Wei L, Xie Q, Yue S, Li T, Liang Y, Sun Y, Wang Z, Li X, Kawamura K, Wang T, Fu P. Water-soluble low molecular weight organics in cloud water at Mt. Tai Mo Shan, Hong Kong. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134095. [PMID: 32380603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Cloud-water samples collected at the summit of Mt. Tai Mo Shan (Mt. TMS, 957 m, a.s.l.), Hong Kong in autumn 2016 and spring 2017 were measured for molecular compositions and stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C) of dicarboxylic acids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls. Oxalic acid (C2, 253-1680 μg L-1) was found as the most abundant diacid, followed by succinic acid (C4, 24-656 μg L-1) in autumn and phthalic acid (Ph, 27-363 μg L-1) in spring. Higher concentrations of Ph (192 ± 197 μg L-1) and terephthalic acid (tPh, 31 ± 15 μg L-1) were observed in autumn than those in spring, illustrating the enhanced contribution from fossil fuel combustion and plastic wastes burning. Stronger correlations for the shorter chain diacids (C2-C4) with NO3-, nss-SO42- and nss-K+ in autumn (R2 ≥ 0.7) than spring suggested that these diacids were mainly produced via atmospheric photooxidation following anthropogenic emissions. The δ13C values of C2 (mean - 14.7‰), glyoxylic acid (ωC2, -12.2‰), pyruvic acid (Pyr, -15.5‰), glyoxal (Gly, -13.5‰) were much higher than those in atmospheric aerosols from isoprene and other precursors, indicating that diacids, oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls in cloud at Mt. TMS were significantly influenced by photochemical formation during the long-range atmospheric transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu Zhao
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Division of Environment and Sustainability, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Shuwen Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Linjie Li
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lianfang Wei
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiaorong Xie
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Siyao Yue
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; College of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yiheng Liang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yele Sun
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Zifa Wang
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiangdong Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Chubu Institute for Advanced Studies, Chubu University, Kasugai 487-8501, Japan
| | - Tao Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, China; Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China.
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32
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Harrison AW, Shaw MF, De Bruyn WJ. Theoretical Investigation of the Atmospheric Photochemistry of Glyoxylic Acid in the Gas Phase. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8109-8121. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b06268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron W. Harrison
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 98266, United States
| | - Miranda F. Shaw
- School of Chemistry, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Warren J. De Bruyn
- Schmid College of Science and Technology, Chapman University, Orange, California 98266, United States
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33
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Yu Q, Chen J, Qin W, Cheng S, Zhang Y, Ahmad M, Ouyang W. Characteristics and secondary formation of water-soluble organic acids in PM 1, PM 2.5 and PM 10 in Beijing during haze episodes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 669:175-184. [PMID: 30878926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.03.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water-soluble organic acids are widely involved in various atmospheric physicochemical processes and appear as an important fraction of atmospheric aerosols. Nineteen water-soluble organic acids in 12-h PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 samples collected in urban Beijing during haze episodes in winter and spring of 2017 were identified to investigate their characteristics and secondary formation mechanism. The molecular distributions of water-soluble organic acids as well as the high ratio of phthalic acid (Ph)/azelaic acid (C9) indicated severe aromatic secondary organic aerosol pollution during the haze episodes, especially in winter. The diurnal patterns, size distributions, and concentration ratios of specific organic acids were investigated to reveal the pollution characteristics and possible sources of major organic acids in particulate matter in Beijing during haze events. Multiple linear regression was used to tentatively quantify the relative contributions of photochemical oxidation and aqueous-phase oxidation to the formation of total water-soluble organic acids in PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 during haze episodes. The formation mechanism of sulfate and nitrate was also investigated for comparison. Different from the secondary formation of sulfate, the secondary formation of water-soluble organic acids showed enhanced contribution of gas-phase photochemical oxidation though the aqueous-phase oxidation was the dominant process. CAPSULE: Molecular analyses of organic acids in PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 in Beijing during haze periods revealed their pollution characteristics, possible sources and formation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Yu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jing Chen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute, Nanjing 210029, China.
| | - Weihua Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Siming Cheng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yuepeng Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Mushtaq Ahmad
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei Ouyang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China; Center of Atmospheric Environmental Studies, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Ren YQ, Wang GH, Li JJ, Wu C, Cao C, Li J, Wang JY, Ge SS, Xie YN, Li XR, Meng F, Li H. Evolution of aerosol chemistry in Xi'an during the spring dust storm periods: Implications for heterogeneous formation of secondary organic aerosols on the dust surface. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 215:413-421. [PMID: 30336318 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.10.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
TSP and 9-stage size-segregated samples were simultaneously collected in Xi'an during the spring of 2013 and analyzed for organic aerosols (OA) on a molecular level. n-Alkanes were the dominant compound class during the whole campaign, followed by fatty acids. High molecular weight (HMW) n-alkanes and fatty acids dominated in the coarse mode particles (>1.1 μm) during the dust event, indicating they were mostly originated from surface soil and plants in the upwind regions. Low-volatile anthropogenic compounds such as benzo(e)pyrene (BeP) and bisphenol A (BPA) dominated in the fine mode particles during the whole campaign. In contrast, semi-volatile anthropogenic compounds such as phenanthrene (Phe) and di-n-butyl phthalates (DBP) showed a bimodal size distribution with a significant increase in the coarse mode during the dust event due to their vaporization from the fine mode particles and the subsequent adsorption on the dust surface. Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) in Xi'an during the dust storm period were predominantly enriched on the coarse particles, which can be ascribed to the adsorption and subsequent oxidation of gas-phase hydrophilic organics on the aqueous-phase of hygroscopic dust surface (e.g., mirabilite). Our work suggested an important role of multiphase reaction in evolution of aerosol chemistry during the dust long-range transport process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Qin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ge Hui Wang
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200142, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Jian Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China
| | - Can Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Cong Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Jia Yuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shuang Shuang Ge
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200142, China
| | - Yu Ning Xie
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200142, China
| | - Xing Ru Li
- Key Lab of Geographic Information Science of Ministry of Education of China, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200142, China; Department of Chemistry, Analytical and Testing Center, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Fan Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Hong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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Arhami M, Shahne MZ, Hosseini V, Roufigar Haghighat N, Lai AM, Schauer JJ. Seasonal trends in the composition and sources of PM 2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol in Tehran, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:69-81. [PMID: 29649761 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Currently PM2.5 is a major air pollution concern in Tehran, Iran due to frequent high levels and possible adverse impacts. In this study, which is the first of its kind to take place in Tehran, composition and sources of PM2.5 and carbonaceous aerosol were determined, and their seasonal trends were studied. In this regard, fine PM samples were collected every six days at a residential station for one year and the chemical constituents including organic marker species, metals, and ions were analyzed by chemical analysis. The source apportionment was performed using organic molecular marker-based CMB receptor modeling. Carbonaceous compounds were the major contributors to fine particulate mass in Tehran, as OC and EC together comprised on average 29% of PM2.5 mass. Major portions of OC in Tehran were water insoluble and are mainly attributed to primary sources. Higher levels of several PAHs, which are organic tracers of incomplete combustion, and hopanes and steranes as organic tracers of mobile sources were obtained in cold months and compared to the warm months. The major contributing source to particulate OC was identified as vehicles, which contributed about 72% of measured OC. Among mobile sources, gasoline-fueled vehicles had the highest impact with a mean contribution of 48% to the measured OC. Mobile sources also were the largest contributor to total PM2.5 (40%), followed by dust (24%) and sulfate (11%). In addition to primary emissions, mobile sources also directly and indirectly played an important role in another 27% of fine particulate mass (secondary organics and ions), which highlights the impact of vehicles in Tehran. Our results highlighted and quantified the role of motor vehicles in fine PM production, particularly during winter time. The results of this study could be used to set more effective regulations and control strategies particularly upon mobile sources.
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Liu L, Kupiainen-Määttä O, Zhang H, Li H, Zhong J, Kurtén T, Vehkamäki H, Zhang S, Zhang Y, Ge M, Zhang X, Li Z. Clustering mechanism of oxocarboxylic acids involving hydration reaction: Implications for the atmospheric models. J Chem Phys 2018; 148:214303. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Oona Kupiainen-Määttä
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Haijie Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hao Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Jie Zhong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, USA
| | - Theo Kurtén
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Hanna Vehkamäki
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 64 (Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2a), FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Shaowen Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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Wang J, Cao J, Dong Z, Guinot B, Gao M, Huang R, Han Y, Huang Y, Ho SSH, Shen Z. Seasonal variation, spatial distribution and source apportionment for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at nineteen communities in Xi'an, China: The effects of suburban scattered emissions in winter. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:1330-1343. [PMID: 28923340 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2017] [Revised: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal variation and spatial distribution of PM2.5 bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were investigated at urban residential, commercial area, university, suburban region, and industry in Xi'an, during summer and winter time at 2013. Much higher levels of total PAHs were obtained in winter. Spatial distributions by kriging interpolations principle showed that relative high PAHs were detected in western Xi'an in both summer and winter, with decreasing trends in winter from the old city wall to the 2nd-3rd ring road except for the suburban region and industry. Coefficients of diversity and statistics by SPSS method demonstrated that PAHs in suburban have significant differences (t < 0.05) with those in urban residential in both seasons. The positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) modeling indicated that biomass burning (31.1%) and vehicle emissions (35.9%) were main sources for PAHs in winter and summer in urban, which different with the suburban. The coal combustion was the main source for PAHs in suburban region, which accounted for 46.6% in winter and sharp decreased to 19.2% in summer. Scattered emissions from uncontrolled coal combustion represent an important source of PAHs in suburban in winter and there were about 135 persons in Xi'an will suffer from lung cancer for lifetime exposure at winter levels. Further studies are needed to specify the effluence of the scattered emission in suburban to the city and to develop a strategy for controlling those emissions and lighten possible health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingzhi Wang
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Junji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhibao Dong
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Geography Education, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Blown Sand Physics and Desert Environments, Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Benjamin Guinot
- Laboratoire d'Aerologie, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Toulouse, France
| | - Meiling Gao
- Environmental Health Sciences Division, School of Public Health, University of California Berkeley, 50 University Hall 7360, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Rujin Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yongming Han
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Yu Huang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Steven Sai Hang Ho
- Key Lab of Aerosol Chemistry & Physics, State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology (SKLLQG), Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, United States
| | - Zhenxing Shen
- Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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Liu L, Zhang X, Li Z, Zhang Y, Ge M. Gas-phase hydration of glyoxylic acid: Kinetics and atmospheric implications. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 186:430-437. [PMID: 28802978 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Oxocarboxylic acids are one of the most important organic species found in secondary organic aerosols and can be detected in diverse environments. But the hydration of oxocarboxylic acids in the atmosphere has still not been fully understood. Neglecting the hydration of oxocarboxylic acids in atmospheric models may be one of the most important reasons for the significant discrepancies between field measurements and abundance predictions of atmospheric models for oxocarboxylic acids. In the present paper, glyoxylic acid, as the most abundant oxocarboxylic acids in the atmosphere, has been selected as an example to study whether the hydration process can occur in the atmosphere and what the kinetic process of hydration is. The gas-phase hydration of glyoxylic acid to form the corresponding geminal diol and those catalyzed by atmospheric common substances (water, sulfuric acid and ammonia) have been investigated at the CCSD(T)-F12/cc-pVDZ-F12//M06-2X/6-311++G(3df,3pd) level of theory. The contour map of electron density difference of transition states have been further analyzed. It is indicated that these atmospheric common substances can all catalyze on the hydration to some extent and sulfuric acid is the most effective reducing the Gibbs free energy of activation to 9.48 kcal/mol. The effective rate constants combining the overall rate constants and concentrations of the corresponding catalysts have shown that water and sulfuric acid are both important catalysts and the catalysis of sulfuric acid is the most effective for the gas-phase hydration of glyoxylic acid. This catalyzed processes are potentially effective in coastal regions and polluted regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Liu
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiuhui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Zesheng Li
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China.
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, Ministry of Education of China, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Maofa Ge
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), State Key Laboratory for Structural Chemistry of Unstable and Stable Species, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100190, China
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Li J, Wang G, Ren Y, Wang J, Wu C, Han Y, Zhang L, Cheng C, Meng J. Identification of chemical compositions and sources of atmospheric aerosols in Xi'an, inland China during two types of haze events. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 566-567:230-237. [PMID: 27220100 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Revised: 05/07/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
High time resolution (1h) of TSP filter samples was collected in Xi'an in inland China from December 5 to 13, 2012, during which a 9-day long of haze episode occurred. The hazy days were classified as two types, i.e., Light-haze period with moderate degradation in visibility (5-10km) and relatively dry conditions (RH: 53±19%) and Severe-haze period with a daily visibility less than 5km and humid conditions (RH: 73±14%). TSP in the two periods (415±205 and 530±180μgm(-3) in Light-haze and Severe-haze periods, respectively) was comparable, but crustal Fe and Ca elements presented higher concentrations and strong correlation (R(2)=0.72) with TSP in Light-haze period. SO4(2-), NO3(-) and NH4(+) in Light-haze period were 16±5.9, 12±6.7 and 4.1±2.8μgm(-3), respectively, and increased dramatically to 51±15, 44±9.7 and 23±5.6μgm(-3) in Severe-haze period. Contributions of Fe and Ca to TSP decreased from 9.2% in Light-haze period to 5.3% in Severe-haze period, but those of SO4(2-), NO3(-) and NH4(+) increased from 3.8%, 2.9% and 1.0% in Light-haze period to 9.6%, 8.3% and 4.4% in Severe-haze period, respectively. These results suggest that dust-derived particles were more significant in Light-haze period while secondary aerosols were more important in Severe-haze period. Hopanes (33±24 and 38±29ngm(-3) in Light-haze and Severe-haze periods, respectively) during the two types of haze periods are comparable, indicating that differences in contribution of primary organic aerosols from fossil fuel combustions to TSP were insignificant. In contrast, the ratio of secondary organic aerosols (e.g., o-phthalic acid) to EC was much higher in Severe-haze period (5.8±2.7ngμg(-1)) than in Light-haze period (3.4±2.1ngμg(-1)), probably indicating that the humid conditions in Severe-haze period are favorable for secondary organic aerosol formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710079, China; Center for Excellence in Urban Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China.
| | - Yanqin Ren
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jiayuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Can Wu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanni Han
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Meng
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710061, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Deshmukh DK, Kawamura K, Deb MK. Dicarboxylic acids, ω-oxocarboxylic acids, α-dicarbonyls, WSOC, OC, EC, and inorganic ions in wintertime size-segregated aerosols from central India: Sources and formation processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 161:27-42. [PMID: 27414241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.06.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2016] [Revised: 06/20/2016] [Accepted: 06/27/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The size distributions of aerosols can provide evidences for their sources and formation processes in the atmosphere. Size-segregated aerosols (9-sizes) were collected in urban site (Raipur: 21.2°N and 82.3°E) in central India during winter of 2012-2013. The samples were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids (C2-C12), ω-oxocarboxylic acids (ωC2-ωC9), pyruvic acid and α-dicarbonyls (C2-C3) as well as elemental carbon (EC), organic carbon (OC), water-soluble OC (WSOC) and inorganic ions. Diacids showed a predominance of oxalic acid (C2) followed by succinic and azelaic acid whereas ω-oxoacids exhibited a predominance of glyoxylic acid and glyoxal was more abundant than methylglyoxal in all the sizes. Diacids, ω-oxoacids and α-dicarbonyls showed bimodal size distribution with peaks in fine and coarse modes. High correlations of fine mode diacids and related compounds with potassium and levoglucosan suggest that they were presumably due to a substantial contribution of primary emission from biomass burning and secondary production from biomass burning derived precursors. High correlations of C2 with higher carbon number diacids (C3-C9) suggest that they have similar sources and C2 may be produced via the decay of its higher homologous diacids in fine mode. Considerable portions of diacids and related compounds in coarse mode suggest that they were associated with mineral dust particles by their adsorption and photooxidation of anthropogenic and biogenic precursors via heterogeneous reaction on dust surface. This study demonstrates that biomass burning and dust particles are two major factors to control the size distribution of diacids and related compounds in the urban aerosols from central India.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhananjay K Deshmukh
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Kimitaka Kawamura
- Institute of Low Temperature Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0819, Japan.
| | - Manas K Deb
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur 492010, India
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Shirmohammadi F, Hasheminassab S, Saffari A, Schauer JJ, Delfino RJ, Sioutas C. Fine and ultrafine particulate organic carbon in the Los Angeles basin: Trends in sources and composition. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 541:1083-1096. [PMID: 26473710 PMCID: PMC4656077 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.09.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 09/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
In this study, PM2.5 and PM0.18 (particles with dp<2.5 μm and dp<0.18 μm, respectively) were collected during 2012-2013 in Central Los Angeles (LA) and 2013-2014 in Anaheim. Samples were chemically analyzed for carbonaceous species (elemental and organic carbons) and individual organic compounds. Concentrations of organic compounds were reported and compared with many previous studies in Central LA to quantify the impact of emissions control measurements that have been implemented for vehicular emissions over the past decades in this area. Moreover, a novel hybrid approach of molecular marker-based chemical mass balance (MM-CMB) analysis was conducted, in which a combination of source profiles that were previously obtained from a Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) model in Central LA, were combined with some traditional source profiles. The model estimated the relative contributions from mobile sources (including gasoline, diesel, and smoking vehicles), wood smoke, primary biogenic sources (including emissions from vegetative detritus, food cooking, and re-suspended soil dust), and anthropogenic secondary organic carbon (SOC). Mobile sources contributed to 0.65 ± 0.25 μg/m(3) and 0.32 ± 0.25 μg/m(3) of PM2.5 OC in Central LA and Anaheim, respectively. Primary biogenic and anthropogenic SOC sources were major contributors to OC concentrations in both size fractions and sites. Un-apportioned OC ("other OC") accounted for an average 8.0 and 26% of PM2.5 OC concentration in Central LA and Anaheim, respectively. A comparison with previous studies in Central LA revealed considerable reduction of EC and OC, along with tracers of mobile sources (e.g. PAHs, hopanes and steranes) as a result of implemented regulations on vehicular emissions. Given the significant reduction of the impacts of mobile sources in the past decade in the LA Basin, the impact of SOC and primary biogenic emissions have a larger relative impact and the new hybrid model allows the impact of these sources to be better quantified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farimah Shirmohammadi
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sina Hasheminassab
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Arian Saffari
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - James J Schauer
- University of Wisconsin-Madison, Environmental Chemistry and Technology Program, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Ralph J Delfino
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Constantinos Sioutas
- University of Southern California, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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Tsai YI, Sopajaree K, Kuo SC, Yu SP. Potential PM2.5 impacts of festival-related burning and other inputs on air quality in an urban area of southern Taiwan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 527-528:65-79. [PMID: 25958356 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The Mid-Autumn Festival (MAF), or Moon Festival, is a harvest festival in Taiwan, celebrated by families across the island with evening barbecues outside. This study investigated the potential impact of these activities on the air quality in Tainan, a city in southern Taiwan. Fine particulate matter (PM2.5) was examined in the period leading up to the MAF (pre-MAF), during the Festival (MAF), after the Festival (post-MAF), and in the period after this (a period of moderate air quality: MAQ). Gaseous pollutants in PM2.5 were, from highest to lowest mean concentration, NH3, SO2, HCl, HNO3, HNO2, and oxalic acid, while inorganic salts were mainly in the form of the photochemical products SO4(2-), NH4(+), and NO3(-). These inorganic salts accounted for 37.6%-44.5% of the PM2.5 mass concentration, while a further 26.3%-42.8% of the PM2.5 mass was total carbon (TC). TC was mostly composed of organic carbon (OC) produced by photochemical reactions. Of this, 9.8%-14.9% was carboxylates, of which oxalate was the most abundant compound, accounting for 22.8%-31.9% of carboxylates. The presence of phthalates in the PM2.5 indicated emissions from the plastics industry. Although a noticeable amount of aerosol was produced by festival activities and burning of softwood and hardwood, onshore air currents during the festival prevented potential high aerosol loading. During the moderate air quality period following post-MAF, the concentration of total carbohydrates was 1.44-2.64 times the amount during the festival. Levoglucosan and myo-inositol accounted for 81.7%-89.6% of the total carbohydrate concentration. The average Levo/Manno ratio was 18.64 ± 5.24. The concentration of levoglucosan was closely related to that of PO4(3-), erythritol, and galactose. Backward trajectories indicated that biomass burning in China affected the air quality of Tainan City.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying I Tsai
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; Indoor Air Quality Research and Service Center, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan.
| | - Khajornsak Sopajaree
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Su-Ching Kuo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Po Yu
- Department of Environmental Engineering and Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, 60, Sec. 1, Erren Rd., Rende District, Tainan 71710, Taiwan
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43
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Li XD, Yang Z, Fu P, Yu J, Lang YC, Liu D, Ono K, Kawamura K. High abundances of dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids, and α-dicarbonyls in fine aerosols (PM2.5) in Chengdu, China during wintertime haze pollution. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12902-12918. [PMID: 25913314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4548-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime fine aerosol (PM2.5) samples were collected during a haze episode in January 2013 within the urban area of Chengdu, southwest China. Aerosol samples were analyzed for low-molecular-weight homologous dicarboxylic acids, oxocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls, as well as organic carbon and elemental carbon. Concentration ranges of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were 1,400-5,250, 272-1,380, and 88-220 ng m(-3), respectively. Molecular distributions of diacids (mean 3,388 ± 943 ng m(-3)) were characterized by a predominance of oxalic acid (C2; 1,373 ± 427 ng m(-3)), followed by succinic (C4), terephthalic (tPh), and phthalic (Ph) acids. Such high levels of tPh and Ph were different from those in other Asian cities where malonic acid (C3) is the second or third highest species, mostly owing to significant emissions from coal combustion and uncontrolled waste incineration. High contents of diacids, oxoacids, and α-dicarbonyls were detected on hazy days, suggesting an enhanced emission and/or formation of these organics during such a weather condition. Concentrations of unsaturated aliphatic diacids (e.g., maleic acid) and phthalic acids were higher in nighttime than in daytime. Good positive correlations of C2 with C3, C4, ketomalonic (kC3), pyruvic (Pyr), and glyoxylic (ɷC2) acids in daytime suggest secondary production of C2 via the photooxidation of longer chain diacids and ɷC2. This study demonstrated that both primary emissions and secondary production are important sources of dicarboxylic acids and related compounds in atmospheric aerosols in the Sichuan Basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Dong Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang, 550002, China
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44
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Wang P, Cao JJ, Shen ZX, Han YM, Lee SC, Huang Y, Zhu CS, Wang QY, Xu HM, Huang RJ. Spatial and seasonal variations of PM2.5 mass and species during 2010 in Xi'an, China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 508:477-487. [PMID: 25514763 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 mass and selected chemical species are measured in 24-h integrated PM2.5 samples collected simultaneously at the urban and rural regions of Xi'an (six sites in total), China in the four seasons of 2010. The analytes include organic carbon and elemental carbon (OC+EC = total carbon, TC), seven water-soluble inorganic ions (NH4(+), K(+), Mg(2+), Ca(2+), Cl(-), SO4(2-), NO3(-)) and six trace elements (Ti, Mn, Fe, Zn, As, Pb). The average PM2.5 mass for the entire measurement period is 142.6 ± 102.7 μg m(-3), which is more than four times that of the Chinese national ambient air quality standard. Spatial variations in PM2.5 mass are not pronounced. The PM2.5 mass and those species measured show a similar seasonal pattern in all six measurement sites, i.e., in the order of winter > autumn > spring > summer. The dominant PM2.5 composition is OC in winter, soil dust in spring, and sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium in summer and autumn. Seasonal variations of TC/PM2.5 and OC/EC ratios follow the PM2.5 changes. Seasonal distributions of (SO4(2-)+NO3(-)+NH4(+))/PM2.5 showed increase in autumn and decrease in winter, while NO3(-)/SO4(2-) ratios increased in autumn and decreased in summer. Eight main PM2.5 sources are identified based on the positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis and emissions from fossil fuel combustion (traffic and coal burning) are founded to be the main source responsible for the fine particle pollution in Xi'an. In addition, a decreasing trend in OC/PM2.5 is observed in comparison with previous studies in Xi'an.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Jun-ji Cao
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China; Institute of Global Environmental Change, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Zhen-xing Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong-ming Han
- State Key Lab of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Shun-cheng Lee
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Yu Huang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong
| | - Chong-shu Zhu
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Qi-yuan Wang
- Key Lab of Aerosol Science & Technology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, China
| | - Hong-mei Xu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Ru-jin Huang
- Lab of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) Villigen, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland; Centre for Climate and Air Pollution Studies, Ryan Institute, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland
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45
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Enami S, Hoffmann MR, Colussi AJ. Stepwise Oxidation of Aqueous Dicarboxylic Acids by Gas-Phase OH Radicals. J Phys Chem Lett 2015; 6:527-534. [PMID: 26261974 DOI: 10.1021/jz502432j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
A leading source of uncertainty in predicting the climate and health effects of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) is how its composition changes over their atmospheric lifetimes. Because dicarboxylic acid (DCA) homologues are widespread in SOA, their distribution provides an ideal probe of both aerosol age and the oxidative power of the atmosphere along its trajectory. Here we report, for the first time, on the oxidation of DCA(aq) by ·OH(g) at the air-water interface. We found that exposure of aqueous HOOC-Rn-COOH (Rn = C2H4, C3H6, C4H8, C5H10, and C6H12) microjets to ∼10 ns ·OH(g) pulses from the 266 nm laser photolysis of O3(g)/O2(g)/H2O(g) mixtures yields the corresponding (n-1) species O═C(H)-Rn-1-COO(-)/HOOC-Rn-1-COO(-), in addition to an array of closed-shell HOOC-Rn(-H)(OOH)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-2H)(═O)-COO(-), HOOC-Rn(-H)(OH)-COO(-), and radical HOOC-Rn(-H)(OO·)-COO(-) species. Oxalic and malonic acids, which are shown to be significantly less hydrophobic and reactive than their higher homologues, will predictably accumulate in SOA, in accordance with field observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichi Enami
- †The Hakubi Center for Advanced Research, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8302, Japan
- ‡Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Uji 611-0011, Japan
- §PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi 332-0012, Japan
| | - Michael R Hoffmann
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Agustín J Colussi
- ∥Linde Center for Global Environmental Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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46
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Nirmalkar J, Deb MK, Deshmukh DK, Tsai YI, Verma SK. Molecular markers in ambient aerosol in the Mahanadi Riverside Basin of eastern central India during winter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:1220-1231. [PMID: 25131681 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-014-3416-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic molecular markers are important atmospheric constituents. Their formation and sources are important aspects of the study of urban and rural air quality. We collected PM10 aerosol samples from the Mahanadi Riverside Basin (MRB), a rural part of eastern central India, during the winter of 2011. PM10 aerosols were characterized for molecular markers using ion chromatography. The concentration of PM10 ranged from 208.8 to 588.3 μg m(-3) with a mean concentration of 388.9 μg m(-3). Total concentration of anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalate were found to be 3.25, 5.60, 10.52, and 0.37 μg m(-3), respectively, during the study period. Glucose was the most abundant species followed by levoglucosan and mannitol. Significant positive correlation between the molecular markers, anhydrosugars, sugar alcohols, primary sugars, and oxalic acid confirmed that biomass burning, biogenic activity, and re-suspension of soil particles were the main sources of aerosol in the eastern central India study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jayant Nirmalkar
- School of Studies in Chemistry, Pt. Ravishankar Shukla University, Raipur, 492010, India
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47
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Meng J, Wang G, Li J, Cheng C, Ren Y, Huang Y, Cheng Y, Cao J, Zhang T. Seasonal characteristics of oxalic acid and related SOA in the free troposphere of Mt. Hua, central China: implications for sources and formation mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 493:1088-1097. [PMID: 24925591 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PM10 aerosols from the summit of Mt. Hua (2060 m a.s.l) in central China during the winter and summer of 2009 were analyzed for dicarboxylic acids, ketocarboxylic acids and α-dicarbonyls. Molecular composition of dicarboxylic acids (C2-C11) in the free tropospheric aerosols reveals that oxalic acid (C2, 399 ± 261 ng m(-3) in winter and 522 ± 261 ng m(-3) in summer) is the most abundant species in both seasons, followed by malonic (C3) and succinic (C4) acids, being consistent with that on ground levels. Most of the diacids are more abundant in summer than in winter, but adipic (C6) and phthalic (Ph) acids are twice lower in summer, suggesting more significant impact of anthropogenic pollution on the wintertime alpine atmosphere. Moreover, glyoxal (Gly) and methylglyoxal (mGly) are also lower in summer (12 ± 6.1 ng m(-3)) than in winter (22 ± 13 ng m(-3)). As both dicarbonyls are a major precursor of C2, their seasonal variation patterns, which are opposite to those of the diacids, indicate that the mountain troposphere is more oxidative in summer. C2 showed strong linear correlations with levoglucosan in winter and oxidation products of isoprene and monoterpene in summer. PCA analysis further suggested that the wintertime C2 and related SOA in the Mt. Hua troposphere mostly originate from photochemical oxidations of anthropogenic pollutants emitted from biofuel and coal combustion in lowland regions. On contrast, the summertime C2 and related SOA mostly originate from further oxidation of the mountainous isoprene and monoterpene oxidation products. The AIM model calculation results showed that oxalic acid concentration well correlated with particle acidity (R(2)=0.60) but not correlated with particle liquid water content, indicating that particle acidity favors the organic acid formation because aqueous-phase C2 production is the primary mechanism of C2 formation in ambient aerosols and is driven by acid-catalyzed oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; School of Human Settlements and Civil Engineering, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China.
| | - Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Chunlei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuting Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Ting Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
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48
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Zhou Q, Pang SF, Wang Y, Ma JB, Zhang YH. Confocal Raman Studies of the Evolution of the Physical State of Mixed Phthalic Acid/Ammonium Sulfate Aerosol Droplets and the Effect of Substrates. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:6198-205. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5004598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Zhou
- The Institute of Chemical
Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shu-Feng Pang
- The Institute of Chemical
Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yang Wang
- The Institute of Chemical
Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jia-Bi Ma
- The Institute of Chemical
Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun-Hong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical
Physics, Key Laboratory of Cluster Science, School of Chemistry, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, People’s Republic of China
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49
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Li J, Wang G, Aggarwal SG, Huang Y, Ren Y, Zhou B, Singh K, Gupta PK, Cao J, Zhang R. Comparison of abundances, compositions and sources of elements, inorganic ions and organic compounds in atmospheric aerosols from Xi'an and New Delhi, two megacities in China and India. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 476-477:485-95. [PMID: 24496022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Revised: 01/01/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2014] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Wintertime TSP samples collected in the two megacities of Xi'an, China and New Delhi, India were analyzed for elements, inorganic ions, carbonaceous species and organic compounds to investigate the differences in chemical compositions and sources of organic aerosols. The current work is the first time comparing the composition of urban organic aerosols from China and India and discussing their sources in a single study. Our results showed that the concentrations of Ca, Fe, Ti, inorganic ions, EC, PAHs and hopanes in Xi'an are 1.3-2.9 times of those in New Delhi, which is ascribed to the higher emissions of dust and coal burning in Xi'an. In contrast, Cl(-), levoglucosan, n-alkanes, fatty alcohols, fatty acids, phthalates and bisphenol A are 0.4-3.0 times higher in New Delhi than in Xi'an, which is attributed to strong emissions from biomass burning and solid waste incineration. PAHs are carcinogenic while phthalates and bisphenol A are endocrine disrupting. Thus, the significant difference in chemical compositions of the above TSP samples may suggest that residents in Xi'an and New Delhi are exposed to environmental hazards that pose different health risks. Lower mass ratios of octadecenoic acid/octadecanoic acid (C18:1/C18:0) and benzo(a)pyrene/benzo(e)pyrene (BaP/BeP) demonstrate that aerosol particles in New Delhi are photochemically more aged. Mass closure reconstructions of the wintertime TSP indicate that crustal material is the most abundant component of ambient particles in Xi'an and New Delhi, accounting for 52% and 48% of the particle masses, respectively, followed by organic matter (24% and 23% in Xi'an and New Delhi, respectively) and secondary inorganic ions (sulfate, nitrate plus ammonium, 16% and 12% in Xi'an and New Delhi, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Gehui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China.
| | - Shankar G Aggarwal
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Yao Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Yanqin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Bianhong Zhou
- Department of Geographical Science and Environmental Engineering, Baoji University of Arts and Sciences, Baoji 721013, China
| | - Khem Singh
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Prabhat K Gupta
- Analytical Chemistry Section, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory, New Delhi 110012, India
| | - Junji Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
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50
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Zhao X, Wang X, Ding X, He Q, Zhang Z, Liu T, Fu X, Gao B, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Deng X, Wu D. Compositions and sources of organic acids in fine particles (PM2.5) over the Pearl River Delta region, South China. J Environ Sci (China) 2014; 26:110-121. [PMID: 24649696 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(13)60386-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Organic acids as important constituents of organic aerosols not only influence the aerosols' hygroscopic property, but also enhance the formation of new particles and secondary organic aerosols. This study reported organic acids including C14-C32 fatty acids, C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids in PM2.5 collected during winter 2009 at six typical urban, suburban and rural sites in the Pearl River Delta region. Averaged concentrations of C14-C32 fatty acids, aromatic acids and C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids were 157, 72.5 and 50.7 ng/m3, respectively. They totally accounted for 1.7% of measured organic carbon. C20-C32 fatty acids mainly deriving from higher plant wax showed the highest concentration at the upwind rural site with more vegetation around, while C14-C18 fatty acids were more abundant at urban and suburban sites, and dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids except 1,4-phthalic acid peaked at the downwind rural site. Succinic and azelaic acid were the most abundant among C4-C9 dicarboxylic acids, and 1,2-phthalic and 1,4-phthalic acid were dominant aromatic acids. Dicarboxylic acids and aromatic acids exhibited significant mutual correlations except for 1,4-phthalic acid, which was probably primarily emitted from combustion of solid wastes containing polyethylene terephthalate plastics. Spatial patterns and correlations with typical source tracers suggested that C14-C32 fatty acids were mainly primary while dicarboxylic and aromatic acids were largely secondary. Principal component analysis resolved six sources including biomass burning, natural higher plant wax, two mixed anthropogenic and two secondary sources; further multiple linear regression revealed their contributions to individual organic acids. It turned out that more than 70% of C14-C18 fatty acids were attributed to anthropogenic sources, about 50%-85% of the C20-C32 fatty acids were attributed to natural sources, 80%-95% of dicarboxylic acids and 1,2-phthalic acid were secondary in contrast with that 81% of 1,4-phthalic acid was primary.
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