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Hong X, Yuan L, Zhao X, Shan Y, Qin T, Li J, Zha J. Embryonic Exposure to Organophosphate Flame Retardants (OPFRs) Differentially Induces Cardiotoxicity in Rare Minnow ( Gobiocypris rarus). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:13648-13657. [PMID: 39069658 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c01927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/30/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) such as triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were reported to impair cardiac function in fish. However, limited information is available regarding their cardiotoxic mechanisms. Using rare minnow (Gobiocypris rarus) as a model, we found that both TPHP and TDCIPP exposures decreased heart rate at 96 h postfertilization (hpf) in embryos. Atropine (an mAChR antagonist) can significantly attenuate the bradycardia caused by TPHP, but only marginally attenuated in TDCIPP treatment, suggesting that TDCIPP-induced bradycardia is independent of mAChR. Unlike TDCIPP, although TPHP-induced bradycardia could be reversed by transferring larvae to a clean medium, the inhibitory effect of AChE activity persisted compared to 96 hpf, indicating the existence of other bradycardia regulatory mechanisms. Transcriptome profiling revealed cardiotoxicity-related pathways in treatments at 24 and 72 hpf in embryos/larvae. Similar transcriptional alterations were also confirmed in the hearts of adult fish. Further studies verified that TPHP and TDCIPP can interfere with Na+/Ca2+ transport and lead to disorders of cardiac excitation-contraction coupling in larvae. Our findings provide useful clues for unveiling the differential cardiotoxic mechanisms of OPFRs and identifying abnormal Na+/Ca2+ transport as one of a select few known factors sufficient to impair fish cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangsheng Hong
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Lilai Yuan
- Fishery Resource and Environment Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Beijing 100141, China
| | - Xu Zhao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Environmental Protection of the People's Republic of China, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Yuan Shan
- National Fisheries Technology Extension Center and China Society of Fisheries, Beijing 100125, China
| | - Tianlong Qin
- Aquatic Technology Promotion Guidance Center for Wuhan, 821 Development Avenue, Jiangan District, Wuhan 430014, China
| | - Jiasu Li
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- National Engineering Research Center of Industrial Wastewater Detoxication and Resource Recovery, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Kanda K, Iwata H. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exposure inhibits the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), mesoderm differentiation, and cardiovascular development in early chicken embryos. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171242. [PMID: 38417504 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant used worldwide and has been detected in the tissues and eggs of wild birds. Our previous study reported that exposure to TCEP induced developmental delay and cardiovascular dysfunction with attenuated heart rate and vasculogenesis in early chicken embryos. This study aimed to investigate the molecular mechanisms underlying the cardiovascular effects of TCEP on chicken embryos using cardiac transcriptome analysis and to examine whether TCEP exposure affects epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that TCEP exposure decreased the expression of cardiac conduction-related genes and transcription factors on day 5 of incubation. In extraembryonic blood vessels, the expression levels of genes related to fibroblast growth factor (FGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) were significantly reduced by TCEP exposure and vasculogenesis was suppressed. TCEP exposure also attenuated Snail family transcriptional repressor 2 (SNAI2) and T-box transcription factor T (TBXT) signaling in the chicken primitive streak, indicating that TCEP inhibits EMT and mesoderm differentiation during gastrulation at the early developmental stage. These effects on EMT and mesoderm differentiation may be related to subsequent phenotypic defects, including suppression of heart development and blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuki Kanda
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan; National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, 3-1-5 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Hisato Iwata
- Center for Marine Environmental Studies (CMES), Ehime University, 2-5 Bunkyo-cho, Matsuyama, Ehime 790-8577, Japan.
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Zhang X, Tong X, Tang X, Yang Y, Zhang L, Zhan X, Zhang X. Behavioral toxicity of TDCPP in marine zooplankton: Evidence from feeding and swimming responses, molecular dynamics and metabolomics of rotifers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:170864. [PMID: 38401740 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 01/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
As new organic flame retardants, chlorinated organophosphate esters (Cl-OPEs) have high water solubility and structural similarity to organophosphate pesticides, posing risks to aquatic organisms. The potential neurotoxicity of Cl-OPEs has attracted attention, especially in marine invertebrates with a relatively simple nervous system. In this study, a marine rotifer with a cerebral ganglion, Brachionus plicatilis, was exposed to tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) (two environmental concentrations and one extreme level), and the changes in feeding and swimming behaviors and internal mechanism were explored. Exposure to 1.05 nM TDCPP did not change the filtration and ingestion rates of rotifers and average linear velocity. But 0.42 and 4.20 μM TDCPP inhibited these three parameters and reduced unsaturated fatty acid content, reproduction and population growth. All TDCPP test concentrations suppressed AChE activity, causing excessive accumulation of acetylcholine within rotifers, thereby disturbing the neural innervation of corona cilia. Molecular docking and molecular dynamics revealed that this inhibition was because TDCPP can bind to the catalytic active site of rotifer AChE through van der Waals forces and electrostatic interactions. TRP420 was the leading amino residue in the binding, and GLY207 contributed to a hydrogen bond. Nontargeted metabolomics using LC-MS and GC-MS identified differentially expressed metabolites in TDCPP treatments, mainly from lipid and lipid-like molecules, especially sphingolipids. TDCPP decreased ganglioside content but stimulated ceramide generation and the expression levels of 3 genes related to ceramide de novo synthesis. The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and ATP content decreased, and the electron respiratory chain complex and TCA cycle were deactivated. An inhibitor of ceramide synthase, fumonisin, alleviated MMP and ATP, implying a critical role of ceramide in mitochondrial dysfunction. Thus, TDCPP exposure caused an energy supply deficit affecting ciliary movement and ultimately inhibiting rotifer behaviors. Overall, this study promotes the understanding of the neurotoxicity of Cl-OPEs in marine invertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xin Tong
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yixin Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Luyuchen Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xiaotong Zhan
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Wang X, Song F. The neurotoxicity of organophosphorus flame retardant tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP): Main effects and its underlying mechanisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123569. [PMID: 38369091 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
As a major alternative to the brominated flame retardants, the production and use of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasing. And tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP), one of the most widely used OPFRs, is now commonly found in a variety of products, such as building materials, furniture, bedding, electronic equipment, and baby products. TDCPP does not readily degrade in the water and tends to accumulate continuously in the environment. It has been detected in indoor dust, air, water, soil, and human samples. Considered as an emerging environmental pollutant, increasing studies have demonstrated its adverse effects on environmental organisms and human beings, with the nerve system identified as a sensitive target organ. This paper systematically summarized the progress of TDCPP application and its current exposure in the environment, with a focus on its neurotoxicity. In particular, we highlighted that TDCPP can be neurotoxic (including neurodevelopmentally toxic) to humans and animals, primarily through oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, mitochondrial damage, and epigenetic regulation. Additionally, this paper provided an outlook for further studies on neurotoxicity of TDCPP, as well as offered scientific evidence and clues for rational application of TDCPP in daily life and the prevention and control of its environmental impact in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoxiao Wang
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China
| | - Fuyong Song
- Department of Toxicology and Nutrition, School of Public Health, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, 44 Wenhuaxi Road, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, PR China.
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Yuan S, Zhang H, Wang S, Jiang X, Ma M, Xu Y, Han Y, Wang Z. Do the same chlorinated organophosphorus flame retardants that cause cytotoxicity and DNA damage share the same pathway? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 273:116158. [PMID: 38417316 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/01/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) have been frequently detected with relatively high concentrations in various environmental media and are considered emerging environmental pollutants. However, their biological effect and underlying mechanism is still unclear, and whether chlorinated OPFRs (Cl-OPFRs) cause adverse outcomes with the same molecular initial events or share the same key events (KEs) remains unknown. In this study, in vitro bioassays were conducted to analyze the cytotoxicity, mitochondrial impairment, DNA damage and molecular mechanisms of two Cl-OPFRs. The results showed that these two Cl-OPFRs, which have similar structures, induced severe cellular and molecular damages via different underlying mechanisms. Both tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) (TCPP) induced oxidative stress-mediated mitochondrial impairment and DNA damage, as shown by the overproduction of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and mitochondrial superoxide. Furthermore, the DNA damage caused by TCPP resulted in p53/p21-mediated cell cycle arrest, as evidenced by flow cytometry and real-time PCR. At the cellular and molecular levels, TCPP increased the sub-G1 apoptotic peak and upregulated the p53/Bax apoptosis pathway, possibly resulted in apoptosis associated with its stronger cytotoxicity. Although structurally similar to TCPP, TCEP did not induce mitochondrial impairment and DNA damage by the same KEs. These results provide insight into the toxicity of Cl-OPFRs with similar structures but different mechanisms, which is of great significance for constructing adverse outcome pathways or determining intermediate KEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwu Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Shuhang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Xia Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, State Environment Protection Key Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Yiping Xu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingnan Han
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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He W, Ding J, Gao N, Zhu L, Zhu L, Feng J. Elucidating the toxicity mechanisms of organophosphate esters by adverse outcome pathway network. Arch Toxicol 2024; 98:233-250. [PMID: 37864630 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-023-03624-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of organophosphate esters (OPEs), the accumulation and toxicity effect of OPEs in biota are attracting more and more concern. In order to clarify the mechanism of toxicity of OPEs to organisms, this study reviewed the OPEs toxicity and systematically identified the mechanism of OPEs toxicity under the framework of adverse outcome pathway (AOP). OPEs were divided into three groups (alkyl-OPEs, aryl-OPEs, and halogenated-OPEs) and biota was divided into aquatic organism and mammals. The results showed that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) mainly caused neurotoxicity, reproductive, and hepatotoxicity in different mechanisms. According to the constructed AOP network, the toxicity mechanism of OPEs on aquatic organisms and mammals is different, which is mainly attributed to the different biological metabolic systems of aquatic organisms and mammals. Interestingly, our results indicate that the toxicity effect of the three kinds of OPEs on aquatic organisms is different, while there was no obvious difference in the mechanism of toxicity of OPEs on mammals. This study provides a theoretical basis for OPEs risk assessment in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyu He
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jiaqi Ding
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Ning Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jianfeng Feng
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Process and Environmental Criteria of Ministry of Education and Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Technology for Complex Trans-Media Pollution, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China.
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Luckner B, Essfeld F, Ayobahan SU, Richling E, Eilebrecht E, Eilebrecht S. Transcriptomic profiling of TLR-7-mediated immune-challenge in zebrafish embryos in the presence and absence of glucocorticoid-induced immunosuppression. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 266:115570. [PMID: 37844410 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies imply a correlation between chemical contamination and an impaired immunocompetence of wildlife populations, the assessment of immunomodulatory modes of action is currently not covered in the regulatory requirements for the approval of new substances. This is not least due to the complexity of the immune system and a lack of standardised methods and validated biomarkers. To tackle this issue, in this study, the transcriptomic profiles of zebrafish embryos were analysed in response to the immunosuppressive compound clobetasol propionate, a synthetic glucocorticoid, and/or the immunostimulatory compound imiquimod (IMQ), a TLR-7 agonist. Using IMQ, known for its potential to induce psoriasis-like effects in mice and human, this study additionally aimed at evaluating the usability of the zebrafish embryo model as an alternative and 3R conform system for the IMQ-induced psoriasis mouse model. Our study substantiates the suitability of previously proposed genes as possible biomarkers for immunotoxicity, such as socs3, nfkbia, anxa1c, fkbp5 and irg1l. Likewise, however, our findings indicate that these genes may be less suitable to distinguish a suppressive from stimulating fashion of action. In contrast, based on a differential regulation in opposite direction in response to both compounds, krt17, rtn4a, and1, smhyc1 and gmpr were identified as potential novel biomarkers with said power to differentiate. Observed IMQ-induced alterations in the expression of genes previously associated with the pathogenesis of psoriasis such as krt17, nfkbia, parp1, pparg, nfil3-6, per2, stat4, klf2, rtn4a, anxa1c and nr1d2 indicate the inducibility of psoriatic effects in the zebrafish embryo. Our work contributes to the establishment of an approach for a 3R-compliant investigation of immunotoxic mechanisms of action in aquatic vertebrates. The validated and newly identified biomarker candidates of specific immunotoxic effects can be used in future studies in the context of environmental hazard assessment of substances or also for human-relevant immunotoxicological questions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Luckner
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Fabian Essfeld
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany; Computational Biology, Faculty of Biology, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Steve U Ayobahan
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Elke Richling
- Food Chemistry and Toxicology, Department of Chemistry, RPTU Kaiserslautern-Landau, Germany
| | - Elke Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicology, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Eilebrecht
- Department Ecotoxicogenomics, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Schmallenberg, Germany.
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Hernandez-Castro I, Eckel SP, Howe CG, Niu Z, Kannan K, Robinson M, Foley HB, Grubbs B, Al-Marayati L, Lerner D, Lurvey N, Aung MT, Habre R, Dunton GF, Farzan SF, Breton CV, Bastain TM. Sex-specific effects of prenatal organophosphate ester (OPE) metabolite mixtures and adverse infant birth outcomes in the maternal and developmental risks from environmental and social stressors (MADRES) pregnancy cohort. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 226:115703. [PMID: 36934865 PMCID: PMC10101931 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as flame retardants and plasticizers in various consumer products. Limited prior research suggests sex-specific effects of prenatal OPE exposures on fetal development. We evaluated overall and sex-specific associations between prenatal OPE exposures and gestational age (GA) at birth and birthweight for gestational age (BW for GA) z-scores among the predominately low-income, Hispanic MADRES cohort. METHODS Nine OPE metabolite concentrations were measured in 421 maternal urine samples collected during a third trimester visit (GA = 31.5 ± 2.0 weeks). We examined associations between single urinary OPE metabolites and GA at birth and BW for GA z-scores using linear regression models and Generalized Additive Models (GAMs) and effects from OPE mixtures using Bayesian Kernel Machine Regression (BKMR). We also assessed sex-specific differences in single metabolite analyses by evaluating statistical interactions and stratifying by sex. RESULTS We did not find significant associations between individual OPE metabolites and birth outcomes in the full infant sample; however, we found that higher bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) was associated with earlier GA at birth among male infants (p = 0.04), and a nonlinear, inverted U-shape association between the sum of dibutyl phosphate and di-isobutyl phosphate (DNBP + DIBP) and GA at birth among female infants (p = 0.03). In mixtures analysis, higher OPE metabolite mixture exposures was associated with lower GA at birth, which was primarily driven by female infants. No associations were observed between OPE mixtures and BW for GA z-scores. CONCLUSION Higher BDCIPP and DNBP + DIBP concentrations were associated with earlier GA at birth among male and female infants, respectively. Higher exposure to OPE mixtures was associated with earlier GA at birth, particularly among female infants. However, we saw no associations between prenatal OPEs and BW for GA. Our results suggest sex-specific impacts of prenatal OPE exposures on GA at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ixel Hernandez-Castro
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sandrah P Eckel
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Caitlin G Howe
- Department of Epidemiology, Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Zhongzheng Niu
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Morgan Robinson
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Helen B Foley
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Brendan Grubbs
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Laila Al-Marayati
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Max T Aung
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rima Habre
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Genevieve F Dunton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Psychology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shohreh F Farzan
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Carrie V Breton
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Theresa M Bastain
- Department of Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
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9
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Yu Z, Zhang Y, Kong R, Xiao Y, Li B, Liu C, Yu L. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) Phosphate Inhibits Early Embryonic Development by Binding to Gsk-3β Protein in Zebrafish. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106588. [PMID: 37267805 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have reported that exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) results in abnormal development of zebrafish embryos in blastocyst and gastrula stages, but molecular mechanisms are still not clear. This lacking strongly affects the interspecific extrapolation of embryonic toxicity induced by TDCIPP and hazard evaluation. In this study, zebrafish embryos were exposed to 100, 500 or 1000 μg/L TDCIPP, and 6-bromoindirubin-3'-oxime (BIO, 35.62 μg/L) was used as a positive control. Results demonstrated that treatment with TDCIPP or BIO caused an abnormal stacking of blastomere cells in mid blastula transition (MBT) stage, and subsequently resulted in epiboly delay of zebrafish embryos. TDCIPP and BIO up-regulated the expression of β-catenin protein and increased its accumulation in nuclei of embryonic cells. This accumulation was considered as a driver for early embryonic developmental toxicity of TDCIPP. Furthermore, TDCIPP and BIO partly shared the same modes of action, and both of them could bind to Gsk-3β protein, and then decreased the phosphorylation level of Gsk-3β in TYR·216 site and lastly inhibited the activity of Gsk-3β kinase, which was responsible for the increased concentrations of β-catenin protein in embryonic cells and accumulation in nuclei. Our findings provide new mechanisms for clarifying the early embryonic developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zichen Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Yongkang Zhang
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Yongjie Xiao
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Boqun Li
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Liqin Yu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China.
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Xu Y, Yang L, Teng Y, Li J, Li N. Exploring the underlying molecular mechanism of tri(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate-induced neurodevelopmental toxicity via thyroid hormone disruption in zebrafish by multi-omics analysis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 258:106510. [PMID: 37003012 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Tri(1,3-dichloropropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is widespread in the environment as a typical thyroid hormone-disrupting chemical. Here, we aimed to explore the toxicological mechanisms of the thyroid hormone-disrupting effects induced by TDCPP in zebrafish embryos/larvae using multi-omics analysis. The results showed that TDCPP (400 and 600 µg/L) induced phenotypic alteration and thyroid hormone imbalance in zebrafish larvae. It resulted in behavioral abnormalities during zebrafish embryonic development, suggesting that this chemical might exhibit neurodevelopmental toxicity. Transcriptomic and proteomic analysis provided consistent evidence at the gene and protein levels that neurodevelopmental disorders were significantly enhanced by TDCPP exposure (p < 0.05). Additionally, multi-omics data indicated that membrane thyroid hormone receptor (mTR)-mediated non-genomic pathways, including cell communication (ECM-receptor interactions, focal adhesion, etc.) and signal transduction pathways (MAPK signaling pathway, calcium signaling pathway, neuroactive ligand-receptor interaction pathway, etc.), were significantly disturbed (p < 0.05) and might contribute to the neurodevelopmental toxicity induced by TDCPP. Therefore, behavioral abnormalities and neurodevelopmental disorders might be important phenotypic characteristics of TDCPP-induced thyroid hormone disruption, and mTR-mediated non-genomic networks might participate in the disruptive effects of this chemical. This study provides new insights into the toxicological mechanisms of TDCPP-induced thyroid hormone disruption and proposes a theoretical basis for risk management of this chemical.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Xu
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Lei Yang
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yanguo Teng
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Jian Li
- Engineering Research Center of Groundwater Pollution Control and Remediation, Ministry of Education, College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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11
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Huo Y, Li M, Jiang J, Zhou Y, Ma Y, Xie J, He M. The aomogeneous and heterogeneous oxidation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the atmosphere: Take diphenyl phosphate (DPhP) as an example. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 324:121395. [PMID: 36871750 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely detected in the atmosphere. However, the atmospheric oxidative degradation mechanism of OPEs has not been closely examined. This work took density functional theory (DFT) to investigate the tropospheric ozonolysis of organophosphates, represented by diphenyl phosphate (DPhP), including adsorption mechanisms on the surface of titanium dioxide (TiO2) mineral aerosols and oxidation reaction of hydroxyl groups (·OH) after photolysis. Besides, the reaction mechanism, reaction kinetics, adsorption mechanism, and ecotoxicity evaluation of the transformation products were also studied. At 298 K, the total reaction rate constants kO3, kOH, kTiO2-O3, and kTiO2-OH are 5.72 × 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 1.68 × 10-13 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, 1.91 × 10-23 cm3 molecule-1 s-1, and 2.30 × 10-10 cm3 molecule-1 s-1. The atmospheric lifetime of DPhP ozonolysis in the near-surface troposphere is 4 min, much lower than that of hydroxyl radicals (·OH). Besides, the lower the altitude is, the stronger the oxidation is. The TiO2 clusters carry DPhP promoting ·OH oxidation but inhibiting ozonolysis of DPhP. Finally, the main transformation products of this process are glyoxal, malealdehyde, aromatic aldehydes, etc., which are still ecotoxic. The findings shed new light on the atmospheric governance of OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanru Huo
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Mingxue Li
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Jinchan Jiang
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Yuhui Ma
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Ju Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225002, China
| | - Maoxia He
- Environment Research Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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12
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Esplugas R, Linares V, Bellés M, Domingo JL, Schuhmacher M. In vitro neurotoxic potential of emerging flame retardants on neuroblastoma cells in an acute exposure scenario. Toxicol In Vitro 2023; 87:105523. [PMID: 36427757 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2022.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since 2004, some legacy flame retardants (FRs) were restricted or removed from the European markets due to their concern on human health. Both organophosphorus FRs (OPFRs) and novel brominated FRs (NBFRs) have replaced them because they are presumably safer and less persistent emerging FRs (EFRs) and their exposure is currently occurring in indoor environments at high levels. Little is known about the neurotoxic potential risk of these EFRs in humans. The present study was aimed at assessing the acute neurotoxicity potential of Tris(1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), Bis(2-ethylhexyl)tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and 2-ethylhexyl-2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB) on human neuroblastoma cells (SH-SY5Y). SH-SY5Y were exposed to these EFRs at low concentrations -ranging 2.5-20 μM. during 2-24 h. We investigated viability, mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammatory response, as well as neural plasticity and development. The results have demonstrated that selected EFRs (TDCPP, TPhP, EH-TBB and BEH-TBP) did not impair neural function on SH-SY5Y as acute response. To the best of our knowledge, this has been the first study focused on evaluating the neural affection of TPhP on SH-SY5Y cells and of EH-TBB and BEH-TBP on neural cells. We also assessed for the first time almost all endpoints after FR exposure on neural cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roser Esplugas
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain; Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Victoria Linares
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Montserrat Bellés
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - José L Domingo
- Laboratory of Toxicology and Environmental Health, School of Medicine, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Marta Schuhmacher
- Environmental Analysis and Management Group, Chemical Engineering Department, Universitat Rovira I Virgili, Tarragona, Spain
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13
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Cao L, Wei L, Du Q, Su Y, Ye S, Liu K. Spleen Toxicity of Organophosphorus Flame Retardant TDCPP in Mice and the Related Mechanisms. TOXICS 2023; 11:231. [PMID: 36976996 PMCID: PMC10051780 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphorus flame retardant that has been utilized in recent years as a primary replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in a wide variety of fire-sensitive applications. However, the impact of TDCPP on the immune system has not been fully determined. As the largest secondary immune organ in the body, the spleen is considered to be an important study endpoint for determining immune defects in the body. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of TDCPP toxicity on the spleen and its possible molecular mechanisms. In this study, for 28 consecutive days, TDCPP was administered intragastrically (i.g), and we assessed the general condition of mice by evaluating their 24 h water and food intake. Pathological changes in spleen tissues were also evaluated at the end of the 28-day exposure. To measure the TDCPP-induced inflammatory response in the spleen and its consequences, the expression of the critical players in the NF-κB pathway and mitochondrial apoptosis were detected. Lastly, RNA-seq was performed to identify the crucial signaling pathways of TDCPP-induced splenic injury. The results showed that TDCPP intragastric exposure triggered an inflammatory response in the spleen, likely through activating the NF-κB/IFN-γ/TNF-α/IL-1β pathway. TDCPP also led to mitochondrial-related apoptosis in the spleen. Further RNA-seq analysis suggested that the TDCPP-mediated immunosuppressive effect is associated with the inhibition of chemokines and the expression of their receptor genes in the cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction pathway, including four genes of the CC subfamily, four genes of the CXC subfamily, and one gene of the C subfamily. Taken together, the present study identifies the sub-chronic splenic toxicity of TDCPP and provides insights on the potential mechanisms of TDCPP-induced splenic injury and immune suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lanqin Cao
- Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Lai Wei
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Qiaoyun Du
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Ying Su
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Shuzi Ye
- Xiangya School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China
| | - Kaihua Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
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14
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Yang W, Braun JM, Vuong AM, Percy Z, Xu Y, Xie C, Deka R, Calafat AM, Ospina M, Burris HH, Yolton K, Cecil KM, Lanphear BP, Chen A. Associations of gestational exposure to organophosphate esters with gestational age and neonatal anthropometric measures: The HOME study. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 316:120516. [PMID: 36341822 PMCID: PMC9884151 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are developmental toxicants in experimental studies of animals, but limited evidence is available in humans. We included 340 mother-infant pairs in the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study (Cincinnati, Ohio, USA) for the analysis. We evaluated gestational exposure to OPEs with gestation age at birth and newborn anthropometric measures. We quantified four OPE urinary metabolites at 16 weeks and 26 weeks of gestation. We extracted gestational age at birth, newborn weight, length, and head circumference from the chart review. We calculated z-scores for these anthropometric measures and the ponderal index. We used multiple informant models to examine the associations between repeated OPE measurements and the outcomes. We used modified Poisson regression to estimate the association of gestational exposure to OPEs with preterm birth. We also explored effect modification by infant sex and the potential mediation effect by the highest maternal blood pressure and glucose levels. We found that bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) at 16 weeks and diphenyl phosphate at 26 weeks of pregnancy were positively associated with gestational age and inversely associated with preterm birth. In female newborns, BCEP at 16 weeks was inversely related to birth weight and length z-scores. In male newborns, we observed negative associations of 26-week di-n-butyl phosphate with the ponderal index at birth. No mediation by the highest maternal blood pressure or glucose levels during pregnancy was identified. In this cohort, gestational exposure to some OPEs was associated with gestational age, preterm birth, and neonatal anthropometric measures. Certain associations tended to be window- and infant sex-specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ranjan Deka
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Heather H Burris
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Child and Family Research Institute, BC Children's Hospital, Vancouver, BC, Canada; Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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15
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Wang X, Li F, Teng Y, Ji C, Wu H. Potential adverse outcome pathways with hazard identification of organophosphate esters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 851:158093. [PMID: 35985583 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Data-driven analysis and pathway-based approaches contribute to reasonable arrangements of limited resources and laboratory tests for continuously emerging commercial chemicals, which provides opportunities to save time and effort for toxicity research. With the widespread usage of organophosphate esters (OPEs) on a global scale, the concentrations generally reached up to micromolar range in environmental media and even in organisms. However, potential adverse effects and toxicity pathways of OPEs have not been systematically assessed. Therefore, it is necessary to review the current situation, formulate the future research priorities, and characterize toxicity mechanisms via data-driven analysis. Results showed that the early toxicity studies focused on neurotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and metabolic disorders. Then the main focus shifted to the mechanisms of cardiotoxicity, endocrine disruption, hepatocytes, reproductive and developmental toxicity to vulnerable sub-populations, such as infants and embryos, affected by OPEs. In addition, several novel OPEs have been emerging, such as bis(2-ethylhexyl)-phenyl phosphate (HDEHP) and oxidation derivatives (OPAsO) generated from organophosphite antioxidants (OPAs), leading to multiple potential ecological and human health risks (neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, etc.). Notably, in-depth statistical analysis was promising in encapsulating toxicological information to develop adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) frameworks. Subsequently, network-centric analysis and quantitative weight-of-evidence (QWOE) approaches were utilized to construct and evaluate the putative AOPs frameworks of OPEs, showing the moderate confidences of the developed AOPs. In addition, frameworks demonstrated that several events, such as nuclear receptor activation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, oxidative stress, and DNA damage, were involved in multiple different adverse outcome (AO), and these AOs had certain degree of connectivity. This study brought new insights into facilitating the complement of AOP efficiently, as well as establishing toxicity pathways framework to inform risk assessment of emerging OPEs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Fei Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China.
| | - Yuefa Teng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Chenglong Ji
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
| | - Huifeng Wu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research (YIC), Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Shandong Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes, YICCAS, Yantai 264003, PR China; Center for Ocean Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, PR China
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16
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Percy Z, Chen A, Yang W, Braun JM, Lanphear B, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Xie C, Cecil KM, Vuong AM, Xu Y, Yolton K. Childhood urinary organophosphate esters and cognitive abilities in a longitudinal cohort study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 215:114265. [PMID: 36103927 PMCID: PMC9968469 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.114265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The use of organophosphate esters (OPEs) as flame retardants, which has increased over the past two decades, raises concerns that OPEs may be harmful to humans, especially children. Animal studies and some human studies have reported that OPEs may adversely impact brain development, but few human studies evaluated OPE exposure during early childhood and neurodevelopmental outcomes. We aimed to fill this knowledge gap with the present study on urinary OPE metabolite concentrations at ages 1-5 years and cognitive abilities at 8 years. We used data of 223 children from the Health Outcomes and Measures of the Environment (HOME) Study, a prospective pregnancy and birth cohort in Cincinnati, Ohio. The point estimates for bis-2-chloroethyl-phosphate (BCEP) and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)-phosphate (BDCIPP) in association with IQ tended to be small and positive, while the point estimates for diphenyl-phosphate (DPHP) were small and negative, with 95% CIs including the null. However, we did find that socioeconomic status (SES) variables modified associations between OPEs and child IQ, with adverse OPE-IQ associations being stronger in socioeconomically disadvantaged children than in others. We identified an additional 1- to 2-point decrease in Full Scale IQ for every log-unit increase in BDCIPP, BCEP, and DPHP among those with lower maternal education, non-white race, lower income, or living in more deprived neighborhoods. We observed similar results for the Perceptual Reasoning, Verbal Comprehension, and Working Memory Index Scores. We suspect that there is residual confounding related to socioeconomic disadvantage, which was not captured with the available SES variables typically used in epidemiologic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Weili Yang
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Bruce Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Changchung Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, USA.
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17
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Yang H, Pu Y, Liu C, Gao L, Duan X, Liu S, Chen D, Zhong L, Li Y. Environmentally relevant concentrations of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate induce growth inhibition and oxidative stress in silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 241:113798. [PMID: 35749998 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), widely applied as flame retardant into a variety of products, can be physically leached out to the aquatic environment. Measurable values of TDCIPP have been found in the environment and within biota. Many toxicological assessments have shown that TDCIPP could cause developmental toxicity and oxidative stress in fish. In this study, we focused on the effects of TDCIPP on the growth and oxidative stress of an important commercial fish species in China, silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix). Fish larvae was exposed to environmentally relevant concentrations (0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L) of TDCIPP for 7, 14 and 28 days. Simultaneously, the transcription levels of genes associated with the growth hormone/insulin-like growth factor (GH/IGF) axis and the antioxidative enzymes were examined. The body length and body mass of silver carp larvae decreased significantly only under exposure to 5 and 50 μg/L of TDCIPP at 14 days compared with the control group, while differences on those paraments were observed at 0.05, 0.5, 5 and 50 μg/L when larvae were exposed for 28 days. The observation evidenced the time- and dose- dependent growth inhibitions caused by TDCIPP on silver carp larvae. Exposure to TDCIPP also decreased the contents of GH and IGF1 in fish attended by significant down-regulation of gh and igf1. Moreover, TDCIPP up-regulated the expression of cat, sod1 and gstt followed by an increase of the activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH), but the activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPX) were decreased. These results suggested that growth inhibition and oxidative stress co-occurred in silver carp larvae after exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of TDCIPP accompanied by the abnormal expression of genes which associated with the GH/IGF axis and antioxidative enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yang
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China; Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Yan Pu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fish Reproduction and Development (Ministry of Education), School of Life Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Lei Gao
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Xinbin Duan
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Shaoping Liu
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Daqing Chen
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China
| | - Liqiao Zhong
- Yangtze River Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Science, Wuhan 430223, China.
| | - Yun Li
- Fisheries and Aquaculture Biotechnology Laboratory, College of Fisheries, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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18
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Avila-Barnard S, Dasgupta S, Cheng V, Reddam A, Wiegand JL, Volz DC. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate disrupts the trajectory of cytosine methylation within developing zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 211:113078. [PMID: 35248566 PMCID: PMC9177764 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.113078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) is an organophosphate ester-based flame retardant widely used within the United States. Within zebrafish, initiation of TDCIPP exposure at 0.75 h post-fertilization (hpf) reliably disrupts cytosine methylation from cleavage (2 hpf) through early-gastrulation (6 hpf). Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine whether TDCIPP-induced effects on cytosine methylation persist beyond 6 hpf. First, we exposed embryos to vehicle or TDCIPP from 0.75 hpf to 6, 24, or 48 hpf, and then conducted bisulfite amplicon sequencing of a target locus (lmo7b) using genomic DNA derived from whole embryos. Within both vehicle- and TDCIPP-treated embryos, CpG methylation was similar at 6 hpf and CHG/CHH methylation were similar at 24 and 48 hpf (relative to 6 hpf). However, relative to 6 hpf within the same treatment, CpG methylation was lower within vehicle-treated embryos at 48 hpf and TDCIPP-treated embryos at 24 and 48 hpf - an effect that was driven by acceleration of CpG hypomethylation. Similar to our previous findings with DNA methyltransferase, we found that, even at high μM concentrations, TDCIPP had no effect on zebrafish and human thymine DNA glycosylase activity (a key enzyme that decreases CpG methylation), suggesting that TDCIPP-induced effects on CpG methylation are not driven by direct interaction with thymine DNA glycosylase. Finally, using 5-methylcytosine (5-mC)-specific whole-mount immunochemistry and automated imaging, we found that exposure to TDCIPP increased 5-mC abundance within the yolk of blastula-stage embryos, suggesting that TDCIPP may impact cytosine methylation of maternally loaded mRNAs during the maternal-to-zygotic transition. Overall, our findings suggest that TDCIPP disrupts the trajectory of cytosine methylation during zebrafish embryogenesis, effects which do not appear to be driven by direct interaction of TDCIPP with key enzymes that regulate cytosine methylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Avila-Barnard
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Aalekhya Reddam
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jenna L Wiegand
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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Neurotoxicity of Tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate in Caenorhabditis elegans. Toxicology 2022; 474:153211. [PMID: 35595029 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2022.153211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 05/04/2022] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
As a new type of flame retardant, Organic Phosphate Flame Retardant has been widely used worldwide. The purpose of our research is to determine the neurotoxicity of Tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCPP) to Caenorhabditis elegans and its mechanism. L1 larvae wild-type C. elegans were exposed to different concentrations of TDCPP, and the effects on motor behavior (head thrashes, body bends, pumping times, Chemotaxis index), ROS levels, and p38-MAPK signaling pathway-related gene expression levels were measured. Three transgenic nematode strains, BZ555, DA1240, and EG1285, were also used to study the effects of TDCPP on nematode dopamine neurons, glutamate neurons, and GABA neurons. The results showed that TDCPP can inhibit the head thrashes and body bends of the nematode, reduce dopamine production, increase the level of ROS in the body, and affect the expression of genes related to the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. We next employed ROS production and motor behavior as toxicity assessment endpoints to determine the involvement of p38 MAPK signaling in the regulation of response to TDCPP. The results showed that the nematodes with low expression of pmk-1 were more sensitive to the TDCPP. It was suggested that TDCPP had neurotoxicity and regulated neurotoxicity to C. elegans by activating the p38-MAPK signaling pathway. The research in this article provides important information for revealing the environmental health risks of organophosphorus flame retardants and their toxic mechanism of action.
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20
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Wang C, Li Y, Zeng L, Shi C, Peng Y, Li H, Chen H, Yu J, Zhang J, Cheng B, Pan R, Wang X, Xiang M, Huang Y, Liu Y. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate reduces longevity through a specific microRNA-mediated DAF-16/FoxO in an unconventional insulin/insulin-like growth factor‑1 signaling pathway. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:128043. [PMID: 34906867 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.128043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) has received concerns due to its frequent detection in environmental media and biological samples. Our previous study has indicated TDCPP reduced the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans) by triggering an unconventional insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway. This study continued to investigate the possible deleterious effects of TDCPP relating to longevity regulation signal pathways and biological processes. Specifically, this study uniquely performed small RNA transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq), focusing on the underlying mechanisms of TDCPP-reduced the longevity of C. elegans in-depth in microRNAs (miRNAs). Based on Small RNA-seq results and transcript levels of mRNA involved in the unconventional IIS pathway, a small interaction network of miRNAs-mRNAs following TDCPP exposure in C. elegans was preliminarily established. Among them, up-regulated miR-48 and miR-84 (let-7 family members) silence the mRNA of daf-16 (the crucial member of the FoxO family and pivotal regulator in longevity) via post-transcription and translation dampening abilities, further inhibit its downstream target metallothionein-1 (mtl-1), and ultimately contributed to the reduction of nematode longevity and locomotion behaviors. Meanwhile, the high binding affinities of TDCPP with miRNAs cel-miR-48-5p and cel-miR-84-5p strongly support their participation in the regulation of nematode mobility and longevity. These findings provide a comprehensive analysis of TDCPP-reduced longevity from the perspective of miRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yeyong Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Lingjun Zeng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Chongli Shi
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yi Peng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Biao Cheng
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Ruolin Pan
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Minghui Xiang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Institute of Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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21
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Ji X, Li N, Ma M, Li X, Zhu K, Rao K, Wang Z, Wang J, Fang Y. Comparison of the mechanisms of estrogen disrupting effects between triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 229:113069. [PMID: 34890987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.113069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As the typical aryl-organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) were reported to be estrogen disruptors. However, estrogen receptor α (ERα) binding experiments could not explain their biological effects. In this study, their action on ERα, G protein-coupled estrogen receptor (GPER) and the synthesis of 17β-estradiol (E2) were investigated using in vitro assays and molecular docking. The results showed that TPhP acted as an ERα agonist and recruited steroid receptor co-activator 1 (SRC1) and 3 (SRC3), which was found for the first time. Unlike TPhP, TDCIPP acted as an ERα antagonist. However, both TPhP and TDCIPP activated the estrogen pathway by GPER in SKBR3 cells which were lack of ERα. Although molecular docking results revealed that both TPhP and TDCIPP could dock into ERα and GPER, their substituent groups and combination mode might affect the receptor activation. In addition, by using estrogen biosynthesis assay in H295R cells, both of TPhP and TDCIPP were found to promote E2 synthesis and E2/T ratio involving their different alteration on levels of progesterone, testosterone and estrone, and expression of various key genes. Our data proposed estrogen-disrupting mechanism frameworks of TPhP and TDCIPP. Moreover, our results will contribute to future construction of adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework of endocrine disruptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Ji
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; School of Public Health, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266000, China
| | - Na Li
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Mei Ma
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Xinyan Li
- Institute of Environmental and Ecological Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Kongrui Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Kaifeng Rao
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Zijian Wang
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingfeng Wang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Key Laboratory of Risk Assessment and Control for Environment & Food Safety, Tianjin 300050, China
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22
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Hong H, Zhao Y, Huang L, Zhong D, Shi D. Bone developmental toxicity of organophosphorus flame retardants TDCIPP and TPhP in marine medaka Oryzias melastigma. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 223:112605. [PMID: 34371453 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global phase-out has decreased the use of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), thereby, rapidly increasing the production and use of their important surrogates, organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs). Currently, OPFRs are often found at higher levels in the environments compared to PBDEs. Although the two typical OPFRs, tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), have been frequently detected in marine environments with significant concentrations, their toxicity to marine organisms remains unknown. We used Oryzias melastigma to investigate and compare their developmental toxicity in marine organisms through two-generational chronic exposure. The results showed that TDCIPP and TPhP exposure shortened the body length and length of the pectoral fin of O. melastigma. Both TDCIPP and TPhP deformed the pectoral fins in the 1st fry and caused spinal curvature in adult fish. Therefore, these two chemicals may pose potential risks to marine fish and marine ecosystems. Further studies suggested that although these two chemicals caused similar developmental bone toxicity, they had different modes of modulating the expression of bone developmental genes such as, bmp4, bmp2 and runx2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
| | - Yunchen Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Lingming Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Daiyin Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Dalin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China.
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23
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Percy Z, Vuong AM, Xu Y, Xie C, Ospina M, Calafat AM, Lanphear BP, Braun JM, Cecil KM, Dietrich KN, Chen A, Yolton K. Prenatal exposure to a mixture of organophosphate esters and intelligence among 8-year-old children of the HOME Study. Neurotoxicology 2021; 87:149-155. [PMID: 34582899 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuro.2021.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Many environmental chemicals are being identified as suspected neurotoxicants based on the findings of both experimental and epidemiological studies. Organophosphate esters (OPEs), which are among the chemicals that have replaced neurotoxic polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) after 2004, have also become an important public health topic as evidence regarding their potential for early-life neurotoxicity is growing. In 233 mother child pairs from Cincinnati, OH, we measured concentrations of the OPE metabolites bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), bis-2-chloroethyl phosphate (BCEP), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), and di-n-butyl phosphate (DNBP) in the urine of pregnant women at 16 and 26 weeks gestation and at delivery. At age 8 years, we assessed children's cognition using the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-IV. In models adjusted for maternal race, income, body mass index, and IQ, maternal urinary BCEP was associated with a modest increase in child full-scale IQ (ß: 0.81 per a ln-unit BCEP increase; 95 % CI: 0.00, 1.61) while other OPEs were not associated with changes in full-scale IQ or any IQ subscales. Maternal serum PBDE concentrations did not confound the relationships between urinary OPE metabolites and child IQ. Using Bayesian kernel machine regression, we did not find that concentrations of a mixture of OPE metabolites during gestation was associated with any child cognition measures. The results of this study are not consistent with other published work, and a larger sample size would be beneficial to explore potential associations more fully. Therefore, additional studies are necessary to continue studying prenatal OPE exposure and child neurodevelopment and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zana Percy
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Ann M Vuong
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, United States
| | - Yingying Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Changchun Xie
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Maria Ospina
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Antonia M Calafat
- National Center for Environmental Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Bruce P Lanphear
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joseph M Braun
- Department of Epidemiology, Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Kim M Cecil
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Radiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Kim N Dietrich
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States
| | - Aimin Chen
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Kimberly Yolton
- Department of Environmental and Public Health Sciences, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, United States; Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH, United States.
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24
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Xiao K, Lu Z, Yang C, Zhao S, Zheng H, Gao Y, Kaluwin C, Liu Y, Cai M. Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment of organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers in surface seawater of the West Pacific. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2021; 170:112691. [PMID: 34225195 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.112691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Twenty-eight samples of surface seawater were collected from the West Pacific Ocean during 2019 using a high-volume solid-phase extraction with high-throughput organic analysis (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) method, and concentrations of 10 organophosphate ester flame retardants and plasticizers (OPEs) were determined. The total OPE concentration in the samples was 3.02-48.4 ng L-1 (mean 25.0 ± 10.5 ng L-1), with tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) being the largest contributor. Cluster analysis results showed off-shore input from the coast of East and Southeast Asia was an important source of these chemicals. Tri-p-tolyl phosphate (TpTP) should also be considered for long-term monitoring, because of its high detection frequency. Results of a risk assessment indicated low ecological risk to species in the West Pacific Ocean for TPhP and ΣOPEs. Hazard quotients (HQs) were all <1, indicating that the health risk to humans from these chemicals was at acceptable levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaiyan Xiao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhibo Lu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Chao Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Song Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China
| | - Chalapan Kaluwin
- University of Papua New Guinea, Waigani, Port Moresby, National Capital District, NCD 134, Papua New Guinea
| | - Yanguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Geology and Metallogeny, First Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources (MNR), Qingdao 266061, China.
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai 200136, China.
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25
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Zhang S, Li Y, Yang C, Meng XZ, Zheng H, Gao Y, Cai M. Application of Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE technique in analyzing occurrence, influencing factors and human health risk of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in drinking water of China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 291:112714. [PMID: 33940361 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are typical industrial additives widely applied in various industrial and household products, but they may pollute drinking water. In the present study, the occurrence of OPEs in drinking water was analyzed. For this purpose, 25 drinking water samples were collected from households in 25 cities in China. The concentrations of OPEs were accurately determined according to a high-throughput organic analysis testing combined with high-volume solid phase extraction (Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE) technique. Through this technique, nine OPEs were detected, with spiked recoveries from 77% to 101%, and their total concentrations (ΣOPEs) ranging from 46.8 to 251 (average 126) ng L-1. The detection frequencies of the selected OPEs determined via Hi-throat/Hi-volume SPE were 88.0%-100%, which are much higher than those previously reported. The limit of detections of the OPEs was low at < 0.01 ng L-1, which could be mainly attributed to the high volume of accumulated drinking water (>20 L). OPEs in drinking water presented a decreasing trend from cities in coastal provinces to inland cities of China. Redundancy analysis showed that the concentrations of OPEs in drinking water were significantly influenced by economic-demographic influencing factors. The non-carcinogenic and lifetime carcinogenic risks (non-CR and CR) of the analyzed OPEs in drinking water were negligible for urban residents in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwei Zhang
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yanxia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Chao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Hongyuan Zheng
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Yuan Gao
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Minghong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China.
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26
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Han J, Gu W, Barrett H, Yang D, Tang S, Sun J, Liu J, Krause HM, Houck KA, Peng H. A Roadmap to the Structure-Related Metabolism Pathways of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in the Early Life Stages of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio). ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2021; 129:77004. [PMID: 34288731 PMCID: PMC8294803 DOI: 10.1289/ehp7169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thousands of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) with diverse structures have been detected in the ambient environment. Apart from a few well-studied PFAS, the structure-related toxicokinetics of a broader set of PFAS remain unclear. OBJECTIVES To understand the toxicokinetics of PFAS, we attempted to characterize the metabolism pathways of 74 structurally diverse PFAS samples from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's PFAS screening library. METHODS Using the early life stages of zebrafish (Danio rerio) as a model, we determined the bioconcentration factors and phenotypic toxicities of 74 PFAS. Then, we applied high-resolution mass spectrometry-based nontargeted analysis to identify metabolites of PFAS in zebrafish larvae after 5 d of exposure by incorporating retention time and mass spectra. In vitro enzymatic activity experiments with human recombinant liver carboxylesterase (hCES1) were employed to validate the structure-related hydrolysis of 11 selected PFAS. RESULTS Our findings identified five structural categories of PFAS prone to metabolism. The metabolism pathways of PFAS were highly related to their structures as exemplified by fluorotelomer alcohols that the predominance of β-oxidation or taurine conjugation pathways were primarily determined by the number of hydrocarbons. Hydrolysis was identified as a major metabolism pathway for diverse PFAS, and perfluoroalkyl carboxamides showed the highest in vivo hydrolysis rates, followed by carboxyesters and sulfonamides. The hydrolysis of PFAS was verified with recombinant hCES1, with strong substrate preferences toward perfluoroalkyl carboxamides. CONCLUSIONS We suggest that the roadmap of the structure-related metabolism pathways of PFAS established in this study would provide a starting point to inform the potential health risks of other PFAS. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7169.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Holly Barrett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Song Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Henry M. Krause
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Keith A. Houck
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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27
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Zhang Y, Yi X, Huang K, Sun Q, Kong R, Chen S, Liang C, Li M, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces Growth Hormone Expression via Binding to Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone Receptors and Inhibits the Growth of Crucian Carp. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8108-8118. [PMID: 34062063 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c07708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) has commonly been used as an additive flame retardant and frequently detected in the aquatic environment and in biological samples worldwide. Recently, it was found that exposure to TDCIPP inhibited the growth of zebrafish, but the relevant molecular mechanisms remained unclear. In this study, 5 day-old crucian carp (Carassius auratus) larvae were treated with 0.5, 5, or 50 μg/L TDCIPP for 90 days; the effect on growth was evaluated; and related molecular mechanisms were explored. Results demonstrated that 5 or 50 μg/L TDCIPP treatment significantly inhibited the growth of crucian carp and downregulated the expression of growth hormones (ghs), growth hormone receptor (ghr), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (igf1). Molecular docking, dual-luciferase reporter gene assay, and in vitro experiments demonstrated that TDCIPP could bind to the growth hormone releasing hormone receptor protein of crucian carp and disturb the stimulation of growth hormone releasing hormone to the expression of ghs, resulting in the decrease of the mRNA level of gh1 and gh2 in pituitary cells. Our findings provide new perceptions into the molecular mechanisms of developmental toxicity of TDCIPP in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongkang Zhang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xun'e Yi
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Sun
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ren Kong
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Chengqian Liang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Meng Li
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Departments of Chemistry and Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
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Lai KP, Gong Z, Tse WKF. Zebrafish as the toxicant screening model: Transgenic and omics approaches. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105813. [PMID: 33812311 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The production of large amounts of synthetic industrial and biomedical compounds, together with environmental pollutants, poses a risk to our ecosystem and induces negative effects on the health of wildlife and human beings. With the emergence of the global problem of chemical contamination, the adverse biological effects of these chemicals are gaining attention among the scientific communities, industry, governments, and the public. Among these chemicals, endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are regarded as one of the major global issues that potentially affecting our health. There is an urgent need of understanding the potential hazards of such chemicals. Zebrafish have been widely used in the aquatic toxicology. In this review, we first discuss the strategy of transgenic lines that used in the toxicological studies, followed by summarizing the current omics approaches (transcriptomics, proteomics, metabolomics, and epigenomics) on toxicities of EDCs in this model. We will also discuss the possible transgenerational effects in zebrafish and future prospective of the integrated omics approaches with customized transgenic organism. To conclude, we summarize the current findings in the field, and provide our opinions on future environmental toxicity research in the zebrafish model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keng Po Lai
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Guangxi Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunology and Microenvironmental Regulation, Guilin Medical University, Guilin 541004, PR China; Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, PR China.
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore.
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.
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Zhao Y, Ding J, Lv L, Zhang H. Exposure to organophosphate flame esters during early pregnancy and risk of spontaneous abortion: A case-control study. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129375. [PMID: 33360147 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Prenatal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) has been associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes including low birth weight and preterm birth. However, no study has addressed the impacts of OPFRs exposure on spontaneous abortion (SAB) and fetal chromosome abnormalities. We examined whether prenatal exposure to OPFRs was associated with increased risk of SAB and fetal chromosome abnormalities. A total of 272 pregnant women, including 136 SAB cases and 136 healthy controls, were enrolled in this case-control study. Urinary concentrations of 3 OPFRs metabolites (diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) and bis (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP)) were measured using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS). More than 70% of the urine samples detected quantifiable levels of 3 OPFRs metabolites. Concentrations of BCIPP were significantly higher in SAB cases than in healthy controls. Higher urinary BCIPP levels were associated with increased risk of SAB. Per unit increase in ln-transformed BCIPP concentrations was associated with 103% (OR = 2.03, 95% CI, 1.57, 2.63) increase in the odds of SAB. While higher BDCIPP levels were associated with increased risk of fetal chromosome abnormalities and the corresponding OR associated with a unit increase in ln-transformed BDCIPP concentrations were 2.34 (95% CI, 1.14, 4.81). Our results suggested the potential developmental toxicity and teratogenicity of some OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhao
- Clinical and Translational Research Center, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Jie Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Naval Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai First Maternity and Infant Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201204, China.
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Yan Z, Jin X, Liu D, Hong Y, Liao W, Feng C, Bai Y. The potential connections of adverse outcome pathways with the hazard identifications of typical organophosphate esters based on toxicity mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 266:128989. [PMID: 33228983 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Following the world-wide ban of brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), which could potentially affect human health and ecosystem safety, have been frequently detected in various environmental media. However, the knowledge regarding the underlying toxicity effects of OPEs remains limited. In order to address these issues, this study reviewed the related reports which have been published in recent years. This analysis process included 12 OPEs, 10 model organisms, and 15 cell lines, which were used to systematically examine the mechanisms of endocrine disruption, neurotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, and cardiotoxicity, as well as reproductive and developmental toxicity. Subsequently, an adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework of the toxicological effects of OPEs was built. The results demonstrated that multiple different pathways may lead to a single same adverse outcome (AO), and there was a certain degree of correlation among the different AOs. It was found that among all the 12 OPEs, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) may potentially be the most toxic. In addition, rather than the parent chemicals, the metabolites of OPEs may also have different degrees of toxicity effects on aquatic organisms and humans. Overall, the results of the present study also suggested that an AOP framework should be built via fully utilizing the existing toxicity data of OPEs based on in vivo-in vitro-in silico to completely and deeply understand the toxic mechanisms of OPEs. This improved knowledge could then provide a theoretical basis for ecological risk assessments and water quality criteria research in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Xiaowei Jin
- China National Environmental Monitoring Centre, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Daqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Yajun Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wei Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; Jiangxi Irrigation Experiment Central Station, Nanchang, 330201, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
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31
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Sánchez-Marín P, Vidal-Liñán L, Fernández-González LE, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Carrera M, Mateos J, Diz AP, Beiras R. Proteomic analysis and biochemical alterations in marine mussel gills after exposure to the organophosphate flame retardant TDCPP. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 230:105688. [PMID: 33316748 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are (re-)emergent environmental pollutants increasingly being used because of the restriction of other flame retardants. The chlorinated OPFR, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is among those of highest environmental concern, but its potential effects in the marine environment have rarely been investigated. We exposed a widely used sentinel marine mussel species, Mytilus galloprovincialis, to 10 μg L-1 of TDCPP during 28 days and studied: (i) the kinetics of bioaccumulation and elimination of the compound, (ii) the effect on two molecular biomarkers, glutathione S-transferase (GST) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities, and (iii) proteomic alterations in the gills, following an isobaric labeling quantitative shotgun proteomic approach, at two exposure times (7 and 28 days). Uptake and elimination of TDCPP by mussels were very fast, and the bioconcentration factor of this compound in mussels was 147 L kgww-1, confirming that this compound is not very bioaccumulative, as predicted by its chemical properties. GST activity was not affected by TDCPP exposure, but AChE activity was inhibited by TDCPP at both 7 and 28 days of exposure. Proteomic analysis revealed subtle effects of TDCPP in mussel gills, since few proteins (less than 2 % of the analysed proteome) were significantly affected by TDCPP, and effect sizes were low. The most relevant effects detected were the up-regulation of epimerase family protein SDR39U1, an enzyme that could be involved in detoxification processes, at both exposure times, and the down-regulation of receptor-type tyrosine-protein phosphatase N2-like (PTPRN2) after 7 days of exposure, which is involved in neurotransmitter secretion and might be related to the neurotoxicity described for this compound. Exposure time rather than TDCPP exposure was the most important driver of protein abundance changes, with 33 % of the proteome being affected by this factor, suggesting that stress caused by laboratory conditions could be an important confounding factor that needs to be controlled in similar ecotoxicology studies. Proteomic data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD019720.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Sánchez-Marín
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390 Vigo, Spain.
| | - Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, 36390 Vigo, Spain
| | - Laura Emilia Fernández-González
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, Institute of Research in Chemical and Biological Analysis (IAQBUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Mónica Carrera
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Jesús Mateos
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), Spanish National Research Council (CSIC), 36208 Vigo, Spain
| | - Angel P Diz
- Department of Biochemistry, Genetics and Immunology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Marine Research Centre, University of Vigo (CIM-UVIGO), Isla de Toralla, Vigo, Spain
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32
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Robinson SA, Young SD, Brinovcar C, McFee A, De Silva AO. Ecotoxicity assessment and bioconcentration of a highly brominated organophosphate ester flame retardant in two amphibian species. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127631. [PMID: 32688321 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Restrictions on the production and use of some highly toxic and persistent flame retardants has resulted in the increased use of alternative phosphate flame retardants that are less-well characterized. The brominated organophosphate ester flame retardant, tris(tribromoneopentyl) phosphate (CAS 19186-97-1, molecular formula C15H24Br9O4P, molecular weight 1018.47 g/mol, acronym TTBrNP) is a compound with potential to bioaccumulate and disrupt endocrine functions. To determine the toxicity of TTBrNP, two Canadian native amphibian species, Lithobates sylvaticus and L. pipiens, were acutely (embryos and Gosner stage 25 (GS25) tadpoles) or sub-chronically (GS25-41 tadpoles) exposed to the following nominal concentrations of TTBrNP: 0 (water and solvent controls), 30.6, 61.3, 122.5 and 245.0 μg/L. Note, measured concentrations declined with time (i.e., 118%-30% of nominal). There was high survival for both species after acute and sub-chronic exposures, where 75%-100% survived the exposures, respectively. There were no differences in the occurrence of abnormalities or hatchling size between controls and TTBrNP treatments for either species exposed acutely as embryos or tadpoles. Furthermore, after 30 d of sub-chronic exposure of L. pipiens tadpoles to TTBrNP there were no effects on size, developmental stage, liver somatic index or sex ratio. Bioconcentration factors were low at 26 ± 3.1 L/kg ww in tadpoles from all treatments, suggesting biotransformation or limited bioavailability via aquatic exposures. Thus, using two species of anurans at different early larval stages, we found TTBrNP up to 245 μg/L to have no overt detrimental effects on survival or morphological responses that would suggest fitness-relevant consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacey A Robinson
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Sarah D Young
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Science and Technology Branch, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
| | - Ashley McFee
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, Ontario, K1S 5B6, Canada.
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Aquatics Contaminants Research Division, Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, 867 Lakeshore Rd, Burlington, Ontario, L7S 1A1, Canada.
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33
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Ecotoxicoproteomic assessment of microplastics and plastic additives in aquatic organisms: A review. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 36:100713. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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34
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Wang C, Chen H, Li H, Yu J, Wang X, Liu Y. Review of emerging contaminant tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate: Environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks to organisms and human health. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105946. [PMID: 32663715 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is a halogen-containing organophosphorus chemical that is widely employed in various consumer products with a high production volume. As an additive flame retardant (FR), TDCPP tends to be released into the environment through multiple routes. It is ubiquitous in environmental media, biotic matrixes, and humans, and thus is deemed to be an emerging environmental contaminant. To date, significant levels of TDCPP and its primary diester metabolite, bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate, have been detected in human samples of seminal plasma, breast milk, blood plasma, placenta, and urine, thereby causing wide concern about the potential human health effects resulting from exposure to this chemical. Despite the progress in research on TDCPP over the past few years, we are still far from fully understanding the environmental behavior and health risks of this emerging contaminant. Thus, this paper critically reviews the environmental occurrence, exposure, and risks posed by TDCPP to organisms and human health among the literature published in the last decade. It has been demonstrated that TDCPP induces acute-, nerve-, developmental-, reproductive-, hepatic-, nephron-, and endocrine-disrupting toxicity in animals, which has caused increasing concern worldwide. Simultaneously, TDCPP induces cytotoxicity by increasing the formation of reactive oxygen species and inducing endoplasmic reticulum stress in multiple human cell lines in vitro, and also causes endocrine-disrupting effects, including reproductive dysfunction and adverse pregnancy outcomes, according to human epidemiology studies. This review not only provides a better understanding of the behavior of this emerging contaminant in the environment, but also enhances the comprehension of the health risks posed by TDCPP exposure to ecosystems and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences. Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, PR China.
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, PR China
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35
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Liu D, Yan Z, Liao W, Bai Y, Feng C. The toxicity effects and mechanisms of tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) and its ecological risk assessment for the protection of freshwater organisms. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 264:114788. [PMID: 32559856 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a type halogenated organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs), which has been identified as contaminants of emerging concern (CECs). The use and production of OPFRs began to increase gradually when brominated flame retardants (BFRs) were banned. Halogenated OPFRs, especially TDCPP have been considered to lead to mutagenicity and carcinogenesis and major concerns have been raised regarding their toxicity. In this study, the toxicity effects and mechanisms of TDCPP were summarized and ecological risk assessment was made regarding its potential impact on freshwater organisms. TDCPP has been widely detected in ecosystems throughout the world, with observed toxicity effects on both humans and freshwater organisms. Inhalation of the dust was found to be the main exposure for humans. TDCPP could be metabolized in the human body, and medium stability was achieved in human body with the main metabolite BDCPP. Aside from mutagenicity and carcinogenesis, TDCPP was also found to have the potential for endocrine disruption and impairing the human reproductive system. Furthermore, this study reviewed the results of previous toxicity experiments, including acute toxicity, growth and development toxicity, neurotoxicity, and hepatotoxicity in freshwater organisms. Risk assessment was made using the safety threshold method by comparing the toxicity data with the exposure data in freshwater. HC5 (hazardous concentration for 5% of organisms) derived based on traditional endpoints of acute toxicity LC50 (median lethal concentration) or EC50 (concentration for 50% of maximal effect) was 877 μg/L. This value was much higher than the exposure concentration levels in the surface water with EXD90 (exposure data with cumulative probability 90%) of 65.22 ng/L. However, based on the growth and development toxicity data, the derived HC5 was 33.33 ng/L and the calculated MOS (margin of safety) was below 1. Therefore, the results validated the fact that the ecological risk of TDCPP could not be neglected for its growth and development toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daqing Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China; College of Water Science, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenfei Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Wei Liao
- School of Resources Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330000, China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China
| | - Chenglian Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, China.
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Wang C, Chen H, Li H, Zhang Y, Ren L, Chen C, Wang X, Yu J, Li Z, Liu Y. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate Reduces the Lifespan via Activation of an Unconventional Insulin/Insulin-Like Growth Factor-1 Signaling Pathway. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:10783-10796. [PMID: 32786597 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c03630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an environmental contaminant that has attracted increasing concern due to its presence in environmental media and biological samples. Our previous study demonstrated that exposure to TDCPP reduced the lifespan of Caenorhabditis elegans, but the mechanisms, including the relevant signaling pathways, are unclear. The current study found that TDCPP exposure triggers an unconventional insulin/insulin-like growth factor signaling (IIS) pathway, not by disrupting the insulin-like growth factor-1 receptor DAF-2/IGF1R but by inhibiting the downstream tumor-suppressor factor DAF-18/PTEN. This inhibition reduces PI(3,4,5)P3 (PIP3) dephosphorylation, causing buildup that increases the activation of the Akt/Protein Kinase B (PKB) family of serine/threonine kinases. This activation induces DAF-16/FoxO phosphorylation and promotes the sequestration of DAF-16/FoxO in the cytoplasm, reducing the lifespan of nematodes. Our results have important diagnostic and therapeutic implications for controlling TDCPP-related diseases, especially those originating with IIS pathway components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, P. R. China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, P. R. China
| | - Yunchao Zhang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Luyao Ren
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Chao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, Biomedical Nanotechnology Center, Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing, School of Biotechnology, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Jun Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zongrui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, P. R. China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, P. R. China
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 195] [Impact Index Per Article: 48.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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Liu Q, Tang X, Jian X, Yang Y, Ma W, Wang Y, Zhang X. Toxic effect and mechanism of tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) on the marine alga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 252:126467. [PMID: 32222518 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is an organophosphate-based plasticizer and flame retardant with a high production volume. The ubiquitous distribution and persistence of TDCPP in aquatic environment have led to concerns over its possible toxic effects on aquatic organism. However, data regarding the toxicity of TDCPP on algae are limited, and the molecular mechanism remains largely unknown. Therefore, we determined the growth characteristics, physiological changes and transcriptome profiles of Phaeodactylum tricornutum in response to 4 mg L-1 TDCPP for 24 h. TDCPP caused morphological damage and growth inhibition with an EC50 value of 3.71 mg L-1 at 96 h. A decline in pigments and photosynthetic activity was observed, indicating the occurrence of photosynthesis inhibition. Although the activities of both glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase were stimulated, oxidative stress was not relieved in the algal cells, as evidenced by the elevated levels of reactive oxygen species and lipid peroxidation. Transcriptomic analyses revealed 3312 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), and photosynthesis was a key target, as genes related to this process were greatly altered under TDCPP stress. Moreover, some DEGs were also enriched in amino acid metabolism, nitrogen metabolism, nucleotide metabolism and lipid metabolism, implying that TDCPP-induced damage towards algae by various pathways. Additionally, several TFs related to stress signaling were differentially expressed, suggesting roles in the TDCPP stress response. The results will provide critical data to understand the ecological risks and toxic mechanism of OPFRs entering into marine habitat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Liu
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Xuexi Tang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xiaoyang Jian
- North China Sea Environmental Monitoring Center, State Oceanic Administration, Fushun Road 22, Qingdao, Shandong Province, 266033, China
| | - Yingying Yang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - Wenqian Ma
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China
| | - You Wang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China
| | - Xinxin Zhang
- Department of Marine Ecology, College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003, China; Laboratory for Marine Ecology and Environmental Science, Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237, China.
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Organophosphate Esters: Are These Flame Retardants and Plasticizers Affecting Children's Health? Curr Environ Health Rep 2020; 6:201-213. [PMID: 31755035 DOI: 10.1007/s40572-019-00258-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are applied to a variety of consumer products, primarily as flame retardants and plasticizers. OPEs can leach out of products over time and are consequently prevalent in the environment and frequently detected in human biomonitoring studies. Exposure during pregnancy is of particular concern as OPEs have recently been detected in placental tissues, suggesting they may be transferred to the developing infant. Also, studies have now shown that children typically experience higher exposure to several OPEs compared with adults, indicating they may be disproportionately impacted by these compounds. This review summarizes the current literature on reproductive and child health outcomes of OPE exposures and highlights areas for future research. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental animal studies demonstrate potential for OPEs to adversely impact health, and a limited number of epidemiologic studies conducted in adult cohorts suggest that OPEs may interfere with the endocrine system. Neurodevelopment is perhaps the most well studied of children's health endpoints, and several studies indicate that prenatal and early life OPE exposures impact both cognitive and behavioral development. Associations have also been reported with reproductive outcomes (e.g., fertilization and pregnancy loss) and with the timing of parturition and preterm birth. Cross-sectional studies also demonstrate associations between OPEs and respiratory health outcomes, allergic disease, and measures of adiposity. An expanding body of research demonstrates that OPEs are associated with adverse reproductive health and birth outcomes, asthma and allergic disease, early growth and adiposity, and neurodevelopment. Still, additional research is urgently needed to elucidate the full impact of OPEs on children's health.
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40
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Han J, Yang D, Hall DR, Liu J, Sun J, Gu W, Tang S, Alharbi HA, Jones PD, Krause HM, Peng H. Toxicokinetics of Brominated Azo Dyes in the Early Life Stages of Zebrafish ( Danio rerio) Is Prone to Aromatic Substituent Changes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:4421-4431. [PMID: 32146810 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b07178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Brominated azo dyes (BADs) have been identified as predominant indoor brominated pollutants in daycare dust; thus, their potential health risk to children is of concern. However, the toxicities of BADs remain elusive. In this study, the toxicokinetics of two predominant BADs, Disperse Blue 373 (DB373) and Disperse Violet 93 (DV93), and their suspect metabolite 2-bromo-4,6-dinitroaniline (BDNA) was investigated in embryos of zebrafish (Danio rerio). The bioconcentration factor of DV93 at 120 hpf is 6.2-fold lower than that of DB373. The nontarget analysis revealed distinct metabolism routes between DB373 and DV93 by reducing nitro groups to nitroso (DB373) or amine (DV93), despite their similar structures. NAD(P)H quinone oxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) and pyruvate dehydrogenase were predicted as the enzymes responsible for the reduction of DB373 and DV93 by correlating time courses of the metabolites and enzyme development. Further in vitro recombinant enzyme and in vivo inhibition results validated NQO1 as the enzyme specifically reducing DB373, but not DV93. Global proteome profiling revealed that the expression levels of proteins from the "apoptosis-induced DNA fragmentation" pathway were significantly upregulated by all three BADs, supporting the bioactivation of BADs to mutagenic aromatic amines. This study discovered the bioactivation of BADs via distinct eukaryotic enzymes, implying their potential health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajun Han
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Diwen Yang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - David Ross Hall
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada
| | - Jiabao Liu
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Jianxian Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Wen Gu
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Song Tang
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, National Institute of Environmental Health, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 100021, China
| | - Hattan A Alharbi
- Department of Plant Protection, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2460, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Paul D Jones
- Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B3, Canada
| | - Henry M Krause
- The Donnelly Centre, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
- School of the Environment, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3E8, Canada
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Chen S, Gong Z, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Promotion effect of liver tumor progression in male kras transgenic zebrafish induced by tris (1, 3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 191:110220. [PMID: 31991394 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A previous study reported that exposure to tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) could promote the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) in female HCC model zebrafish. Due to the existence of gender disparity in the development of HCC between females and males, whether the promotion effect of TDCIPP still exists in male HCC model zebrafish remains unclear. In this study, Tg(fabp10:rtTA2s-M2; TRE2:EGFP-krasG12V), referred as kras transgenic zebrafish which was shown to be an inducible liver tumor model, was applied as experimental model to assess the promotion potential of TDCIPP for HCC in males. In brief, kras males were exposed to 20 mg/L doxycycline (DOX), 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP and a binary mixture of 20 mg/L DOX with 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP, and after exposure liver size, histopathology and transcriptional profiles of liver from these treatments were examined. With the involvement of TDCIPP, the liver size was significantly increased and the lesion of hepatocyte became more aggressive. Furthermore, expressions of genes involved in DNA replication and inflammatory response were simultaneously up-regulated in the treatment of TDCIPP compared with the solvent control and in the treatment of the binary mixture of the two chemicals compared to the single DOX treatment. Overall, our results suggested that TDCIPP had promotion effect on the progression of liver tumor in kras males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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Gong X, Wang Y, Pu J, Zhang J, Sun H, Wang L. The environment behavior of organophosphate esters (OPEs) and di-esters in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.): Uptake mechanism, in vivo hydrolysis and subcellular distribution. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 135:105405. [PMID: 31864022 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To reveal the metabolic characteristic of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in plants, uptake efficiency, subcellular distribution and hydrolysis of OPEs and their hydrolysis metabolites in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were investigated by hydroponic experiments. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP) were prone to transporting to shoots by transpiration stream, with the translocation factors of 6.2 and 21 for TCEP and BCEP, respectively, as greater than 40% of TCEP and BECP were distributed in the cell sap due to their hydrophilicity. Hydrophobic OPEs (i.e. tri-n-butyl phosphate [TnBP] and triphenyl phosphate [TPhP]), and their hydrolysis metabolites (di-n-butyl phosphate [DnBP] and diphenyl phosphate [DPhP]) were stored in roots, resulting in low translocation capacity in wheat. As organophosphate diesters with relatively high proportions in cell walls (70-84% of DnBP and 41-43% of DPhP) are difficult to being transmembrane transported due to electrical repulsion of the cytomembrane, it is supposed that cell walls could be a main location for in vivo hydrolysis of OPEs. For DnBP, absorption by roots after in vitro hydrolysis of TnBP in hydroponic media was also an important source in wheat. Inhibition experiments showed that it is usually a non-energy-consuming process for root uptake of OPEs and their hydrolysis metabolites. The uptake of OPEs (i.e. TCEP, TnBP, and TPhP) and DPhP were facilitated diffusion mediated by aquaporins or anion channels, while uptake of BCEP and DnBP were simple diffusion processes. This study illustrated the distribution characteristics and translocation capacity of OPEs and their diester metabolites at the subcellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinying Gong
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jian Pu
- Faculty of Information Networking for Innovation and Design, Toyo University, Tokyo 115-0053, Japan; Institute for Future Initiatives, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-8654, Japan
| | - Junjie Zhang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Yin SY, Chen L, Wu DY, Wang T, Huo LJ, Zhao S, Zhou J, Zhang X, Miao YL. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate disturbs mouse embryonic development by inducing apoptosis and abnormal DNA methylation. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2019; 60:807-815. [PMID: 31411769 DOI: 10.1002/em.22322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) is a kind of additive flame retardants (FRs) and was found to affect early embryonic development in zebrafish; however, there are few studies to investigate whether TDCPP will disturb the development of early mouse embryos. In our studies, we used mouse embryos as models to study the toxicology of TDCPP on the early embryos. The results showed that TDCPP disturbed the development of early mouse embryos in a dose-dependent manner. 10 μM TDCPP decreased the blastocyst formation and 100 μM TDCPP was a lethal concentration for the mouse embryos. We proved that TDCPP was detrimental to embryonic development potential by increasing the reactive oxygen species level and inducing early apoptosis. Furthermore, TDCPP changed the DNA methylation patterns of imprinted genes in treated blastocysts. The methylation of H19 and Snrpn promoter regions was increased from 37.67% to 46.00% and 31.56% to 44.38% in treated groups, respectively. In contrast, Peg3 promoter region methylation was declined from 86.55% to 73.27% in treated embryos. Taken together, our results demonstrated that TDCPP could adversely impair the early embryonic development in mouse. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 2019. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Yuan Yin
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li Chen
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Dan-Ya Wu
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Li-Jun Huo
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shuhong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jilong Zhou
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xia Zhang
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- National Demonstration Center for Experimental Veterinary Medicine Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yi-Liang Miao
- Institute of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction, Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Huangshi Central Hospital, Huangshi, Hubei, China
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Chen S, Dang Y, Gong Z, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Progression of liver tumor was promoted by tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate through the induction of inflammatory responses in kras V12 transgenic zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 255:113315. [PMID: 31606661 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) has been detected in various environmental media and has been implicated as a weak mutagen or carcinogen, but whether TDCIPP can promote the progression of liver tumor remains unclear. In this study, krasV12 genetically modified zebrafish, Tg(fabp10:rtTA2s-M2; TRE2:EGFP-krasG12V), a model system in which liver tumors can be induced by doxycycline (DOX), was used to evaluate the liver tumor promotion potential of TDCIPP. Briefly, krasV12 transgenic females were exposed to 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP, 20 mg/L DOX or a binary mixture of 0.3 mg/L TDCIPP with 20 mg/L DOX, and liver size, histopathology, and transcriptional profiles of liver were determined. Treatment with TDCIPP resulted in increased liver size and caused more aggressive hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Compared with the exposure to DOX, TDCIPP in the presence of DOX up-regulated the expression of genes relevant with salmonella infection and the toll-like receptor signaling pathway. These results implied an occurrence of inflammatory reaction, which was sustained by the increase in the amount of infiltrated neutrophils in the liver of Tg(lyz:DsRed2) transgenic zebrafish larvae whose neutrophils were labelled by red fluorescent protein under the lysozyme C promoter. Furthermore, compared with the binary exposure of DOX and TDCIPP, treatment with a ternary mixture of TDCIPP, DOX and inflammatory response inhibitor (ketoprofen) significantly decrease the liver size and the amounts of neutrophils in the livers of kras and lyz double transgenic zebrafish larvae. Collectively, our results suggested that TDCIPP could promote the liver tumor progression by induction of hepatic inflammatory responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Chen
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yao Dang
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhiyuan Gong
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, 117543, Singapore
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- Hubei Provincial Engineering Laboratory for Pond Aquaculture, College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
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45
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Rhyu D, Lee H, Tanguay RL, Kim KT. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) disrupts zebrafish tail fin development. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 182:109449. [PMID: 31398778 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The flame retardant, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP), is one of the most developmentally toxic organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs). However, few mechanistic studies on phenotypic malformation caused by TDCIPP have been conducted. This study investigates the molecular mechanism underlying abnormal tail fin development consistently observed in zebrafish embryos exposed to TDCIPP. The results show that the defects in the tail fin (e.g., bent spine, defective caudal fin, and damaged tip) were associated with altered expression of transcription factors. The significant up-regulation of mmp9 and, among insulin-growth factor (IGF) families, igfbp-1a and igfbp1b was observed, whereas alterations in the expression of cdx4, igf1a, ifg1b, igf2b, and vegaa regulating tail development were dependent on time points. In accordance with changes in mRNA gene expression, TDCIPP impaired vessel formation and disorganized muscle in transgenic Tg(fli-GFP) zebrafish larvae. Furthermore, we found that the overexpression of mmp9 caused by TDCIPP was not linked to igfbp-1. Overall, these findings demonstrate that TDCIPP disrupts the progression of tail fin development, accompanied by defects in vessel and muscle formation in developing zebrafish embryos.
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Affiliation(s)
- DongYoung Rhyu
- Department of Oriental Medicine Resources, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam, 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Lee
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Robert L Tanguay
- Department of Environment and Molecular Toxicology, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Ki-Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental Energy Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Engineering, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, Republic of Korea.
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Dasgupta S, Vliet SMF, Cheng V, Mitchell CA, Kirkwood J, Vollaro A, Hur M, Mehdizadeh C, Volz DC. Complex Interplay Among Nuclear Receptor Ligands, Cytosine Methylation, and the Metabolome in Driving Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate-Induced Epiboly Defects in Zebrafish. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10497-10505. [PMID: 31385694 PMCID: PMC6721996 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b04127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCIPP) is a high-production-volume organophosphate flame retardant (OPFR) that induces epiboly defects during zebrafish embryogenesis, leading to the disruption of dorsoventral patterning. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to (1) identify the potential mechanisms involved in TDCIPP-induced epiboly defects and (2) determine whether coexposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPHP)-an OPFR commonly detected with TDCIPP-enhances or mitigates epiboly defects. Although TDCIPP-induced epiboly defects were not associated with adverse impacts on cytoskeletal protein abundance in situ, the coexposure of embryos to TPHP partially blocked TDCIPP-induced epiboly defects. As nuclear receptors are targets for both TPHP and TDCIPP, we exposed the embryos to TDCIPP in the presence or absence of 69 nuclear receptor ligands and, similar to TPHP, found that ciglitazone (a peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ agonist) and 17β-estradiol (E2; an estrogen receptor α agonist) nearly abolished TDCIPP-induced epiboly defects. Moreover, E2 and ciglitazone mitigated TDCIPP-induced effects on CpG hypomethylation within the target loci prior to epiboly, and ciglitazone altered TDCIPP-induced effects on the abundance of two polar metabolites (acetylcarnitine and cytidine-5-diphosphocholine) during epiboly. Overall, our results point to a complex interplay among nuclear receptor ligands, cytosine methylation, and the metabolome in both the induction and mitigation of epiboly defects induced by TDCIPP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subham Dasgupta
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Sara M. F. Vliet
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Constance A. Mitchell
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Jay Kirkwood
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Alyssa Vollaro
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Manhoi Hur
- Metabolomics Core Facility, Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Chris Mehdizadeh
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - David C. Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, United States
- Phone: (951) 827-4450; Fax: (951) 827-4652;
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Cheng S, Liu H, Sun Q, Kong R, Letcher RJ, Liu C. Occurrence of the fungus mycotoxin, ustiloxin A, in surface waters of paddy fields in Enshi, Hubei, China, and toxicity in Tetrahymena thermophila. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:901-909. [PMID: 31234256 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There has been an increasing incidence rate of rice false smut in global rice cultivation areas. However, there is a dearth of studies on the environmental concentrations and hazards of ustiloxin A (UA), which is the major mycotoxin produced by a pathogenic fungus of the rice false smut. Here, the concentrations of UA in the surface waters of two paddy fields located in Enshi city, Hubei province, China, were measured, and its toxicity in T. Thermophila was evaluated. This is the first study to detect UA in the surface waters of the two paddy fields, and the measured mean concentrations were 2.82 and 0.26 μg/L, respectively. Exposure to 2.19, 19.01 or 187.13 μg/L UA for 5 days significantly reduced the theoretical population and cell size of T. thermophila. Furthermore, treatment with 187.13 μg/L UA changed the percentages of T. thermophila cells in different cell-cycle stages, and with an increased malformation rate compared with the control, suggesting the disruption of the cell cycle. The expressions of 30 genes involved in the enriched proteasome pathway, 7 cyclin genes (cyc9, cyc10, cyc16, cyc22, cyc23, cyc26, cyc33) and 2 histone genes (mlh1 and hho1) were significantly down-regulated, which might be the modes of action responsible for the disruption of cell cycling due to UA exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyang Cheng
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Hao Liu
- College of Plant Science & Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Qian Sun
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Ren Kong
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China
| | - Robert J Letcher
- Ecotoxicology and Wildlife Health Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, National Wildlife Research Centre, Carleton University, 1125 Colonel By Drive, Ottawa, K1A 0H3, Canada
| | - Chunsheng Liu
- College of Fisheries, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, Hubei, China.
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Di-(2-ethylhexyl)-phthalate induces apoptosis via the PPARγ/PTEN/AKT pathway in differentiated human embryonic stem cells. Food Chem Toxicol 2019; 131:110552. [PMID: 31163220 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2019.05.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
[OBJECTIVE]: Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a widely used plasticizer, may act as an endocrine disruptor and cause developmental toxicity. Differentiated human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) were used to investigate the underlying mechanism of the embryotoxicity induced by DEHP. [Materials and Methods] H9-hESCs were treated with DEHP at different concentrations for 10 days, and the cytotoxicity of DEHP on cell proliferation was determined using a cell-microelectronic sensing technique (Real-Time Cellular Analysis: RTCA). Based on the 50% inhibitory proliferation concentration (IC50), differentiated H9-hESCs were treated with DEHP at 0, 50, 100, and 200 μg/ml for 120 h, followed by measurement of its toxic effects on the transcriptome by mRNA microarray and QuantiGene Plex (QGP). Proteins were detected by the iTRAQ-based proteomics method and the proteins related to the PPARγ/PTEN/Akt pathways were measured by western blotting. The progression of the cell cycle and apoptosis were characterized using flow cytometry (FCM). In other experiments, hESCs were pre-treated with GW9662 (20 μM), a specific PPARγ inhibitor, for 30 min, followed by exposure to GW9662 (20 μM) and DEHP (200 μg/ml) for 120 h to observe the underlying mechanism of DEHP's embryotoxicity. [RESULTS]: DEHP inhibited H9-hESC cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner, with an IC50 of 165.78 μg/ml. FCM results showed that DEHP could markedly induce cell cycle arrest and increase apoptosis. Gene microarray and QPG array analyses indicated that the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) was an apparent target for DEHP. We further demonstrated that DEHP could activate the PPARγ and upregulate the expression of PTEN downstream genes, and then play a negative role in the AKT signaling pathway. Cells pretreated with PPARγ inhibitor, GW9662, were shown to restore the effect of DEHP on the PPARγ/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway, and induce the recovery of cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. [CONCLUSION]: DEHP inhibited cell proliferation, promoted cell cycle arrest, and induced apoptosis through the PPARγ/PTEN/AKT signaling pathway in differentiated human embryonic stem cells. It suggested that DEHP exposure possibly cause reproductive or developmental toxicity in humans through the PPARγ signaling pathway.
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Liu Q, Wang X, Yang R, Yang L, Sun B, Zhu L. Uptake Kinetics, Accumulation, and Long-Distance Transport of Organophosphate Esters in Plants: Impacts of Chemical and Plant Properties. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:4940-4947. [PMID: 30942573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b07189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, accumulation, and long-distance transport of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in four kinds of plants were investigated by hydroponic experiments. The uptake kinetics ( k1,root) of OPEs in plant roots were determined by the binding of OPEs with the proteins in plant roots and apoplastic sap for the hydrophobic compounds, which correlated well with the transpiration capacity of the plants for the hydrophilic compounds. However, the accumulation capacity of OPEs in plant root was controlled by the partition of OPEs to plant lipids. As a consequence, OPEs were taken up the fastest in wheat root as a result of its highest protein content but least accumulated as a result of its lowest lipid content. The translocation factor of the OPEs decreased quickly with the hydrophobicity (log Kow) increasing, suggesting that the hydrophobic OPEs were hard to translocate from roots to shoots. The hydrophilic OPEs, such as tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate, were ambimobile in the plant xylem and phloem, suggesting that they could move to the edible parts of plants and enhanced risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Rongyan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Yang
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Binbin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Nankai University , Tianjin 300350 , People's Republic of China
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Wang C, An J, Bai Y, Li H, Chen H, Ou D, Liu Y. Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate accelerated the aging process induced by the 4-hydroxynon-2-enal response to reactive oxidative species in Caenorhabditis elegans. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:904-913. [PMID: 31159140 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCPP) has been frequently detected in environmental media and biological samples. However, knowledge of its adverse health consequences is limited. In the current study, Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans, L1 larvae) were exposed to TDCPP at environmentally relevant concentrations (control, 0.1, 1, 100 and 1000 μg L-1) for 72 h to explore any association between TDCPP and the aging process. Some of the degenerative age-related indicators were observed, including locomotion behaviors and lifespan. As crucial biomarkers of aging, the accumulation of lipofuscin, and lipid peroxidation (LPO) products exemplified by 4-hydroxynon-2-enal (4-HNE) were detected. This product forms as a result of oxidative stress, as confirmed by an N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) pharmacological assay. Moreover, a significant increase in reactive oxide species (ROS) production in a dose-dependent manner using a fluorescent probe was observed. For the underlying molecular mechanism of the above aging phenotypes, significantly upregulated transcription of genes related to antioxidant systems, especially a subset of glutathione S-transferase (gst-5, gst-6, gst-9, gst-10, gst-19, gst-24, gst-26, gst-29, gst-33, and gst-38), was found by RNA-Seq and further confirmed by RT-qPCR. The elevated glutathione S-transferase (GST) was attributed to the significant increase in 4-HNE because mutations in gst-5 and gst-24 inhibited the conjugation of GSTs with 4-HNE. Therefore, GST play an indispensable role in the detoxification process of TDCPP exposure and further confirmed LPO accumulation at the molecular mechanism level. In conclusion, TDCPP accelerated the aging process induced by the LPO products, 4-HNE, response to reactive oxidative species in C. elegans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Jing An
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China
| | - Yingchen Bai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 10012, PR China
| | - Hui Li
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China; Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, PR China.
| | - Haibo Chen
- Center for Environmental Health Research, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, MEP, Guangzhou, 510535, PR China
| | - Dong Ou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Yongdi Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
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