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Jonker MTO, Diepens NJ. Improving Sediment Toxicity Testing for Very Hydrophobic Chemicals: Part 1-Spiking, Equilibrating, and Exposure Quantification. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2024; 43:1717-1727. [PMID: 38345366 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Sediment toxicity tests have applications in ecological risk and chemical safety assessments. Despite the many years of experience in testing and the availability of standard protocols, sediment toxicity testing remains challenging with very hydrophobic organic chemicals (VHOCs; i.e., chemicals with a log octanol/water partition coefficient of more than 6). The challenges primarily relate to the chemicals' low aqueous solubilities and slow kinetics, due to which several experimental artifacts may occur. To investigate the potential artifacts, experiments were performed, focusing on spiking and equilibrating (aging) sediments, as well as exposure quantification with passive sampling. The results demonstrated that generally applied, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development-recommended spiking (coating) methods may lead to significant chemical losses and the formation of nondissolved, nonbioavailable VHOCs. Direct spiking appeared to be the most optimal, provided that intensive mixing was applied simultaneously. Passive dosing was tested as a novel way of spiking liquid VHOCs, but the approach proved unsuccessful. Intensive postspiking mixing during sediment equilibration for 1 to 2 weeks was shown to be essential for producing a homogeneous system, minimizing the presence of nondissolved chemical (crystals or nonaqueous phase liquids; NAPLs), and creating a stable toxicological response in subsequent toxicity tests. Finally, exposure quantification of VHOCs in sediments through passive sampling was found to be feasible with different polymers, although prolonged equilibration times may be required, and determining sampler/water partition coefficients can be extremely challenging. The results of additional experiments, focusing on toxicity test exposure duration, concentrations above which NAPLs will occur, and ways to distinguish actual toxicity from false-positive results, are presented in Part 2 of this publication series. Environ Toxicol Chem 2024;43:1717-1727. © 2024 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Noël J Diepens
- Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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2
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Zhang H, Xie K, Luo Q, Tang J, Zhang YN. Prediction of Base-Catalyzed Hydrolysis Kinetics of Polychlorinated Dibenzo- p-Dioxins by Density Functional Theory Calculations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5483-5490. [PMID: 38484382 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c08985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/27/2024]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), comprising 75 congeners, have gained considerable attention from the general public and the scientific community owing to their high toxic potential. The base-catalyzed hydrolysis of PCDDs is crucial for the assessment of their environmental persistence. Nonetheless, owing to the substantial number of congeners and low hydrolysis rates of PCDDs, conducting hydrolysis experiments proves to be exceedingly time-consuming and financially burdensome. Herein, density functional theory and transition state theory were employed to predict the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of PCDDs in aquatic environments. Findings reveal that PCDDs undergo base-catalyzed hydrolysis in aquatic environments with two competing pathways: prevailing dioxin ring-opening and reduced reactivity in the hydrolytic dechlorination pathway. The resultant minor products include hydroxylated PCDDs, which exhibit thermodynamic stability surpassing that of the principal product, chlorinated hydroxydiphenyl ethers. The half-lives (ranging from 17.10 to 1.33 × 1010 h at pH = 8) associated with the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of PCDDs dissolved in water were shorter compared to those within the water-sediment environmental system. This observation implies that hydroxide ions can protect aquatic environments from PCDD contamination. Notably, this study represents the first attempt to predict the base-catalyzed hydrolysis of PCDDs by using quantum chemical methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiqin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Kun Xie
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang 110000, China
| | - Jiaxi Tang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Liaoning Technical University, Fuxin 123000, China
| | - Ya-Nan Zhang
- School of Environment, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130117, China
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Nybom I, van Grimbergen J, Forsell M, Mustajärvi L, Martens J, Sobek A. Water column organic carbon composition as driver for water-sediment fluxes of hazardous pollutants in a coastal environment. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 465:133393. [PMID: 38211519 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.133393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
The environmental fate of hazardous hydrophobic pollutants in the marine environment is strongly influenced by organic carbon (OC) cycling. As an example, the seasonality in primary production impacts both water column OC quantity and quality, which may influence pollutant mass transport from the water column to the sediment. This study aims to better understand the role of water column OC variability for the fate of pollutants in a near-coastal area. We conducted an in situ sampling campaign in the coastal Baltic Proper during two seasons, summer and autumn. We used polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) as model compounds, as they represent a wide range in physicochemical properties and are ubiquitous in the environment. Freely dissolved, and OC-bound concentrations were studied in the water column and surface sediment. We found stronger sorption of pollutants to suspended particulate matter (SPM) during the summer compared to the autumn (average 0.6 and 0.9 log unit higher particle-water partition coefficients during summer for PAHs and PCBs). Our data suggest that stronger sorption mirrors a compositional change of the OC towards higher contribution of labile OC during the summer, characterized by two times higher fatty acid and 24% higher dicarboxylic acids in SPM during summer. High concentrations of OC in the water column during the autumn resulted in increased SPM-mediated sinking fluxes of pollutants. Our results suggest that future changes in primary production are prone to influence the bioavailability and mobility of pollutants in costal zones, potentially affecting the residence time of these hazardous substances in the circulating marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inna Nybom
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mari Forsell
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lukas Mustajärvi
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jannik Martens
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Sobek
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lee JD, Chiou TH, Zhang HJ, Chao HR, Chen KY, Gou YY, Huang CE, Lin SL, Wang LC. Persistent Halogenated Organic Pollutants in Deep-Water-Deposited Particulates from South China Sea. TOXICS 2023; 11:968. [PMID: 38133369 PMCID: PMC10748163 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11120968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
POP data are limited in the marine environment; thus, this study aimed to investigate background persistent organic pollutant (POP) levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particulates in the South China Sea (SCS). Six POPs, including polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polybrominated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PBDD/Fs), polychlorinated diphenyl ethers (PCDEs), and polybrominated biphenyls (PBBs), were investigated in eight pooled samples from the SCS from 20 September 2013 to 23 March 2014 and 15 April 2014 to 24 October 2014 at depths of 2000 m and 3500 m. PBDEs were the most predominant compounds, with the highest mean Σ14PBDE of 125 ± 114 ng/g dry weight (d.w.), followed by Σ17PCDD/F, Σ12PBDD/F, and Σ12DL-PCB (275 ± 1930, 253 ± 216, and 116 ± 166 pg/g d.w., respectively). Most PBDD/F, PBB, and PCDE congeners were below the detection limits. PCDDs had the highest toxic equivalency (TEQ), followed by PBDDs and DL-PCBs. Among the six POPs, PBDEs were the major components of the marine-deposited particles, regarding both concentrations and mass fluxes. Compared to 3500 m, PBDE levels were higher at a depth of 2000 m. PBDE mass fluxes were 20.9 and 14.2 ng/m2/day or 68.2 and 75.9 ng/m2/year at deep-water 2000 and 3500 m, respectively. This study first investigated POP levels in oceanic deep-water-deposited particles from existing global data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-De Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Tsyr-Huei Chiou
- Department of Life Sciences, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Hong-Jie Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100811, China;
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
- Center for Agricultural, Forestry, Fishery, Livestock and Aquaculture Carbon Emission Inventory and Emerging Compounds, General Research Service Center, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- Institute of Food Safety Management, College of Agriculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan
- School of Dentistry, College of Dental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
- Department of Occupational Safety and Health, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Kampus C, Mulyorejo, Surabaya 60115, Indonesia
| | - Kuang-Yu Chen
- National Applied Research Laboratories, Taiwan Ocean Research Institute, Kaohsiung 852, Taiwan;
| | - Yan-You Gou
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung 91201, Taiwan; (J.-D.L.); (Y.-Y.G.)
| | - Chien-Er Huang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineering, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan;
- Super Micro Mass Research & Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 833, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Lun Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan;
| | - Lin-Chi Wang
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Nanzih District, Kaohsiung 81157, Taiwan
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Rojo-Nieto E, Jahnke A. Chemometers: an integrative tool for chemical assessment in multimedia environments. Chem Commun (Camb) 2023; 59:3193-3205. [PMID: 36826793 PMCID: PMC10013656 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc06882f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023]
Abstract
We propose novel chemometers - passive equilibrium samplers of, e.g., silicone - as an integrative tool for the assessment of hydrophobic organic compounds in multimedia environments. The traditional way of assessing levels of organic pollutants across different environmental compartments is to compare the chemical concentration normalized to the major sorptive phase in two or more media. These sorptive phases for hydrophobic organic compounds differ between compartments, e.g., lipids in biota and organic carbon in sediments. Hence, comparability across media can suffer due to differences in sorptive capacities, but also extraction protocols and bioavailability. Chemometers overcome these drawbacks; they are a common, universal and well-defined polymer reference phase for sampling of a large range of nonpolar organic pollutants in different matrices like biota, sediment and water. When bringing the chemometer into direct contact with the sample, the chemicals partition between the sample and the polymer until thermodynamic equilibrium partitioning is established. At equilibrium, the chemical concentrations in the chemometers can be determined and directly compared between media, e.g., between organisms of different trophic levels or inhabiting different areas, between organs within an organism or between biotic and abiotic compartments, amongst others. Chemometers hence allow expressing the data on a common basis, as the equilibrium partitioning concentrations in the polymer, circumventing normalizations. The approach is based on chemical activity rather than total concentrations, and as such, gives a measure of the "effective concentration" of a compound or a mixture. Furthermore, chemical activity is the main driver for partitioning, biouptake and toxicity. As an additional benefit, the extracts of the chemometers only require limited cleanup efforts, avoiding introduction of a bias between chemicals of different persistence, and can be submitted to both chemical analysis and/or bioanalytical profiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Rojo-Nieto
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Annika Jahnke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Ecological Chemistry, Permoserstr. 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, 52074 Aachen, Germany
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Mikolajczyk S, Warenik-Bany M, Pajurek M. Dioxins and PCBs in freshwater fish and sediments from Polish lakes. FOOD ADDITIVES & CONTAMINANTS. PART B, SURVEILLANCE 2022; 15:159-167. [PMID: 35410583 DOI: 10.1080/19393210.2022.2055154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PCDD/F and PCB concentrations were analysed in sediments, fish muscles, and livers collected from four lakes in Poland. In general, the fish and sediments had low levels of dioxins and PCBs. The total TEQ in the sediments was 0.12-0.47 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 dry matter (dm), the NDL-PCB content was at 0.05-0.36 ng g-1 dm. The muscles contained PCDD/F/DL-PCBs levels of 0.03-3.19 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 wet weight (ww) while the NDL-PCB content was 0.08-27.30 ng g-1 ww. The livers contained 0.73-8.74 pg WHO-TEQ g-1 ww and the NDL-PCB content was 1.52-88.84 ng g-1 ww. The potential health risk for fish consumers was assessed using the Tolerable Weekly Intake (2 pg WHO-TEQ/kg bw). The consumption of 200 g of fish containing an average PCDD/D/DL-PCB content results in an intake of 43-455% TWI and 14-150% TWI for children and adults, respectively, depending on fish species and sampling point.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marek Pajurek
- Radiobiology Department, National Veterinary Research Institute, Pulawy, Poland
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Lotufo GR, Michalsen MM, Reible DD, Gschwend PM, Ghosh U, Kennedy AJ, Kerns KM, Rakowska MI, Odetayo A, MacFarlane JK, Yan S, Bokare M. Interlaboratory Study of Polyethylene and Polydimethylsiloxane Polymeric Samplers for Ex Situ Measurement of Freely Dissolved Hydrophobic Organic Compounds in Sediment Porewater. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1885-1902. [PMID: 35512673 PMCID: PMC9545451 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2021] [Revised: 12/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
We evaluated the precision and accuracy of multilaboratory measurements for determining freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree ) of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment porewater using polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) polymeric samplers. Four laboratories exposed performance reference compound (PRC) preloaded polymers to actively mixed and static ex situ sediment for approximately 1 month; two laboratories had longer exposures (2 and 3 months). For Cfree results, intralaboratory precision was high for single compounds (coefficient of variation 50% or less), and for most PAHs and PCBs interlaboratory variability was low (magnitude of difference was a factor of 2 or less) across polymers and exposure methods. Variability was higher for the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs, which were present at low concentrations and required larger PRC-based corrections, and also for naphthalene, likely due to differential volatilization losses between laboratories. Overall, intra- and interlaboratory variability between methods (PDMS vs. LDPE, actively mixed vs. static exposures) was low. The results that showed Cfree polymer equilibrium was achieved in approximately 1 month during active exposures, suggesting that the use of PRCs may be avoided for ex situ analysis using comparable active exposure; however, such ex situ testing may not reflect field conditions. Polymer-derived Cfree concentrations for most PCBs and PAHs were on average within a factor of 2 compared with concentrations in isolated porewater, which were directly measured by one laboratory; difference factors of up to 6 were observed for naphthalene and the most hydrophobic PAHs and PCBs. The Cfree results were similar for academic and private sector laboratories. The accuracy and precision that we demonstrate for determination of Cfree using polymer sampling are anticipated to increase regulatory acceptance and confidence in use of the method. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1885-1902. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by U.S. Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme R. Lotufo
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Mandy M. Michalsen
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | - Danny D. Reible
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Philip M. Gschwend
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Alan J. Kennedy
- Environmental Laboratory, US Army Engineer Research and Development CenterVicksburgMississippiUSA
| | | | - Magdalena I. Rakowska
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - Adesewa Odetayo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, and Construction EngineeringTexas Tech UniversityLubbockTexasUSA
| | - John K. MacFarlane
- Department of Civil and Environmental EngineeringMassachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridgeMassachusettsUSA
| | - Songjing Yan
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Mandar Bokare
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental EngineeringUniversity of Maryland Baltimore CountyBaltimoreMarylandUSA
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Zaghden H, Barhoumi B, Jlaiel L, Guigue C, Chouba L, Touil S, Sayadi S, Tedetti M. Occurrence, origin and potential ecological risk of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and organochlorines in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea). MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113737. [PMID: 35597001 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 04/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the occurrence, origin, and potential ecological risk of dissolved polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyl (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in 27 surface water samples collected from a highly anthropized and industrialized area in the Gulf of Gabès (Tunisia, Southern Mediterranean Sea) in October-November 2017. The results demonstrated a wide range of concentrations (ng L-1) with the following decreasing order: Ʃ16 PAHs (17.6-71.2) > Ʃ20 PCBs (2.9-33.7) > Ʃ6 DDTs (1.1-12.1) > Ʃ4 HCHs (1.1-14.8). Selected diagnostic ratios indicated a mixture of both pyrolytic and petrogenic sources of PAHs, with a predominance of petrogenic sources. PCB compositions showed distinct contamination signatures for tetra- to hepta-chlorinated PCBs, characteristic of contamination by commercial (Aroclor) PCB mixtures. The dominant OCP congeners were γ-HCH, 2,4'-DDD and 2,4'-DDE, reflecting past use of Lindane and DDTs in the study area. Agricultural, industrial and domestic activities, as well as atmospheric transport are identified as potential sources of PAHs, PCBs and OCPs in surface waters of the Gulf of Gabès. Toxic equivalents (TEQs) suggested a low carcinogenic potential for PAHs in seawater samples (mean of 0.14 ng TEQ L-1). Evaluation of risk coefficients revealed low risk for PAHs and PCBs, and moderate to severe risk for OCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hatem Zaghden
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Plant Molecular Physiology, Centre of Biotechnology of Borj-Cédria, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia.
| | - Badreddine Barhoumi
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia.
| | - Lobna Jlaiel
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Catherine Guigue
- Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France
| | - Lassaad Chouba
- Laboratory of Marine Environment, National Institute of Marine Science and Technology (INSTM), Goulette, Tunisia
| | - Soufiane Touil
- Laboratory of Hetero-Organic Compounds and Nanostructured Materials (LR18ES11), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences of Bizerte, University of Carthage, 7021 Zarzouna, Tunisia
| | - Sami Sayadi
- Biotechnology Program, Center for Sustainable Development, College of Arts and Sciences, Qatar University, Doha 2713, Qatar.
| | - Marc Tedetti
- Laboratory of Environmental Bioprocesses, Centre of Biotechnology of Sfax, BP 1177, 3018 Sfax, Tunisia; Aix Marseille Univ., Université de Toulon, CNRS, IRD, MIO UM 110, 13288, Marseille, France.
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Kannan VM, Gopikrishna VG, Saritha VK, Krishnan KP, Mohan M. PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like, and non-dioxin like PCBs in the sediments of high Arctic fjords, Svalbard. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 174:113277. [PMID: 34995883 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2021.113277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) are highly toxic organic compounds, and very few studies on their presence in polar environments have been conducted. This study assessed the concentration and distribution of PCDD/Fs, dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs), and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls in selected fjords of the Svalbard archipelago in Norway. The ∑PCDD/Fs observed for Raudfjorden, Smeerenburgfjorden, Magdalenefjorden, and Kongsfjorden were 22.80 pg/g, 25.65 pg/g, 18.27 pg/g, 33.50 pg/g, and 21.69 pg/g, respectively. The WHO's toxic equivalents values of both ∑PCDD/Fs and ∑DL-PCBs were comparatively higher than those reported in other polar regions. Of the four fjords studied, the sediments from Kongsfjorden exhibited the presence of the most toxic materials, including PCB-126 and PCB-169, of DL-PCBs. More than 80% of the total analysed PCDD/Fs were comprised of highly chlorinated congeners (hexa-to-octa forms). More studies are required to understand the destination and transport of these hazardous pollutants in high Arctic sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Kannan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V G Gopikrishna
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - V K Saritha
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India
| | - K P Krishnan
- National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research, Ministry of Earth Sciences, Goa 403802, India
| | - Mahesh Mohan
- School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India; International Centre for Polar Studies, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kerala 686560, India.
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Tu YJ, Premachandra GS, Boyd SA, Sallach JB, Li H, Teppen BJ, Johnston CT. Synthesis and evaluation of Fe 3O 4-impregnated activated carbon for dioxin removal. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 263:128263. [PMID: 33297207 PMCID: PMC7733032 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and -furans (PCDD/PCDFs) are highly toxic organic pollutants in soils and sediments which persist over timescales that extend from decades to centuries. There is a growing need to develop effective technologies for remediating PCDD/Fs-contaminated soils and sediments to protect human and ecosystem health. The use of sorbent amendments to sequester PCDD/Fs has emerged as one promising technology. A synthesis method is described here to create a magnetic activated carbon composite (AC-Fe3O4) for dioxin removal and sampling that could be recovered from soils using magnetic separation. Six AC-Fe3O4 composites were evaluated (five granular ACs (GACs) and one fine-textured powder AC(PAC)) for their magnetization and ability to sequester dibenzo-p-dioxin (DD). Both GAC/PAC and GAC/PAC-Fe3O4 composites effectively removed DD from aqueous solution. The sorption affinity of DD for GAC-Fe3O4 was slightly reduced compared to GAC alone, which is attributed to the blocking of sorption sites. The magnetization of a GAC-Fe3O4 composite reached 5.38 emu/g based on SQUID results, allowing the adsorbent to be easily separated from aqueous solution using an external magnetic field. Similarly, a fine-textured PAC-Fe3O4 composite was synthesized with a magnetization of 9.3 emu/g.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Jen Tu
- School of Environmental and Geographical Sciences, Shanghai Normal University, 100 Guilin Rd., Shanghai, 200234, China
| | | | - Stephen A Boyd
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - J Brett Sallach
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5NG, UK
| | - Hui Li
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Brian J Teppen
- Department of Plant, Soil, and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Cliff T Johnston
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, 915 W. State Street, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA; Department of Earth, Atmospheric and Planetary Sciences, 550 Stadium Mall, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, 47907, USA.
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11
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Tureyen OE, Yilmaz A, Yakan SD, Yetiskin B, Okay O, Okay OS. Performance of butyl rubber-based macroporous sorbents as passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:3766-3773. [PMID: 32347478 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08945-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this study, two macroporous butyl rubber (BR)-based sorbents prepared in benzene (H-BR) and in cyclohexane (L-BR) with different porosities were synthesized by cryogelation technique. Their performances as a passive sampler were studied and then compared with commercially available silicon rubber (polydimethylsiloxane, PDMS) passive sampler. For that aim, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) absorption rates of the sorbents in the short-term and their accumulation capacities in the long-term periods were investigated. Four PAHs (naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluoranthene, and pyrene) with a different number of aromatic rings were utilized. The concentrations of the PAHs in solutions were quantified by fluorescence spectrophotometer. The results showed that the BR sampler prepared in benzene (H-BR) generally has the highest absorption rates for all PAHs. The rate constants k (h-1) of the H-BR, L-BR, and PDMS samplers were found as 1.07, 0.55, and 0.55 for naphthalene; 0.73, 0.16, and 0.09 for phenanthrene; 0.24, 0.26, and 0.08 for fluoranthene; and 0.97, 0.38, and 0.17 for pyrene, respectively. The highest PAH absorption capacity was found for the BR sorbents prepared in benzene for all PAHs. Thus, benzene was selected as the organic solvent rather than cyclohexane for further studies in the preparation of butyl rubber-based samplers. The H-BR possessing the highest absorption rate and capacity underlines their usage as a capable passive sampler for both short- and long-term monitoring activities in the aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oktay E Tureyen
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Atilla Yilmaz
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sevil D Yakan
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Berkant Yetiskin
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oguz Okay
- Department of Chemistry, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oya S Okay
- Department of Ocean Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Maslak, 34469, Istanbul, Turkey
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12
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Jonker MTO, Burgess RM, Ghosh U, Gschwend PM, Hale SE, Lohmann R, Lydy MJ, Maruya KA, Reible D, Smedes F. Ex situ determination of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils: basis for interpreting toxicity and assessing bioavailability, risks and remediation necessity. Nat Protoc 2020; 15:1800-1828. [PMID: 32313252 DOI: 10.1038/s41596-020-0311-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The freely dissolved concentration (Cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments and soils is considered the driver behind chemical bioavailability and, ultimately, toxic effects in benthic organisms. Therefore, quantifying Cfree, although challenging, is critical when assessing risks of contamination in field and spiked sediments and soils (e.g., when judging remediation necessity or interpreting results of toxicity assays performed for chemical safety assessments). Here, we provide a state-of-the-art passive sampling protocol for determining Cfree in sediment and soil samples. It represents an international consensus procedure, developed during a recent interlaboratory comparison study. The protocol describes the selection and preconditioning of the passive sampling polymer, critical incubation system component dimensions, equilibration and equilibrium condition confirmation, quantitative sampler extraction, quality assurance/control issues and final calculations of Cfree. The full procedure requires several weeks (depending on the sampler used) because of prolonged equilibration times. However, hands-on time, excluding chemical analysis, is approximately 3 d for a set of about 15 replicated samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Burgess
- Atlantic Coastal Environmental Science Division, Office of Research and Development, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- RM Parsons Laboratory, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Geotechnics and Environment, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, RI, USA
| | - Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries, Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences, and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL, USA
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Chemistry Department, Southern California Coastal Water Research Project Authority, Costa Mesa, CA, USA
| | - Danny Reible
- Civil, Environmental and Construction Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | - Foppe Smedes
- Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
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13
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Lei P, Zhu J, Pan K, Zhang H. Sorption kinetics of parent and substituted PAHs for low-density polyethylene (LDPE): Determining their partition coefficients between LDPE and water (K LDPE) for passive sampling. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 87:349-360. [PMID: 31791508 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2019] [Revised: 07/31/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) has been widely used as a sorbent for passive sampling of hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) in aquatic environments. However, it has seen only limited application in passive sampling for measurement of freely dissolved concentrations of parent and substituted PAHs (SPAHs), which are known to be toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic. Here, the 16 priority PAHs and some typical PAHs were selected as target compounds and were simultaneously determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Some batch experiments were conducted in the laboratory to explore the adsorption kinetics of the target compounds in LDPE membranes. The results showed that both PAHs and SPAHs could reach equilibrium status within 19-38 days in sorption kinetic experiments. The coefficients of partitioning between LDPE film (50 μm thickness) and water (KLDPE) for the 16 priority PAHs were in good agreement with previously reported values, and the values of KLDPE for the 9 SPAHs are reported in this study for the first time. Significant linear relationships were observed, i.e., log KLDPE = 0.705 × log KOW + 1.534 for PAHs (R2 = 0.8361, p < 0.001) and log KLDPE = 0.458 × log KOW + 3.092 for SPAHs (R2 = 0.5609, p = 0.0077). The selected LDPE film was also proven to meet the condition of "zero sink" for the selected target compounds. These results could provide basic support for the configuration and in situ application of passive samplers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Lei
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Jinjie Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Pan
- Institute for Advanced Study, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
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14
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Salim F, Górecki T. Theory and modelling approaches to passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2019; 21:1618-1641. [PMID: 31528928 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00215d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Designs and applications of passive samplers for various environmental compartments have been broadened significantly since their introduction. Understanding the theory behind passive sampling is essential for proper development of sampling methods and for accurate interpretation of the results. Theoretical underpinnings of passive sampling have been explored using different approaches. The aim of this review is to describe passive sampling theory and modelling approaches presented in the literature in a manner that allows researchers to obtain comprehensive understanding of them and to recognize the assumptions behind each approach together with their applicability to a given passive sampling technique. A common approach originates from Whitman's two-film theory and produces an exponential model that describes the entire passive sampling process. This approach, however, is based on several assumptions including linear exchange kinetics between the sampled medium and the passive sampler. Two-phase air passive samplers with a well-defined barrier are commonly modeled based on the zero-sink assumption, which assumes efficient trapping of analytes in the receiving phase. This assumption may become invalid under various scenarios; consequently, other approaches to modelling have been introduced including simulation of the sampling process by approximate temporal-steady states in hypothetical segments in the adsorption phase. Another approach uses dynamic models to determine accumulation of analytes in passive samplers. Dynamic models are capable of describing mass accumulation in the passive sampler, its transient response, and its response to fluctuations in environmental concentrations. Finally, empirically calibrated models, attempting to simplify the process of passive sampling rate determination, are also presented. In general, dynamic models are used to establish a profound understanding of the sampling process and analyse the applicability of the simpler models and their assumptions, while the simplified models are desirable and practical for most users. Nonetheless, due to the advancement in the computational tools, application of the dynamic models could be made simple and user-friendly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faten Salim
- University of Waterloo, Department of Chemistry, 200 University Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada N2L 3G1.
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15
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Taylor AC, Fones GR, Vrana B, Mills GA. Applications for Passive Sampling of Hydrophobic Organic Contaminants in Water—A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2019; 51:20-54. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2019.1675043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Adam C. Taylor
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Gary R. Fones
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Branislav Vrana
- Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Graham A. Mills
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, UK
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16
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Mustajärvi L, Nybom I, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Eek E, Cornelissen G, Sobek A. How Important is Bioturbation for Sediment-to-Water Flux of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Baltic Sea? ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:1803-1810. [PMID: 31050018 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study a recently developed benthic flow-through chamber was used to assess the sediment-to-water flux of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) at 4 sites on the Swedish Baltic Sea coast. The flow-through chamber allows for assessment of the potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux of hydrophobic organic contaminants. The sediments at the 4 investigated sites have both varying contamination degree and densities of bioturbating organisms. The flux of individual PAHs measured with the flow-through chamber ranged between 21 and 510, 11 and 370, 3 and 9700, and 62 and 2300 ng m-2 d-1 for the 4 sites. To assess the potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux, 3 flow-through and closed chambers were deployed in parallel at each site. The activity of benthic organisms is attenuated or halted because of depletion of oxygen in closed benthic chambers. Therefore, the discrepancy in flux measured with the 2 different chamber designs was used as an indication of a possible effect of bioturbation. A potential effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water flux by a factor of 3 to 55 was observed at sites with a high density of bioturbating organisms (e.g., Marenzelleria spp., Monoporeia affinis, and Macoma balthica of approximately 860-1200 individuals m-2 ) but not at the site with much lower organism density (<200 individuals m-2 ). One site had a high organism density and a low potential effect of bioturbation, which we hypothesize to be caused by the dominance of oligochaetes/polychaetes at this site because worms (Marenzelleria spp.) reach deeper into the sediment than native crustaceans and mollusks. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:1803-1810. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inna Nybom
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, Norway
- Faculty of Environmental Sciences and Natural Resource Management, Norwegian University of Life sciences, Ås, Norway
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
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17
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Silvani L, Hjartardottir S, Bielská L, Škulcová L, Cornelissen G, Nizzetto L, Hale SE. Can polyethylene passive samplers predict polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) uptake by earthworms and turnips in a biochar amended soil? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:873-880. [PMID: 30708302 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A pot experiment was carried out in which aged polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contaminated soil was amended with biochar, and three phases: earthworms, turnips and polyethylene (PE) passive samplers, were added simultaneously in order to investigate changes in bioavailability of PCB following biochar amendment. Two biochars were used: one made from rice husk in Indonesia using local techniques and the other made from mixed wood shavings using more advanced technology. The biochars were amended at 1 and 4% doses. The overall accumulation of PCBs to the phases followed the order: earthworm lipid > PE > turnip. The rice husk biochar reduced PCB accumulation to a greater degree than the mixed wood biochar for all phases, however there was no effect of dose for either biochar. Earthworm uptake was reduced between 52% and 91% for rice husk biochar and by 19% to 63% for mix wood biochar. Turnip uptake was not significantly reduced by biochar amendment. Phase to soil accumulation factors (PSAF) were around 0.5 for turnips, approximately 5 for PE and exceeded 100 for earthworms. This study demonstrates that both biochars can be a sustainable alternative for in situ soil remediation and that PE can be used as tool to simulate the uptake in earthworms and thus remediation effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludovica Silvani
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
| | | | - Lucie Bielská
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucia Škulcová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway; Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway
| | - Luca Nizzetto
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Sarah E Hale
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Department of Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway.
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18
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Smedes F. Silicone-water partition coefficients determined by cosolvent method for chlorinated pesticides, musks, organo phosphates, phthalates and more. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 210:662-671. [PMID: 30031996 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.07.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To further support implementation of monitoring by passive sampling, robust sampler-water partition coefficients (Kpw) are required to convert data from passive sampler into aqueous phase concentrations. In this work silicone-water partition coefficients were determined for ∼80 hydrophobic organic contaminants using the cosolvent method. Partition coefficients (Kpm) were measured in pure water and water-methanol mixtures up to a methanol mole fraction of 0.3 (50% v/v). Subsequently, logKpw in pure water was determined as the intercept of linear regression of the logKpm with the corresponding methanol mole fractions. LogKpw were determined for phthalates, musks, organo phosphorus flame-retardants, chlorobenzenes, pesticides, some PCBs and a number of miscellaneous compounds. The median standard error and 95% confidence interval of the measured logKpw was 0.06 and 0.13, respectively. The overall relationship between Kpw and Kow seems insufficient to predict Kpw for unknown compounds. Prediction may work within a group of compounds with similar nature, e.g. homologues but HCH isomers having the same Kow exhibit Kpw ranging over an order of magnitude. Long alkyl-chain phthalates and tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate; all having a molecular volume >400 Å3, deviated the most from the Kpw-Kow relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foppe Smedes
- Masaryk University, Faculty of Science, Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment (RECETOX), Kamenice 753/5, 625 00, Brno, Czech Republic; Deltares, PO. Box 85467, 3508 AL, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
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19
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Louchouarn P, Seward SM, Cornelissen G, Arp HPH, Yeager KM, Brinkmeyer R, Santschi PH. Limited mobility of dioxins near San Jacinto super fund site (waste pit) in the Houston Ship Channel, Texas due to strong sediment sorption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 238:988-998. [PMID: 29475727 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Sediments from a waste pit in Houston Ship Channel (HSC) were characterized using a number of molecular markers of natural organic matter fractions (e.g., pyrogenic carbon residues, PAHs, lignins), in addition to dioxins, in order to test the hypothesis that the dispersal and mobility of dioxins from the waste pit in the San Jacinto River is minimal. Station SG-6, sampled at the site of the submerged waste pit, had the highest dioxin/furan concentrations reported for the Houston Ship Channel/Galveston Bay (HSC/GB) system (10,000-46,000 pg/g), which translated into some of the highest reported World Health Organization Toxic Equivalents (TEQs: 2000-11,000 pg/g) in HSC sediments. Using a multi-tracer approach, this study confirmed our hypothesis that sludges from chlorinated pulps are a very likely source of dioxins/furans to this pit. However, this material also contained large quantities of additional hydrophobic organic contaminants (PAHs) and pyrogenic markers (soot-BC, levoglucosan), pointing to the co-occurrence of petroleum hydrocarbons and combustion byproducts. Comparison of dioxin/furan signatures in the waste pit with those from sediments of the HSC and a control site suggests that the remobilization of contaminated particles did not occur beyond the close vicinity of the pit itself. The dioxins/furans in sediments outside the waste pit within the HSC are rather from other diffuse inputs, entering the sedimentary environment through the air and water, and which are comprised of a mixture of industrial and municipal sources. Fingerprinting of waste pit dioxins indicates that their composition is typical of pulp and paper sources. Measured pore water concentrations were 1 order of magnitude lower than estimated values, calculated from a multiphase sorption model, indicating low mobility of dioxins within the waste pit. This is likely accomplished by co-occurring and strong sorbing pyrogenic and petrogenic residues in the waste pit, which tend to keep dioxins strongly sorbed to particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Louchouarn
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University - Galveston, TX 77554, USA; Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA
| | | | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadium, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Faculty of Environmental Science and Natural Resources (MINA), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, 1432 Aas, Norway
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevaal Stadium, 0806 Oslo, Norway; Dept. of Environmental Science and Technology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kevin M Yeager
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - Robin Brinkmeyer
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University - Galveston, TX 77554, USA
| | - Peter H Santschi
- Dept. of Marine Sciences, Texas A&M University - Galveston, TX 77554, USA; Dept. of Oceanography, Texas A&M University, USA.
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20
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Lang SC, Mayer P, Hursthouse A, Kötke D, Hand I, Schulz-Bull D, Witt G. Assessing PCB pollution in the Baltic Sea - An equilibrium partitioning based study. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 191:886-894. [PMID: 29107230 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Revised: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Sediment cores and bottom water samples from across the Baltic Sea region were analyzed for freely dissolved concentrations (Cfree), total sediment concentrations (CT) and the dissolved aqueous fraction in water of seven indicator PCBs. Ex-situ equilibrium sampling of sediment samples was conducted with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) coated glass fibers that were analyzed by automated thermal desorption GC-MS, which yielded PCB concentrations in the fiber coating (CPDMS). Measurements of CPDMS and CT were then applied to determine (i) spatially resolved freely dissolved PCB concentrations; (ii) baseline toxicity potential based on chemical activities (a); (iii) site specific mixture compositions; (iv) diffusion gradients at the sediment water interface and within the sediment cores; and (vi) site specific distribution ratios (KD). The contamination levels were low in the Gulf of Finland and moderate to elevated in the Baltic Proper, with the highest levels observed in the western Baltic Sea. The SPME method has been demonstrated to be an appropriate and sensitive tool for area surveys presenting new opportunities to study the in-situ distribution and thermodynamics of hydrophobic organic chemicals at trace levels in marine environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susann-Cathrin Lang
- University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany; Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA 1 2BE, United Kingdom.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Technical University of Denmark, Department of Environmental Engineering, 2800 Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Andrew Hursthouse
- Institute of Biomedical and Environmental Health Research, School of Science & Sport, University of the West of Scotland, Paisley Campus, Paisley PA 1 2BE, United Kingdom
| | - Danijela Kötke
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Centre for Materials and Coastal Research, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Strasse 1, 21502 Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Ines Hand
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef Schulz-Bull
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Seestraße 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences Hamburg, Department of Environmental Engineering, Ulmenliet 20, 21033 Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Pei LEI, Hong ZHANG, Chao WANG, Ke PAN. Migration and diffusion for pollutants across the sediment-water interface in lakes: A review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.18307/2018.0602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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22
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Mustajärvi L, Eek E, Cornelissen G, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Undeman E, Sobek A. In situ benthic flow-through chambers to determine sediment-to-water fluxes of legacy hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 231:854-862. [PMID: 28881309 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.08.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Contaminated sediment can release hydrophobic organic contaminants (HOCs) and thereby act as a secondary source of primarily legacy hazardous substances to the water column. There is therefore a need for assessments of the release of HOCs from contaminated sediment for prioritization of management actions. In situ assessment of HOC sediment-to-water flux is currently done with (closed) benthic flux chambers, which have a sampling time exceeding one month. During this time, the water inside the chamber is depleted of oxygen and the effect of bioturbation on the sediment-to-water release of HOCs is largely ignored. Here we present a novel benthic flux chamber, which measures sediment-to-water flux of legacy HOCs within days, and includes the effect of bioturbation since ambient oxygen levels inside the chamber are maintained by continuous pumping of water through the chamber. This chamber design allows for sediment-to-water flux measurements under more natural conditions. The chamber design was tested in a contaminated Baltic Sea bay. Measured fluxes were 62-2300 ng m-2 d-1 for individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and 5.5-150 ng m-2 d-1 for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). These fluxes were 3-23 times (PAHs) and 12-74 times (PCBs) higher than fluxes measured with closed benthic chambers deployed in parallel at the same location. We hypothesize that the observed difference in HOC flux between the two chamber designs are partly an effect of bioturbation. This hypothesized effect of bioturbation was in accordance with literature data from experimental studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0806 Oslo, Norway.
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Department of Environmental Sciences (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), NO-1432 Ås, Norway.
| | - Ann-Kristin Eriksson-Wiklund
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Emma Undeman
- Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Anna Sobek
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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23
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Mustajärvi L, Eriksson-Wiklund AK, Gorokhova E, Jahnke A, Sobek A. Transferring mixtures of chemicals from sediment to a bioassay using silicone-based passive sampling and dosing. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:1404-1413. [PMID: 29022620 DOI: 10.1039/c7em00228a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Environmental mixtures of chemicals consist of a countless number of compounds with unknown identity and quantity. Yet, chemical regulation is mainly built around the assessment of single chemicals. Existing frameworks for assessing the toxicity of mixtures require that both the chemical composition and quantity are known. Quantitative analyses of the chemical composition of environmental mixtures are however extremely challenging and resource-demanding. Bioassays may therefore serve as a useful approach for investigating the combined toxicity of environmental mixtures of chemicals in a cost-efficient and holistic manner. In this study, an unknown environmental mixture of bioavailable semi-hydrophobic to hydrophobic chemicals was sampled from a contaminated sediment in a coastal Baltic Sea area using silicone polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) as an equilibrium passive sampler. The chemical mixture was transferred to a PDMS-based passive dosing system, and its applicability was demonstrated using green algae Tetraselmis suecica in a cell viability assay. The proportion of dead cells increased significantly with increasing exposure level and in a dose-response manner. At an ambient concentration, the proportion of dead cells in the population was nearly doubled compared to the control; however, the difference was non-significant due to high inter-replicate variability and a low number of replicates. The validation of the test system regarding equilibrium sampling, loading efficiency into the passive dosing polymer, stability of the mixture composition, and low algal mortality in control treatments demonstrates that combining equilibrium passive sampling and passive dosing is a promising tool for investigating the toxicity of bioavailable semi-hydrophobic and hydrophobic chemicals in complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Mustajärvi
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, Sweden.
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Bizkarguenaga E, Zabaleta I, Mijangos L, Iparraguirre A, Fernández LA, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Uptake of perfluorooctanoic acid, perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctane sulfonamide by carrot and lettuce from compost amended soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 571:444-51. [PMID: 27450950 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 07/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/01/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Sewage sludge, which acts like a sink for many pollutants, including metals, pathogens and organic pollutants, that are not completely removed in waste water treatment plants (WWTPs), is applied as a nutrient rich organic fertilizer in many agricultural applications. In the present work, carrot and lettuce crops were grown in two different compost amended soils fortified with perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorosulfonate acid (PFOS) and perfluorosulfonamide (FOSA) and cultivated in a greenhouse. The plants were harvested and divided into root core, root peel and leaves in the case of carrots and into heart and leaves for lettuces. Concentrations for all the different compartments were determined to assess the bioconcentration factors (BCFs) and the plant distribution of the target analytes. The highest carrot BCFs for PFOA and PFOS were determined in the leaves (0.6-3.4), while lower values were calculated in the core (0.05-0.6) and the peel (0.05-1.9) compartments. However, PFOA was taken up in the translocation stream and accumulated more than PFOS in the edible part of lettuce. FOSA was totally degraded in the presence of carrot; however, a lower FOSA degradation was observed in presence of the lettuce, which was dependent on the total organic carbon (TOC) content of the soil. The higher the TOC value, the higher the FOSA degradation observed. No degradation was observed in the crop absence. In the case of the carrot experiments, different polymeric materials (polyethersulfone, PES, polyoxymethylene, and silicone rod) were tested to predict the concentration in the cultivation media. A high correlation (r(2)>0.63) was observed for the BCFs in the PES and in the carrot core and peel for PFOA and PFOS. It could be, concluded that the PES can be used as a first approach for the determination of the uptake of compounds such as PFOS and PFOA in carrot.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Bizkarguenaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - I Zabaleta
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L Mijangos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Iparraguirre
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - L A Fernández
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 644, 48080 Bilbao, Spain
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Hale SE, Oen AMP, Cornelissen G, Jonker MTO, Waarum IK, Eek E. The role of passive sampling in monitoring the environmental impacts of produced water discharges from the Norwegian oil and gas industry. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2016; 111:33-40. [PMID: 27514439 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2016.07.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Stringent and periodic iteration of regulations related to the monitoring of chemical releases from the offshore oil and gas industry requires the use of ever changing, rapidly developing and technologically advancing techniques. Passive samplers play an important role in water column monitoring of produced water (PW) discharge to seawater under Norwegian regulation, where they are used to; i) measure aqueous concentrations of pollutants, ii) quantify the exposure of caged organisms and investigate PW dispersal, and iii) validate dispersal models. This article summarises current Norwegian water column monitoring practice and identifies research and methodological gaps for the use of passive samplers in monitoring. The main gaps are; i) the range of passive samplers used should be extended, ii) differences observed in absolute concentrations accumulated by passive samplers and organisms should be understood, and iii) the link between PW discharge concentrations and observed acute and sub-lethal ecotoxicological end points in organisms should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Hale
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Amy M P Oen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (UMB), Norwegian University of Life Sciences, 5003 Ås, Norway; Department of Applied Environmental Sciences (ITM), Stockholm University, 10691, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michiel T O Jonker
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80177, 3508 TD, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivar-Kristian Waarum
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
| | - Espen Eek
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930, Ullevål Stadion, N-0806, Oslo, Norway
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Jahnke A, Witt G, Schäfer S, Haase N, Escher BI. Combining Passive Sampling with Toxicological Characterization of Complex Mixtures of Pollutants from the Aquatic Environment. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2016; 157:225-261. [DOI: 10.1007/10_2015_5014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Zhu B, Xia X, Wu S, Lu X, Yin X. Microbial bioavailability of 2,2',4,4'-Tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47) in natural sediments from major rivers of China. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 153:386-393. [PMID: 27031801 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2016.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Microbial degradation plays a crucial role in eliminating polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in environments. However, the microbial bioavailability of PBDEs in aquatic sediments is not well understood. In this work, the bioavailability of 2,2',4,4'-tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-47), a typical PBDE congener, to PBDE-degrading microorganisms in natural sediments from six Chinese rivers under anaerobic conditions was investigated. The contents of black carbon (BC) and total organic carbon (TOC) in the six sediment samples were in the range of 0.025%-0.30% and 0.03%-3.38%, respectively. BDE-47 desorption from various sediments was fitted well with the first-order three-compartment desorption model. The desorbing fraction of sediment-associated BDE-47 at each desorption time interval exhibited a significant negative correlation with the BC content (p < 0.01). In the sediments, the anaerobic debromination of BDE-47 by microorganisms underwent a stepwise debromination pathway generating mainly three lower brominated congeners (BDE-28, -17 and -4). The microbial debromination ratio of BDE-47 ranged from 4.21% to 7.89% in various sediments after 120 d incubation anaerobically, and it negatively correlated with the content of sediment BC significantly (p < 0.01). However, the desorbing fraction and microbial debromination ratio of BDE-47 only showed weak correlations with the TOC content in sediments (p > 0.05). Furthermore, there was a significant positive correlation of desorbing fraction of BDE-47 from sediments with its microbial debromination ratio (p < 0.01) as well as with the level of its three lower brominated products (p < 0.05) after the first 20 d incubation. This study suggests that the BDE-47 bioavailability to microorganisms in anaerobic river sediments is mainly influenced by the content of sediment BC which controls the desorbing fraction of sediment-associated BDE-47.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baotong Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Xinghui Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Shan Wu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Environment Pollution Integrated Control, Guangdong Institute of Eco-Environmental and Soil Sciences, Guangzhou 510650, China.
| | - Xiaoxia Lu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin'an Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
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Cornelissen G, Schaanning M, Gunnarsson JS, Eek E. A large-scale field trial of thin-layer capping of PCDD/F-contaminated sediments: Sediment-to-water fluxes up to 5 years post-amendment. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2016; 12:216-21. [PMID: 26012529 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2015] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The longer-term effect (3-5 y) of thin-layer capping on in situ sediment-to-surface water fluxes was monitored in a large-scale field experiment in the polychlorinated dibenzodioxin and dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) contaminated Grenlandfjords, Norway (4 trial plots of 10,000 to 40,000 m(2) at 30 to 100 m water depth). Active caps (designed thickness 2.5 cm) were established in 2 fjords, consisting of dredged clean clay amended with powdered activated carbon (PAC) from anthracite. These active caps were compared to 2 nonactive caps in one of the fjords (designed thickness 5 cm) consisting of either clay only (i.e., without PAC) or crushed limestone. Sediment-to-water PCDD/F fluxes were measured in situ using diffusion chambers. An earlier study showed that during the first 2 years after thin-layer capping, flux reductions relative to noncapped reference fields were more extensive at the fields capped with nonactive caps (70%-90%) than at the ones with PAC-containing caps (50%-60%). However, the present work shows that between 3 and 5 years after thin-layer capping, this trend was reversed and cap effectiveness in reducing fluxes was increasing to 80% to 90% for the PAC caps, whereas cap effectiveness of the nonactive caps decreased to 20% to 60%. The increasing effectiveness over time of PAC-containing "active" caps is explained by a combination of slow sediment-to-PAC mass transfer of PCDD/Fs and bioturbation by benthic organisms. The decreasing effectiveness of "nonactive" limestone and clay caps is explained by deposition of contaminated particles on top of the caps. The present field data indicate that the capping efficiency of thin active caps (i.e., enriched with PAC) can improve over time as a result of slow diffusive PCDD/F transfer from sediment to PAC particles and better mixing of the PAC by bioturbation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Institute for Environmental Sciences (IMV), Ås, Norway
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Environmental Sciences (ACES), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Morten Schaanning
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research, Marine Contaminants, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Espen Eek
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Environmental Engineering, Oslo, Norway
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Schäfer S, Antoni C, Möhlenkamp C, Claus E, Reifferscheid G, Heininger P, Mayer P. Equilibrium sampling of polychlorinated biphenyls in River Elbe sediments--Linking bioaccumulation in fish to sediment contamination. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 138:856-862. [PMID: 26313858 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.08.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 08/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Equilibrium sampling can be applied to measure freely dissolved concentrations (cfree) of hydrophobic organic chemicals (HOCs) that are considered effective concentrations for diffusive uptake and partitioning. It can also yield concentrations in lipids at thermodynamic equilibrium with the sediment (clip⇌sed) by multiplying concentrations in the equilibrium sampling polymer with lipid to polymer partition coefficients. We have applied silicone coated glass jars for equilibrium sampling of seven 'indicator' polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in sediment samples from ten locations along the River Elbe to measure cfree of PCBs and their clip⇌sed. For three sites, we then related clip⇌sed to lipid-normalized PCB concentrations (cbio,lip) that were determined independently by the German Environmental Specimen Bank in common bream, a fish species living in close contact with the sediment: (1) In all cases, cbio,lip were below clip⇌sed, (2) there was proportionality between the two parameters with high R(2) values (0.92-1.00) and (3) the slopes of the linear regressions were very similar between the three stations (0.297; 0.327; 0.390). These results confirm the close link between PCB bioaccumulation and the thermodynamic potential of sediment-associated HOCs for partitioning into lipids. This novel approach gives clearer and more consistent results compared to conventional approaches that are based on total concentrations in sediment and biota-sediment accumulation factors. We propose to apply equilibrium sampling for determining bioavailability and bioaccumulation potential of HOCs, since this technique can provide a thermodynamic basis for the risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Schäfer
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Catherine Antoni
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Christel Möhlenkamp
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Evelyn Claus
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Georg Reifferscheid
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Peter Heininger
- Department of Qualitative Hydrology, Federal Institute of Hydrology, Am Mainzer Tor 1, 56068 Koblenz, Germany.
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Heimstad ES, Grønstøl G, Hetland KT, Alarcon JM, Rylander C, Mariussen E. A survey of dioxin-like contaminants in fish from recreational fishing. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2015; 187:509. [PMID: 26187791 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-015-4728-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The dioxin and dioxin-like compounds are regarded as one of the most toxic group of environmental contaminants. Food for the commercial market is regularly monitored for their dioxin levels and the concentration allowed in food is strictly regulated. Less is known about locally caught fish from recreational fishing, which is often brought home for consumption. This can be fish caught from nearby lakes or streams or fish with marine origin close to industrial areas or harbours that are not regularly monitored for their dioxin levels. In this study, we established collaboration with schools in 13 countries. We received 203 samples of 29 different fish species of which Atlantic cod was the most abundant followed by brown trout and pollock. In general, the majority of samples from the participating countries had low concentrations (between 0.1 and 0.2 pg/g chemical-activated luciferase gene expression toxic equivalency wet weight (CALUX TEQ w.w.)) of dioxins and dioxin-like PCBs. Only 18 samples had concentrations above 1 pg/g CALUX TEQ w.w., and only 2 dab samples had concentration above maximum levels set by the European Commission. The Atlantic cod samples showed a significant reduction in the concentrations of dioxins with increasing latitude indicating less contamination of dioxin and dioxin-like compounds in the north of Norway. The results indicate that a moderate consumption of self-caught fish at presumed non-contaminated sites does not represent a major risk for exposure to dioxins or dioxin-like compounds at concentrations associated with adverse health effects. Recreational fishermen should, however, obtain knowledge about local fish consumption advice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eldbjørg Sofie Heimstad
- NILU (Norwegian Institute for Air Research) FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, NO-9296, Tromsø, Norway,
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Samuelsson GS, Hedman JE, Elmquist Kruså M, Gunnarsson JS, Cornelissen G. Capping in situ with activated carbon in Trondheim harbor (Norway) reduces bioaccumulation of PCBs and PAHs in marine sediment fauna. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 109:103-12. [PMID: 26121661 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Revised: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Three types of thin-layer caps with activated carbon (AC) were tested in situ in experimental plots (10 × 10 m) in Trondheim harbor, Norway, using AC + clay, AC-only or AC + sand. One year after capping, intact sediment cores were collected from the amended plots for ex situ surveys of the capping efficiency in reducing the PAH and PCB aqueous concentrations and bioaccumulation by the polychaete Hediste diversicolor and the clam Abra nitida. Reduced pore water concentrations were observed in all AC treatments. The capping efficiency was in general AC + clay > AC-only > AC + sand. AC + clay reduced bioaccumulation of PAH and PCB congeners between 40% and 87% in the worms and between 67% and 97% in the clams. Sediment capped with AC-only also led to reduced bioaccumulation of PCBs, while AC + sand showed no reduction in bioaccumulation. Thus the best thin-layer capping method in this study was AC mixed with clay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Göran S Samuelsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Jenny E Hedman
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marie Elmquist Kruså
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Jonas S Gunnarsson
- Department of Ecology, Environment and Plant Sciences (DEEP), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gerard Cornelissen
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadium, N-0806 Oslo, Norway; Institute for Environmental Science (IMV), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), 1432 Ås, Norway; Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden
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Tao Y, Xue B, Yao S. Using linoleic acid embedded cellulose acetate membranes to in situ monitor polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in lakes and predict their bioavailability to submerged macrophytes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:6077-6084. [PMID: 25877046 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
To date no passive sampler has been used to predict bioavailability of contaminants to macrophytes. Here a novel passive sampler, linoleic acid embedded cellulose acetate membrane (LAECAM), was developed and used to in situ measure the freely dissolved concentrations of ten polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the sediment porewaters and the water columns of two lakes in both winter and summer and predict their bioavailability to the shoots of resident submerged macrophytes (Potamogeton malainus, Myriophyllum spicata, Najas minor All., and Vallisneria natans (Lour.) Hara). PAH sampling by LAECAMs could reach equilibrium within 21 days. The influence of temperature on LAECAM-water partition coefficients was 0.0008-0.0116 log units/°C. The method of LAECAM was comparable with the active sampling methods of liquid-liquid extraction combined with fDOC adjustment, centrifugation/solid-phase extraction (SPE), and filtration/SPE but had several advantages. After lipid normalization, concentrations of the PAHs in LAECAMs were not significantly different from those in the macrophytes. In contrast, concentrations of the PAHs in the triolein containing passive sampler (TECAM) deployed simultaneously with LAECAM were much higher. The results suggest that linoleic acid is more suitable than triolein as the model lipid for passive samplers to predict bioavailability of PAHs to submerged macrophytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqiang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Bin Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Shuchun Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Arp HPH, Hale SE, Elmquist Kruså M, Cornelissen G, Grabanski CB, Miller DJ, Hawthorne SB. Review of polyoxymethylene passive sampling methods for quantifying freely dissolved porewater concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2015; 34:710-720. [PMID: 25702935 DOI: 10.1002/etc.2864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Meth ods involving polyoxymethylene (POM) as a passive sampler are increasing in popularity to assess contaminant freely dissolved porewater concentrations in soils and sediments. These methods require contaminant-specific POM-water partition coefficients, KPOM . Certain methods for determining KPOM perform reproducibly (within 0.2 log units). However, other methods can give highly varying KPOM values (up to 2 log units), especially for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). To account for this variation, the authors tested the influence of key methodological components in KPOM determinations, including POM thickness, extraction procedures, and environmental temperature and salinity, as well as uptake kinetics in mixed and static systems. All inconsistencies in the peer-reviewed literature can be accounted for by the likelihood that thick POM materials (500 μm or thicker) do not achieve equilibrium (causing negative biases up to 1 log unit), or that certain POM extraction procedures do not ensure quantitative extraction (causing negative biases up to 2 log units). Temperature can also influence KPOM , although all previous literature studies were carried out at room temperature. The present study found that KPOM values at room temperature are independent (within 0.2 log units) of POM manufacture method, of thickness between 17 μm and 80 μm, and of salinity between 0% and 10%. Regarding kinetics, monochloro- to hexachloro-polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were within 0.2 log units of equilibrium after 28 d in the mixed system, but only dichloro-PCBs achieved near equilibrium after 126 d in the static system. Based on these insights, recommended methods and KPOM values to facilitate interlaboratory reproducibility are presented.
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Thompson JM, Hsieh CH, Luthy RG. Modeling uptake of hydrophobic organic contaminants into polyethylene passive samplers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2015; 49:2270-2277. [PMID: 25607420 DOI: 10.1021/es504442s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Single-phase passive samplers are gaining acceptance as a method to measure hydrophobic organic contaminant (HOC) concentration in water. Although the relationship between the HOC concentration in water and passive sampler is linear at equilibrium, mass transfer models are needed for nonequilibrium conditions. We report measurements of organochlorine pesticide diffusion and partition coefficients with respect to polyethylene (PE), and present a Fickian approach to modeling HOC uptake by PE in aqueous systems. The model is an analytic solution to Fick's second law applied through an aqueous diffusive boundary layer and a polyethylene layer. Comparisons of the model with existing methods indicate agreement at appropriate boundary conditions. Laboratory release experiments on the organochlorine pesticides DDT, DDE, DDD, and chlordane in well-mixed slurries support the model's applicability to aqueous systems. In general, the advantage of the model is its application in the cases of well-agitated systems, low values of polyethylene-water partioning coefficients, thick polyethylene relative to the boundary layer thickness, and/or short exposure times. Another significant advantage is the ability to estimate, or at least bound, the needed exposure time to reach a desired CPE without empirical model inputs. A further finding of this work is that polyethylene diffusivity does not vary by transport direction through the sampler thickness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay M Thompson
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-5080, United States
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Josefsson S, Arp HPH, Kleja DB, Enell A, Lundstedt S. Determination of polyoxymethylene (POM)--water partition coefficients for oxy-PAHs and PAHs. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 119:1268-1274. [PMID: 25460771 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.09.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 09/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) are a class of ubiquitously occurring pollutants of which little is known. They can be co-emitted with PAHs or formed from PAHs in the environment. The environmental fate and risk of oxy-PAHs are difficult to assess due to a lack of methods to quantify their pore water concentrations. One sampler that can be used to determine freely dissolved concentrations of organic contaminants is polyoxymethylene (POM). In this study, POM - water partition coefficients (KPOM) were determined for 11 oxy-PAHs. KPOM values of 8 PAHs with similar hydrophobicities as the oxy-PAHs were determined for comparison. Results showed that logKPOM values ranged from 2.64 to 4.82 for the PAHs (2-4 rings), similar to previously determined values. LogKPOM values for investigated oxy-PAHs ranged from 0.96 to 5.36. The addition of carbonylic oxygen on a parent PAH generally lowered KPOM by 0.5 to 1.0 log units, which is attributable to the presence of carbonylic oxygens increasing water solubility. The KPOM values presented here will facilitate simultaneous assessments of freely dissolved water concentrations of oxy-PAHs and PAHs in environmental media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Josefsson
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7050, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Hans Peter H Arp
- Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), P.O. Box 3930 Ullevål Stadion, N-0806 Oslo, Norway
| | - Dan Berggren Kleja
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-58193 Linköping, Sweden; Department of Soil and Environment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7014, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anja Enell
- Swedish Geotechnical Institute, SE-58193 Linköping, Sweden
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36
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Undeman E, Gustafsson E, Gustafsson BG. A novel modeling tool with multi-stressor functionality for organic contaminant transport and fate in the Baltic Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 497-498:382-391. [PMID: 25146907 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Revised: 06/19/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The coupled physical-biogeochemical model BALTSEM, previously used to assess nutrient/carbon cycles and eutrophication in the Baltic Sea, has been expanded to include algorithms for calculations of organic contaminant environmental transport and fate. This novel model version (BALTSEM-POP) is evaluated for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) and hexachlorobenzene (HCB) in Baltic Sea surface water and sediment. Modeled dissolved concentrations are usually within a factor of 2-4 of observed concentrations, however with larger deviations for furans. Calculated concentrations in particulate organic matter are less accurate (within factors of 1-700), likely due to errors in estimated pelagic biomass, particulate matter-water partitioning, and large natural variability in field data. Concentrations in sediments are usually predicted within a factor of 6. The good performance of the model illustrates its usefulness for exploration of contaminant fate in response to variations in nutrient input and climatic conditions in the Baltic Sea marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Undeman
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Applied Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - E Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - B G Gustafsson
- Baltic Nest Institute, Baltic Sea Centre, Stockholm University, 10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Assefa AT, Tysklind M, Sobek A, Sundqvist KL, Geladi P, Wiberg K. Assessment of PCDD/F source contributions in Baltic Sea sediment core records. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:9531-9. [PMID: 25103626 DOI: 10.1021/es502352p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Spatial and temporal trends of sources of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in the Baltic Sea were evaluated by positive matrix factorization (PMF) and principal component analysis (PCA). Sediment cores were sampled at eight coastal, one coastal reference, and six offshore sites covering the northern to the southern Baltic Sea. The cores, which covered the period 1919-2010, were sliced into 2-3 cm disks among which 8-11 disks per core (in total 141 disks) were analyzed for all tetra- through octa-CDD/Fs. Identification and apportionment of PCDD/F sources was carried out using PMF. Five stable model PCDD/F congener patterns were identified, which could be associated with six historically important source types: (i) atmospheric background deposition (ABD), (ii) use and production of penta-chlorophenol (PCP), (iii) use and production of tetra-chlorophenol (TeCP), (iv) high temperature processes (Thermal), (v) hexa-CDD-related sources (HxCDD), and (vi) chlorine-related sources (Chl), all of which were still represented in the surface layers. Overall, the last four decades of the period 1920-2010 have had a substantial influence on the Baltic Sea PCDD/F pollution, with 88 ± 7% of the total amount accumulated during this time. The 1990s was the peak decade for all source types except TeCP, which peaked in the 1980s in the northern Baltic Sea and has still not peaked in the southern part. The combined impact of atmospheric-related emissions (ABD and Thermal) was dominant in the open sea system throughout the study period (1919-2010) and showed a decreasing south to north trend (always >80% in the south and >50% in the north). Accordingly, to further reduce levels of PCDD/Fs in the open Baltic Sea ecosystem, future actions should focus on reducing atmospheric emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anteneh T Assefa
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University , SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
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38
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Sobek A, Wiberg K, Sundqvist KL, Haglund P, Jonsson P, Cornelissen G. Coastal sediments in the Gulf of Bothnia as a source of dissolved PCDD/Fs and PCBs to water and fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 487:463-470. [PMID: 24802269 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/11/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
High levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in Baltic Sea biota have been a matter of great concern during the last decades. We measured the freely dissolved concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in sediment pore water and bottom water in eight areas along the Swedish coast of the Gulf of Bothnia, by using state-of-the-art passive samplers. Chemical activity ratios (calculated from freely dissolved concentrations in pore water and bottom water based on chemical activity ratios) for PCDD/Fs were higher than 1 at all stations (PCDD/Fs average 27; stdev 22). High activity ratios suggest that the sediments have a potential to act as a source of dissolved PCDD/Fs to the water column. Activity ratios for PCBs varied between 0.3 and 17 (average 2; stdev 4). The concentrations of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in bottom water were significantly correlated with concentrations in sediment pore water (p<0.00001 to p=0.03) as well as with concentrations in juvenile perch caught in the same areas (p<0.00001 to p=0.02). To our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating a correlation between in-situ measured freely dissolved PCDD/F concentrations and lipid-normalized contents in stationary fish. Our results confirm that freely dissolved concentrations should be used as chemical predictors of bioaccumulation. The results from this study imply that continued efforts to reduce levels of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in coastal sediments will have positive effects on concentrations of these contaminants in lower trophic levels of Baltic Sea ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Sobek
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - K Wiberg
- Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - P Haglund
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, SE-90187 Umeå, Sweden
| | - P Jonsson
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - G Cornelissen
- Department of Applied Environmental Science (ITM), Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden; Norwegian Geotechnical Institute (NGI), Oslo, Norway; Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences (IPM), Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), P.O. Box 5003, N-1432 Ås, Norway
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Lombard N, Ghosh U, Kjellerup BV, Sowers KR. Kinetics and threshold level of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl dechlorination by an organohalide respiring bacterium. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:4353-60. [PMID: 24625226 PMCID: PMC3993611 DOI: 10.1021/es404265d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
The time required for a PCB-contaminated site to recover cannot yet be predicted due in part to lack of quantitative information on rates of PCB dechlorination in the porewater phase. We developed a method to measure rate of dechlorination in the aqueous phase at very low PCB concentrations. This approach utilizes a polymer functioning concurrently as a passive dosing system for maintaining a steady-state PCB substrate concentration in the water phase and as a passive equilibrium sampler to monitor the dechlorination product. Rates of dechlorination of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl (PCB 61) to 2,3,5-trichlorobiphenyl (PCB 23) by an organohalide respiring bacterium, Dehalobium chlorocoercia DF-1, were measured over an environmentally relevant range of 1 to 500 ng L(-1) in sediment-free medium using a high concentration of cells (>10(6) cells mL(-1)). The results indicate that rate of dechlorination is a linear function of PCB substrate concentration below the maximum aqueous solubility of PCB 61 and occurs at concentrations as low as 1 ng L(-1). Demonstration of PCB 61 dechlorination at environmentally relevant concentrations suggests that low numbers of organohalide respiring bacteria rather than bioavailability accounts for low rates of dechlorination typically observed in sediments. Using passive samplers to measure the concentration of dissolved PCBs in the porewater combined with knowledge of congener-specific rates for organohalide respirer(s), it will be possible to project the in situ rate and final concentration of PCBs for a specific site after treatment by bioaugmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie
J. Lombard
- Department of Marine Biotechnology,
Institute of Marine Environmental
Technology, and Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21204, United States
| | - Upal Ghosh
- Department of Marine Biotechnology,
Institute of Marine Environmental
Technology, and Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21204, United States
| | - Birthe V. Kjellerup
- Department
of Biological Sciences, Goucher College, 1021 Dulaney Valley Road, Baltimore, Maryland 21204, United States
| | - Kevin R. Sowers
- Department of Marine Biotechnology,
Institute of Marine Environmental
Technology, and Department of Chemical, Biochemical, and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland Baltimore County, Baltimore, Maryland 21204, United States
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40
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Lydy MJ, Landrum PF, Oen AMP, Allinson M, Smedes F, Harwood AD, Li H, Maruya KA, Liu J. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: state of the science for organic contaminants. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:167-78. [PMID: 24307344 PMCID: PMC4235472 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/20/2013] [Accepted: 11/01/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
This manuscript surveys the literature on passive sampler methods (PSMs) used in contaminated sediments to assess the chemical activity of organic contaminants. The chemical activity in turn dictates the reactivity and bioavailability of contaminants in sediment. Approaches to measure specific binding of compounds to sediment components, for example, amorphous carbon or specific types of reduced carbon, and the associated partition coefficients are difficult to determine, particularly for native sediment. Thus, the development of PSMs that represent the chemical activity of complex compound-sediment interactions, expressed as the freely dissolved contaminant concentration in porewater (Cfree ), offer a better proxy for endpoints of concern, such as reactivity, bioaccumulation, and toxicity. Passive sampling methods have estimated Cfree using both kinetic and equilibrium operating modes and used various polymers as the sorbing phase, for example, polydimethylsiloxane, polyethylene, and polyoxymethylene in various configurations, such as sheets, coated fibers, or vials containing thin films. These PSMs have been applied in laboratory exposures and field deployments covering a variety of spatial and temporal scales. A wide range of calibration conditions exist in the literature to estimate Cfree , but consensus values have not been established. The most critical criteria are the partition coefficient between water and the polymer phase and the equilibrium status of the sampler. In addition, the PSM must not appreciably deplete Cfree in the porewater. Some of the future challenges include establishing a standard approach for PSM measurements, correcting for nonequilibrium conditions, establishing guidance for selection and implementation of PSMs, and translating and applying data collected by PSMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Lydy
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Peter F Landrum
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Amy MP Oen
- Department of Environmental Technology, Norwegian Geotechnical InstituteOslo, Norway
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM) School of Chemistry, The University of MelbourneParkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Foppe Smedes
- DeltaresUtrecht, The Netherlands
- RECETOX, Masaryk UniversityBrno, Czech Republic
| | - Amanda D Harwood
- Center for Fisheries Aquaculture and Aquatic Sciences and Department of Zoology, Southern Illinois UniversityCarbondale, Illinois, USA
| | - Huizhen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, China
| | - Keith A Maruya
- Southern California Coastal Water Research Project AuthorityCosta Mesa, California, USA
| | - Jingfu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China
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41
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Mayer P, Parkerton TF, Adams RG, Cargill JG, Gan J, Gouin T, Gschwend PM, Hawthorne SB, Helm P, Witt G, You J, Escher BI. Passive sampling methods for contaminated sediments: scientific rationale supporting use of freely dissolved concentrations. INTEGRATED ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT 2014; 10:197-209. [PMID: 24288295 PMCID: PMC4235458 DOI: 10.1002/ieam.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 09/16/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Passive sampling methods (PSMs) allow the quantification of the freely dissolved concentration (Cfree ) of an organic contaminant even in complex matrices such as sediments. Cfree is directly related to a contaminant's chemical activity, which drives spontaneous processes including diffusive uptake into benthic organisms and exchange with the overlying water column. Consequently, Cfree provides a more relevant dose metric than total sediment concentration. Recent developments in PSMs have significantly improved our ability to reliably measure even very low levels of Cfree . Application of PSMs in sediments is preferably conducted in the equilibrium regime, where freely dissolved concentrations in the sediment are well-linked to the measured concentration in the sampler via analyte-specific partition ratios. The equilibrium condition can then be assured by measuring a time series or a single time point using passive samplers with different surface to volume ratios. Sampling in the kinetic regime is also possible and generally involves the application of performance reference compounds for the calibration. Based on previous research on hydrophobic organic contaminants, it is concluded that Cfree allows a direct assessment of 1) contaminant exchange and equilibrium status between sediment and overlying water, 2) benthic bioaccumulation, and 3) potential toxicity to benthic organisms. Thus, the use of PSMs to measure Cfree provides an improved basis for the mechanistic understanding of fate and transport processes in sediments and has the potential to significantly improve risk assessment and management of contaminated sediments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science and Technology, Aarhus UniversityRoskilde, Denmark
- Present address is Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of DenmarkKongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Rachel G Adams
- Department of Civil Engineering and Environmental Science, Loyola Marymount UniversityLos Angeles, California, USA
| | - John G Cargill
- Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC)New Castle, Delaware, USA
| | - Jay Gan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of CaliforniaRiverside, California, USA
| | - Todd Gouin
- Unilever, Safety and Environmental Assurance Centre, Colworth Science ParkSharnbrook, United Kingdom
| | - Philip M Gschwend
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyCambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Steven B Hawthorne
- Energy and Environmental Research Center, University of North DakotaGrand Forks, North Dakota, USA
| | - Paul Helm
- Environmental Monitoring & Reporting Branch, Ontario Ministry of the EnvironmentToronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences HamburgHamburg, Germany
| | - Jing You
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of SciencesGuangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Beate I Escher
- The University of Queensland, National Research Centre for Environmental Toxicology (Entox)Brisbane, Australia
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42
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Friedman CL, Lohmann R. Comparing sediment equilibrium partitioning and passive sampling techniques to estimate benthic biota PCDD/F concentrations in Newark Bay, New Jersey (U.S.A.). ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2014; 186:172-179. [PMID: 24378814 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2013] [Revised: 12/01/2013] [Accepted: 12/03/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Sediment and polyethylene sampler-based estimates of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) concentrations in Newark Bay, New Jersey (USA) benthic biota were compared. Biota concentrations based on sediment were estimated using an organic carbon (OC)-water partitioning model and an OC and black carbon (BC)-water dual model. Biota concentrations based on polyethylene were estimated from samplers deployed in the Newark Bay water column and samplers immersed in a sediment/porewater slurry in the laboratory. Porewater samplers provided the best estimates of biota concentrations (within 3.1×), with best results achieved for deposit-feeders (within 1.6×). Polyethylene deployed in deep water also provided good estimates of biota concentrations (within 4×). By contrast, OC-water partitioning overestimated biota concentrations by up to 7×, while OC and BC combined underestimated biota concentrations by up to 13×. We recommend passive samplers such as polyethylene for estimating concentrations of hydrophobic organic contaminants in field biota given its simplicity and relatively lower uncertainty compared to sediment equilibrium partitioning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey L Friedman
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (URI-GSO), University of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Campus, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA(2).
| | - Rainer Lohmann
- University of Rhode Island Graduate School of Oceanography (URI-GSO), University of Rhode Island Narragansett Bay Campus, 215 South Ferry Road, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA(2)
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43
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Liu HH, Bao LJ, Zeng EY. Recent advances in the field measurement of the diffusion flux of hydrophobic organic chemicals at the sediment-water interface. Trends Analyt Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2013.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Korhonen M, Salo S, Kankaanpää H, Kiviranta H, Ruokojärvi P, Verta M. Sedimentation of PCDD/Fs and PCBs in the Gulf of Finland and the Gulf of Bothnia, the Baltic Sea. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 93:1541-1547. [PMID: 24059977 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.07.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2013] [Revised: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sediment trap material was collected during May-December in the period 1996-2008 in three coastal areas and four open sea stations in the Finnish territory of the Baltic Sea. The highest sedimentation of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) with a typical source-related congener profile from chlorophenol production dominated by highly chlorinated dibenzofurans was found close to a historical source in the Kymijoki estuary. This was an order of magnitude higher than in other river estuaries and two orders of magnitude higher than in the open sea stations. The sedimentation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was also higher in river estuaries than in other areas. No significant decrease over a 12 year period of monitoring was found in concentration or in sedimentation in the Kymijoki estuary. In the western Gulf of Finland, the Archipelago Sea and the Gulf of Bothnia, the dominating congeners, calculated as toxic equivalent (TEQ) in sedimentation were 1, 2, 3, 7, 8-PeCDD and 2, 3, 4, 7, 8-PeCDF, often reported as the main congeners in deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markku Korhonen
- Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), P.O. Box 140, Helsinki, Finland.
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45
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Martinez A, O'Sullivan C, Reible D, Hornbuckle KC. Sediment pore water distribution coefficients of PCB congeners in enriched black carbon sediment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2013; 182:357-63. [PMID: 23974165 PMCID: PMC3833079 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2013.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/10/2013] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
More than 2300 sediment pore water distribution coefficients (KPCBi ds) of 93 polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were measured and modeled from sediments from Indiana Harbor and Ship Canal. KPCBi ds were calculated from previously reported bulk sediment values and newly analyzed pore water. PCBs in pore waters were measured using SPME PDMS-fiber and ∑PCB ranged from 41 to 1500 ng L(-1). The resulting KPCBi ds were ~1 log unit lower in comparison to other reported values. A simple model for the KPCBi d consisted of the product of the organic carbon fraction and the octanol-water partition coefficient and provided an excellent prediction for the measured values, with a mean square error of 0.09 ± 0.06. Although black carbon content is very high in these sediments and was expected to play an important role in the distribution of PCBs, no improvement was obtained when a two-carbon model was used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres Martinez
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, IIHR-Hydroscience and Engineering, The University of Iowa, 4105 Seamans Center, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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46
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Witt G, Lang SC, Ullmann D, Schaffrath G, Schulz-Bull D, Mayer P. Passive equilibrium sampler for in situ measurements of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediments. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:7830-7839. [PMID: 23819657 DOI: 10.1021/es400395t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
In this study, an equilibrium passive sampling device is introduced that facilitates the in situ measurement of hydrophobic organic chemicals bioavailability in sediments in terms of freely dissolved concentrations. The new field sampler allows SPME fibers and silicone hollow fibers to be immersed and equilibrated in situ, whereas an automated liner exchanger (ALEX) facilitates the quantitative transfer of analytes to the GC without the use of extraction solvents. The sampler was developed for environmental monitoring as follows: (1) It is of very solid construction and can be reused practically ad infinitum. (2) Fibers with varying surface to volume ratios can be exposed in parallel in order to confirm that equilibrium was reached between sampler and sediment. (3) The equilibrium times allow a temporal resolution that is suited for monitoring of both long-term trends and seasonal effects. The automated thermal desorption reduced sample treatment to a minimum and ensured cost- and time-efficient measurements while minimizing potential error sources after the sampling. The sampler is applicable in a multitude of aquatic environments, especially where currents are low and sediments are muddy and well-mixed, e.g. by bioturbation. Examples for such environments are mud flats, harbor basins, river banks, and lakes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gesine Witt
- University of Applied Sciences Hamburg , Lohbrügger Kirchstraße 65, 21033 Hamburg, Germany.
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47
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Liu HH, Bao LJ, Feng WH, Xu SP, Wu FC, Zeng EY. A multisection passive sampler for measuring sediment porewater profile of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites. Anal Chem 2013; 85:7117-24. [PMID: 23808846 DOI: 10.1021/ac400589a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In situ measurements of hydrophobic organic chemicals in sediment porewater, a central component in assessing the bioavailability and mobility of chemicals in sediment, have been scarce. Here, we introduce a multisection passive sampler with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) as the sorbent phase, which is appropriate for measuring vertical concentration profiles of chemicals in sediment porewater. This sampler is composed of a series of identical sampling cells insulated with seclusion rings. In each section, sorption of chemicals into LDPE is diffusion-controlled through the water layer separated from the sediment by a glass fiber filtration membrane and a porous stainless steel shield. Pilot laboratory testing indicated that the sampler can roughly determine the porewater concentrations of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)ethane (p,p'-DDD) and 1,1-dichloro-2,2-bis-(chlorophenyl)ethylene (p,p'-DDE), comparable to those yielded through centrifugation/liquid-liquid extraction, a conventional technique for sampling sediment porewater. Field deployment of the sampler was performed in an urbanized coastal region to measure the depth profiles of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites in sediment porewater. Sampling rate-calibrated and performance reference compound-calibrated concentrations were calculated, which were consistent with those obtained by the centrifugation/liquid-liquid extraction method. These results verified the utility of the sampler for measuring depth profiles of sediment porewater chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Hui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
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48
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Zhang L, Dickhut R, DeMaster D, Pohl K, Lohmann R. Organochlorine pollutants in Western Antarctic Peninsula sediments and benthic deposit feeders. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:5643-5651. [PMID: 23594357 DOI: 10.1021/es303553h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Sediments and benthic deposit feeding holothurians were collected near the Palmer Long Term Ecological Research grid during the austral winter of 2008. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were measured in Western Antarctic Peninsula continental shelf sediments, porewater, and benthic biota. Concentrations and fluxes in sediments decreased sharply away from the tip of the peninsula toward its interior. Sedimentary PCB fluxes were an order of magnitude lower than reported elsewhere, supporting the notion of a pristiner Antarctic environment. Hexa-chlorinated biphenyls dominated (40-100%) the PCB profiles in the sediments, while trichlorinated biphenyl 28 was the most abundant PCB congener in the porewater. PCB and OCP concentrations in holothurians were comparable to concentrations in other low trophic level biota in the Antarctic food web (i.e., krill). The partitioning of PCBs and OCPs between the sediments and porewater can be explained by a dual-mode model, which included both organic carbon and black carbon as partitioning media. Alternatively, a simpler one-parameter prediction assuming coal tar-like organic carbon performed equally well in explaining porewater concentrations The majorities of PCBs (63-94%) in the Western Antarctic Peninsula sediments were bound to black carbon or recalcitrant tar-like organic carbon, thereby lowering porewater concentrations. PCBs and OCPs in the holothurians were in equilibrium with those in the porewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Zhang
- Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island, Narragansett, Rhode Island 02882-1197, United States
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Beckingham B, Ghosh U. Polyoxymethylene passive samplers to monitor changes in bioavailability and flux of PCBs after activated carbon amendment to sediment in the field. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 91:1401-1407. [PMID: 23415491 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.12.074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Field and laboratory exposures of polyoxymethylene passive samplers to sediments and the water column were applied to monitor changes in bioavailability and flux of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) following a pilot-scale amendment of activated carbon in Grasse River. Following amendment, reductions in passive sampler uptake tracked reductions in bioaccumulation in a freshwater invertebrate, which supports a biological basis for utilizing passive samplers for in situ site investigations following a remediation. Freely dissolved concentrations of PCBs were reduced in sediment pore waters compared to untreated sediments indicating reduced bioavailability of PCBs after activated carbon amendment. Freely dissolved PCB concentrations in sediment pore water in treated sites were also lower than overlying water concentrations indicating a reversal of the sediment from being a source to a sink of PCBs from the water column. These observations indicate that activated carbon amendment to sediment limits contaminant exposure to both the benthic and pelagic food webs through reductions in bioavailability and flux of PCBs into the water column.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Beckingham
- Department of Chemical, Biochemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, 1000 Hilltop Circle, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
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