1
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Farrelly KN, Keough MT, Wardell JD. Indirect Associations Between PTSD Symptoms and Cannabis Problems in Young Adults: The Unique Roles of Cannabis Coping Motives and Medicinal Use Orientation. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:1431-1439. [PMID: 38750663 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2352621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
Background: Cannabis use in young adulthood has been associated with exposure to traumatic events and posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Coping motives for cannabis use represent one mechanism linking PTSD with cannabis problems, yet some individuals with PTSD consider their cannabis use to be medicinal in nature. While a medicinal orientation to cannabis overlaps conceptually with coping motives, it could be associated with unique cannabis outcomes. Objectives: This study examined trauma-related coping motives and medicinal cannabis orientation as mediators of the association between PTSD symptoms and cannabis outcomes in young adults. Method: Data came from an online survey of 212 university students (M age = 19.41; 70.3% Women; 43.4% White) who used cannabis in the past month and endorsed a traumatic life event. Path analyses examined associations of PTSD symptoms with past month cannabis frequency and problems through medicinal cannabis orientation (i.e., number of mental health symptoms that cannabis is used to manage) and trauma-related coping motives. Results: PTSD symptoms were associated with trauma-related coping motives but not with medicinal cannabis orientation. Both trauma-related coping motives and medicinal cannabis orientation were uniquely associated with greater cannabis use frequency, but only trauma-related coping motives were associated with greater cannabis problems. There were significant indirect relationships from PTSD symptoms to cannabis use frequency and problems through trauma-related coping motives but not through medicinal cannabis orientation. Conclusions: Results support unique contributions of trauma-related coping motives and medicinal cannabis orientation to cannabis outcomes and suggest that trauma-related coping motives are specifically implicated in the link between PTSD and cannabis problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra N Farrelly
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew T Keough
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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2
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Bobitt J, Berryman K, Weaver FM. VA Providers' Perceptions of Cannabis Use Policies in a Legalized and Nonlegalized State. Cannabis Cannabinoid Res 2024. [PMID: 38597903 DOI: 10.1089/can.2023.0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Background: Providers in the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) system are caught between two opposing sets of laws regarding cannabis and cannabidiol (CBD) use by their patients. As VA is a federal agency, it must abide by federal regulations, including that the Food and Drug Administration classifies cannabis as a Schedule 1 drug and therefore cannot recommend or help Veterans obtain it. Meanwhile, 38 states have passed legislation, legalizing medical use of cannabis. Objective: The goal of this project is to examine how VA providers understand state and federal laws, and VA policies about cannabis and CBD use, and to learn more about providers' experiences with patients who use cannabis and CBD within a legalized and nonlegalized state. Materials and Methods: We identified 432 health care providers from two VA facilities in northern Illinois (IL) where medical and recreational cannabis is legal, and two VA facilities in southern Wisconsin (WI) where medical and recreational cannabis is illegal. Participants were invited via e-mail to complete an anonymous online survey, including 31 closed- and open-ended questions about knowledge of state and federal laws and VA policies regarding cannabis and CBD oil, thoughts about the value of cannabis or CBD for treating medical conditions, and behaviors regarding cannabis use by their patients. Results: We received 50 responses (IL N=20, WI N=30). Providers in both states were knowledgeable about cannabis laws in their state but unsure whether they could recommend cannabis. There were more providers who were unclear if they could have a conversation about cannabis with their VA patients in WI compared with IL. Providers were more likely to agree than disagree that cannabis can be beneficial, χ2 (1, 49)=4.74, p=0.030. Providers in both states (81.6%) believe cannabis use is acceptable for end-of-life care, but responses varied for other conditions and symptoms. Discussion: Findings suggest that VA providers could use more guidance on what is allowable within their VA facilities and how state laws affect their practice. Education about safety related to cannabis and other drug interactions would be helpful. There is limited information about possible interactions, warranting future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Bobitt
- Department of Medicine, Center for Dissemination and Implementation Science, College of Medicine, University of Illinois Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
| | - Kelsey Berryman
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Department of Public Health, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, USA
| | - Frances M Weaver
- Center of Innovation for Complex Chronic Healthcare, Edward J. Hines, Jr. Veterans Affairs Hospital, Hines, Illinois, USA
- Department of Public Health, Parkinson School of Health Sciences and Public Health, Loyola University, Maywood, Illinois, USA
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3
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Kritikos AF, Johnson JK, Hodgkin D. Simultaneous Cannabis and Alcohol Use among Medical Cannabis Patients. Subst Use Misuse 2024; 59:847-857. [PMID: 38343069 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2024.2305795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
Background: During the past two decades of cannabis legalization, the prevalence of medical cannabis (MC) use has increased and there has also been an upward trend in alcohol consumption. As less restricted cannabis laws generate more adult cannabis users, there is concern that more individuals may be simultaneously using medical cannabis with alcohol. A few studies have examined simultaneous use of medical cannabis with alcohol, but none of those studies also assessed patients' current or previous non-medical cannabis use. This paper explores simultaneous alcohol and medical cannabis use among medical cannabis patients with a specific focus on previous history of cannabis use and current non-medical cannabis use. Methods: A retrospective cohort study of MC patients (N = 319) from four dispensaries located in New York. Bivariate chi-square tests and multivariable logistic regression are used to estimate the extent to which sociodemographic and other factors were associated with simultaneous use. Results: Approximately 29% of the sample engaged in simultaneous use and a large share of these users report previous (44%) or current (66%) use of cannabis for non-medical purposes. MC patients who either previously or currently use cannabis non-medicinally, men, and patients using MC to treat a pain-related condition, were significantly more likely to report simultaneous alcohol/MC use. Conclusions: Findings indicate that there may be differential risks related to alcohol/MC use, which should be considered by cannabis regulatory policies and prevention/treatment programs. If patients are using cannabis and/or alcohol to manage pain, clinicians should screen for both alcohol and cannabis use risk factors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julie K Johnson
- Cannabis Control Commission, Commonweath of Massachusetts, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Dominic Hodgkin
- The Heller School for Social Policy and Management, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, USA
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4
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Davis JP, Prindle J, Saba SK, Castro CA, Hummer J, Canning L, Pedersen ER. Longitudinal associations between insomnia, cannabis use and stress among US veterans. J Sleep Res 2024; 33:e13945. [PMID: 37243415 PMCID: PMC10676445 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Insomnia is highly prevalent among military veterans, with rates nearly double that of civilian populations. Insomnia typically co-occurs with other psychological problems, including substance use (e.g. cannabis) and perceived stress. Much of the research focused on insomnia, stress and cannabis use explores cannabis as a sleep aid and a mechanism for stress relief. However, recent theoretical and empirical evidence suggests a dynamic interplay between insomnia, cannabis use and perceived stress, yet few longitudinal studies exist. Using a sample of 1105 post-9/11 veterans assessed over four time points across 12 months, we used latent difference score modelling to examine proportional change between insomnia, perceived stress and cannabis use. Results revealed a complex interplay between all three constructs. In particular, we show that higher prior levels of insomnia are associated with greater increases in perceived stress, and greater prior levels of stress are associated with greater increases in cannabis use. Perhaps more importantly, our results also point to cannabis use as a catalyst for greater increases in both stress and insomnia severity. Our results suggest there may be both benefits and costs of cannabis use among veterans. Specifically, for veterans who experience chronic sleep problems, perceived stress may become overwhelming, and the benefit of stress reduction from increased cannabis use may come at the cost of increasing insomnia symptomology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan P. Davis
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - John Prindle
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Shaddy K. Saba
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Carl A. Castro
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | | | - Liv Canning
- University of Southern California, Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work
| | - Eric R. Pedersen
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences
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5
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Aston ER, Meshesha LZ, Stevens AK, Borsari B, Metrik J. Cannabis demand and use among veterans: A prospective examination. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2023; 37:985-995. [PMID: 37079805 PMCID: PMC10587363 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis demand (i.e., relative value), assessed cross-sectionally via a hypothetical marijuana purchase task (MPT), has been associated with use, problems, and dependence symptoms, among others. However, limited work exists on the prospective stability of the MPT. Furthermore, cannabis demand among veterans endorsing cannabis use, and the prospective cyclical relationship between demand and use over time, have yet to be investigated. METHOD Two waves of data from a veteran sample (N = 133) reporting current (past 6-month) cannabis use were analyzed to assess stability in cannabis demand over 6 months. Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models (CLPMs) assessed the longitudinal associations between demand indices (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, breakpoint) and cannabis use. RESULTS Baseline cannabis use predicted greater intensity (β = .32, p < .001), Omax (β = .37, p < .001), breakpoint (β = .28, p < .001), and Pmax (β = .21, p = .017) at 6 months. Conversely, baseline intensity (β = .14, p = .028), breakpoint (β = .12, p = .038), and Pmax (β = .12, p = .043), but not Omax, predicted greater use at 6 months. Only intensity demonstrated acceptable prospective reliability. CONCLUSIONS Cannabis demand demonstrated stability over 6 months in CLPM models, varying along with natural changes in cannabis use. Importantly, intensity, Pmax, and breakpoint displayed bidirectional predictive associations with cannabis use, and the prospective pathway from use to demand was consistently stronger. Test-retest reliability ranged from good to poor across indices. Findings highlight the value of assessing cannabis demand longitudinally, particularly among clinical samples, to determine how demand fluctuates in response to experimental manipulation, intervention, and treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Lidia Z. Meshesha
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Psychology, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
- Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
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6
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Fedorova EV, Mitchel A, Finkelstein M, Ataiants J, Wong CF, Conn BM, Lankenau SE. Pre-Post Cannabis Legalization for Adult Use: A Trend Study of Two Cohorts of Young Adult Cannabis Users in Los Angeles. J Psychoactive Drugs 2023:1-11. [PMID: 37997888 PMCID: PMC11116271 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2023.2282515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Cannabis was legalized for adult use in California in 2016 for individuals 21 and older. Among 18-20-years-olds, who can possess cannabis legally as medical cannabis patients (MCP) but not as non-patient cannabis users (NPU), the impact of adult use legalization (AUL) on cannabis and other substance use is unknown. Two cohorts of 18-20-year-old cannabis users (MCP and NPU) were surveyed, one in 2014-15 (n = 172 "pre-AUL") and another in 2019-20 (n = 139 "post-AUL"), using similar data collection methods in Los Angeles, California. Logistic and negative binomial regressions estimated cohort and MCP differences for cannabis and other drug use outcomes based on past 90-day use. In both pre- and post-AUL cohorts, MCP were more likely to self-report medical cannabis use (p < .001) while the post-AUL cohort reported greater use of edibles (p < .01), but fewer mean days of alcohol (p < .05) and cigarette (p < .01) use in multivariate models. Notably, frequency of cannabis use (days or hits per day) did not significantly differ between the pre- and post-AUL cohorts, except for greater use of edibles, despite potentially greater access to cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Fedorova
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Communisty Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Allison Mitchel
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Communisty Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Maddy Finkelstein
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Communisty Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Janna Ataiants
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Communisty Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
| | - Carolyn F. Wong
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Research on Children, Youth, & Families, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Bridgid M. Conn
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
- Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United States
| | - Stephen E. Lankenau
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Communisty Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, United States
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7
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Valikhanova G, Kato Y, Fitzcharles MA, Ware M, Da Costa D, Lowensteyn I, Cheung HS, Grover S. Medical Cannabis Use Among Canadian Veterans and Non-Veterans: A National Survey. INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE REPORTS 2023; 2:120-128. [PMID: 37920683 PMCID: PMC10619467 DOI: 10.1089/imr.2023.0022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Medical cannabis (MC) is used by Canadian Veterans to manage a wide range of health issues. However, there is little information comparing the reasons for MC use and its perceived effectiveness between Veterans and non-Veterans. Objects We compared MC use among a convenience sample of Canadian Veterans and with non-Veteran controls, including demographics, reasons and patterns of use, and perceived effectiveness. Methods Between November and December 2021, Canadian Veterans using cannabis were invited to participate in a survey using a national press release, social media, and announcements on online platform dedicated to promoting health among Canadian Veterans and non-Veterans during the pandemic (www.MissionVav.com). The survey was also mentioned in a monthly newsletter from Veteran Affairs Canada. Self-reported effectiveness was evaluated using a 0 to 10 visual analogue scale (0 being not all effective, 10 being the most effective). Results The survey was completed by 157 people, including 108 (69%) males and 49 (31%) females. The mean age was 57 years (range 19 to 84). Among responders, 90 (63%) identified as Veterans. The most common reasons for MC use among Veterans included: insomnia (80%), anxiety (73%), and depression (52%). Veterans reported medical conditions such as chronic pain (88%) and arthritis (51%). Compared with non-Veterans, Veterans were significantly more likely to be male (83% vs. 49%), have a higher BMI (35.2 vs. 30.9), to report problems with sleep, anxiety, depression, and PTSD, and to use cannabis in edible form (51% vs. 22%). Self-reported mean effectiveness scores for MC were highest for PTSD (8.4), insomnia (8.2), anxiety (8.1), depression (8.0), and chronic pain (7.6). Conclusions We found important differences in user characteristics and cannabis use patterns between Canadian Veterans and non-Veterans. Further controlled studies are required to validate these findings, but these data suggest that orally administered cannabis products may be worth further study.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yuka Kato
- Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Concordia University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mary-Ann Fitzcharles
- Department of Rheumatology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Alan Edwards Pain Management Unit, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Mark Ware
- Department of Family Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Deborah Da Costa
- Division of Clinical Epidemiology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Ilka Lowensteyn
- McGill Comprehensive Health Improvement Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Ho Sum Cheung
- McGill Comprehensive Health Improvement Program, Faculty of Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, Canada
| | - Steven Grover
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
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8
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Livne O, Mannes ZL, McDowell YE, Shmulewitz D, Malte CA, Saxon AJ, Hasin DS. Mental and Physical Health Conditions Among U.S. Veterans with Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorders. CURRENT ADDICTION REPORTS 2023; 10:441-457. [PMID: 38149223 PMCID: PMC10751043 DOI: 10.1007/s40429-023-00490-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Purpose of Review Veterans are a large population that is disproportionately affected by various physical and mental health conditions. The primary aim of this review is to provide a concise overview of recent literature on the prevalence of cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) among US Veterans, and associations with mental and physical health conditions. We also addressed gaps in the literature by investigating associations between CUD and mental and physical health conditions in 2019 data from the Veterans Health Administration (VHA; N=5,657,277). Recent Findings In total, 25 studies were reviewed. In 2019, the prevalence of Veteran cannabis use ranged from 11.9%-18.7%. Cannabis use and CUD were associated with bipolar disorders, psychotic disorders, suicidality, pain conditions, and other substance use, but less consistently associated with depressive disorders, anxiety disorders, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Analyses of 2019 VHA data indicated that CUD was strongly associated with a broad array of physical and mental health conditions and mortality. Summary Cannabis use and CUD are prevalent and highly comorbid with other conditions among US Veterans. Harm reduction methods tailored to these populations are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ofir Livne
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zachary L. Mannes
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoanna E. McDowell
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Dvora Shmulewitz
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Carol A. Malte
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
| | - Andrew J. Saxon
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Seattle Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, USA
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, USA
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
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9
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Turner AP, Edwards KA, Jensen MP, Ehde DM, Day MA, Williams RM. Effects of hypnosis, mindfulness meditation, and education for chronic pain on substance use in veterans: A supplementary analysis of a randomized clinical trial. Rehabil Psychol 2023; 68:261-270. [PMID: 37289535 PMCID: PMC10524362 DOI: 10.1037/rep0000507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVE To examine the impact of three behavioral interventions for chronic pain on substance use. RESEARCH METHOD/DESIGN Participants were 328 Veterans with chronic pain receiving care at one of two Veterans Affairs Medical Centers in the northwest United States. Participants were randomly assigned to one of three 8-week manualized in-person group treatments: (a) hypnosis (HYP), (b) mindfulness meditation (MM), or (c) active education control (ED). Substance use frequency was assessed using 10 individual items from the WHO-ASSIST, administered at baseline prior to randomization and at 3- and 6-month posttreatment. RESULTS Baseline substance use (i.e., any use) in the past 3 months was reported by 22% (tobacco), 27% (cannabis), and 61% (alcohol) of participants. Use of all other substances assessed was reported by < 7% of participants. Results showed that MM, as compared to ED, significantly reduced risk of daily cannabis use by 85% and 81% at the 3- and 6-month posttreatment follow-ups, respectively, after adjusting for baseline use. HYP, as compared to ED, significantly reduced risk of daily cannabis use by 82% at the 6-month posttreatment follow-up after adjusting for baseline use. There was no intervention effect on tobacco or alcohol use at either posttreatment follow-up. CONCLUSIONS/IMPLICATIONS HYP and MM for chronic pain may facilitate reductions in cannabis use, even when reducing such use is not a focus of treatment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2023 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. Turner
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Karlyn A. Edwards
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico
| | - Mark P. Jensen
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Dawn M. Ehde
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
| | - Melissa A. Day
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Rhonda M. Williams
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, University of Washington
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, Washington, USA
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10
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McCarty KN, Stevens AK, Gunn RL, Borsari B, Metrik J. Prospective Associations Between Anxiety Sensitivity, Distress Intolerance, Depressive Symptoms, and Indices of Alcohol and Cannabis Use Among Veterans. J Stud Alcohol Drugs 2023; 84:535-545. [PMID: 37096769 PMCID: PMC10488313 DOI: 10.15288/jsad.22-00257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE There is substantial evidence linking anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance to depressive symptoms, and further evidence linking depressive symptoms to alcohol and cannabis use. However, the prospective indirect associations of anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance with alcohol and cannabis use through depressive symptoms remain uncertain. Thus, the current study examined whether depressive symptoms mediated the associations between anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance with alcohol and cannabis use frequency, quantity, and problems in a longitudinal sample of veterans. METHOD Participants (N = 361; 93% male; 80% White) were military veterans with lifetime cannabis use recruited from a Veterans Health Administration in the Northeastern United States. Eligible veterans completed three semi-annual assessments. Prospective mediation models were used to test for the effects of baseline anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance on alcohol and cannabis use quantity, frequency and problems at 12 months via depressive symptoms at 6 months. RESULTS Baseline anxiety sensitivity was positively associated with 12-month alcohol problems. Baseline distress intolerance was positively associated with 12-month cannabis use frequency and quantity. Baseline anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance significantly predicted increased alcohol problems and cannabis use frequency at 12 months through depressive symptoms at 6 months. There were no significant indirect effects of anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance on alcohol use frequency or quantity, cannabis use quantity, or cannabis problems. CONCLUSIONS Anxiety sensitivity and distress intolerance share a common pathway to alcohol problems and cannabis use frequency through depressive symptoms. Interventions focused on modulating negative affectivity may reduce cannabis use frequency and alcohol problems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, California
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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11
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McNabb M, Durante KA, Trocchio S, Ritter DJ, MacCaffrie R, Brum A, Mandile S, White S. Self-reported Medicinal Cannabis Use as an Alternative to Prescription and Over-the-counter Medication Use Among US Military Veterans. Clin Ther 2023; 45:562-577. [PMID: 37414507 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2023.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/27/2023] [Accepted: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mental and other physical health concerns and substance use disorder are common and co-occurring events experienced by US veterans. Treatment with medicinal cannabis is a potential alternative to unwanted medication use for veterans, but more clinical and epidemiologic research is needed to understand the risks and benefits. METHODS Data were collected from a cross-sectional, self-reported, anonymous survey asking US veterans about their health conditions, medical treatments, demographics, and medicinal cannabis use along with its self-reported effectiveness. In addition to descriptive statistics, logistic regression models were run to examine correlates of the use of cannabis as a substitution for prescription or over-the-counter medications. FINDINGS A total of 510 veterans of US military service participated in the survey, which was administered between March 3 and December 31, 2019. The participants reported experiencing a variety of mental and other physical health conditions. Primary health conditions reported included chronic pain (196; 38%), PTSD (131; 26%), anxiety (47; 9%), and depression (26; 5%). Most participants (343; 67%) reported using cannabis daily. Many reported using cannabis to reduce the use of over-the-counter medications (151; 30%) including antidepressants (130; 25%), anti-inflammatories (89; 17%), and other prescription medications. Additionally, 463 veterans (91% of respondents) reported that medical cannabis helped them to experience a greater quality of life and 105 (21%) reported using fewer opioids as a result of their medical cannabis use. Veterans who were Black, who were female, who served in active combat, and who were living with chronic pain were more likely to report a desire to reduce the number of prescription medications they were taking (odds ratios = 2.92, 2.29, 1.79, and 2.30, respectively). Women and individuals who used cannabis daily were more likely to report active use of cannabis to reduce prescription medication use (odds ratios = 3.05 and 2.26). IMPLICATIONS Medicinal cannabis use was reported to improve quality of life and reduce unwanted medication use by many of the study participants. The present findings indicate that medicinal cannabis can potentially play a harm-reduction role, helping veterans to use fewer pharmaceutical medications and other substances. Clinicians should be mindful of the potential associations between race, sex, and combat experience and the intentions for and frequency of medicinal cannabis use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marion McNabb
- Cannabis Center of Excellence Inc, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | | | - Sarah Trocchio
- Cannabis Center of Excellence Inc, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Sociology and Criminology, Rider University, Lawrenceville, New Jersey
| | - David J Ritter
- Cannabis Center of Excellence Inc, Boston, Massachusetts
| | | | - Ann Brum
- Joint Venture & Co, Mansfield, Massachusetts
| | | | - Steven White
- Charlton College of Business, University of Massachusetts, North Dartmouth, Massachusetts
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12
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Dhamija D, Bello AO, Khan AA, Gutlapalli SD, Sohail M, Patel PA, Midha S, Shukla S, Mohammed L. Evaluation of Efficacy of Cannabis Use in Patients With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e40969. [PMID: 37503496 PMCID: PMC10370827 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.40969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cannabis is frequently used by people who self-medicate for the signs of mental health conditions. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), a neurodevelopmental illness, has been linked to increased cannabis use. However, compared to other mental disorders, cannabis use by people with ADHD has received much less research. The main goal of this systematic review was to understand the nature of the relationships between cannabis use and ADHD symptoms. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines to conduct the systematic review. We included papers published within the previous ten years from online searches on PubMed, PubMed Central (PMC), Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect until January 1st, 2023. The inclusion-exclusion criteria led to the initial selection of 136 studies. We selected twenty research articles after screening and assessing them using quality assessment techniques. These articles included two non-randomized control trials, one cross-sectional study, one meta-analysis, and sixteen observational cohorts. It can be advantageous for people with ADHD and their medical professionals to understand better how ADHD patients use cannabis and its potential risks and advantages on cannabis use disorder, ADHD symptoms, and executive dysfunction. This article further emphasizes the necessity of thorough research to comprehend cannabis use in ADHD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divyanshu Dhamija
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Asma A Khan
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Sai Dheeraj Gutlapalli
- Internal Medicine, Richmond University Medical Center, Staten Island, USA
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Mehvish Sohail
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | - Priyansh A Patel
- Internal Medicine, Medical College Baroda, Vadodara, IND
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
| | | | - Surmai Shukla
- Internal Medicine, Qingdao University College of Medical Science, Qingdao, CHN
| | - Lubna Mohammed
- Internal Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology, Fairfield, USA
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13
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Farrelly KN, Wardell JD, Marsden E, Scarfe ML, Najdzionek P, Turna J, MacKillop J. The Impact of Recreational Cannabis Legalization on Cannabis Use and Associated Outcomes: A Systematic Review. Subst Abuse 2023; 17:11782218231172054. [PMID: 37187466 PMCID: PMC10176789 DOI: 10.1177/11782218231172054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Background Recreational cannabis legalization has become more prevalent over the past decade, increasing the need to understand its impact on downstream health-related outcomes. Although prior reviews have broadly summarized research on cannabis liberalization policies (including decriminalization and medical legalization), directed efforts are needed to synthesize the more recent research that focuses on recreational cannabis legalization specifically. Thus, the current review summarizes existing studies using longitudinal designs to evaluate impacts of recreational cannabis legalization on cannabis use and related outcomes. Method A comprehensive bibliographic search strategy revealed 61 studies published from 2016 to 2022 that met criteria for inclusion. The studies were predominantly from the United States (66.2%) and primarily utilized self-report data (for cannabis use and attitudes) or administrative data (for health-related, driving, and crime outcomes). Results Five main categories of outcomes were identified through the review: cannabis and other substance use, attitudes toward cannabis, health-care utilization, driving-related outcomes, and crime-related outcomes. The extant literature revealed mixed findings, including some evidence of negative consequences of legalization (such as increased young adult use, cannabis-related healthcare visits, and impaired driving) and some evidence for minimal impacts (such as little change in adolescent cannabis use rates, substance use rates, and mixed evidence for changes in cannabis-related attitudes). Conclusions Overall, the existing literature reveals a number of negative consequences of legalization, although the findings are mixed and generally do not suggest large magnitude short-term impacts. The review highlights the need for more systematic investigation, particularly across a greater diversity of geographic regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyra N Farrelly
- Department of Psychology, York
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Jeffrey D Wardell
- Department of Psychology, York
University, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Institute for Mental Health Policy
Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Emma Marsden
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Molly L Scarfe
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Peter Najdzionek
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
| | - Jasmine Turna
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for
Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare
Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - James MacKillop
- Peter Boris Centre for Addictions
Research, St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON,
Canada
- Michael G. DeGroote Centre for
Medicinal Cannabis Research, McMaster University & St. Joseph’s Healthcare
Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Homewood Research Institute, Guelph,
ON, Canada
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14
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Frost MC, Hawkins EJ, Glass JE, Hallgren KA, Williams EC. Associations Between Distinct Co-occurring Substance Use Disorders and Receipt of Medications for Opioid Use Disorder in the Veterans Health Administration. J Addict Med 2023; 17:278-285. [PMID: 37267168 PMCID: PMC10110763 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000001095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Among people with opioid use disorder (OUD), having a co-occurring substance use disorder (SUD) is associated with lower likelihood of receiving OUD treatment medications (MOUD). However, it is unclear how distinct co-occurring SUDs are associated with MOUD receipt. This study examined associations of distinct co-occurring SUDs with initiation and continuation of MOUD among patients with OUD in the national Veterans Health Administration (VA). METHODS Electronic health record data were extracted for outpatients with OUD who received care August 1, 2016, to July 31, 2017. Analyses were conducted separately among patients without and with prior-year MOUD receipt to examine initiation and continuation, respectively. SUDs were measured using diagnostic codes; MOUD receipt was measured using prescription fills/clinic visits. Adjusted regression models estimated likelihood of following-year MOUD receipt for patients with each co-occurring SUD relative to those without. RESULTS Among 23,990 patients without prior-year MOUD receipt, 12% initiated in the following year. Alcohol use disorder (adjusted incidence rate ratio [aIRR], 0.80; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.90) and cannabis use disorder (aIRR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.70-0.87) were negatively associated with initiation. Among 11,854 patients with prior-year MOUD receipt, 83% continued in the following year. Alcohol use disorder (aIRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.91-0.97), amphetamine/other stimulant use disorder (aIRR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.90-0.99), and cannabis use disorder (aIRR, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.93-0.98) were negatively associated with continuation. CONCLUSIONS In this study of national VA outpatients with OUD, those with certain co-occurring SUDs were less likely to initiate or continue MOUD. Further research is needed to identify barriers related to specific co-occurring SUDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline C. Frost
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
| | - Eric J. Hawkins
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
| | - Joseph E. Glass
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Kevin A. Hallgren
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Kaiser Permanente Washington Health Research Institute, 1730 Minor Ave, Seattle, WA 98101
| | - Emily C. Williams
- Department of Health Systems and Population Health, University of Washington School of Public Health, 1959 NE Pacific St, Seattle, WA 98195
- Health Services Research & Development (HSR&D) Center of Innovation for Veteran-Centered and Value-Driven Care, Veterans Affairs (VA) Puget Sound Health Care System, 1660 South Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108
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15
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Yockey RA, Hoopsick RA. National Trends in Past-Year Marijuana Use among Veterans in the United States, 2013-2019. Subst Use Misuse 2023; 58:822-827. [PMID: 36943145 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2023.2191700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Background: The legal landscape surrounding marijuana use in the United States (US) is ever changing. Although substantial research has investigated risk factors of use among different populations, much is to be gleaned among veteran populations, who are at heightened risk for mental and physical health problems, which may be precipitated or relieved by marijuana use. The present study investigated correlates and trends of recreational and medical marijuana use among a large national sample of US Veterans. Methods: Data from the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (2013-2019) comprised of 16,350 veterans 18 years or older were analyzed. We tested for weighted linear and quadratic trends in past-year use. Results: Weighted analyses revealed a significant increase (56%) in overall marijuana use from 2013-2019, with nearly one in 10 veterans (9.79%) reporting past-year marijuana use. Compared to 18 to 25-year-old veterans, veterans who were aged 35-49 years (aPR: 1.44, 95% CI 1.05, 1.97), 50-64 years (aPR: 1.68, 95% CI 1.11, 2.55), and 65 years or older (aPR: 1.90, 95% CI 1.24, 2.90) were more likely to report using medical marijuana in the past year. Conclusions: This increase, in the context of federal VA provider restrictions, has implications for issues of care coordination and safe supply for veterans. Given the rapidly changing and heterogenous landscape of recreational and medical marijuana policy in the US, the present study may inform harm reduction efforts and behavioral interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Andrew Yockey
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of North Texas Health Science Center, Fort Worth, Texas, USA
| | - Rachel A Hoopsick
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, College of Applied Health Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, Illinois, USA
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16
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Ng JY, Tahir U, Lum N. The quality of health information provided on web sites selling cannabis to consumers in Canada is poor. Harm Reduct J 2022; 19:138. [PMID: 36503517 PMCID: PMC9743698 DOI: 10.1186/s12954-022-00691-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cannabis is used by millions of people for both medical and recreational purposes, and this use is even greater in jurisdictions where it is legalized, such as Canada. Online cannabis vendors have gained popularity for purchasing cannabis due to easy access and convenience to consumers. The objective of this study was to evaluate the quality of health information provided by web sites of cannabis vendors selling products to Canadian consumers and to further identify trends in the information provided. METHODS Six different searches were conducted on Google.ca, and the first 40 webpages of each search were screened for eligibility. A total of 33 unique web sites of cannabis vendors selling products to Canadian consumers were identified and included. The DISCERN instrument, which consists of 16 questions divided into three sections, was used to evaluate the quality of cannabis-related health information on these web sites. RESULTS Across the 33 web sites, the average of the summed DISCERN scores was 36.83 (SD = 9.73) out of 75, and the mean score for the overall quality of the publication (DISCERN question 16) was 2.41 (SD = 0.71) out of 5. Many of these web sites failed to discuss uncertainties in research evidence on cannabis, the impact of cannabis use on quality of life, alternatives to cannabis use, risks associated with cannabis use, and lacked references to support claims on effects and benefits of use. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the quality of cannabis-related health information provided by online vendors is poor. Healthcare providers should be aware that patients may use these web sites as primary sources of information and appropriately caution patients while directing them to high-quality sources. Future research should serve to replicate this study in other jurisdictions and assess the accuracy of information provided by online cannabis vendors, as this was outside the scope of the DISCERN instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Y. Ng
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Room 2112, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Umair Tahir
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Room 2112, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
| | - Nicholas Lum
- grid.25073.330000 0004 1936 8227Department of Health Research Methods, Evidence, and Impact, Faculty of Health Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Centre for Learning and Discovery, McMaster University, Room 2112, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1 Canada
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17
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Sorkhou M, Johnstone S, Kivlichan AE, Castle DJ, George TP. Does cannabis use predict aggressive or violent behavior in psychiatric populations? A systematic review. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2022; 48:631-643. [PMID: 36137273 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2022.2118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Background: Despite an increase in information evaluating the therapeutic and adverse effects of cannabinoids, many potentially important clinical correlates, including violence or aggression, have not been adequately investigated.Objectives: In this systematic review, we examine the published evidence for the relationship between cannabis and aggression or violence in individuals with psychiatric disorders.Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, articles in English were searched on PubMed, Google Scholar, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO from database inception to January 2022. Data for aggression and violence in people with psychiatric diagnoses were identified during the searches.Results: Of 391 papers identified within the initial search, 15 studies met inclusion criteria. Cross-sectional associations between cannabis use and aggression or violence in samples with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) were found. Moreover, a longitudinal association between cannabis use and violence and aggression was observed in psychotic-spectrum disorders. However, the presence of uncontrolled confounding factors in the majority of included studies precludes any causal conclusions.Conclusion: Although cannabis use is associated with aggression or violence in individuals with PTSD or psychotic-spectrum disorders, causal conclusions cannot be drawn due to methodological limitations observed in the current literature. Well-controlled, longitudinal studies are needed to ascertain whether cannabis plays a causal role on subsequent violence or aggression in mental health disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Sorkhou
- Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Samantha Johnstone
- Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - David J Castle
- Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tony P George
- Centre for Complex Interventions, Centre for Addictions and Mental Health, Toronto, Canada.,Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS) and Department of Psychiatry, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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18
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Waddell JT, Gress-Smith JL, Hartman JD, Doran N, Reed B. Age, sex, and race-varying rates of alcohol use, cannabis use, and alcohol and cannabis co-use in veterans vs. non-veterans. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107418. [PMID: 35816904 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Military veterans are a high-risk group for health risk behaviors, including alcohol and cannabis use. However, research on veteran vs. non-veteran rates of alcohol/cannabis use are inconsistent across studies. Further, no research has investigated veteran vs. non-veteran rates of alcohol and cannabis co-use, and few studies have tested whether demographic variables, particularly race/ethnicity, moderate group differences. Therefore, the current study tested whether 1) veteran vs. non-veterans differed in rates of alcohol use, cannabis use, and alcohol and cannabis co-use, and 2) whether demographic covariates (age, sex, race/ethnicity) moderated associations. METHODS Data on adults (N = 706,897; 53.4% female) were derived from the 2002-2019 National Study on Drug Use and Health. Participant demographics, alcohol use frequency, drinking quantity, and cannabis use frequency were self-reported. RESULTS Non-veterans reported higher drinking quantity, cannabis frequency, and co-use. However, being a veteran was a risk factor for heavier drinking for women, ethnic/racial minoritized participants, and adults under the age of 50. Additionally, veteran status was a risk factor for cannabis use frequency in racial/ethnic minoritized participants and women. Similarly, being a veteran was a risk factor for alcohol and cannabis co-use for racial/ethnic minoritized participants, and the buffering effect of being a Veteran on co-use was reduced for older participants and women. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that, at the population level, non-veterans may be heavier alcohol/cannabis users. However, moderating analyses suggested that being a veteran is a risk factor for women, racial/ethnic minoritized individuals, and younger individuals. Findings are discussed in terms of public health implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack T Waddell
- Arizona State University, United States; Phoenix VA Health Care System, United States.
| | | | | | - Neal Doran
- University of California-San Diego Health Care System, United States
| | - Brandon Reed
- University of California-San Diego Health Care System, United States
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19
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Berey BL, Aston ER, Kearns NT, McGeary JE, Borsari B, Metrik J. Prospective associations between sleep disturbances and cannabis use among Veterans: A behavioral economic approach. Addict Behav 2022; 134:107424. [PMID: 35863267 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2022.107424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Veterans often use cannabis for sleep despite limited evidence of its efficacy. Moreover, how sleep disturbances impact cannabis use longitudinally is unclear. We applied a behavioral economic framework to examine whether sleep disturbances and cannabis demand (i.e., relative value) were related risk-factors for future cannabis use and problems. METHODS Veterans deployed post-9/11/2001 who reported past 6-month cannabis use at baseline (n = 126) completed surveys on their sleep disturbances, demand via the Marijuana Purchase Task (MPT), and cannabis use. Mediation analyses using Hayes' PROCESS Macro and zero-inflated negative binomial models tested indirect effects of baseline sleep disturbances on 12-month cannabis use frequency, quantity, and problems via 6-month cannabis demand (i.e., intensity, Omax, Pmax, and breakpoint). RESULTS Only Omax (i.e., maximum expenditure for cannabis) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use quantity and problems when examined concurrently with other demand indices after controlling for covariates. Intensity (i.e., purchase at zero cost) was a significant mediator for 12-month cannabis use frequency when examined concurrently with other demand indices in models controlling for lifetime cannabis use, but not past 30-day use at baseline. CONCLUSION Cannabis demand, specifically intensity and Omax, may help to identify Veterans with sleep disturbances who are at increased risk for escalating their cannabis use. Subsequent research should assess the extent that sleep disturbances impact cannabis demand in the context of withdrawal, which will inform novel prevention and intervention strategies geared toward reducing negative cannabis-related outcomes among Veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Berey
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States
| | - Nathan T Kearns
- U.S. Army Medical Research Directorate - West, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Joint Base Lewis-McChord, United States
| | - John E McGeary
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, United States; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Brian Borsari
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California San Francisco, United States; Mental Health Service, San Francisco VA Health Care System, United States
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, United States; Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University, United States; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, United States.
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20
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Murkar A, Kendzerska T, Shlik J, Quilty L, Saad M, Robillard R. Increased cannabis intake during the COVID-19 pandemic is associated with worsening of depression symptoms in people with PTSD. BMC Psychiatry 2022; 22:554. [PMID: 35978287 PMCID: PMC9382626 DOI: 10.1186/s12888-022-04185-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Some evidence suggests substance use affects clinical outcomes in people with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, more work is required to examine links between mental health and cannabis use in PTSD during exposure to external stressors such as the COVID-19 pandemic. This study assessed mental health factors in individuals with self-reported PTSD to: (a) determine whether stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms were associated with changes in cannabis consumption across the pandemic, and (b) to contrast the degree to which clinically significant perceived symptom worsening was associated with changes in cannabis intake. METHOD Data were obtained as part of a larger web-based population survey from April 3rd to June 24th 2020 (i.e., first wave of the pandemic in Canada). Participants (N = 462) with self-reported PTSD completed questionnaires to assess mental health symptoms and answered questions pertaining to their cannabis intake. Participants were categorized according to whether they were using cannabis or not, and if using, whether their use frequency increased, decreased, or remained unchanged during the pandemic. RESULTS Findings indicated an overall perceived worsening of stress, anxiety, and depression symptoms across all groups. A higher-than-expected proportion of individuals who increased their cannabis consumption reached threshold for minimal clinically important worsening of depression, X2(3) = 10.795, p = 0.013 (Cramer's V = 0.166). CONCLUSION Overall, those who increased cannabis use during the pandemic were more prone to undergo meaningful perceived worsening of depression symptoms. Prospective investigations will be critical next steps to determine the directionality of the relationship between cannabis and depressive symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Murkar
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Sleep Research Unit, 1145 Carling Ave, ON, K1Z 7K4, Ottawa, Canada
| | - T Kendzerska
- The Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - J Shlik
- The Royal Ottawa Mental Health Centre, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - L Quilty
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - M Saad
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Sleep Research Unit, 1145 Carling Ave, ON, K1Z 7K4, Ottawa, Canada
| | - R Robillard
- University of Ottawa Institute of Mental Health Research at The Royal, Sleep Research Unit, 1145 Carling Ave, ON, K1Z 7K4, Ottawa, Canada.
- University of Ottawa School of Psychology, ON, Ottawa, Canada.
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21
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Characteristics associated with past-year marijuana use in veterans with and without PTSD: Results from the mind your heart study. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-021-02685-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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22
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Livingston NA, Farmer SL, Mahoney CT, Marx BP, Keane TM. Longitudinal course of mental health symptoms among veterans with and without cannabis use disorder. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2022; 36:131-143. [PMID: 34351175 PMCID: PMC9048195 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis use disorder (CUD) is the most common non-alcohol related substance use disorder (SUD) in the United States and is especially prevalent among returning veterans. The long-term mental health correlates of CUD remain unknown, which is significant given the rise in legalization and also recreational and medicinal cannabis use nationally. METHOD Using a gender-balanced, national sample of 1,649 veterans (n = 115 with CUD; 75.2% White; M age = 37.49, SD = 9.88), we used latent growth curve modeling to examine posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) symptom severity, depressive symptoms, generalized anxiety, alcohol use, and psychosocial functioning between veterans with versus without a prior diagnosis of CUD over five time points, spanning an average of 7 years. RESULTS Returning veterans with CUD compared to those without reported higher alcohol use, depression, anxiety, PTSD symptom severity, and worse psychosocial functioning at baseline. We observed nonlinear change across each outcome. We also found that CUD moderated change in alcohol use (quadratic: b = -.129, p < .001) and PTSD symptoms (quadratic: b = -.280, p = .019), such that individuals with CUD evidenced decelerated change and worse outcomes relative to veterans without a previously documented CUD diagnosis. Trajectories of depression, anxiety, and psychosocial functioning were similar across individuals with versus without CUD. CONCLUSIONS In the first long-term and longitudinal evaluation of mental health and alcohol use course among returning veterans, CUD was associated with worse and more persistent alcohol use and PTSD symptom severity over time. These data have implications for clinical assessment, case conceptualization, and treatment of veterans and may inform efforts to offset risk for hazardous drinking and PTSD following a diagnosis of CUD. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas A. Livingston
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Stacey L. Farmer
- Department of Veteran Affairs, Albany Stratton VA Medical Center, Albany, New York, United States
| | | | - Brian P. Marx
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
| | - Terence M. Keane
- National Center for PTSD, Behavioral Science Division, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States,Department of Psychiatry, Boston University School of Medicine,U.S. Department of Veteran Affairs, VA Boston Healthcare System, Boston, Massachusetts, United States
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23
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Gunn RL, Aston ER, Metrik J. Patterns of Cannabis and Alcohol Co-Use: Substitution Versus Complementary Effects. Alcohol Res 2022; 42:04. [PMID: 35223338 PMCID: PMC8855954 DOI: 10.35946/arcr.v42.1.04] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this review is to discuss the literature regarding the concurrent use (co-use) of alcohol and cannabis and competing hypotheses as to whether cannabis acts as a substitute for (i.e., replacing the effects of alcohol, resulting in decreased use) or a complement to (i.e., used to enhance the effects of alcohol, resulting in increased use) alcohol. The impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes has received increased attention in the wake of ongoing legalization of cannabis for both medical and recreational purposes. Evidence for both hypotheses exists in the literature across a broad range of data collection methods and samples and is carefully reviewed here. In addition, various mechanisms by which cannabis may act as an alcohol substitute or complement are explored in depth with the goal of better understanding equivocal findings. SEARCH METHODS This review includes articles that were identified from a search for studies on alcohol and cannabis co-use, with a specific focus on studies exploring complementary versus substitution aspects of co-use. Search terms were included in Google Scholar, PsycINFO, MEDLINE, and Web of Science. Eligible studies were those that measured alcohol and cannabis co-use in human samples in laboratory, survey, or ecological momentary assessment studies, or that directly referenced substitution or complementary patterns of use. SEARCH RESULTS Search results returned 650 articles, with 95 meeting inclusion criteria. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Results of this review reveal compelling evidence for both substitution and complementary effects, suggesting nuanced yet significant distinctions across different populations examined in these studies. Several mechanisms for the impact of cannabis use on alcohol-related outcomes are identified, including patterns and context of co-use, timing and order of use, cannabinoid formulation, pharmacokinetic interactions, and user characteristics (including diagnostic status), all of which may influence substitution versus complementary effects. This review will inform future research studies examining this topic in both clinical and community samples and aid in the development of treatment and prevention efforts targeting those populations most vulnerable to negative consequences of co-use. Finally, this review highlights the need for additional research in more diverse samples and the use of mixed-methods designs to examine both pharmacological and contextual influences on co-use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, Rhode Island,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, Rhode Island
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24
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Metrik J, Stevens AK, Gunn RL, Borsari B, Jackson KM. Cannabis use and posttraumatic stress disorder: prospective evidence from a longitudinal study of veterans. Psychol Med 2022; 52:446-456. [PMID: 32546286 PMCID: PMC9882422 DOI: 10.1017/s003329172000197x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the most highly co-occurring psychiatric disorder among veterans with cannabis use disorder (CUD). Despite some evidence that cannabis use prospectively exacerbates the course of PTSD, which in turn increases the risk for CUD, the causal nature of the relationship between cannabis and psychiatric comorbidity is debated. The longitudinal relationship between PTSD diagnosis and traumatic intrusion symptoms with cannabis use and CUD was examined using cross-lagged panel model (CLPM) analysis. METHODS Prospective data from a longitudinal observational study of 361 veterans deployed post-9/11/2001 included PTSD and CUD diagnoses, cannabis use, and PTSD-related traumatic intrusion symptoms from the Inventory of Depression and Anxiety Symptoms. RESULTS A random intercept CLPM analysis that leveraged three waves (baseline, 6 months and 12 months) of cannabis use and PTSD-related intrusion symptoms to account for between-person differences found that baseline cannabis use was significantly positively associated with 6-month intrusion symptoms; the converse association was significant but reduced in magnitude (baseline use to 6-month intrusions: β = 0.46, 95% CI 0.155-0.765; baseline intrusions to 6-month use: β = 0.22, 95% CI -0.003 to 0.444). Results from the two-wave CLPM reveal a significant effect from baseline PTSD to 12-month CUD (β = 0.15, 95% CI 0.028-0.272) but not from baseline CUD to 12-month PTSD (β = 0.12, 95% CI -0.022 to 0.262). CONCLUSIONS Strong prospective associations capturing within-person changes suggest that cannabis use is linked with greater severity of trauma-related intrusion symptoms over time. A strong person-level directional association between PTSD and CUD was evident. Findings have significant clinical implications for the long-term effects of cannabis use among individuals with PTSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI 02908, USA
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA 94121, USA
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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25
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Enkema MC, Hasin DS, Browne KC, Stohl M, Shmulewitz D, Fink DS, Olfson M, Martins SS, Bohnert KM, Sherman SE, Cerda M, Wall M, Aharonovich E, Keyhani S, Saxon AJ. Pain, cannabis use, and physical and mental health indicators among veterans and nonveterans: results from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III. Pain 2022; 163:267-273. [PMID: 34108436 PMCID: PMC8985055 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000002345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Chronic pain is associated with mental and physical health difficulties and is prevalent among veterans. Cannabis has been put forth as a treatment for chronic pain, and changes in laws, attitudes, and use patterns have occurred over the past 2 decades. Differences in prevalence of nonmedical cannabis use and cannabis use disorder (CUD) were examined across 2 groups: veterans or nonveterans and those reporting or not reporting recent pain. Data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (2012-2013; n = 36,309) were analyzed using logistic regression. Prevalence differences (PDs) for 3 cannabis outcomes (1) past-year nonmedical cannabis use, (2) frequent (≥3 times a week) nonmedical use, and (3) DSM-5 CUD were estimated for those reporting recent moderate to severe pain (veterans or nonveterans) and veterans reporting or not reporting recent pain. Difference in differences was calculated to investigate PDs on outcomes associated with residence in a state with medical cannabis laws (MCLs). Associations between physical and mental health and cannabis variables were tested. The results indicated that the prevalence of recent pain was greater among veterans (PD = 7.25%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [4.90-9.60]). Among veterans, the prevalence of frequent cannabis use was greater among those with pain (PD = 1.92%, 98% CI [0.21-3.63]), and among veterans residing in a state with MCLs, the prevalence of CUD was greater among those reporting recent pain (PD = 3.88%, 98% CI [0.36-7.39]). Findings failed to support the hypothesis that cannabis use improves mental or physical health for veterans with pain. Providers treating veterans with pain in MCL states should monitor such patients closely for CUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Enkema
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Centers of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education (CESATE), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, US
- Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, US
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | - Kendall C. Browne
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Centers of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education (CESATE), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
| | - Malki Stohl
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Centers of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education (CESATE), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, US
| | | | - David S. Fink
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | - Mark Olfson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, US
| | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | | | - Scott E. Sherman
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | - Magdalena Cerda
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | - Melanie Wall
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY, US
| | | | | | - Andrew J. Saxon
- VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Centers of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education (CESATE), VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA, US
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, US
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26
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Browne KC, Stohl M, Bohnert KM, Saxon AJ, Fink DS, Olfson M, Cerda M, Sherman S, Gradus JL, Martins SS, Hasin DS. Prevalence and Correlates of Cannabis Use and Cannabis Use Disorder Among U.S. Veterans: Results From the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC-III). Am J Psychiatry 2022; 179:26-35. [PMID: 34407625 PMCID: PMC8724447 DOI: 10.1176/appi.ajp.2021.20081202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The authors sought to estimate the prevalence of past-12-month and lifetime cannabis use and cannabis use disorder among U.S. veterans; to describe demographic, substance use disorder, and psychiatric disorder correlates of nonmedical cannabis use and cannabis use disorder; and to explore differences in cannabis use and cannabis use disorder prevalence among veterans in states with and without medical marijuana laws. METHODS Participants were 3,119 respondents in the 2012-2013 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III) who identified as U.S. veterans. Weighted prevalences were calculated. Logistic regression analyses tested associations of nonmedical cannabis use and cannabis use disorder with demographic and clinical correlates and examined whether prevalence differed by state legalization status. RESULTS The prevalences of any past-12-month cannabis use and cannabis use disorder were 7.3% and 1.8%, respectively. Lifetime prevalences were 32.5% and 5.7%, respectively. Past-12-month and lifetime cannabis use disorder prevalence estimates among nonmedical cannabis users were 24.4% and 17.4%, respectively. Sociodemographic correlates of nonmedical cannabis use and use disorder included younger age, male gender, being unmarried, lower income, and residing in a state with medical marijuana laws. Nonmedical cannabis use and use disorder were associated with most psychiatric and substance use disorders examined. CONCLUSIONS Among veterans, the odds of nonmedical cannabis use and use disorder were elevated among vulnerable subgroups, including those with lower income or psychiatric disorders and among survey participants residing in states with medical marijuana laws. The study findings highlight the need for clinical attention (e.g., screening, assessment) and ongoing monitoring among veterans in the context of increasing legalization of cannabis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendall C. Browne
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA,Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, VA Puget Sound Healthcare System, Seattle, WA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - Malki Stohl
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY
| | - Kipling M. Bohnert
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI,VA Center for Clinical Management Research (CCMR), VA Ann Arbor Healthcare System, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Andrew J. Saxon
- Center of Excellence in Substance Addiction Treatment and Education, Corporal Michael J. Crescenz VA Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA,Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
| | - David S. Fink
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Mark Olfson
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Magdalena Cerda
- Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | - Scott Sherman
- Department of Population Health, New York University, New York, NY
| | | | - Silvia S. Martins
- Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY
| | - Deborah S. Hasin
- New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY,Department of Epidemiology, Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health, New York, NY,Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
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27
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Wong CF, Mendez SEA, Conn BM, Iverson E, Lankenau SE. Attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization among cannabis-using young adults in Los Angeles: Impact on concurrent cannabis practices and problematic cannabis use. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 228:109053. [PMID: 34610520 PMCID: PMC11104431 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.109053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated differences in attitudes and beliefs about recreational cannabis legalization (RCL) among cannabis-using young adults comprised of medical cannabis patients (MCP) and non-patient users (NPU). We further investigated whether these variations are associated with concurrent cannabis practices and problematic use. METHOD Cannabis-using young adults (N = 301) were interviewed between 2017 and 2018 - after RCL and through the early months after storefront sales began. Latent class analysis empirically derived groups based on participants' attitudes/beliefs about the impact of RCL. Socio-demographic factors, patient status, medicinal and/or recreational use, and social norms differentiated latent class memberships, while concurrent cannabis practices and problematic use served as distal outcomes. The manual Bolck, Croon, and Hagenaars (BCH) three-step process modeled all covariates and distal outcomes simultaneously in the final LCA solution. RESULTS Three patterns emerged: Impacted (RCL had broad impact on attitudes/beliefs) (n = 113), Partially-Impacted (RCL had some impact on attitudes/beliefs) (n = 131) and Neutral (RCL had no/limited impact) (n = 57). MCP were more likely to be Neutral than Partially-Impacted users while those who reported recreational cannabis use were more likely to be Impacted than Neutral users. Class membership predicted cannabis practices and problematic use with Impacted individuals reporting the greatest recent days of use, number of hits per day, and highest scores in problematic cannabis use compared to Partially-Impacted and Neutral users. CONCLUSION Variability in attitudes/beliefs about RCL served as strong drivers of concurrent cannabis practices and problematic use. Findings provide an important baseline for tracking attitudes/beliefs' long-term health and substance use impact as retail cannabis sales evolve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn F Wong
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #71, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA.
| | - Stephanie E A Mendez
- USC University Center for Excellence in Developmental Disabilities, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS#53, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Bridgid M Conn
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #71, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Ellen Iverson
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Division of Adolescent and Young Adult Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA; University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #71, Los Angeles, CA 90027, USA
| | - Stephen E Lankenau
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health, Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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28
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Clary KL, Habbal M, Smith DC, Fratila I. The Green Sheep: Exploring the Perceived Risks and Benefits of Cannabis Among Young Military Members and Veterans. CANNABIS (ALBUQUERQUE, N.M.) 2021; 4:31-46. [PMID: 37287531 PMCID: PMC10212263 DOI: 10.26828/cannabis/2021.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Medical and recreational cannabis are becoming more accessible and socially accepted across the United States. Emerging adults (EAs; 18 to 29) are the largest group of cannabis users. Studies have found that veterans are more likely to report cannabis use compared to nonveterans. While research exists on the use levels of cannabis, limited knowledge is available on the perceived risks and benefits of using cannabis among EA military and veteran populations. Helping professionals encounter veterans who use cannabis and must consider military cultural factors and attitudes towards cannabis that may influence or exacerbate cannabis use. We conducted a qualitative study with 23 EA veteran and military members with high-risk substance use and asked about their thoughts on the acceptability, risks, and perceived benefits associated with cannabis. Two qualitative coders used NVivo to find themes following the six steps of thematic analysis. Results provide in-depth understanding of EA military members and veterans' perceptions of cannabis. Overall, we found participants were receptive to using cannabis for pain ailments, mental health issues, and as an alternative to benzodiazepines, opioids, and alcohol. However, they acknowledged restrictions are needed to moderate cannabis use and mitigate negative outcomes. Lastly, participants recognized the incongruence of cannabis use with military job responsibilities and expectations. These findings shed light on potential risk and protective factors related to using cannabis for recreational or medical reasons and should be considered when consulting EA military members and veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Megan Habbal
- Department of Psychology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Douglas C. Smith
- School of Social Work, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Iulia Fratila
- Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
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29
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Waddell JT, Gunn RL, Corbin WR, Borsari B, Metrik J. Drinking less on cannabis use days: The moderating role of UPPS-P impulsive personality traits. PSYCHOLOGY OF ADDICTIVE BEHAVIORS 2021; 35:737-748. [PMID: 34591516 PMCID: PMC8484778 DOI: 10.1037/adb0000727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective: Several studies suggest that alcohol and cannabis co-users are heavier drinkers and experience more alcohol-related consequences. However, day-level associations between co-use and drinking levels are mixed. One reason may be that individual characteristics moderate the daily impact of using alcohol alone or in conjunction with cannabis. The theory would suggest that highly impulsive individuals may drink more on co-use days, yet this assertion remains untested. Therefore, the current study tested whether impulsivity moderated the effect of co-use on same-day drinking quantity within veterans, a high-risk sample for substance use and impulsivity. Method: In a longitudinal observational study, co-using veterans (N = 139) completed three semi-annual assessments reporting on their daily drinking quantity and cannabis use via Timeline Followback (Observations = 19,245) and impulsivity via the UPPS-P. Mixed effect modeling was used to test hypotheses that co-use (compared to alcohol-only) days would be associated with heavier drinking for those high (but not low) in positive and negative urgency. Results: Significant interactions were found for positive urgency (PU) and lack of perseverance (LP), such that individuals at mean and low levels of PU and LP drank less on co-use (compared to alcohol-only) days. There were no significant interactions for other UPPS-P impulsivity facets. Conclusion: Findings are consistent with a substitution/compensatory effect for individuals at mean and low levels of both UPPS-P facets, and may be a byproduct of frequent cannabis use in veterans. In contrast, findings suggest that co-use and alcohol-only days may be characterized by similarly high levels of drinking for highly impulsive individuals. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
| | | | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco Veterans Affairs Health Care System
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California, San Francisco
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addictions Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
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30
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Pedersen ER, Davis JP, Fitzke RE, Lee DS, Saba S. American Veterans in the Era of COVID-19: Reactions to the Pandemic, Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, and Substance Use Behaviors. Int J Ment Health Addict 2021; 21:767-782. [PMID: 34466132 PMCID: PMC8390086 DOI: 10.1007/s11469-021-00620-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic may have a compounding effect on the substance use of American veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). This study investigated the relationship between PTSD and current reactions to COVID-19 on alcohol and cannabis use among veterans who completed a survey 1 month prior to the pandemic in the USA and a 6-month follow-up survey. We hypothesized that veterans with PTSD would experience more negative reactions to COVID-19 and increased alcohol and cannabis use behaviors over those without PTSD. Veterans with PTSD prior to the pandemic, relative to those without, endorsed poorer reactions, greater frequency of alcohol use, and greater cannabis initiation and use during the pandemic. Veterans with PTSD may use substances to manage COVID-related stress. Clinicians may see an increase in substance use among this group during and after the pandemic and may need to implement specific behavioral interventions to mitigate the negative effects of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Pedersen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Jordan P. Davis
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, USC Center for Artificial Intelligence in Society, USC Center for Mindfulness Science, USC Institute for Addiction Science, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Reagan E. Fitzke
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, CA 90033 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Daniel S. Lee
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
| | - Shaddy Saba
- Suzanne Dworak-Peck School of Social Work, University of Southern California, CA 90089 Los Angeles, USA
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31
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Benz MB, Aston ER, Mercurio AN, Metrik J. The Potential Impact of Legalization of Recreational Cannabis among Current Users: A Qualitative Inquiry. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:233-240. [PMID: 34396923 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1959966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Given legislative initiatives in Rhode Island pertaining to consideration of cannabis legalization for recreational purpose, a qualitative inquiry was conducted regarding anticipated changes in use among recreational cannabis users in Rhode Island. Five focus groups were conducted with recreational cannabis users (N = 31; 6-7 per group). Participants were queried about anticipated impact of legalization on their use patterns. Themes were identified using applied thematic analysis. Participants discussed (1) a desire to maintain the status quo due to satisfaction with local cannabis regulations and their current use behaviors, (2) how and why cannabis use may change, including pros and cons of legalization, and (3) anticipated changes in purchasing behavior given display and legitimacy of legal dispensaries. While participants anticipate use levels and prevalence may remain relatively stable following legislation changes, findings suggest possible changes related to mode of administration and location of use. Public health concerns exist related to high-risk potencies and use of cannabis in edible form; therefore, trialing of new cannabis products has important clinical implications should legalization occur in Rhode Island.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeline B Benz
- Psychology Department, Clark University, Worcester, MA, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Elizabeth R Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Alana N Mercurio
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, USA.,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, USA.,Collaborative Addiction & Recovery Services, Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, USA
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32
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Dillon KH, Van Voorhees EE, Elbogen EB, Beckham JC, Calhoun PS. Cannabis use disorder, anger, and violence in Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 138:375-379. [PMID: 33933928 PMCID: PMC8954688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An association has been found between cannabis use disorder (CUD) and violence in several clinical populations, including veterans with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and there is evidence that CUD has been increasing among veterans since September 11, 2001. There is also evidence that some veterans may be attempting to self-medicate psychological problems including PTSD and aggression with cannabis, despite the lack of safety and efficacy data supporting this use. To date, however, the association between CUD and aggression has yet to be examined in a large, non-clinic sample of veterans. The present study examined the association between cannabis use disorder, anger, aggressive urges, and difficulty controlling violence in a large sample of Iraq/Afghanistan-era veterans (N = 3028). Results of multivariate logistic regressions indicated that current CUD was significantly positively associated with difficulty managing anger (OR = 2.93, p < .05), aggressive impulses/urges (OR = 2.74, p < .05), and problems controlling violence in past 30 days (OR = 2.71, p < .05) even accounting for demographic variables, comorbid symptoms of depression and PTSD, and co-morbid alcohol and substance use disorders. Lifetime CUD was also uniquely associated with problems controlling violence in the past 30 days (OR = 1.64, p < .05), but was not significantly associated with difficulty managing anger or aggressive impulses/urges. Findings indicated that the association between CUD and aggression needs to be considered in treatment planning for both CUD and problems managing anger and aggressive urges, and point to a critical need to disentangle the mechanism of the association between CUD and violence in veterans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsten H. Dillon
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,Correspondence concerning this article should be sent to: Kirsten H. Dillon, PhD, Durham VA Health Care System, 508 Fulton Street, Durham, NC, 27705,
| | - Elizabeth E. Van Voorhees
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Eric B. Elbogen
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC
| | - Jean C. Beckham
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC
| | | | - Patrick S. Calhoun
- Durham VA Health Care System, Durham, NC,Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC,VA Mid-Atlantic Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center, Durham, NC,VA Center for Health Services Research in Primary Care, Durham, NC
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Fedorova EV, Ataiants J, Wong CF, Iverson E, Lankenau SE. Changes in Medical Cannabis Patient Status before and after Cannabis Legalization in California: Associations with Cannabis and Other Drug Use. J Psychoactive Drugs 2021; 54:129-139. [PMID: 34044753 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2021.1926604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
It is unknown how patterns of cannabis and other drug use changed among young adult cannabis users as they became, exited or stayed medical cannabis patients (MCPs) after California legalized cannabis for adult use in 2016. A cohort of 18-26 year-old cannabis users was recruited in Los Angeles in 2014-15 (64.8% male; 44.1% Hispanic/Latinx). Based on wave 1 (pre-legalization) and wave 4 (post-legalization) MCP status, four transition groups emerged: MCP, Into MCP, Out of MCP and NPU (non-patient user). Relationships between self-reported medical cannabis use, transition group membership, and cannabis/other drug use outcomes were examined. Changes in cannabis practices were consistent with changes in MCP status. Cannabis days, concentrate use, self-reported medical cannabis use and driving under influence of cannabis were highest among MCP, increased for Into MCP, and decreased for Out of MCP in wave 4. A majority of drug use outcomes decreased significantly by wave 4. Self-reported medical cannabis use was associated with more frequent cannabis use but less problematic cannabis and other drug use. Future studies should continue to monitor the impact of policies that legalize cannabis for medical or recreational use, and medical motivations for cannabis use on young adults' cannabis and other drug use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V Fedorova
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Janna Ataiants
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Carolyn F Wong
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Research on Children, Youth, & Families, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Ellen Iverson
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Southern California Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Division of Adolescent Medicine, Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Stephen E Lankenau
- Department of Community Health and Prevention, Drexel University Dornsife School of Public Health, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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Fedorova EV, Wong CF, Ataiants J, Iverson E, Conn B, Lankenau SE. Cannabidiol (CBD) and other drug use among young adults who use cannabis in Los Angeles. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 221:108648. [PMID: 33676073 PMCID: PMC8462788 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cannabidiol (CBD) is purportedly a promising therapeutic agent to provide relief for a variety of medical conditions with mild or no psychoactive effects. However, little is known about young adults who use cannabis and CBD-dominant products, and associations between CBD use and other drug use. METHODS Young adults (aged 24-32) who currently used cannabis (n = 239) were surveyed in Los Angeles in March 2019 through March 2020. The sample was divided into CBD-dominant (at least 1:1 CBD:THC ratio) and THC-dominant product users. We described CBD forms, reasons and conditions for CBD use and examined between-group differences in sociodemographic characteristics, cannabis practices, health and other drug use. RESULTS CBD-dominant users were more likely to be female, use cannabis at lower frequency and amount (except for edible/drinkable/oral products), self-report medical motivation for cannabis use, use cannabis for pain and report more health problems. Oil, flower, topicals and sprays/drops/tinctures were the most prevalent CBD forms. Psychological problems and pain were commonly reported conditions and medical reasons for CBD use. CBD-dominant users were more likely to report illicit drug use, where psilocybin use was markedly different between the two groups. CONCLUSIONS CBD use was associated with health histories and motivations linked to pain and psychological problems. Positive association between CBD use and illicit drug use may indicate self-medication for psychological conditions. Future studies should evaluate the effectiveness of various CBD forms and dose regimens for treatment of pain and psychological problems, and as a potential intervention for decreasing other drug use and associated harms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ekaterina V. Fedorova
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health,
Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA
19104, United States
| | - Carolyn F. Wong
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, United
States,Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of
Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United
States,Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of
Research on Children, Youth, & Families, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles,
CA 90027, United States
| | - Janna Ataiants
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health,
Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA
19104, United States
| | - Ellen Iverson
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, United
States,Children’s Hospital Los Angeles, Division of
Adolescent Medicine, 4650 Sunset Blvd., MS #2, Los Angeles, CA 90027, United
States
| | - Bridgid Conn
- University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine,
Department of Pediatrics, 4650 Sunset Blvd., Los Angeles, CA 90027, United
States
| | - Stephen E. Lankenau
- Drexel University, Dornsife School of Public Health,
Department of Community Health and Prevention, 3215 Market Street, Philadelphia, PA
19104, United States
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Gibson M, Williamson L, Henwood G, Chalmers D, Dell CA. Perceptions and Use of Alcohol and Medical Cannabis among Canadian Military Veterans Living with PTSD. JOURNAL OF VETERANS STUDIES 2021. [DOI: 10.21061/jvs.v7i1.200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Aston ER, Metrik J, Rosen RK, Swift R, MacKillop J. Refining the marijuana purchase task: Using qualitative methods to inform measure development. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2021; 29:23-35. [PMID: 32105138 PMCID: PMC7483201 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Behavioral economic demand for cannabis (i.e., relative reinforcing value) can be measured via marijuana purchase tasks (MPTs). However, commodity ambiguities pose challenges and design concerns exist regarding current MPTs. The aim of this 2-phase study was to modify and improve a MPT using qualitative methods. Phase I: Focus groups were conducted with regular (i.e., average use ≥ once/week) cannabis users (n = 31; 6-7 per group M[SD] age = 26 [7]; 28% female). Focus groups followed a semistructured agenda, and executive summaries were made concerning key MPT themes. Feedback was used to refine the MPT. Phase II: Cognitive interviews using the refined MPT were conducted with regular cannabis users (n = 20; M[SD] age = 28 [8]; 50% female). Phase I: Focus group analyses highlighted 4 critical areas for MPT improvement: (a) unit of purchase, (b) cannabis quality, (c) time duration specified for use episode, and (d) price. Participants suggested using grams as the unit of purchase, tailoring cannabis quality to the individual, and clarifying intended episode length. Phase II: Cognitive interviewing indicated additional areas for task refinement, resulting in a second iteration of the MPT based on the 2 phases. Qualitative research in both phases suggested a number of substantive modifications to the MPT format. MPT modifications are expected to improve comprehension, ecological validity, and general construct validity. Findings highlight the importance of careful instructional set development for drug purchase tasks for heterogeneous products that do not have standard units of consumption. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth R. Aston
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908
| | - Rochelle K. Rosen
- Department of Behavioral and Social Sciences, Brown University School of Public Heath, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - Robert Swift
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Providence Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Brown University Alpert School of Medicine, Providence, RI, 02912
| | - James MacKillop
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02912,Peter Boris Centre for Addictions Research, McMaster University/St. Joseph’s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON, L8N 3K7 Canada,Homewood Research Institute, Guelph, ON, N1E 6K9 Canada
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Ceasar RC, Kral AH, Simpson K, Wenger L, Goldshear JL, Bluthenthal RN. Factors associated with health-related cannabis use intentions among a community sample of people who inject drugs in Los Angeles and San Francisco, CA 2016 to 2018. Drug Alcohol Depend 2021; 219:108421. [PMID: 33301996 PMCID: PMC7856255 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.108421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cannabis motivations have been studied extensively among patients of medicinal cannabis dispensaries, but less is known about motivations in community samples of opioid-using people who inject drugs. Our objective is to describe cannabis use motivations associated with self-treatment of physical pain, emotional issues, and as an opioid substitute. METHODS Data come from 6-month follow-up interviews with people who inject drugs who participated in a study on the efficacy of an injection initiation prevention intervention in Los Angeles and San Francisco, California from 2016-18. The analytic sample consists of 387 people who inject drugs who reported past-month cannabis use. We developed multivariable logistic regression models by reported cannabis use motivations: physical pain relief, emotional problems, and opioid substitute. RESULTS The most common cannabis use motivations reported by people who inject drugs was to "get high," relieve physical pain and emotional problems, and reduce opioid use. In separate multivariate models, using cannabis for physical pain relief was associated with higher odds of using cannabis as a substitute for opioids; cannabis for emotional problems was associated with being diagnosed with depression; and cannabis as a substitute for opioids was associated with non-prescribed, non-injection methadone use. CONCLUSION People who inject drugs reported using cannabis for health-related motivations. This motivation aligns with health needs and suggests the acceptability of cannabis use for health reasons in this population. Studies to determine the medical effectiveness of cannabis products for these common health and mental health needs among people who inject drugs are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Carmen Ceasar
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA.
| | - Alex H Kral
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Kelsey Simpson
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Lynn Wenger
- Behavioral Health Research Division, RTI International, 2150 Shattuck Avenue, Suite 800, Berkeley, CA, 94704, USA
| | - Jesse L Goldshear
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
| | - Ricky N Bluthenthal
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, 2001 N. Soto Street, Los Angeles, CA, 90032, USA
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Bryan JL, Hogan J, Lindsay JA, Ecker AH. Cannabis use disorder and post-traumatic stress disorder: The prevalence of comorbidity in veterans of recent conflicts. J Subst Abuse Treat 2021; 122:108254. [PMID: 33509412 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsat.2020.108254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Veterans have high rates of cannabis use, and rates of cannabis use disorder (CUD) are rising among this population. These rising rates are particularly true for veterans with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), which is common among veterans of recent conflicts, Operations Enduring Freedom, Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn (OEF/OIF/OND). Although prior work has documented links between PTSD and cannabis use, a better understanding of the intersection among CUD, PTSD, and other disorders in real-world clinical practice can inform prevention and treatment efforts. This study examined the prevalence and comorbidities of CUD and PTSD in OFE/OIF/OND veterans. METHOD The study analyzed data from the Veterans Affairs Corporate Data Warehouse (2010-2016) for returning war veterans who were diagnosed with CUD (N = 46,268). The study determined prevalence of PTSD, and examined additional differences in comorbidities. RESULTS The prevalence of a comorbid PTSD diagnosis among OEF/OIF/OND veterans with a CUD diagnosis was 72.3%. Further analysis revealed additional co-occurring disorders. Veterans with a diagnosis of CUD and PTSD were more likely to have a comorbid diagnosis of depression (odds ratio, 1.69; 95% CI, 1.62-1.71), panic disorder (odds ratio; 1.58; 95% CI, 1.43-1.75), alcohol use disorder (odds ratio; 1.30; 95% CI, 1.24-1.35), opioid use disorder (odds ratio; 1.52; 95% CI, 1.43-1.62), and insomnia (odds ratio; 1.74; 95% CI, 1.65-1.84) than veterans without a PTSD diagnosis. CONCLUSIONS Findings highlight that the majority of returning war veterans with CUD are highly complex. Our findings substantiate the need for urgent, comprehensive care for veterans with co-occurring CUD and PTSD, including integrated and transdiagnostic treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Bryan
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Houston, TX, United States of America; VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America.
| | - Julianna Hogan
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Houston, TX, United States of America; VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Jan A Lindsay
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Houston, TX, United States of America; VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
| | - Anthony H Ecker
- VA South Central Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Houston, TX, United States of America; VA HSR&D Center for Innovations in Quality, Effectiveness and Safety, Michael E. DeBakey VA Medical Center, Houston, TX, United States of America; Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, United States of America
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Wardell JD, Rueda S, Elton-Marshall T, Mann RE, Hamilton HA. Prevalence and Correlates of Medicinal Cannabis Use Among Adolescents. J Adolesc Health 2021; 68:103-109. [PMID: 32830007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2020.07.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Prior studies of medicinal cannabis use (MCU) have focused primarily on adults. This study examined the prevalence and correlates of self-reported MCU among adolescents. METHODS Secondary school students (grades 9-12; N = 3,221) completed a cross-sectional survey in classrooms across Ontario, Canada, in 2016-2017. Participants reported on cannabis use behavior, cannabis dependence, other drugs use, and general health and sleep. Participants reporting cannabis use in the past year were grouped based on whether they reported MCU or not (i.e., recreational cannabis use only [RCU-only]). RESULTS An estimated 6.89% (95% confidence interval 5.48%-8.63%) of students reported MCU, representing one quarter of the students reporting current cannabis use. Relative to the RCU-only group, the MCU group reported using cannabis more frequently, were more likely to report vaping and eating cannabis, had greater risk for cannabis dependence, perceived cannabis as less harmful, were more likely to report tobacco use, recreational use of other drugs, and medicinal use of sedatives or tranquilizers, and were less likely to report good health and sleeping for seven or more hours per night. Frequency of cannabis use accounted for differences between MCU and RCU-only groups in cannabis dependence risk, recreational use of other drugs, and perceiving cannabis as harmful, but it did not account for the other differences. CONCLUSIONS A sizable portion of secondary school students report MCU, which appears to be associated with more frequent cannabis use and certain substance use and health-related correlates. Research is needed to further characterize motives for self-reported MCU among adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Wardell
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Sergio Rueda
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Goodhines PA, LaRowe LR, Gellis LA, Ditre JW, Park A. Sleep-Related Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (SR-CEQ): Initial Development among College Students. J Psychoactive Drugs 2020; 52:401-411. [PMID: 32772641 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2020.1800151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of literature demonstrates that cannabis is commonly used to aid sleep. Consistent with social cognitive theory, there is a vast literature documenting the role of outcome expectancies in the initiation, progression, and maintenance of cannabis use. Despite the readily endorsed belief that cannabis will help improve sleep, sleep-related expectancies have not been included in widely used cannabis expectancy measures. This study aimed to develop and provide preliminary psychometric evaluation of the Sleep-Related Cannabis Expectancy Questionnaire (SR-CEQ). Cross-sectional data were drawn from N= 166 college students (M age = 18.83 [SD = 1.06; range: 18-24], 34% male, 71% White). Students completed an online survey including demographics and the 12-item SR-CEQ. Exploratory Factor Analysis identified two factors representing Negative Sleep-Related Cannabis Expectancies and Positive Sleep-Related Cannabis Expectancies. Confirmatory Factor Analysis demonstrated adequate fit of the two-factor measurement model to observed data (SRMR = 0.08). Students endorsed greater positive (versus negative) sleep-related cannabis expectancies on average, and male students reported significantly greater negative expectancies (but not positive expectancies) compared to female students. The SR-CEQ is the first cannabis expectancy assessment tool specific to sleep-related cannabis outcomes. Ongoing psychometric validation of the SR-CEQ is needed to assess convergent/predictive validity and replicate findings among relevant clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa R LaRowe
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Les A Gellis
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Joseph W Ditre
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Aesoon Park
- Department of Psychology, Syracuse University , Syracuse, NY, USA
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Dagan Y, Yager J. Cannabis and Complex Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: A Narrative Review With Considerations of Benefits and Harms. J Nerv Ment Dis 2020; 208:619-627. [PMID: 32433200 DOI: 10.1097/nmd.0000000000001172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Despite substantial controversies concerning patients' reports of benefits from cannabis for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and inconsistent research findings regarding its efficacy and adverse risks, some states have already recognized PTSD as a qualifying condition for medical cannabis. Consequently, medical cannabis can also be provided for patients with complex PTSD who experience additional posttraumatic symptoms of affective dysregulation, negative perception of the self, and difficulties in relationships due to a history of repetitive trauma. In this article, we explore cannabis use in relation to benefits versus harms that might occur relative to specific complex PTSD symptoms and comorbidities. Whereas some symptoms related to PTSD per se (e.g., anxiety, insomnia, nightmares) may be benefited, others that are more characteristic of complex PTSD (e.g., dissociation, reckless behavior, and substance abuse associated with dysregulated affect) may be aggravated. Therefore, clinicians treating patients with complex PTSD who use or seek cannabis should carefully assess patients' motivations and the impacts of particular use patterns on specific symptoms. Clinicians and patients should be aware of and fully discuss the significant number of potential adverse effects of cannabis use, several of which might impede patients' participation in beneficial psychotherapeutic, social, and medical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Dagan
- Jerusalem Mental Health Center, Kfar Shaul Psychiatric Hospital affiliated with The Hebrew University-Hadassah School of Medicine, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joel Yager
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado
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Gunn RL, Stevens AK, Micalizzi L, Jackson KM, Borsari B, Metrik J. Longitudinal associations between negative urgency, symptoms of depression, cannabis and alcohol use in veterans. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2020; 28:426-437. [PMID: 32134284 PMCID: PMC7390669 DOI: 10.1037/pha0000357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
There is a high comorbidity between symptoms of depression and cannabis and alcohol use in civilian and veteran populations. Prospective studies attempting to clarify the directionality of these comorbidities have yielded mixed results. Further, the relations between these constructs and impulsive personality, particularly negative urgency (NU, the tendency to act rashly when experiencing emotional distress) warrants further attention, as NU relates to symptoms of depression and alcohol and cannabis use. Importantly, NU partially accounts for the association between symptoms of depression and cannabis and alcohol problems in cross-sectional studies. This study examined alternative theories of directionality in order to better understand the longitudinal associations between symptoms of depression, NU, and cannabis or alcohol use. Three semiannual waves of data (baseline, 6-month, and 12-month) were collected in parallel assessments from a sample of Operation Enduring Freedom, Operation Iraqi Freedom, and Operation New Dawn veterans (N = 361). Autoregressive cross-lagged panel models were used to test four alternative theory-driven models about the longitudinal associations between the interaction of symptoms of depression and NU and cannabis or alcohol use. Models revealed unique direction of effects specific to each substance, such that the interaction between symptoms of depression and NU at 6 months postbaseline predicted more alcohol use at 12 months postbaseline, whereas more cannabis use at 6 months postbaseline predicted more severe symptoms of depression at 12 months postbaseline. Results suggests alternate directions of effect for cannabis and alcohol use. Future research should examine these patterns over wider assessment periods in order to see more variability and change over time. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel L. Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Angela K. Stevens
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Lauren Micalizzi
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Saint Joseph, West Hartford, CT, 06117
| | - Kristina M. Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA,Department of Psychiatry, University of California – San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
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Wolf J, Urits I, Orhurhu V, Peck J, Orhurhu MS, Giacomazzi S, Smoots D, Piermarini C, Manchikanti L, Kaye AD, Kaye RJ, Viswanath O. The Role of the Cannabinoid System in Pain Control: Basic and Clinical Implications. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2020; 24:35. [PMID: 32506272 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-020-00873-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive update of the different known components of the endogenous cannabinoid system and the mechanisms of action, as it applies to analgesia. RECENT FINDINGS Following the discovery of the endogenous cannabinoid system in the early 1990s and the subsequent characterization of the cannabinoid receptor, there has been a renewed interest in cannabinoid research. Recent work has demonstrated its efficacy as a pharmacologic agent. There is limited evidence in the literature about the understanding of the endocannabinoid system and its role in the treatment and management of acute and chronic pain. Further work may elucidate additional roles for the endocannabinoid system within our nervous system and, moreover, additional subtypes of cannabinoid receptors have yet to be discovered. Cannabinoid compounds mediate their biological effects via binding and subsequent activation of cannabinoid receptors. These receptors are located throughout the body and make up the endocannabinoid system. These receptors are best understood and have been cloned, type 1 (CB1) and type 2 (CB2) [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)] [ (1, 2)]. The CB2 receptor is located primarily in the immune system. CB1 receptors are primarily located in the nervous system with the highest concentrations in the brain and lower concentrations in the spine and peripheral nervous tissues. Cannabinoids may be promising treatments for neuropathic pain with limited evidence, whereas, the evidence for other uses is insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Wolf
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Ivan Urits
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Vwaire Orhurhu
- Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care, and Pain Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jacquelin Peck
- Department of Anesthesiology, Mount Sinai Medical Center of Florida, Miami Beach, FL, USA
| | - Mariam Salisu Orhurhu
- Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care and Pain Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stephen Giacomazzi
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Daniel Smoots
- Creighton University School of Medicine, Phoenix Regional Campus, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | | | | | - Alan D Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Rachel J Kaye
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA
| | - Omar Viswanath
- Department of Anesthesiology, Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, LA, USA.,Valley Anesthesiology and Pain Consultants, Envision Physician Services, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ, USA.,Department of Anesthesiology, Creighton University School of Medicine, Omaha, NE, USA
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Hindocha C, Cousijn J, Rall M, Bloomfield MAP. The Effectiveness of Cannabinoids in the Treatment of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review. J Dual Diagn 2020; 16:120-139. [PMID: 31479625 DOI: 10.1080/15504263.2019.1652380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Objectives: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a potentially debilitating mental health problem. There has been a recent surge of interest regarding the use of cannabinoids in the treatment of PTSD. We therefore sought to systematically review and assess the quality of the clinical evidence of the effectiveness of cannabinoids for the treatment of PTSD. Method: We included all studies published until December 2018 where a patient has had PTSD diagnosed and had been prescribed or were using a cannabinoid for the purpose of reducing PTSD symptoms. Our primary outcome measure was the reduction in PTSD symptoms using a validated instrument. In the absence of randomized controlled trials, we included the next best available levels of evidence including observational and retrospective studies and case reports. We assessed risk of bias and quality using validated tools appropriate for the study design. Results: We included 10 studies in this review, of which only one study was a pilot randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial. Every identified study had medium to high risk of bias and was of low quality. We found that cannabinoids may decrease PTSD symptomology, in particular sleep disturbances and nightmares. Conclusions: Most studies to date are small and of low quality, with significant limitations to the study designs precluding any clinical recommendations about its use in routine clinical practice. Evidence that cannabinoids may help reduce global PTSD symptoms, sleep disturbances, and nightmares indicates that future well-controlled, randomized, double-blind clinical trials are highly warranted.PROSPERO registration number: 121646.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hindocha
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - J Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Rall
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - M A P Bloomfield
- Clinical Psychopharmacology Unit, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Translational Psychiatry Research Group, Research Department of Mental Health Neuroscience, Division of Psychiatry, Faculty of Brain Sciences, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,NIHR University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre, University College Hospital, London, United Kingdom.,The Traumatic Stress Clinic, St Pancras Hospital, Camden and Islington NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
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45
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Gunn R, Jackson K, Borsari B, Metrik J. A longitudinal examination of daily patterns of cannabis and alcohol co-use among medicinal and recreational veteran cannabis users. Drug Alcohol Depend 2019; 205:107661. [PMID: 31715437 PMCID: PMC6894416 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2019.107661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Prompted by the ongoing debate regarding whether cannabis serves as a complement to or substitute for alcohol, this study uses prospective data to examine daily associations between medicinal versus recreational cannabis and alcohol use in veterans. METHODS Three semi-annual waves of Timeline Followback Interview data were collected from a sample of veterans who reported co-using alcohol and cannabis on at least one day (N = 115; 56% medicinal users; 93% male; 62,100 observations). Linear mixed effects models were used to examine the association between daily cannabis use and number of drinks consumed across time for both medicinal and recreational users and to examine the frequency medicinal cannabis used to substitute for alcohol. RESULTS Compared to medicinal users, recreational users were more likely to drink more on cannabis use days relative to non-use days. Among medicinal users, those endorsing more frequent use of cannabis as a substitute for alcohol reported fewer number of drinks consumed on days when cannabis was used relative to non-use days. CONCLUSIONS Among veterans, recreational users are at greater risk for increased drinking when co-using cannabis at the daily level, an association that is stable over time. Medicinal users may be at lower risk for increased drinking on days when cannabis is also used, especially those who endorse using cannabis to substitute for alcohol. Findings help clarify the debate on cannabis-alcohol substitution or complementary associations in a sample of veterans and suggests that alcohol interventions should address cannabis use as a risk factor, especially for recreational users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Gunn
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.
| | - Kristina Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI, 02903, USA; Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA
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Slawek D, Meenrajan SR, Alois MR, Comstock Barker P, Estores IM, Cook R. Medical Cannabis for the Primary Care Physician. J Prim Care Community Health 2019; 10:2150132719884838. [PMID: 31646929 PMCID: PMC6820188 DOI: 10.1177/2150132719884838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Medical cannabis use is common in the United States and increasingly more socially acceptable. As more patients seek out and acquire medical cannabis, primary care physicians will be faced with a growing number of patients seeking information on the indications, efficacy, and safety of medical cannabis. We present a case of a patient with several chronic health conditions who asks her primary care provider whether she should try medical cannabis. We provide a review of the pharmacology of medical cannabis, the state of evidence regarding the efficacy of medical cannabis, variations in the types of medical cannabis, and safety monitoring considerations for the primary care physician.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepika Slawek
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Robert Cook
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine/Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA
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47
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Use of Medicinal Cannabis and Synthetic Cannabinoids in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD): A Systematic Review. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 55:medicina55090525. [PMID: 31450833 PMCID: PMC6780141 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55090525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 08/21/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common psychiatric disorder resulting from a traumatic event, is manifested through hyperarousal, anxiety, depressive symptoms, and sleep disturbances. Despite several therapeutic approaches being available, both pharmacological and psychological, recently a growing interest has developed in using cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids stems from their consideration as more efficient and better tolerated alternatives for the treatment of this condition. The present paper aims to evaluate the clinical and therapeutic potentials of medical cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids in treating PTSD patients. Methods: A systematic electronic search was performed, including all papers published up to May 2019, using the following keywords (((cannabis[Title/Abstract]) OR (synthetic cannabinoids [Title/Abstract])) AND ((PTSD[Title/Abstract]) OR (Posttraumatic stress disorder[Title/Abstract]))) for the topics ‘Cannabis’, ‘Synthetic Cannabinoids’, ‘PTSD’, and MESH terms, on the PubMed, Cochrane Library, and Web of Science online databases. For data gathering purposes, PRISMA guidelines were followed. Results were organized into two groups, considering cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids as different therapeutic approaches for PTSD. Results: Present data show that cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids, both acting on the endocannabinoids system, may have a potential therapeutic use for improving PTSD symptoms, e.g., reducing anxiety, modulating memory-related processes, and improving sleep. Conclusions: Even though the current literature suggests that cannabis and synthetic cannabinoids may have a role in the treatment of PTSD, there is currently limited evidence regarding their safety and efficacy. Therefore, additional research is needed in order to better understand the effectiveness and therapeutic usage of these drug classes and monitor their safety.
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Abstract
Insomnia is commonly reported by military populations, especially those with comorbid mental and physical health conditions. Co-occurring conditions result in an altered presentation of insomnia symptoms, and complicate provision of cognitive-behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I), requiring supplementary assessment or modifications to traditional techniques. CBT-I has consistently demonstrated positive outcomes for active-duty service members and veterans, even in the context of significant comorbidities such as post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, sleep apnea, and chronic pain. Despite its promise, studies of CBT-I in some populations, including women and individuals with substance use disorders, remain relatively understudied in active-duty and veteran populations.
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49
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Stewart KL, Farris SG, Jackson KM, Borsari B, Metrik J. Cannabis Use and Anxiety Sensitivity in Relation to Physical Health and Functioning in post-9/11 Veterans. COGNITIVE THERAPY AND RESEARCH 2019; 43:45-54. [PMID: 33583981 DOI: 10.1007/s10608-018-9950-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Frequency of cannabis use and cognitive vulnerabilities such as anxiety sensitivity (i.e., the fear of bodily sensations), have been independently linked with poor physical health, however the interplay between these health-mental health processes may compound poor physical health and functioning in cannabis users. Thus, the current study evaluated the direct and interactive effects of cannabis use frequency and anxiety sensitivity on physical health and functioning among cannabis-using veterans. Participants (N = 138) were post-9/11 United States veterans recruited from a Veterans Affairs hospital who reported cannabis use in the past six months. Cannabis use frequency in the past month and anxiety sensitivity were significantly negatively correlated with perceived overall physical health. There was a significant interaction between cannabis use frequency and anxiety sensitivity, such that more frequent cannabis use was associated with poorer overall health and role functioning due to health problems among veterans with higher anxiety sensitivity (but not lower). Findings suggest that anxiety sensitivity is a cognitive vulnerability linked to poor perceived physical health and impairment among frequent cannabis users and could be targeted, along with cannabis use, for health-promotion in cannabis users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Stewart
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.,Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI
| | - Samantha G Farris
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI.,The Miriam Hospital, Centers for Behavioral and Preventative Medicine, Providence, RI 02903 USA.,Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854 USA
| | - Kristina M Jackson
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA
| | - Brian Borsari
- San Francisco VA Health Care System, San Francisco, CA, 94121, USA.,Department of Psychiatry, University of California - San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94103, USA
| | - Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University School of Public Health, Providence, RI, 02903, USA.,Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, 02908, USA.,Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Box G-S121-4, Providence, RI 02912, USA
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50
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Lowe DJ, Sasiadek JD, Coles AS, George TP. Cannabis and mental illness: a review. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 2019; 269:107-120. [PMID: 30564886 PMCID: PMC6397076 DOI: 10.1007/s00406-018-0970-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 132] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 12/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
With the increasing push to legalize cannabis in Western nations, there is a need to gage the potential impact of this policy change on vulnerable populations, such as those with mental illness, including schizophrenia, mood, and anxiety disorders. This is particularly important as there are strong motives in these individuals to seek short-term reward (e.g., "getting high"). Nonetheless, data to support the beneficial effects of cannabis use in psychiatric populations are limited, and potential harms in patients with psychotic and mood disorders have been increasingly documented. This article reviews the effects of cannabis in people with mental illness. Then, we provide a reconciliation of the addiction vulnerability and allostatic hypotheses to explain co-morbidity addiction in mentally ill cannabis users, as well as to further aid in developing a rational framework for the assessment and treatment of problematic cannabis use in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darby J.E. Lowe
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH),Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto
| | | | | | - Tony P. George
- Addictions Division, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH),Division and Brain and Therapeutics, Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto
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