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Windred DP, Anderson C, Jeppe KJ, Ftouni S, Grant LK, Nijagal B, Rajaratnam SMW, McConville M, Tull D, Lockley SW, Cain SW, Phillips AJK. Higher central circadian temperature amplitude is associated with greater metabolite rhythmicity in humans. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16796. [PMID: 39039133 PMCID: PMC11263371 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67297-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Robust circadian rhythms are essential for optimal health. The central circadian clock controls temperature rhythms, which are known to organize the timing of peripheral circadian rhythms in rodents. In humans, however, it is unknown whether temperature rhythms relate to the organization of circadian rhythms throughout the body. We assessed core body temperature amplitude and the rhythmicity of 929 blood plasma metabolites across a 40-h constant routine protocol, controlling for behavioral and environmental factors that mask endogenous temperature rhythms, in 23 healthy individuals (mean [± SD] age = 25.4 ± 5.7 years, 5 women). Valid core body temperature data were available in 17/23 (mean [± SD] age = 25.6 ± 6.3 years, 1 woman). Individuals with higher core body temperature amplitude had a greater number of metabolites exhibiting circadian rhythms (R2 = 0.37, p = .009). Higher core body temperature amplitude was also associated with less variability in the free-fitted periods of metabolite rhythms within an individual (R2 = 0.47, p = .002). These findings indicate that a more robust central circadian clock is associated with greater organization of circadian metabolite rhythms in humans. Metabolite rhythms may therefore provide a window into the strength of the central circadian clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel P Windred
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Clare Anderson
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- School of Psychology, Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Katherine J Jeppe
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Platform, Department of Medicine, School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Suzanne Ftouni
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
| | - Leilah K Grant
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brunda Nijagal
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Shantha M W Rajaratnam
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Malcolm McConville
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Dedreia Tull
- Metabolomics Australia, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Steven W Lockley
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sean W Cain
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Andrew J K Phillips
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute (Sleep Health), Flinders University, Bedford Park, SA, Australia.
- School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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2
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Lee K, Hong KS, Park J, Park W. Readjustment of circadian clocks by exercise intervention is a potential therapeutic target for sleep disorders: a narrative review. Phys Act Nutr 2024; 28:35-42. [PMID: 39097996 PMCID: PMC11298283 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2024.0014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/06/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Circadian clocks are evolved endogenous biological systems that communicate with environmental cues to optimize physiological processes, such as the sleep-wake cycle, which is nearly related to quality of life. Sleep disorders can be treated using pharmacological strategies targeting melatonin, orexin, or core clock genes. Exercise has been widely explored as a behavioral treatment because it challenges homeostasis in the human body and affects the regulation of core clock genes. Exercise intervention at the appropriate time of the day can induce a phase shift in internal clocks. Although exercise is a strong external time cue for resetting the circadian clock, exercise therapy for sleep disorders remains poorly understood. METHODS This review focused on exercise as a potential treatment for sleep disorders by tuning the internal circadian clock. We used scientific paper depositories, including Google Scholar, PubMed, and the Cochrane Library, to identify previous studies that investigated the effects of exercise on circadian clocks and sleep disorders. RESULTS The exercise-induced adjustment of the circadian clock phase depended on exercise timing and individual chronotypes. Adjustment of circadian clocks through scheduled morning exercises can be appropriately prescribed for individuals with delayed sleep phase disorders. Individuals with advanced sleep phase disorders can synchronize their internal clocks with their living environment by performing evening exercises. Exercise-induced physiological responses are affected by age, sex, and current fitness conditions. CONCLUSION Personalized approaches are necessary when implementing exercise interventions for sleep disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwangjun Lee
- Department of Neurology, Rosamund Stone Zander Translational Neuroscience Center, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kwang-Seok Hong
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jonghoon Park
- Department of Physical Education, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Wonil Park
- Department of Physical Education, College of Education, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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3
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Hebron H, Lugli B, Dimitrova R, Jaramillo V, Yeh LR, Rhodes E, Grossman N, Dijk DJ, Violante IR. A closed-loop auditory stimulation approach selectively modulates alpha oscillations and sleep onset dynamics in humans. PLoS Biol 2024; 22:e3002651. [PMID: 38889194 PMCID: PMC11185466 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.3002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Alpha oscillations play a vital role in managing the brain's resources, inhibiting neural activity as a function of their phase and amplitude, and are changed in many brain disorders. Developing minimally invasive tools to modulate alpha activity and identifying the parameters that determine its response to exogenous modulators is essential for the implementation of focussed interventions. We introduce Alpha Closed-Loop Auditory Stimulation (αCLAS) as an EEG-based method to modulate and investigate these brain rhythms in humans with specificity and selectivity, using targeted auditory stimulation. Across a series of independent experiments, we demonstrate that αCLAS alters alpha power, frequency, and connectivity in a phase, amplitude, and topography-dependent manner. Using single-pulse-αCLAS, we show that the effects of auditory stimuli on alpha oscillations can be explained within the theoretical framework of oscillator theory and a phase-reset mechanism. Finally, we demonstrate the functional relevance of our approach by showing that αCLAS can interfere with sleep onset dynamics in a phase-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henry Hebron
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Beatrice Lugli
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Radost Dimitrova
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Valeria Jaramillo
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Lisa R. Yeh
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward Rhodes
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Nir Grossman
- Department of Brain Sciences, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Imperial College London, United Kingdom
| | - Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
- UK Dementia Research Institute Care Research and Technology Centre, Imperial College London and the University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
| | - Ines R. Violante
- School of Psychology, University of Surrey, Guildford, United Kingdom
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4
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Klerman EB, Wright KP, Duffy JF, Scheer FAJL, Chang AM, Czeisler CA, Rajaratnam SM. A perspective on the Festschrift of Charles A. Czeisler, PhD MD. Sleep Health 2024; 10:S4-S10. [PMID: 38331654 PMCID: PMC11031332 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleh.2024.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth B Klerman
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, USA; Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.
| | - Kenneth P Wright
- Sleep and Chronobiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology., University of Colorado Boulder, USA
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anne-Marie Chang
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Shantha Mw Rajaratnam
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; School of Psychological Sciences and Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, Monash University, Victoria, Australia
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5
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Stowe SR, LeBourgeois MK, Behn CD. Modeling the Effects of Napping and Non-napping Patterns of Light Exposure on the Human Circadian Oscillator. J Biol Rhythms 2023; 38:492-509. [PMID: 37427666 PMCID: PMC10524998 DOI: 10.1177/07487304231180953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2023]
Abstract
In early childhood, consolidation of sleep from a biphasic to a monophasic sleep-wake pattern, that is, the transition from sleeping during an afternoon nap and at night to sleeping only during the night, represents a major developmental milestone. Reduced napping behavior is associated with an advance in the timing of the circadian system; however, it is unknown if this advance represents a standard response of the circadian clock to altered patterns of light exposure or if it additionally reflects features of the developing circadian system. Using a mathematical model of the human circadian pacemaker, we investigated the impact of napping and non-napping patterns of light exposure on entrained circadian phases. Simulated light schedules were based on published data from 20 children (34.2 ± 2.0 months) with habitual napping or non-napping sleep patterns (15 nappers). We found the model predicted different circadian phases for napping and non-napping light patterns: both the decrease in afternoon light during the nap and the increase in evening light associated with napping toddlers' later bedtimes contributed to the observed circadian phase difference produced between napping and non-napping light schedules. We systematically quantified the effects on phase shifting of nap duration, timing, and light intensity, finding larger phase delays occurred for longer and earlier naps. In addition, we simulated phase response curves to a 1-h light pulse and 1-h dark pulse to predict phase and intensity dependence of these changes in light exposure. We found the light pulse produced larger shifts compared with the dark pulse, and we analyzed the model dynamics to identify the features contributing to this asymmetry. These findings suggest that napping status affects circadian timing due to altered patterns of light exposure, with the dynamics of the circadian clock and light processing mediating the effects of the dark pulse associated with a daytime nap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelby R. Stowe
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
| | | | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado Denver Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
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6
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Zhang T, Liu Y, Yang L. Amplitude response and singularity behavior of circadian clock to external stimuli. NPJ Syst Biol Appl 2023; 9:39. [PMID: 37573374 PMCID: PMC10423250 DOI: 10.1038/s41540-023-00300-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/31/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Amplitude changes caused by environmental cues are universal in the circadian clock and associated with various diseases. Singularity behavior, characterized by the disruption of circadian rhythms due to critical stimuli, has been observed across various species. Several mathematical models of the circadian clock have replicated this phenomenon. A comprehensive understanding of the amplitude response remains elusive due to experimental limitations. In this study, we address this question by utilizing a simple normal form model that accurately fits previous experimental data, thereby presenting a general mechanism. We employ a geometric framework to illustrate the dynamics in different stimuli of light-induced transcription (LIT) and light-induced degradation (LID), highlighting the core role of invisible instability in amplitude response. Our model systematically elucidates how stimulus mode, phase, and strength determine amplitude responses. The results show that external stimuli induce alterations in both the amplitudes of individual oscillators and the synchronization among oscillators, collectively influencing the overall amplitude response. While experimental methods impose constraints resulting in limited outcomes under specific conditions, our model provides a comprehensive and three-dimensional mechanistic explanation. A comparison with existing experimental findings demonstrates the consistency of our proposed mechanism. Considering the response direction, the framework enables the identification of phases that lead to increased circadian amplitude. Based on this mechanism derived from the framework, stimulus strategies for resetting circadian rhythms with reduced side effects could be designed. Our results demonstrate that the framework has great potential for understanding and applying stimulus responses in the circadian clock and other limit cycle oscillations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Neuropsychiatric Diseases and Cambridge-Su Genomic Resource Center, Medical School of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yu Liu
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Mathematical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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7
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Cui S, Lin Q, Gui Y, Zhang Y, Lu H, Zhao H, Wang X, Li X, Jiang F. CARE as a wearable derived feature linking circadian amplitude to human cognitive functions. NPJ Digit Med 2023; 6:123. [PMID: 37433859 DOI: 10.1038/s41746-023-00865-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are crucial for regulating physiological and behavioral processes. Pineal hormone melatonin is often used to measure circadian amplitude but its collection is costly and time-consuming. Wearable activity data are promising alternative, but the most commonly used measure, relative amplitude, is subject to behavioral masking. In this study, we firstly derive a feature named circadian activity rhythm energy (CARE) to better characterize circadian amplitude and validate CARE by correlating it with melatonin amplitude (Pearson's r = 0.46, P = 0.007) among 33 healthy participants. Then we investigate its association with cognitive functions in an adolescent dataset (Chinese SCHEDULE-A, n = 1703) and an adult dataset (UK Biobank, n = 92,202), and find that CARE is significantly associated with Global Executive Composite (β = 30.86, P = 0.016) in adolescents, and reasoning ability, short-term memory, and prospective memory (OR = 0.01, 3.42, and 11.47 respectively, all P < 0.001) in adults. Finally, we identify one genetic locus with 126 CARE-associated SNPs using the genome-wide association study, of which 109 variants are used as instrumental variables in the Mendelian Randomization analysis, and the results show a significant causal effect of CARE on reasoning ability, short-term memory, and prospective memory (β = -59.91, 7.94, and 16.85 respectively, all P < 0.0001). The present study suggests that CARE is an effective wearable-based metric of circadian amplitude with a strong genetic basis and clinical significance, and its adoption can facilitate future circadian studies and potential intervention strategies to improve circadian rhythms and cognitive functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingmin Lin
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institution, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanyuan Gui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Zhang
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Child Health Advocacy Institute, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hongyu Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial metabolism, Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic & Developmental Sciences, Department of Bioinformatics and Biostatistics, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- SJTU-Yale Joint Center of Biostatistics and Data Science, National Center for Translational Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Xinyue Li
- School of Data Science, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China.
| | - Fan Jiang
- Developmental and Behavioral Pediatrics, Pediatric Translational Medicine Institution, Shanghai Children's Medical Center, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- MOE-Shanghai Key Laboratory of Children's Environmental Health, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
- Shanghai Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Technology, Shanghai, China.
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8
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Kim R, Nijhout HF, Reed MC. Mathematical insights into the role of dopamine signaling in circadian entrainment. Math Biosci 2023; 356:108956. [PMID: 36581152 DOI: 10.1016/j.mbs.2022.108956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The circadian clock in the mammalian brain comprises interlocked molecular feedback loops that have downstream effects on important physiological functions such as the sleep-wake cycle and hormone regulation. Experiments have shown that the circadian clock also modulates the synthesis and breakdown of the neurotransmitter dopamine. Imbalances in dopamine are linked to a host of neurological conditions including Parkinson's disease, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, and mood disorders, and these conditions are often accompanied by circadian disruptions. We have previously created a mathematical model using nonlinear ordinary differential equations to describe the influences of the circadian clock on dopamine at the molecular level. Recent experiments suggest that dopamine reciprocally influences the circadian clock. Dopamine receptor D1 (DRD1) signaling has been shown to aid in the entrainment of the clock to the 24-hour light-dark cycle, but the underlying mechanisms are not well understood. In this paper, we use our mathematical model to support the experimental hypothesis that DRD1 signaling promotes circadian entrainment by modulating the clock's response to light. We model the effects of a phase advance or delay, as well as the therapeutic potential of a REV-ERB agonist. In addition to phase shifts, we study the influences of photoperiod, or day length, in the mathematical model, connect our findings with the experimental and clinical literature, and determine the parameter that affects the critical photoperiod that signals seasonal changes to physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruby Kim
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, 530 Church Street, Ann Arbor, 48109, MI, USA.
| | - H Frederik Nijhout
- Department of Biology, Duke University, 130 Science Drive, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
| | - Michael C Reed
- Department of Mathematics, Duke University, 120 Science Drive, Durham, 27708, NC, USA
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9
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Qian J, Morris CJ, Phillips AJK, Li P, Rahman SA, Wang W, Hu K, Arendt J, Czeisler CA, Scheer FAJL. Unanticipated daytime melatonin secretion on a simulated night shift schedule generates a distinctive 24-h melatonin rhythm with antiphasic daytime and nighttime peaks. J Pineal Res 2022; 72:e12791. [PMID: 35133678 PMCID: PMC8930611 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The daily rhythm of plasma melatonin concentrations is typically unimodal, with one broad peak during the circadian night and near-undetectable levels during the circadian day. Light at night acutely suppresses melatonin secretion and phase shifts its endogenous circadian rhythm. In contrast, exposure to darkness during the circadian day has not generally been reported to increase circulating melatonin concentrations acutely. Here, in a highly-controlled simulated night shift protocol with 12-h inverted behavioral/environmental cycles, we unexpectedly found that circulating melatonin levels were significantly increased during daytime sleep (p < .0001). This resulted in a secondary melatonin peak during the circadian day in addition to the primary peak during the circadian night, when sleep occurred during the circadian day following an overnight shift. This distinctive diurnal melatonin rhythm with antiphasic peaks could not be readily anticipated from the behavioral/environmental factors in the protocol (e.g., light exposure, posture, diet, activity) or from current mathematical model simulations of circadian pacemaker output. The observation, therefore, challenges our current understanding of underlying physiological mechanisms that regulate melatonin secretion. Interestingly, the increase in melatonin concentration observed during daytime sleep was positively correlated with the change in timing of melatonin nighttime peak (p = .002), but not with the degree of light-induced melatonin suppression during nighttime wakefulness (p = .92). Both the increase in daytime melatonin concentrations and the change in the timing of the nighttime peak became larger after repeated exposure to simulated night shifts (p = .002 and p = .006, respectively). Furthermore, we found that melatonin secretion during daytime sleep was positively associated with an increase in 24-h glucose and insulin levels during the night shift protocol (p = .014 and p = .027, respectively). Future studies are needed to elucidate the key factor(s) driving the unexpected daytime melatonin secretion and the melatonin rhythm with antiphasic peaks during shifted sleep/wake schedules, the underlying mechanisms of their relationship with glucose metabolism, and the relevance for diabetes risk among shift workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Qian
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Christopher J Morris
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Andrew JK Phillips
- Turner Institute for Brain and Mental Health, School of Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peng Li
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Shadab A Rahman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Wei Wang
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Kun Hu
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Medical Biodynamics Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Josephine Arendt
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
| | - Frank AJL Scheer
- Medical Chronobiology Program, Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Depts. Of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, United States
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, United States
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Nickla DL, Rucker F, Taylor CP, Sarfare S, Chen W, Elin-Calcador J, Wang X. Effects of morning and evening exposures to blue light of varying illuminance on ocular growth rates and ocular rhythms in chicks. Exp Eye Res 2022; 217:108963. [PMID: 35093392 PMCID: PMC8957570 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2022.108963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence indicates that moderate levels of blue light are sufficient to suppress the nighttime rise in serum melatonin in humans, suggesting that luminous screens may be deleterious to sleep cycles and to other functions. Little is known however, about the effects of exposures to blue light on ocular physiology. We tested the effects of transient blue light exposures of various illuminances on ocular growth rates and ocular rhythms in chicks. 10-day old chicks were exposed to narrow band blue light (460 nm) of specific illuminance for 4 h in the evening (ZT8-ZT12) or the morning (ZT0-ZT4) for 9 days; for the remainder of the day they were in white light (588 lux). For the evening, four illuminances were tested: 0.15 lux (n = 15), 200 lux (radiometrically matched to white controls; n = 16), 600 lux (photometrically matched to white controls; n = 15) or 1000 lux (n = 8). The 600 lux condition was also tested using a 2-h duration (n = 8). The 200 and 600 lux conditions were extended to 14 and 21 days (n = 8 each). For morning exposures, 200 lux (n = 9), 600 lux (n = 9) and 1000 lux (n = 8) were tested. Controls remained in white light (n = 23). Ocular dimensions were measured by A-scan ultrasonography on days 1 and 9 to assess growth rates. On day 8 or 9, measurements were made at 6-h intervals over 24 h starting at noon to assess rhythm parameters. Evening exposure to blue light stimulated ocular growth rates relative to controls for all except the bright condition (0.15 lux, 200 lux, 600 lux vs bright and white respectively: 845 μm, 838 μm, 898 μm vs 733 μm and 766 μm; p < 0.05 for all comparisons). 2 h exposures to 600 lux were similarly effective (915 μm vs 766 μm; p < 0.05). Morning exposures only resulted in growth stimulation for the 200 lux condition (200 lux vs white: 884 μm vs 766 μm; p < 0.05). Furthermore, for this group only, growth of the anterior chamber had a significant contribution to the overall effect (vs white: p < 0.05), and choroids showed significant thickening. For evening exposures to 200 and 600 lux, the growth stimulatory effect lasted for 14 days (p = 0.01); by 21 days only the 600 lux group still differed (p < 0.0001). Evening exposures caused circadian disruptions in the choroidal thickness rhythms, and morning exposures disrupted both axial and choroidal rhythms. Exposure to 4 h of blue light at lower illuminances (less than 1000 lux) at transition times of lights-on and lights-off stimulates ocular growth rates and affects ocular rhythms in chicks, suggesting that such exposures may be deleterious to emmetropization in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debora L Nickla
- The New England College of Optometry, Dept of Biosciences and Disease, Boston, MA, USA.
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11
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Crislip GR, Johnston JG, Douma LG, Costello HM, Juffre A, Boyd K, Li W, Maugans CC, Gutierrez-Monreal M, Esser KA, Bryant AJ, Liu AC, Gumz ML. Circadian Rhythm Effects on the Molecular Regulation of Physiological Systems. Compr Physiol 2021; 12:2769-2798. [PMID: 34964116 DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c210011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Nearly every system within the body contains an intrinsic cellular circadian clock. The circadian clock contributes to the regulation of a variety of homeostatic processes in mammals through the regulation of gene expression. Circadian disruption of physiological systems is associated with pathophysiological disorders. Here, we review the current understanding of the molecular mechanisms contributing to the known circadian rhythms in physiological function. This article focuses on what is known in humans, along with discoveries made with cell and rodent models. In particular, the impact of circadian clock components in metabolic, cardiovascular, endocrine, musculoskeletal, immune, and central nervous systems are discussed. © 2021 American Physiological Society. Compr Physiol 11:1-30, 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Ryan Crislip
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Jermaine G Johnston
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Lauren G Douma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Hannah M Costello
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Alexandria Juffre
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Kyla Boyd
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Wendy Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Cheoting C Maugans
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Miguel Gutierrez-Monreal
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew J Bryant
- Department of Medicine, Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Andrew C Liu
- Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Myology Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Michelle L Gumz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Hypertension, and Renal Transplantation, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Department of Physiology and Functional Genomics, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA.,Center for Integrative Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disease, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, USA
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12
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Huang Y, Mayer C, Walch OJ, Bowman C, Sen S, Goldstein C, Tyler J, Forger DB. Distinct Circadian Assessments From Wearable Data Reveal Social Distancing Promoted Internal Desynchrony Between Circadian Markers. Front Digit Health 2021; 3:727504. [PMID: 34870267 PMCID: PMC8634937 DOI: 10.3389/fdgth.2021.727504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mobile measures of human circadian rhythms (CR) are needed in the age of chronotherapy. Two wearable measures of CR have recently been validated: one that uses heart rate to extract circadian rhythms that originate in the sinoatrial node of the heart, and another that uses activity to predict the laboratory gold standard and central circadian pacemaker marker, dim light melatonin onset (DLMO). We first find that the heart rate markers of normal real-world individuals align with laboratory DLMO measurements when we account for heart rate phase error. Next, we expand upon previous work that has examined sleep patterns or chronotypes during the COVID-19 lockdown by studying the effects of social distancing on circadian rhythms. In particular, using data collected from the Social Rhythms app, a mobile application where individuals upload their wearable data and receive reports on their circadian rhythms, we compared the two circadian phase estimates before and after social distancing. Interestingly, we found that the lockdown had different effects on the two ambulatory measurements. Before the lockdown, the two measures aligned, as predicted by laboratory data. After the lockdown, when circadian timekeeping signals were blunted, these measures diverged in 70% of subjects (with circadian rhythms in heart rate, or CRHR, becoming delayed). Thus, while either approach can measure circadian rhythms, both are needed to understand internal desynchrony. We also argue that interventions may be needed in future lockdowns to better align separate circadian rhythms in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitong Huang
- Department of Mathematics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, United States
| | - Caleb Mayer
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Olivia J. Walch
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Clark Bowman
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Hamilton College, Clinton, NY, United States
| | - Srijan Sen
- Michigan Neuroscience Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Cathy Goldstein
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Jonathan Tyler
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Daniel B. Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Michigan Institute for Data Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Yin J, Julius AA, Wen JT. Optimization of light exposure and sleep schedule for circadian rhythm entrainment. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0251478. [PMID: 34101742 PMCID: PMC8186815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0251478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm, called Process C, regulates a wide range of biological processes in humans including sleep, metabolism, body temperature, and hormone secretion. Light is the dominant synchronizer of the circadian rhythm-it has been used to regulate the circadian phase to cope with jet-lag, shift work, and sleep disorder. The homeostatic oscillation of the sleep drive is called Process S. Process C and Process S together determine the sleep-wake cycle in what is known as the two-process model. This paper addresses the regulation of both Process C and Process S by scheduling light exposure and sleep based on numerical simulations of circadian rhythm and sleep mathematical models. This is a significant step beyond the existing literature that only considers the entrainment of Process C. Regulation of the two-process model poses several unique features and challenges: 1. Process S is non-smooth, i.e., the homeostatic dynamics are different in the sleep and wake regimes; 2. Light only indirectly affects Process S through Process C; 3. Light does not affect Process C during sleep. We consider two scenarios: optimizing light intensity as the control input with spontaneous (i.e., unscheduled) sleep/wake times and jointly optimizing the light intensity and the sleep/wake times, which allows limited delayed sleep and early waking as part of the decision variables. We solve the time-optimal entrainment problem for the two-process model for both scenarios using an extension of the gradient descent algorithm to non-smooth systems. To illustrate the efficacy of our time-optimal entrainment strategies, we consider two common use cases: transmeridian travelers and shift workers. For transmeridian travelers, joint optimization of the two-process model avoids the unrealistic long wake duration when only Process C is considered. The entrainment time also decreases when both the light input and the sleep schedule are optimized compared to when only the light input is optimized. For shift workers, we show that the entrainment time is significantly shortened by optimizing the night shift working light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiawei Yin
- Institute of Oceanographic Instrumentation, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Qingdao, China
| | - A. Agung Julius
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Lighting Enabled Systems and Applications (LESA) Engineering Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - John T. Wen
- Department of Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
- Lighting Enabled Systems and Applications (LESA) Engineering Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, United States of America
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14
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Bano-Otalora B, Martial F, Harding C, Bechtold DA, Allen AE, Brown TM, Belle MDC, Lucas RJ. Bright daytime light enhances circadian amplitude in a diurnal mammal. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2100094118. [PMID: 34031246 PMCID: PMC8179182 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2100094118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammalian circadian rhythms are orchestrated by a master pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), which receives information about the 24 h light-dark cycle from the retina. The accepted function of this light signal is to reset circadian phase in order to ensure appropriate synchronization with the celestial day. Here, we ask whether light also impacts another key property of the circadian oscillation, its amplitude. To this end, we measured circadian rhythms in behavioral activity, body temperature, and SCN electrophysiological activity in the diurnal murid rodent Rhabdomys pumilio following stable entrainment to 12:12 light-dark cycles at four different daytime intensities (ranging from 18 to 1,900 lx melanopic equivalent daylight illuminance). R. pumilio showed strongly diurnal activity and body temperature rhythms in all conditions, but measures of rhythm robustness were positively correlated with daytime irradiance under both entrainment and subsequent free run. Whole-cell and extracellular recordings of electrophysiological activity in ex vivo SCN revealed substantial differences in electrophysiological activity between dim and bright light conditions. At lower daytime irradiance, daytime peaks in SCN spontaneous firing rate and membrane depolarization were substantially depressed, leading to an overall marked reduction in the amplitude of circadian rhythms in spontaneous activity. Our data reveal a previously unappreciated impact of daytime light intensity on SCN physiology and the amplitude of circadian rhythms and highlight the potential importance of daytime light exposure for circadian health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Bano-Otalora
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Franck Martial
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Court Harding
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - David A Bechtold
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Annette E Allen
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy M Brown
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
| | - Mino D C Belle
- Institute of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter EX4 4PS, United Kingdom
| | - Robert J Lucas
- Centre for Biological Timing, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biology Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, United Kingdom
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15
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES The circadian system modulates many important physiologic processes, synchronizing tissue-specific functions throughout the body. We sought to characterize acute alterations of circadian rhythms in critically ill patients and to evaluate associations between brain dysfunction, systemic multiple organ dysfunction, environmental stimuli that entrain the circadian rhythm (zeitgebers), rest-activity rhythms, and the central circadian rhythm-controlled melatonin secretion profile. DESIGN Prospective study observing a cohort for 24-48 hours beginning within the first day of ICU admission. SETTING Multiple specialized ICUs within an academic medical center. PATIENTS Patients presenting from the community with acute onset of either intracerebral hemorrhage as a representative neurologic critical illness or sepsis as a representative systemic critical illness. Healthy control patients were studied in using modified constant routine in a clinical research unit. INTERVENTIONS None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS Light, feeding, activity, medications, and other treatment exposures were evaluated along with validated measures of encephalopathy (Glasgow Coma Scale), multiple organ system function (Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score), and circadian rhythms (profiles of serum melatonin and its urinary metabolite 6-sulphatoxymelatonin). We studied 112 critically ill patients, including 53 with sepsis and 59 with intracerebral hemorrhage. Environmental exposures were abnormal, including light (dim), nutritional intake (reduced or absent and mistimed), and arousal stimuli (increased and mistimed). Melatonin amplitude and acrophase timing were generally preserved in awake patients but dampened and delayed with increasing encephalopathy severity. Melatonin hypersecretion was observed in patients exposed to catecholamine vasopressor infusions, but unaffected by sedatives. Change in vasopressor exposure was the only factor associated with changes in melatonin rhythms between days 1 and 2. CONCLUSIONS Encephalopathy severity and adrenergic agonist medication exposure were the primary factors contributing to abnormal melatonin rhythms. Improvements in encephalopathy and medical stabilization did not rapidly normalize rhythms. Urinary 6-sulphatoxymelatonin is not a reliable measure of the central circadian rhythm in critically ill patients.
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16
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Ruby NF. Suppression of Circadian Timing and Its Impact on the Hippocampus. Front Neurosci 2021; 15:642376. [PMID: 33897354 PMCID: PMC8060574 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2021.642376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this article, I describe the development of the disruptive phase shift (DPS) protocol and its utility for studying how circadian dysfunction impacts memory processing in the hippocampus. The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the Siberian hamster is a labile circadian pacemaker that is easily rendered arrhythmic (ARR) by a simple manipulation of ambient lighting. The DPS protocol uses room lighting to administer a phase-advancing signal followed by a phase-delaying signal within one circadian cycle to suppress clock gene rhythms in the SCN. The main advantage of this model for inducing arrhythmia is that the DPS protocol is non-invasive; circadian rhythms are eliminated while leaving the animals neurologically and genetically intact. In the area of learning and memory, DPS arrhythmia produces much different results than arrhythmia by surgical ablation of the SCN. As I show, SCN ablation has little to no effect on memory. By contrast, DPS hamsters have an intact, but arrhythmic, SCN which produces severe deficits in memory tasks that are accompanied by fragmentation of electroencephalographic theta oscillations, increased synaptic inhibition in hippocampal circuits, and diminished responsiveness to cholinergic signaling in the dentate gyrus of the hippocampus. The studies reviewed here show that DPS hamsters are a promising model for translational studies of adult onset circadian dysfunction in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman F. Ruby
- Biology Department, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, United States
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17
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Chang J, Paydarfar D. Falling off a limit cycle using phase-agnostic stimuli: Applications to clinical oscillopathies. CHAOS (WOODBURY, N.Y.) 2021; 31:023134. [PMID: 33653068 DOI: 10.1063/5.0032974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
For over a century, physiological studies have shown that precisely timed pulses can switch off a biological oscillator. This empiric finding has shaped our mechanistic understanding of how perturbations start, stop, and reset biological oscillators and has led to treatments that suppress pathological oscillations using electrical pulses given within specified therapeutic phase windows. Here, we present evidence, using numerical simulations of models of epileptic seizures and reentrant tachycardia, that the phase window can be opened to the entire cycle using novel complex stimulus waveforms. Our results reveal that the trajectories are displaced by such phase-agnostic stimuli off the oscillator's limit cycle and corralled into a region where oscillation is suppressed, irrespective of the phase at which the stimulus was applied. Our findings suggest the need for broadening theoretical understanding of how complex perturbing waveforms interact with biological oscillators to access their arrhythmic states. In clinical practice, oscillopathies may be treated more effectively with non-traditional stimulus waveforms that obviate the need for phase specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Chang
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - David Paydarfar
- Department of Neurology, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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18
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Modulation of single cell circadian response to NMDA by diacylglycerol lipase inhibition reveals a role of endocannabinoids in light entrainment of the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Neuropharmacology 2021; 185:108455. [PMID: 33444638 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2021.108455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus is the master clock that drives circadian rhythms in physiology and behavior and adjusts their timing to external cues. Neurotransmitter glutamate and glutamatergic receptors sensitive to N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) play a dual role in the SCN by coupling astrocytic and neuronal single cell oscillators and by resetting their phase in response to light. Recent reports suggested that signaling by endogenous cannabinoids (ECs) participates in both of these functions. We have previously shown that ECs, such as 2-arachidonoylglycerol (2-AG), act via CB1 receptors to affect the SCN response to light-mimicking NMDA stimulus in a time-dependent manner. We hypothesized that this ability is linked to the circadian regulation of EC signaling. We demonstrate that circadian clock in the rat SCN regulates expression of 2-AG transport, synthesis and degradation enzymes as well as its receptors. Inhibition of the major 2-AG synthesis enzyme, diacylglycerol lipase, enhanced the phase delay and lowered the amplitude of explanted SCN rhythm in response to NMDAR activation. Using microscopic PER2 bioluminescence imaging, we visualized how individual single cell oscillators in different parts of the SCN respond to the DAGL inhibition/NMDAR activation and shape response of the whole pacemaker. Additionally, we present strong evidence that the zero amplitude behavior of the SCN in response to single NMDA stimulus in the middle of subjective night is the result of a loss of rhythm in individual SCN cells. The paper provides new insights into the modulatory role of endocannabinoid signaling during the light entrainment of the SCN.
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19
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Optimal adjustment of the human circadian clock in the real world. PLoS Comput Biol 2020; 16:e1008445. [PMID: 33370265 PMCID: PMC7808694 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1008445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Which suggestions for behavioral modifications, based on mathematical models, are most likely to be followed in the real world? We address this question in the context of human circadian rhythms. Jet lag is a consequence of the misalignment of the body’s internal circadian (~24-hour) clock during an adjustment to a new schedule. Light is the clock’s primary synchronizer. Previous research has used mathematical models to compute light schedules that shift the circadian clock to a new time zone as quickly as possible. How users adjust their behavior when provided with these optimal schedules remains an open question. Here, we report data collected by wearables from more than 100 travelers as they cross time zones using a smartphone app, Entrain. We find that people rarely follow the optimal schedules generated through mathematical modeling entirely, but travelers who better followed the optimal schedules reported more positive moods after their trips. Using the data collected, we improve the optimal schedule predictions to accommodate real-world constraints. We also develop a scheduling algorithm that allows for the computation of approximately optimal schedules "on-the-fly" in response to disruptions. User burnout may not be critically important as long as the first parts of a schedule are followed. These results represent a crucial improvement in making the theoretical results of past work viable for practical use and show how theoretical predictions based on known human physiology can be efficiently used in real-world settings. Jet lag, a significant problem for travelers and shift workers, occurs when our body’s internal circadian (~24-hour) clock is misaligned with the time of day in the environment. Such circadian misalignment can lead to decreased performance, impaired sleep, and increased risk for severe health conditions, ranging from cancer to cardiovascular disease. Previous work has proposed mathematically optimal schedules, based on mathematical models of the human circadian pacemaker, to overcome jet lag in minimal time. Here, we use data collected from over 100 travelers by a mobile app to track when users followed or deviated from optimal schedules. Better adherence to the schedules yielded better outcomes. We also propose more practical schedules, which can be adjusted to the real-world challenges in overcoming jet lag. Our work sets the stage for changing human behaviors in other domains by computing personalized recommendations from mathematical models.
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20
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Duffield GE, Han S, Hou TY, de la Iglesia HO, McDonald KA, Mecklenburg KL, Robles-Murguia M. Inhibitor of DNA binding 2 (Id2) Regulates Photic Entrainment Responses in Mice: Differential Responses of the Id2-/- Mouse Circadian System Are Dependent on Circadian Phase and on Duration and Intensity of Light. J Biol Rhythms 2020; 35:555-575. [PMID: 32981454 DOI: 10.1177/0748730420957504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
ID2 is a rhythmically expressed helix-loop-helix transcriptional repressor, and its deletion results in abnormal properties of photoentrainment. By examining parametric and nonparametric models of entrainment, we have started to explore the mechanism underlying this circadian phenotype. Id2-/- mice were exposed to differing photoperiods, and the phase angle of entrainment under short days was delayed 2 h as compared with controls. When exposed to long durations of continuous light, enhanced entrainment responses were observed after a delay of the clock but not with phase advances. However, the magnitude of phase shifts was not different in Id2-/- mice tested in constant darkness using a discrete pulse of saturating light. No differences were observed in the speed of clock resetting when challenged by a series of discrete pulses interspaced by varying time intervals. A photic phase-response curve was constructed, although no genotypic differences were observed. Although phase shifts produced by discrete saturating light pulses at CT16 were similar, treatment with a subsaturating pulse revealed a ~2-fold increase in the magnitude of the Id2-/- shift. A corresponding elevation of light-induced per1 expression was observed in the Id2-/- suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To test whether the phenotype is based on a sensitivity change at the level of the retina, pupil constriction responses were measured. No differences were observed in responses or in retinal histology, suggesting that the phenotype occurs downstream of the retina and retinal hypothalamic tract. To test whether the phenotype is due to a reduced amplitude of state variables of the clock, the expression of clock genes per1 and per2 was assessed in vivo and in SCN tissue explants. Amplitude, phase, and period length were normal in Id2-/- mice. These findings suggest that ID2 contributes to a photoregulatory mechanism at the level of the SCN central pacemaker through control of the photic induction of negative elements of the clock.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giles E Duffield
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Sung Han
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Tim Y Hou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Horacio O de la Iglesia
- Department of Biology and Graduate Program in Neuroscience, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen A McDonald
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
| | - Kirk L Mecklenburg
- Department of Biology, Indiana University South Bend, South Bend, Indiana
| | - Maricela Robles-Murguia
- Department of Biological Sciences, Galvin Life Science Center, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana.,Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana
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21
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Abstract
The temporal organization of molecular and physiological processes is driven by environmental and behavioral cycles as well as by self-sustained molecular circadian oscillators. Quantification of phase, amplitude, period, and disruption of circadian oscillators is essential for understanding their contribution to sleep-wake disorders, social jet lag, interindividual differences in entrainment, and the development of chrono-therapeutics. Traditionally, assessment of the human circadian system, and the output of the SCN in particular, has required collection of long time series of univariate markers such as melatonin or core body temperature. Data were collected in specialized laboratory protocols designed to control for environmental and behavioral influences on rhythmicity. These protocols are time-consuming, expensive, and not practical for assessing circadian status in patients or in participants in epidemiologic studies. Novel approaches for assessment of circadian parameters of the SCN or peripheral oscillators have been developed. They are based on machine learning or mathematical model-informed analyses of features extracted from 1 or a few samples of high-dimensional data, such as transcriptomes, metabolomes, long-term simultaneous recording of activity, light exposure, skin temperature, and heart rate or in vitro approaches. Here, we review whether these approaches successfully quantify parameters of central and peripheral circadian oscillators as indexed by gold standard markers. Although several approaches perform well under entrained conditions when sleep occurs at night, the methods either perform worse in other conditions such as shift work or they have not been assessed under any conditions other than entrainment and thus we do not yet know how robust they are. Novel approaches for the assessment of circadian parameters hold promise for circadian medicine, chrono-therapeutics, and chrono-epidemiology. There remains a need to validate these approaches against gold standard markers, in individuals of all sexes and ages, in patient populations, and, in particular, under conditions in which behavioral cycles are displaced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derk-Jan Dijk
- Surrey Sleep Research Centre, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.,UK Dementia Research Institute, University of Surrey
| | - Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA.,Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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22
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Julius AA, Yin J, Wen JT. Time optimal entrainment control for circadian rhythm. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0225988. [PMID: 31851723 PMCID: PMC6919585 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The circadian rhythm functions as a master clock that regulates many physiological processes in humans including sleep, metabolism, hormone secretion, and neurobehavioral processes. Disruption of the circadian rhythm is known to have negative impacts on health. Light is the strongest circadian stimulus that can be used to regulate the circadian phase. In this paper, we consider the mathematical problem of time-optimal circadian (re)entrainment, i.e., computing the lighting schedule to drive a misaligned circadian phase to a reference circadian phase as quickly as possible. We represent the dynamics of the circadian rhythm using the Jewett-Forger-Kronauer (JFK) model, which is a third-order nonlinear differential equation. The time-optimal circadian entrainment problem has been previously solved in settings that involve either a reduced-order JFK model or open-loop optimal solutions. In this paper, we present (1) a general solution for the time-optimal control problem of fastest entrainment that can be applied to the full order JFK model (2) an evaluation of the impacts of model reduction on the solutions of the time-optimal control problem, and (3) optimal feedback control laws for fastest entrainment for the full order Kronauer model and evaluate their robustness under some modeling errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Agung Julius
- Dept. Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America.,Lighting Enabled Systems and Applications (LESA) Engineering Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America
| | - Jiawei Yin
- Dept. Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America.,Lighting Enabled Systems and Applications (LESA) Engineering Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America
| | - John T Wen
- Dept. Electrical, Computer, and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America.,Lighting Enabled Systems and Applications (LESA) Engineering Research Center, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America.,Dept. Industrial and Systems Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, United States of America
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23
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Abstract
Mathematical models have a long and influential history in the study of human circadian rhythms. Accurate predictive models for the human circadian light response have been used to study the impact of a host of light exposures on the circadian system. However, generally, these models do not account for the physiological basis of these rhythms. We illustrate a new paradigm for deriving models of the human circadian light response. Beginning from a high-dimensional model of the circadian neural network, we systematically derive low-dimensional models using an approach motivated by experimental measurements of circadian neurons. This systematic reduction allows for the variables and parameters of the derived model to be interpreted in a physiological context. We fit and validate the resulting models to a library of experimental measurements. Finally, we compare model predictions for experimental measurements of light levels and discuss the differences between our model’s predictions and previous models. Our modeling paradigm allows for the integration of experimental measurements across the single-cell, tissue, and behavioral scales, thereby enabling the development of accurate low-dimensional models for human circadian rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin M. Hannay
- Department of Mathematics, Schreiner University, Kerrville, Texas
| | - Victoria Booth
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Daniel B. Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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24
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Sulli G, Lam MTY, Panda S. Interplay between Circadian Clock and Cancer: New Frontiers for Cancer Treatment. Trends Cancer 2019; 5:475-494. [PMID: 31421905 DOI: 10.1016/j.trecan.2019.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 255] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Revised: 07/07/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks constitute the evolutionary molecular machinery that dictates the temporal regulation of physiology to maintain homeostasis. Disruption of the circadian rhythm plays a key role in tumorigenesis and facilitates the establishment of cancer hallmarks. Conversely, oncogenic processes directly weaken circadian rhythms. Pharmacological modulation of core clock genes is a new approach in cancer therapy. The integration of circadian biology into cancer research offers new options for making cancer treatment more effective, encompassing the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of this devastating disease. This review highlights the role of the circadian clock in tumorigenesis and cancer hallmarks, and discusses how pharmacological modulation of circadian clock genes can lead to new therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Sulli
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Regenerative Medicine, Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Scintillon Institute, San Diego, CA 92121, USA.
| | - Michael Tun Yin Lam
- The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA, USA; Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, University of California San Diego, 9300 Campus Point Drive, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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25
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Gobert F, Luauté J, Raverot V, Cotton F, Dailler F, Claustrat B, Perrin F, Gronfier C. Is circadian rhythmicity a prerequisite to coma recovery? Circadian recovery concomitant to cognitive improvement in two comatose patients. J Pineal Res 2019; 66:e12555. [PMID: 30633817 DOI: 10.1111/jpi.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Revised: 12/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythmicity (CR) is involved in the regulation of all integrated functions, from sleep-wake cycle regulation to metabolic function, mood and cognition. However, the interdependence of CR, cognition and consciousness has been poorly addressed. To clarify the state of CR in coma and to determine the chronological relationship between its recovery and consciousness after brain lesions, we conducted a longitudinal observational study investigating how the state of CR was chronologically related with the recovery of behavioural wakefulness, cognition and/or awareness. Among 16 acute comatose patients, we recruited two 37-year-old patients with a persistent disorder of consciousness, presenting diencephalic lesions caused by severe traumatic brain injuries. Two biological urinary markers of CR were explored every 2 hours during 24 hours (6-sulfatoxymelatonin, free cortisol) with a dedicated methodology to extract the endogenous component of rhythmicity (environmental light recording, near-constant-routine protocol, control of beta-blockers). They presented an initial absence of rhythmic secretions and a recovered CR 7-8 months later. This recovery was not associated with the restoration of behavioural wakefulness, but with an improvement of cognition and awareness (up to the minimally conscious state). MRI showed a lesion pattern compatible with the interruption of either the main hypothalamic-sympathetic pathway or the accessory habenular pathway. These results suggest that CR may be a prerequisite for coma recovery with a potential but still unproven favourable effect on brain function of the resorted circadian melatonin secretion and/or the functional recovery of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Assessing circadian functions by urinary melatonin should be further explored as a biomarker of cognition reappearance and investigated to prognosticate functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florent Gobert
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological Hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France
- ImpAct Team (Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action & Cognition), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bron, France
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Lyon, France
| | - Jacques Luauté
- ImpAct Team (Integrative, Multisensory, Perception, Action & Cognition), Lyon Neuroscience Research Centre (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Bron, France
- Neuro-Rehabilitation Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological Hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Véronique Raverot
- Hormone Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological Hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - François Cotton
- Radiology Unit, Lyon-Sud Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Pierre-Benite, France
- CREATIS-LRMN (CNRS UMR 5220 - INSERM U630), Villeurbanne, France
| | - Frédéric Dailler
- Neuro-Intensive Care Unit, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological Hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Bruno Claustrat
- Hormone Laboratory, Hospices Civils de Lyon, Neurological Hospital Pierre-Wertheimer, Bron, France
| | - Fabien Perrin
- CAP Team (Cognition Auditive et Psychoacoustique), Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, INSERM U1028, CNRS UMR5292), Lyon, France
| | - Claude Gronfier
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Integrative Physiology of the Brain Arousal Systems (Waking) team, INSERM UMRS 1028, CNRS UMR 5292, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, F-69000, Lyon, France
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26
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Sládek M, Sumová A. Modulation of NMDA-Mediated Clock Resetting in the Suprachiasmatic Nuclei of mPer2 Luc Mouse by Endocannabinoids. Front Physiol 2019; 10:361. [PMID: 30984034 PMCID: PMC6450388 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Light entrains the master circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) predominantly through glutamatergic signaling via NMDA receptors. The magnitude and the direction of resulting phase shifts depend on timing of the photic stimulus. Previous reports based on behavioral and electrophysiological data suggested that endocannabinoids (EC) might reduce the ability of the SCN clock to respond to light. However, there is little direct evidence for the involvement of EC in entrainment of the rhythmic clock gene expression in the SCN. We have used luminescence recording of cultured SCN slices from mPer2Luc mice to construct a complete phase response curve (PRC) for NMDA receptor activation. The results demonstrated that NMDA administration phase-shifts the PER2 rhythm in a time-specific manner. A stable “singularity,” in the course of which the clock seemingly stops while the overall phase is caught between delays and advances, can occur in response to NMDA at a narrow interval during the PER2 level decrease. NMDA-induced phase delays were affected neither by the agonist (WIN 55,212-2 mesylate) nor by the antagonist (rimonabant hydrochloride) of EC receptors. However, the agonist significantly reduced the NMDA-induced phase advance of the clock, while the antagonist enhanced the phase advance, causing a shift in the sensitivity window of the SCN to NMDA. The modulation of EC signaling in the SCN had no effect by itself on the phase of the PER2 rhythm. The results provide evidence for a modulatory role of EC in photic entrainment of the circadian clock in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Sládek
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
| | - Alena Sumová
- Institute of Physiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czechia
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27
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Asgari-Targhi A, Klerman EB. Mathematical modeling of circadian rhythms. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS. SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 11:e1439. [PMID: 30328684 PMCID: PMC6375788 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous ~24-hr oscillations usually entrained to daily environmental cycles of light/dark. Many biological processes and physiological functions including mammalian body temperature, the cell cycle, sleep/wake cycles, neurobehavioral performance, and a wide range of diseases including metabolic, cardiovascular, and psychiatric disorders are impacted by these rhythms. Circadian clocks are present within individual cells and at tissue and organismal levels as emergent properties from the interaction of cellular oscillators. Mathematical models of circadian rhythms have been proposed to provide a better understanding of and to predict aspects of this complex physiological system. These models can be used to: (a) manipulate the system in silico with specificity that cannot be easily achieved using in vivo and in vitro experimental methods and at lower cost, (b) resolve apparently contradictory empirical results, (c) generate hypotheses, (d) design new experiments, and (e) to design interventions for altering circadian rhythms. Mathematical models differ in structure, the underlying assumptions, the number of parameters and variables, and constraints on variables. Models representing circadian rhythms at different physiologic scales and in different species are reviewed to promote understanding of these models and facilitate their use. This article is categorized under: Physiology > Mammalian Physiology in Health and Disease Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models.
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28
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Neural Network Interactions Modulate CRY-Dependent Photoresponses in Drosophila. J Neurosci 2018; 38:6161-6171. [PMID: 29875268 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2259-17.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Light is one of the chief environmental cues that reset circadian clocks. In Drosophila, CRYPTOCHROME (CRY) mediates acute photic resetting of circadian clocks by promoting the degradation of TIMELESS in a cell-autonomous manner. Thus, even circadian oscillators in peripheral organs can independently perceive light in Drosophila However, there is substantial evidence for nonautonomous mechanisms of circadian photoreception in the brain. We have previously shown that the morning (M) and evening (E) oscillators are critical light-sensing neurons that cooperate to shift the phase of circadian behavior in response to light input. We show here that light can efficiently phase delay or phase advance circadian locomotor behavior in male Drosophila even when either the M- or the E-oscillators are ablated, suggesting that behavioral phase shifts and their directionality are largely a consequence of the cell-autonomous nature of CRY-dependent photoreception. Our observation that the phase response curves of brain and peripheral oscillators are remarkably similar further supports this idea. Nevertheless, the neural network modulates circadian photoresponses. We show that the M-oscillator neurotransmitter pigment dispersing factor plays a critical role in the coordination between M- and E-oscillators after light exposure, and we uncover a potential role for a subset of dorsal neurons in the control of phase advances. Thus, neural modulation of autonomous light detection might play an important role in the plasticity of circadian behavior.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Input pathways provide circadian rhythms with the flexibility needed to harmonize their phase with environmental cycles. Light is the chief environmental cue that synchronizes circadian clocks. In Drosophila, the photoreceptor CRYPTOCHROME resets circadian clocks cell-autonomously. However, recent studies indicate that, in the brain, interactions between clock neurons are critical to reset circadian locomotor behavior. We present evidence supporting the idea that the ability of flies to advance or delay their rhythmic behavior in response to light input essentially results from cell-autonomous photoreception. However, because of their networked organization, we find that circadian neurons have to cooperate to reset the phase of circadian behavior in response to photic cues. Our work thus helps to reconcile cell-autonomous and non-cell-autonomous models of circadian entrainment.
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29
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Diekman CO, Bose A. Reentrainment of the circadian pacemaker during jet lag: East-west asymmetry and the effects of north-south travel. J Theor Biol 2017; 437:261-285. [PMID: 28987464 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2017] [Revised: 09/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The normal alignment of circadian rhythms with the 24-h light-dark cycle is disrupted after rapid travel between home and destination time zones, leading to sleep problems, indigestion, and other symptoms collectively known as jet lag. Using mathematical and computational analysis, we study the process of reentrainment to the light-dark cycle of the destination time zone in a model of the human circadian pacemaker. We calculate the reentrainment time for travel between any two points on the globe at any time of the day and year. We construct one-dimensional entrainment maps to explain several properties of jet lag, such as why most people experience worse jet lag after traveling east than west. We show that this east-west asymmetry depends on the endogenous period of the traveler's circadian clock as well as daylength. Thus the critical factor is not simply whether the endogenous period is greater than or less than 24 h as is commonly assumed. We show that the unstable fixed point of an entrainment map determines whether a traveler reentrains through phase advances or phase delays, providing an understanding of the threshold that separates orthodromic and antidromic modes of reentrainment. Contrary to the conventional wisdom that jet lag only occurs after east-west travel across multiple time zones, we predict that the change in daylength encountered during north-south travel can cause jet lag even when no time zones are crossed. Our techniques could be used to provide advice to travelers on how to minimize jet lag on trips involving multiple destinations and a combination of transmeridian and translatitudinal travel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casey O Diekman
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA; Institute for Brain and Neuroscience Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA.
| | - Amitabha Bose
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA; Institute for Brain and Neuroscience Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ 07102 USA
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30
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Gan S, O'Shea EK. An Unstable Singularity Underlies Stochastic Phasing of the Circadian Clock in Individual Cyanobacterial Cells. Mol Cell 2017; 67:659-672.e12. [PMID: 28803778 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2017.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2017] [Revised: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The endogenous circadian clock synchronizes with environmental time by appropriately resetting its phase in response to external cues. Of note, some resetting stimuli induce attenuated oscillations of clock output, which has been observed at the population-level in several organisms and in studies of individual humans. To investigate what is happening in individual cellular clocks, we studied the unicellular cyanobacterium S. elongatus. By measuring its phase-resetting responses to temperature changes, we found that population-level arrhythmicity occurs when certain perturbations cause stochastic phases of oscillations in individual cells. Combining modeling with experiments, we related stochastic phasing to the dynamical structure of the cyanobacterial clock as an oscillator and explored the physiological relevance of the oscillator structure for accurately timed rhythmicity in changing environmental conditions. Our findings and approach can be applied to other biological oscillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siting Gan
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Harvard Systems Biology Ph.D. Program, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
| | - Erin K O'Shea
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Harvard University Faculty of Arts and Sciences Center for Systems Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA.
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31
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Lee K, Lee HK, Jhung K, Park JY. Relationship between chronotype and temperament/character among university students. Psychiatry Res 2017; 251:63-68. [PMID: 28189081 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Revised: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronotype is largely classified as being morning or evening types according to preference for daily activity and the preferred bedtime. This study examined the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions among university students. A total of 2857 participants completed the 140-item Temperament and Character Inventory-Revised Short version (TCI-RS) from a 5-score scale as well as the 13-item composite scale for morningness-eveningness (CSM). In this study, we classified chronotype as "morning," "neither," or "evening" types according to CSM scores and compared the scores in terms of 4 temperament dimensions and 3 character dimensions. The evening type showed high values for novelty seeking and harm avoidance, whereas the morning type had high scores for persistence, self-directedness, and cooperativeness. A logistic regression analysis after controlling for age and gender showed that chronotype significantly associated with persistence and novelty seeking. The results of this study suggest that chronotype is different according to gender and age and in addition, chronotype closely correlates with temperament and character. Among these, eveningness was associated with high novelty seeking, whereas morningness was associated with high persistence. Further studies are required to investigate the relationship between chronotype and temperament/character dimensions in a wider age bracket.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kounseok Lee
- Department of Psychiatry, St. Andrew's Hospital, Icheon, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Graduate school, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye-Kyung Lee
- Department of Nursing, College of Nursing and Health, Kongju National University, Gongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungun Jhung
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Neuroscience, International St.Mary's Hospital, Catholic Kwandong University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Young Park
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University, College of Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, 211 Eonju-ro, Gangnam-gu, Seoul 135-720, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Woelders T, Beersma DGM, Gordijn MCM, Hut RA, Wams EJ. Daily Light Exposure Patterns Reveal Phase and Period of the Human Circadian Clock. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:274-286. [PMID: 28452285 PMCID: PMC5476188 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417696787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Light is the most potent time cue that synchronizes (entrains) the circadian pacemaker to the 24-h solar cycle. This entrainment process is an interplay between an individual's daily light perception and intrinsic pacemaker period under free-running conditions. Establishing individual estimates of circadian phase and period can be time-consuming. We show that circadian phase can be accurately predicted (SD = 1.1 h for dim light melatonin onset, DLMO) using 9 days of ambulatory light and activity data as an input to Kronauer's limit-cycle model for the human circadian system. This approach also yields an estimated circadian period of 24.2 h (SD = 0.2 h), with longer periods resulting in later DLMOs. A larger amount of daylight exposure resulted in an earlier DLMO. Individuals with a long circadian period also showed shorter intervals between DLMO and sleep timing. When a field-based estimation of tau can be validated under laboratory studies in a wide variety of individuals, the proposed methods may prove to be essential tools for individualized chronotherapy and light treatment for shift work and jetlag applications. These methods may improve our understanding of fundamental properties of human circadian rhythms under daily living conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Woelders
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Domien G M Beersma
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marijke C M Gordijn
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Chrono@Work B.V., Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Roelof A Hut
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Emma J Wams
- Chronobiology Unit, Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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33
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Kronauer RE, Forger DB, Jewett ME. Quantifying Human Circadian Pacemaker Response to Brief, Extended, and Repeated Light Stimuli over the Phototopic Range. J Biol Rhythms 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/074873049901400609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The authors' previous models have been able to describe accurately the effects of extended (5 h) bright-light (>4000 lux) stimuli on the phase and amplitude of the human circadian pacemaker, but they are not sufficient to represent the surprising human sensitivity to both brief pulses of bright light and light of more moderate intensities. Therefore, the authors have devised a new model in which a dynamic stimulus processor ( Process L) intervenes between the light stimuli and the traditional representation of the circadian pacemaker as a self-sustaining limit-cycle oscillator ( Process P). The overall model incorporating Process L and Process P is intended to allow the prediction of phase shifts to photic stimuli of any temporal pattern (extended and brief light episodes) and any light intensity in the photopic range. Two time constants emerge in the Process Lmodel: the characteristic duration for necessary bright-light pulses to achieve their full effect (5-10 min) and the characteristic stimulus-free (dark) interval that can be tolerated without incurring an excessive penalty in phase shifting (30-80 min). The effect of reducing light intensity is incorporated in Process L as an extension of the time necessary for the light pulse to be fully realized (a power-law relation between time and intensity). This new model generates a number of new testable hypotheses, including the surprising prediction that 24-h cycles consisting of8hof darkness and 16 h of only 3.5 lux would be capable of entraining a large fraction of the adult population (45%). Experimental data on the response of the human circadian system to lower light intensities and briefer stimuli are needed to allow for further refinement and validation of the model proposed here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard E. Kronauer
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138; Circadian, Neuroendocrine and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Daniel B. Forger
- Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138
| | - Megan E. Jewett
- Circadian, Neuroendocrine and Sleep Disorders Section, Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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34
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Indic P, Schwartz WJ, Herzog ED, Foley NC, Antle MC. Modeling the Behavior of Coupled Cellular Circadian Oscillators in the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus. J Biol Rhythms 2016; 22:211-9. [PMID: 17517911 DOI: 10.1177/0748730407301238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in the hypothalamus is the site of the master circadian clock in mammals, a complex tissue composed of multiple, coupled, single-cell circadian oscillators. Mathematical modeling is now providing insights on how individual SCN cells might interact and assemble to create an integrated pacemaker that governs the circadian behavior of whole animals. In this article, we will discuss the neurobiological constraints for modeling SCN behavior, system precision, implications of cellular heterogeneity, and analysis of heterogeneously coupled oscillator networks. Mathematical approaches will be critical for better understanding intercellular interactions within the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Premananda Indic
- Department of Neurology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01655, USA.
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Karnik SS, Unal H, Kemp JR, Tirupula KC, Eguchi S, Vanderheyden PML, Thomas WG. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. XCIX. Angiotensin Receptors: Interpreters of Pathophysiological Angiotensinergic Stimuli [corrected]. Pharmacol Rev 2015; 67:754-819. [PMID: 26315714 PMCID: PMC4630565 DOI: 10.1124/pr.114.010454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The renin angiotensin system (RAS) produced hormone peptides regulate many vital body functions. Dysfunctional signaling by receptors for RAS peptides leads to pathologic states. Nearly half of humanity today would likely benefit from modern drugs targeting these receptors. The receptors for RAS peptides consist of three G-protein-coupled receptors—the angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1 receptor), the angiotensin II type 2 receptor (AT2 receptor), the MAS receptor—and a type II trans-membrane zinc protein—the candidate angiotensin IV receptor (AngIV binding site). The prorenin receptor is a relatively new contender for consideration, but is not included here because the role of prorenin receptor as an independent endocrine mediator is presently unclear. The full spectrum of biologic characteristics of these receptors is still evolving, but there is evidence establishing unique roles of each receptor in cardiovascular, hemodynamic, neurologic, renal, and endothelial functions, as well as in cell proliferation, survival, matrix-cell interaction, and inflammation. Therapeutic agents targeted to these receptors are either in active use in clinical intervention of major common diseases or under evaluation for repurposing in many other disorders. Broad-spectrum influence these receptors produce in complex pathophysiological context in our body highlights their role as precise interpreters of distinctive angiotensinergic peptide cues. This review article summarizes findings published in the last 15 years on the structure, pharmacology, signaling, physiology, and disease states related to angiotensin receptors. We also discuss the challenges the pharmacologist presently faces in formally accepting newer members as established angiotensin receptors and emphasize necessary future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sadashiva S Karnik
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Hamiyet Unal
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Jacqueline R Kemp
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Kalyan C Tirupula
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Satoru Eguchi
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Patrick M L Vanderheyden
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
| | - Walter G Thomas
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Lerner Research Institute of Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio (S.S.K., H.U., J.R.K., K.C.T.); Cardiovascular Research Center, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (S.E.); Faculty of Sciences and Bioengineering Sciences, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium (P.M.L.V.); and Department of General Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia (W.G.T.)
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Duffy JF, Zitting KM, Czeisler CA. The Case for Addressing Operator Fatigue. REVIEW OF HUMAN FACTORS AND ERGONOMICS 2015; 10:29-78. [PMID: 26056516 PMCID: PMC4457397 DOI: 10.1177/1557234x15573949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Sleep deficiency, which can be caused by acute sleep deprivation, chronic insufficient sleep, untreated sleep disorders, disruption of circadian timing, and other factors, is endemic in the U.S., including among professional and non-professional drivers and operators. Vigilance and attention are critical for safe transportation operations, but fatigue and sleepiness compromise vigilance and attention by slowing reaction times and impairing judgment and decision-making abilities. Research studies, polls, and accident investigations indicate that many Americans drive a motor vehicle or operate an aircraft, train or marine vessel while drowsy, putting themselves and others at risk for error and accident. In this chapter, we will outline some of the factors that contribute to sleepiness, present evidence from laboratory and field studies demonstrating how sleepiness impacts transportation safety, review how sleepiness is measured in laboratory and field settings, describe what is known about interventions for sleepiness in transportation settings, and summarize what we believe are important gaps in our knowledge of sleepiness and transportation safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeanne F Duffy
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Kirsi-Marja Zitting
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School
| | - Charles A Czeisler
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School
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Park CI, An SK, Kim HW, Koh MJ, Namkoong K, Kang JI, Kim SJ. Relationships between chronotypes and affective temperaments in healthy young adults. J Affect Disord 2015; 175:256-9. [PMID: 25658501 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2014] [Revised: 01/08/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronotype, an individual׳s preferred time for activity and sleep, has been known to be associated with affective disorders. Affective temperaments may be subclinical manifestations that represent a biological diathesis for affective disorders. Therefore, the aim of this study is to investigate the relationships between circadian preferences and affective temperaments. METHODS Six hundred and forty one healthy young adults (376 male, 265 female) completed the Korean Translation of Composite Scale of Morningness to measure diurnal preferences and the Temperament Scale of Memphis, Pisa, Paris and San Diego - Autoquestionnaire (TEMPS-A) to measure cyclothymic, depressive, hyperthymic, irritable, and anxious affective temperaments. Multivariate analyses of covariance were computed with the five affective temperaments as dependent variables, chronotype and gender as an independent variable, and age as a covariate. RESULTS One hundred and sixteen subjects were classified as having morning-type (18.1%), 402 as intermediate-type (62.7%), and 123 as evening-type (19.2%) circadian preferences. Evening-type was significantly associated with greater depressive, cyclothymic, irritable, and anxious temperaments, while morning-type was significantly associated with hyperthymic temperament. LIMITATIONS The present study only used self-report questionnaires to measure diurnal preference. CONCLUSIONS Evening-type subjects were more likely to have depressive, cyclothymic, irritable and anxious temperaments, whereas morning-types were more likely to have hyperthymic temperament. This relationship between chronotype and affective temperament might be important for vulnerability to affective disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Il Park
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Suk Kyoon An
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Hae Won Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Min Jung Koh
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Kee Namkoong
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jee In Kang
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Se Joo Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea; Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
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Cuesta M, Cermakian N, Boivin DB. Glucocorticoids entrain molecular clock components in human peripheral cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:1360-70. [PMID: 25500935 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-265686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
In humans, shift work induces a desynchronization between the circadian system and the outside world, which contributes to shift work-associated medical disorders. Using a simulated night shift experiment, we previously showed that 3 d of bright light at night fully synchronize the central clock to the inverted sleep schedule, whereas the peripheral clocks located in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) took longer to reset. This underlines the need for testing the effects of synchronizers on both the central and peripheral clocks. Glucocorticoids display circadian rhythms controlled by the central clock and are thought to act as synchronizers of rodent peripheral clocks. In the present study, we tested whether the human central and peripheral clocks were sensitive to exogenous glucocorticoids (Cortef) administered in the late afternoon. We showed that 20 mg Cortef taken orally acutely increased PER1 expression in PBMC peripheral clocks. After 6 d of Cortef administration, the phases of central markers were not affected, whereas those of PER2-3 and BMAL1 expression in PBMCs were shifted by ∼ 9.5-11.5 h. These results demonstrate, for the first time, that human peripheral clocks are entrained by glucocorticoids. Importantly, they suggest innovative interventions for shift workers and jet-lag travelers, combining synchronizing agents for the central and peripheral clocks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Cuesta
- *Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nicolas Cermakian
- *Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Diane B Boivin
- *Centre for Study and Treatment of Circadian Rhythms, Laboratory of Molecular Chronobiology, and Douglas Mental Health University Institute, Department of Psychiatry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Schwartz PJ. Can the season of birth risk factor for schizophrenia be prevented by bright light treatment for the second trimester mother around the winter solstice? Med Hypotheses 2014; 83:809-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2014.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Dumont M, Paquet J. Progressive decrease of melatonin production over consecutive days of simulated night work. Chronobiol Int 2014; 31:1231-8. [PMID: 25222345 DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2014.957304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Decreased melatonin production, due to nighttime exposure to light, has been proposed as one of the physiological mechanisms increasing cancer risk in night workers. However, few studies measured melatonin production in night workers, and most of these studies did not measure melatonin over 24 h. One study compared total melatonin production between day and night shifts in rotating night workers and did not find significant differences. However, without baseline measures, it was not possible to exclude that melatonin production was reduced during both day and night work. Here, we used data collected in a simulation study of night work to determine the effect of night work on both nighttime and 24-h melatonin production, during three consecutive days of simulated night work. Thirty-eight healthy subjects (15 men, 23 women; 26.6 ± 4.2 years) participated in a 6-d laboratory study. Circadian phase assessments were made with salivary dim light melatonin onset (DLMO) on the first and last days. Simulated day work (09:00-17:00 h) occurred on the second day, followed by three consecutive days of simulated night work (00:00-08:00 h). Light intensity at eye level was set at 50 lux during both simulated day and night work. The subjects were divided into three matched groups exposed to specific daytime light profiles that produced various degrees of circadian phase delays and phase advances. Melatonin production was estimated with the excretion of urinary 6-sulfatoxymelatonin (aMT6s). For the entire protocol, urine was collected every 2 h, except for the sleep episodes when the interval was 8 h. The aMT6s concentration in each sample was multiplied by the urine volume and then added to obtain total aMT6s excretion during nighttime (00:00-08:00 h) and during each 24-h day (00:00-00:00 h). The results showed that melatonin production progressively decreased over consecutive days of simulated night work, both during nighttime and over the 24 h. This decrease was larger in women using oral contraceptives. There was no difference between the three groups, and the magnitude of the decrease in melatonin production for nighttime and for the 24 h was not associated with the magnitude of the absolute circadian phase shift. As light intensity was relatively low and because the decrease in melatonin production was progressive, direct suppression by nighttime light exposure was probably not a significant factor. However, according to previous experimental observations, the decrease in melatonin production most likely reflects the circadian disruption associated with the process of re-entrainment. It remains to be determined whether reduced melatonin production can be harmful by itself, but long-term and repeated circadian disruption most probably is.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Dumont
- Chronobiology Laboratory, Center for Advanced Research in Sleep Medicine, Sacre-Coeur Hospital of Montreal , Montreal, Quebec , Canada and
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Serkh K, Forger DB. Optimal schedules of light exposure for rapidly correcting circadian misalignment. PLoS Comput Biol 2014; 10:e1003523. [PMID: 24722195 PMCID: PMC3983044 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Jet lag arises from a misalignment of circadian biological timing with the timing of human activity, and is caused by rapid transmeridian travel. Jet lag's symptoms, such as depressed cognitive alertness, also arise from work and social schedules misaligned with the timing of the circadian clock. Using experimentally validated mathematical models, we develop a new methodology to find mathematically optimal schedules of light exposure and avoidance for rapidly re-entraining the human circadian system. In simulations, our schedules are found to significantly outperform other recently proposed schedules. Moreover, our schedules appear to be significantly more robust to both noise in light and to inter-individual variations in endogenous circadian period than other proposed schedules. By comparing the optimal schedules for thousands of different situations, and by using general mathematical arguments, we are also able to translate our findings into general principles of optimal circadian re-entrainment. These principles include: 1) a class of schedules where circadian amplitude is only slightly perturbed, optimal for dim light and for small shifts 2) another class of schedules where shifting occurs along the shortest path in phase-space, optimal for bright light and for large shifts 3) the determination that short light pulses are less effective than sustained light if the goal is to re-entrain quickly, and 4) the determination that length of daytime should be significantly shorter when delaying the clock than when advancing it. When our body's internal timekeeping system becomes misaligned with the time of day in the outside world, many negative effects can be felt, including decreased performance, improper sleep, and jet lag. When misalignment is prolonged, it can also lead to serious medical conditions, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and possibly even late-onset diabetes. Rapid readjustment of our internal daily (circadian) clock by properly timed exposure to light, which is the strongest signal to our internal circadian clock, is therefore important to the large proportion of the population which suffers from misalignment, including transmeridian travelers, shift workers, and individuals with circadian disorders. Here we develop a methodology to determine schedules of light exposure which may shift the human circadian clock in the minimum time. By calculating thousands of schedules, we show how the human circadian pacemaker is predicted to be capable of shifting much more rapidly than previously thought, simply by adjusting the timing of the beginning and end of each day. Schedules are summarized into general principles of optimal shifting, which can be applied without knowledge of the schedules themselves.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirill Serkh
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Graduate School of Arts & Sciences, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
| | - Daniel B. Forger
- Department of Mathematics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, United States of America
- * E-mail: .
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An S, Harang R, Meeker K, Granados-Fuentes D, Tsai CA, Mazuski C, Kim J, Doyle FJ, Petzold LR, Herzog ED. A neuropeptide speeds circadian entrainment by reducing intercellular synchrony. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:E4355-61. [PMID: 24167276 PMCID: PMC3832006 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1307088110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Shift work or transmeridian travel can desynchronize the body's circadian rhythms from local light-dark cycles. The mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) generates and entrains daily rhythms in physiology and behavior. Paradoxically, we found that vasoactive intestinal polypeptide (VIP), a neuropeptide implicated in synchrony among SCN cells, can also desynchronize them. The degree and duration of desynchronization among SCN neurons depended on both the phase and the dose of VIP. A model of the SCN consisting of coupled stochastic cells predicted both the phase- and the dose-dependent response to VIP and that the transient phase desynchronization, or "phase tumbling", could arise from intrinsic, stochastic noise in small populations of key molecules (notably, Period mRNA near its daily minimum). The model also predicted that phase tumbling following brief VIP treatment would accelerate entrainment to shifted environmental cycles. We tested this using a prepulse of VIP during the day before a shift in either a light cycle in vivo or a temperature cycle in vitro. Although VIP during the day does not shift circadian rhythms, the VIP pretreatment approximately halved the time required for mice to reentrain to an 8-h shifted light schedule and for SCN cultures to reentrain to a 10-h shifted temperature cycle. We conclude that VIP below 100 nM synchronizes SCN cells and above 100 nM reduces synchrony in the SCN. We show that exploiting these mechanisms that transiently reduce cellular synchrony before a large shift in the schedule of daily environmental cues has the potential to reduce jet lag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungwon An
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Rich Harang
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3110; and
| | - Kirsten Meeker
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3110; and
| | | | - Connie A. Tsai
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Cristina Mazuski
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Jihee Kim
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130
| | - Francis J. Doyle
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara CA 93106-5080
| | - Linda R. Petzold
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Santa Barbara, CA 93106-3110; and
| | - Erik D. Herzog
- Department of Biology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, MO 63130
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Kim SJ, Benloucif S, Reid KJ, Weintraub S, Kennedy N, Wolfe LF, Zee PC. Phase-shifting response to light in older adults. J Physiol 2013; 592:189-202. [PMID: 24144880 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.262899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Age-related changes in circadian rhythms may contribute to the sleep disruption observed in older adults. A reduction in responsiveness to photic stimuli in the circadian timing system has been hypothesized as a possible reason for the advanced circadian phase in older adults. This project compared phase-shifting responses to 2 h of broad-spectrum white light at moderate and high intensities in younger and older adults. Subjects included 29 healthy young (25.1 ± 4.1 years; male to female ratio: 8: 21) and 16 healthy older (66.5 ± 6.0 years; male to female ratio: 5: 11) subjects, who participated in two 4-night and 3-day laboratory stays, separated by at least 3 weeks. Subjects were randomly assigned to one of three different time-points, 8 h before (-8), 3 h before (-3) or 3 h after (+3) the core body temperature minimum (CBTmin) measured on the baseline night. For each condition, subjects were exposed in a randomized order to 2 h light pulses of two intensities (2000 lux and 8000 lux) during the two different laboratory stays. Phase shifts were analysed according to the time of melatonin midpoint on the nights before and after light exposure. Older subjects in this study showed an earlier baseline phase and lower amplitude of melatonin rhythm compared to younger subjects, but there was no evidence of age-related changes in the magnitude or direction of phase shifts of melatonin midpoint in response to 2 h of light at either 2000 lux or 8000 lux. These results indicate that the acute phase-shifting response to moderate- or high-intensity broad spectrum light is not significantly affected by age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seong Jae Kim
- S. J. Kim: Abbott Hall, 5th Floor, 710 North Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
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Fukuda H, Murase H, Tokuda IT. Controlling circadian rhythms by dark-pulse perturbations in Arabidopsis thaliana. Sci Rep 2013; 3:1533. [PMID: 23524981 PMCID: PMC3607175 DOI: 10.1038/srep01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2013] [Accepted: 03/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant circadian systems are composed of a large number of self-sustained cellular circadian oscillators. Although the light-dark signal in the natural environment is known to be the most powerful Zeitgeber for the entrainment of cellular oscillators, its effect is too strong to control the plant rhythm into various forms of synchrony. Here, we show that the application of pulse perturbations, i.e., short-term injections of darkness under constant light, provides a novel technique for controlling the synchronized behavior of plant rhythm in Arabidopsis thaliana. By destroying the synchronized cellular activities, circadian singularity was experimentally induced. The present technique is based upon the theory of phase oscillators, which does not require prior knowledge of the detailed dynamics of the plant system but only knowledge of its phase and amplitude responses to the pulse perturbation. Our approach can be applied to diverse problems of controlling biological rhythms in living systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirokazu Fukuda
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka Prefecture University, Sakai 599-8531, Japan.
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Attenuation of the posttranslational oscillator via transcription-translation feedback enhances circadian-phase shifts in Synechococcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:14486-91. [PMID: 23940358 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302243110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are endogenous biological timing processes that are ubiquitous in organisms ranging from cyanobacteria to humans. In the photoautotrophic unicellular cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus PCC 7942, under continuous light (LL) conditions, the transcription-translation feedback loop (TTFL) of KaiC generates a rhythmic change in the accumulation of KaiC relative to KaiA clock proteins (KaiC/KaiA ratio), which peak and trough at subjective dawn and dusk, respectively. However, the role of TTFL in the cyanobacterial circadian system remains unclear because it is not an essential requirement for the basic oscillation driven by the Kai-based posttranslational oscillator (PTO) and the transcriptional output mechanisms. Here, we show that TTFL is important for the circadian photic resetting property in Synechococcus. The robustness of PTO, which is exemplified by the amplitude of the KaiC phosphorylation cycle, changed depending on the KaiC/KaiA ratio, which was cyclic under LL. After cells were transferred from LL to the dark, the clock protein levels remained constant in the dark. When cells were transferred from LL to continuous dark at subjective dawn, the KaiC phosphorylation cycle was attenuated with a lower KaiC/KaiA ratio, a higher KaiC phosphorylation level, and a lower amplitude than that in cells transferred at subjective dusk. We also found that the greater the degree to which PTO was attenuated in continuous dark, the greater the phase shifts upon the subsequent light exposure. Based on these results, we propose that TTFL enhances resetting of the Kai-based PTO in Synechococcus.
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Martin GM. “Orphan” phenotypes in gerontological research. Aging Clin Exp Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03324182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Barnea M, Sherman H, Genzer Y, Froy O. Association Between Phase Shifts, Expression Levels, and Amplitudes in Peripheral Circadian Clocks. Chronobiol Int 2013; 30:618-27. [DOI: 10.3109/07420528.2012.754456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Evans JA, Davidson AJ. Health consequences of circadian disruption in humans and animal models. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2013; 119:283-323. [PMID: 23899601 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-396971-2.00010-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Daily rhythms in behavior and physiology are programmed by a hierarchical collection of biological clocks located throughout the brain and body, known as the circadian system. Mounting evidence indicates that disruption of circadian regulation is associated with a wide variety of adverse health consequences, including increased risk for premature death, cancer, metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular dysfunction, immune dysregulation, reproductive problems, mood disorders, and learning deficits. Here we review the evidence for the pervasive effects of circadian disruption in humans and animal models, drawing from both environmental and genetic studies, and identify questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer A Evans
- Department of Neurobiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
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Chen Z, Yoo SH, Takahashi JS. Small molecule modifiers of circadian clocks. Cell Mol Life Sci 2012; 70:2985-98. [PMID: 23161063 PMCID: PMC3760145 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-012-1207-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Circadian clocks orchestrate 24-h oscillations of essential physiological and behavioral processes in response to daily environmental changes. These clocks are remarkably precise under constant conditions yet highly responsive to resetting signals. With the molecular composition of the core oscillator largely established, recent research has increasingly focused on clock-modifying mechanisms/molecules. In particular, small molecule modifiers, intrinsic or extrinsic, are emerging as powerful tools for understanding basic clock biology as well as developing putative therapeutic agents for clock-associated diseases. In this review, we will focus on synthetic compounds capable of modifying the period, phase, or amplitude of circadian clocks, with particular emphasis on the mammalian clock. We will discuss the potential of exploiting these small molecule modifiers in both basic and translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Chen
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St., Houston, TX 77030
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
| | - Seung-Hee Yoo
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
| | - Joseph S. Takahashi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd., Dallas, TX 75390
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: ;
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Teixeira L, Lowden A, Luz AAD, Turte SL, Moreno CR, Valente D, Nagai-Manelli R, Louzada FM, Fischer FM. Exposure to bright light during evening class hours increases alertness among working college students. Sleep Med 2012; 14:91-7. [PMID: 23127584 DOI: 10.1016/j.sleep.2012.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/12/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effects of exposure to bright light on sleepiness during evening hours among college students. METHODS Twenty-seven healthy college students, all males, with ages ranging from 21 to 24years, working during the day and studying in the evening, participated in this study. During the 3week study, the students wore actigraphs and recorded levels of sleepiness. In a crossover design, on the second and third weeks, the students were exposed to bright light (BL) at either 19:00 or 21:00h. Salivary melatonin samples were collected before and after BL exposure. ANOVA test for repeated measurements were performed. RESULTS After BL exposure, sleepiness levels were reduced at 20:30 and 22:00h (F=2.2; p<0.05). ANOVA showed statistical differences between time (F=4.84; p=0.04) and between day and time of BL exposure (F=4.24; p=0.05). The results showed effects of melatonin onset at 20:00 and 21:30h and sleepiness levels (F=7.67; p=0.02) and perception of sleepiness and intervention time (F=6.52; p=0.01). CONCLUSION Controlled exposure to BL during evening hours increased alertness among college students. The effects of BL on sleepiness varied according to the time of melatonin onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liliane Teixeira
- National School of Public Health, FIOCRUZ, 1480 Leopoldo Bulhões St., Office 17, Rio de Janeiro 21041-210, RJ, Brazil.
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