1
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Nguyen K, Karn J. The sounds of silencing: dynamic epigenetic control of HIV latency. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:102-109. [PMID: 38547337 PMCID: PMC10990033 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review highlights advances in understanding the epigenetic control mechanisms that regulate HIV-1 latency mechanisms in T-cells and microglial cells and describes the potential of current therapeutic approaches targeting the epigenetic machinery to eliminate or block the HIV-1 latent reservoir. RECENT FINDINGS Large-scale unbiased CRISPR-Cas9 library-based screenings, coupled with biochemical studies, have comprehensively identified the epigenetic factors pivotal in regulating HIV-1 latency, paving the way for potential novel targets in therapeutic development. These studies also highlight how the bivalency observed at the HIV-1 5'LTR primes latent proviruses for rapid reactivation. SUMMARY The HIV-1 latent is established very early during infection, and its persistence is the major obstacle to achieving an HIV-1 cure. Here, we present a succinct summary of the latest research findings, shedding light on the pivotal roles played by host epigenetic machinery in the control of HIV-1 latency. Newly uncovered mechanisms permitting rapid reversal of epigenetic restrictions upon viral reactivation highlight the formidable challenges of achieving enduring and irreversible epigenetic silencing of HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kien Nguyen
- Department of Molecular Biology & Microbiology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
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2
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Boretti A. mRNA vaccine boosters and impaired immune system response in immune compromised individuals: a narrative review. Clin Exp Med 2024; 24:23. [PMID: 38280109 PMCID: PMC10821957 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01264-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Over the last 24 months, there has been growing evidence of a correlation between mRNA COVID-19 vaccine boosters and increased prevalence of COVID-19 infection and other pathologies. Recent works have added possible causation to correlation. mRNA vaccine boosters may impair immune system response in immune compromised individuals. Multiple doses of the mRNA COVID-19 vaccines may result in much higher levels of IgG 4 antibodies, or also impaired activation of CD4 + and CD8 + T cells. The opportunity for mRNA vaccine boosters to impair the immune system response needs careful consideration, as this impacts the cost-to-benefit ratio of the boosters' practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Boretti
- Melbourne Institute of Technology, The Argus, 288 La Trobe St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
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3
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Bailin SS, Kropski JA, Gangula RD, Hannah L, Simmons JD, Mashayekhi M, Ye F, Fan R, Mallal S, Warren CM, Kalams SA, Gabriel CL, Wanjalla CN, Koethe JR. Changes in subcutaneous white adipose tissue cellular composition and molecular programs underlie glucose intolerance in persons with HIV. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1152003. [PMID: 37711619 PMCID: PMC10499182 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1152003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) is a critical regulator of systemic metabolic homeostasis. Persons with HIV (PWH) have an increased risk of metabolic diseases and significant alterations in the SAT immune environment compared with the general population. Methods We generated a comprehensive single-cell multi-omic SAT atlas to characterize cellular compositional and transcriptional changes in 59 PWH across a spectrum of metabolic health. Results Glucose intolerance was associated with increased lipid-associated macrophages, CD4+ and CD8+ T effector memory cells, and decreased perivascular macrophages. We observed a coordinated intercellular regulatory program which enriched for genes related to inflammation and lipid-processing across multiple cell types as glucose intolerance increased. Increased CD4+ effector memory tissue-resident cells most strongly associated with altered expression of adipocyte genes critical for lipid metabolism and cellular regulation. Intercellular communication analysis demonstrated enhanced pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling between immune cells and stromal cells in PWH with glucose intolerance compared with non-diabetic PWH. Lastly, while cell type-specific gene expression among PWH with diabetes was globally similar to HIV-negative individuals with diabetes, we observed substantially divergent intercellular communication pathways. Discussion These findings suggest a central role of tissue-resident immune cells in regulating SAT inflammation among PWH with metabolic disease, and underscore unique mechanisms that may converge to promote metabolic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S. Bailin
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Jonathan A. Kropski
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy, Pulmonary, and Critical Care Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- Deparment of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Rama D. Gangula
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - LaToya Hannah
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Joshua D. Simmons
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Mona Mashayekhi
- Department of Medicine, Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology, and Metabolism, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Fei Ye
- Department of Biostatics, Division of Epidemiology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Run Fan
- Department of Biostatistics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Insitute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Murdoch University, Perth, WA, Australia
- Vanderbilt Technologies for Advanced Genomics, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Christian M. Warren
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Spyros A. Kalams
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Tennessee Center for AIDS Research, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Curtis L. Gabriel
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Celestine N. Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - John R. Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, TN, United States
- Center for Translational Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, United States
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4
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Finnegan D, Tocmo R, Loscher C. Targeted Application of Functional Foods as Immune Fitness Boosters in the Defense against Viral Infection. Nutrients 2023; 15:3371. [PMID: 37571308 PMCID: PMC10421353 DOI: 10.3390/nu15153371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent times, the emergence of viral infections, including the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the monkeypox virus, and, most recently, the Langya virus, has highlighted the devastating effects of viral infection on human life. There has been significant progress in the development of efficacious vaccines for the prevention and control of viruses; however, the high rates of viral mutation and transmission necessitate the need for novel methods of control, management, and prevention. In recent years, there has been a shift in public awareness on health and wellbeing, with consumers making significant dietary changes to improve their immunity and overall health. This rising health awareness is driving a global increase in the consumption of functional foods. This review delves into the benefits of functional foods as potential natural means to modulate the host immune system to enhance defense against viral infections. We provide an overview of the functional food market in Europe and discuss the benefits of enhancing immune fitness in high-risk groups, including the elderly, those with obesity, and people with underlying chronic conditions. We also discuss the immunomodulatory mechanisms of key functional foods, including dairy proteins and hydrolysates, plant-based functional foods, fermentates, and foods enriched with vitamin D, zinc, and selenium. Our findings reveal four key immunity boosting mechanisms by functional foods, including inhibition of viral proliferation and binding to host cells, modulation of the innate immune response in macrophages and dendritic cells, enhancement of specific immune responses in T cells and B cells, and promotion of the intestinal barrier function. Overall, this review demonstrates that diet-derived nutrients and functional foods show immense potential to boost viral immunity in high-risk individuals and can be an important approach to improving overall immune health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Christine Loscher
- School of Biotechnology, Dublin City University, D09 DX63 Dublin, Ireland; (D.F.); (R.T.)
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5
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ToVinh M, Hörr G, Hoffmeister C, Dobrikova K, Gotter C, Raabe J, Kaiser KM, Ahmad S, Finnemann C, Matejec E, Hack G, Bischoff J, Rieke GJ, Schwarze-Zander C, Boesecke C, van Bremen K, Wasmuth JC, Eis-Hübinger AM, Streeck H, Verhasselt HL, Oldenburg J, Strassburg CP, Rockstroh JK, Spengler U, Krämer B, Nattermann J. HIV-Associated Microbial Translocation May Affect Cytokine Production of CD56bright NK Cells via Stimulation of Monocytes. J Infect Dis 2023; 227:577-582. [PMID: 36520641 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in HIV-associated natural killer (NK) cell impairment are still incompletely understood. We observed HIV infection to be associated with increased plasma levels of IFABP, a marker for gut epithelial barrier dysfunction, and LBP, a marker for microbial translocation. Both IFABP and LBP plasma concentrations were inversely correlated with NK cell interferon-γ production, suggesting microbial translocation to modulate NK cell functions. Accordingly, we found lipopolysaccharide to have an indirect inhibitory effect on NK cells via triggering monocytes' transforming growth factor-β production. Taken together, our data suggest increased microbial translocation to be involved in HIV-associated NK cell dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael ToVinh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Gregor Hörr
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Hoffmeister
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Kristiyana Dobrikova
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christina Gotter
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan Raabe
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kim M Kaiser
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sarah Ahmad
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Claudia Finnemann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Eyleen Matejec
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gudrun Hack
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jenny Bischoff
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Gereon J Rieke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Carolynne Schwarze-Zander
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Boesecke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin van Bremen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Jan-Christian Wasmuth
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Anna M Eis-Hübinger
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hendrik Streeck
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Hedda L Verhasselt
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Johannes Oldenburg
- Institute for Experimental Hematology and Transfusion Medicine, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian P Strassburg
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen K Rockstroh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Ulrich Spengler
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
| | - Benjamin Krämer
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jacob Nattermann
- Department of Internal Medicine I, Medical Faculty, University Hospital Bonn, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research, Thematical Translation Units HIV, Cologne/Bonn, Germany
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6
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Topchyan P, Zander R, Kasmani MY, Nguyen C, Brown A, Lin S, Burns R, Cui W. Spatial transcriptomics demonstrates the role of CD4 T cells in effector CD8 T cell differentiation during chronic viral infection. Cell Rep 2022; 41:111736. [PMID: 36450262 PMCID: PMC9792173 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
CD4 T cell help is critical to sustain effector CD8 T cell responses during chronic infection, notably via T follicular helper (Tfh)-derived interleukin-21 (IL-21). Conversely, CD4 depletion results in severe CD8 T cell dysfunction and lifelong viremia despite CD4 T cell reemergence following transient depletion. These observations suggest that repopulating CD4 subsets are functionally or numerically insufficient to orchestrate a robust CD8 response. We utilize spatial transcriptomics and single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) to investigate CD4 T cell heterogeneity under CD4-replete and -deplete conditions and explore cellular interactions during chronic infection. Although IL-21-producing Tfh cells repopulate following transient CD4 depletion, they are outnumbered by immunomodulatory CD4 T cells. Moreover, the splenic architecture appears perturbed, with decreases in white pulp regions, coinciding with germinal center losses. These disruptions in splenic architecture are associated with diminished Tfh and progenitor CD8 T cell colocalization, providing a potential mechanism for impaired progenitor-to-effector CD8 T cell differentiation during "un-helped" conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paytsar Topchyan
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ryan Zander
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Moujtaba Y Kasmani
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Christine Nguyen
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Ashley Brown
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
| | - Robert Burns
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA
| | - Weiguo Cui
- Blood Research Institute, Versiti Wisconsin, 8727 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53213, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical College of Wisconsin, 8701 West Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA.
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7
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Baliu-Piqué M, Tesselaar K, Borghans JAM. Are homeostatic mechanisms aiding the reconstitution of the T-cell pool during lymphopenia in humans? Front Immunol 2022; 13:1059481. [PMID: 36483556 PMCID: PMC9723355 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1059481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A timely recovery of T-cell numbers following haematopoietic stem-cell transplantation (HSCT) is essential for preventing complications, such as increased risk of infection and disease relapse. In analogy to the occurrence of lymphopenia-induced proliferation in mice, T-cell dynamics in humans are thought to be homeostatically regulated in a cell density-dependent manner. The idea is that T cells divide faster and/or live longer when T-cell numbers are low, thereby helping the reconstitution of the T-cell pool. T-cell reconstitution after HSCT is, however, known to occur notoriously slowly. In fact, the evidence for the existence of homeostatic mechanisms in humans is quite ambiguous, since lymphopenia is often associated with infectious complications and immune activation, which confound the study of homeostatic regulation. This calls into question whether homeostatic mechanisms aid the reconstitution of the T-cell pool during lymphopenia in humans. Here we review the changes in T-cell dynamics in different situations of T-cell deficiency in humans, including the early development of the immune system after birth, healthy ageing, HIV infection, thymectomy and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). We discuss to what extent these changes in T-cell dynamics are a side-effect of increased immune activation during lymphopenia, and to what extent they truly reflect homeostatic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - José A. M. Borghans
- Center for Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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8
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Xiao Q, Yu F, Yan L, Zhao H, Zhang F. Alterations in circulating markers in HIV/AIDS patients with poor immune reconstitution: Novel insights from microbial translocation and innate immunity. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1026070. [PMID: 36325329 PMCID: PMC9618587 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1026070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After long-term anti-retroviral therapy (ART) treatment, most human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/Acquired Immure Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) patients can achieve virological suppression and gradual recovery of CD4+ T-lymphocyte (CD4+ T cell) counts. However, some patients still fail to attain normal CD4+ T cell counts; this group of patients are called immune non-responders (INRs), and these patients show severe immune dysfunction. The potential mechanism of poor immune reconstitution (PIR) remains unclear and the identification of uniform biomarkers to predict the occurrence of PIR is particularly vital. But limited information is available on the relationship between circulating markers of INRs and immune recovery. Hence, this review summarises alterations in the intestine microbiota and associated markers in the setting of PIR to better understand host-microbiota-metabolite interactions in HIV immune reconstitution and to identify biomarkers that can predict recovery of CD4+ T cell counts in INRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Xiao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fengting Yu
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Liting Yan
- Infectious Disease Department, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxin Zhao
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fujie Zhang
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Clinical Center for HIV/AIDS, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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9
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Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
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10
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Luo X, Frouard J, Zhang G, Neidleman J, Xie G, Sheedy E, Roan NR, Greene WC. Subsets of Tissue CD4 T Cells Display Different Susceptibilities to HIV Infection and Death: Analysis by CyTOF and Single Cell RNA-seq. Front Immunol 2022; 13:883420. [PMID: 35784348 PMCID: PMC9245423 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.883420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4 T lymphocytes belong to diverse cellular subsets whose sensitivity or resistance to HIV-associated killing remains to be defined. Working with lymphoid cells from human tonsils, we characterized the HIV-associated depletion of various CD4 T cell subsets using mass cytometry and single-cell RNA-seq. CD4 T cell subsets preferentially killed by HIV are phenotypically distinct from those resistant to HIV-associated cell death, in a manner not fully accounted for by their susceptibility to productive infection. Preferentially-killed subsets express CXCR5 and CXCR4 while preferentially-infected subsets exhibit an activated and exhausted effector memory cell phenotype. Single-cell RNA-seq analysis reveals that the subsets of preferentially-killed cells express genes favoring abortive infection and pyroptosis. These studies emphasize a complex interplay between HIV and distinct tissue-based CD4 T cell subsets, and the important contribution of abortive infection and inflammatory programmed cell death to the overall depletion of CD4 T cells that accompanies untreated HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyu Luo
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Julie Frouard
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Gang Zhang
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Jason Neidleman
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Guorui Xie
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emma Sheedy
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Nadia R. Roan
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Urology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Warner C. Greene
- Gladstone Institute of Virology, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Warner C. Greene,
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11
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Jiang S, Chan CN, Rovira-Clavé X, Chen H, Bai Y, Zhu B, McCaffrey E, Greenwald NF, Liu C, Barlow GL, Weirather JL, Oliveria JP, Nakayama T, Lee IT, Matter MS, Carlisle AE, Philips D, Vazquez G, Mukherjee N, Busman-Sahay K, Nekorchuk M, Terry M, Younger S, Bosse M, Demeter J, Rodig SJ, Tzankov A, Goltsev Y, McIlwain DR, Angelo M, Estes JD, Nolan GP. Combined protein and nucleic acid imaging reveals virus-dependent B cell and macrophage immunosuppression of tissue microenvironments. Immunity 2022; 55:1118-1134.e8. [PMID: 35447093 PMCID: PMC9220319 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the mechanisms of HIV tissue persistence necessitates the ability to visualize tissue microenvironments where infected cells reside; however, technological barriers limit our ability to dissect the cellular components of these HIV reservoirs. Here, we developed protein and nucleic acid in situ imaging (PANINI) to simultaneously quantify DNA, RNA, and protein levels within these tissue compartments. By coupling PANINI with multiplexed ion beam imaging (MIBI), we measured over 30 parameters simultaneously across archival lymphoid tissues from healthy or simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)-infected nonhuman primates. PANINI enabled the spatial dissection of cellular phenotypes, functional markers, and viral events resulting from infection. SIV infection induced IL-10 expression in lymphoid B cells, which correlated with local macrophage M2 polarization. This highlights a potential viral mechanism for conditioning an immunosuppressive tissue environment for virion production. The spatial multimodal framework here can be extended to decipher tissue responses in other infectious diseases and tumor biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sizun Jiang
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Chi Ngai Chan
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | | | - Han Chen
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yunhao Bai
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bokai Zhu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Erin McCaffrey
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Candace Liu
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Graham L Barlow
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jason L Weirather
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John Paul Oliveria
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Tsuguhisa Nakayama
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ivan T Lee
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA; Division of Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthias S Matter
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anne E Carlisle
- Center of Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Faber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Darci Philips
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Gustavo Vazquez
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Kathleen Busman-Sahay
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Michael Nekorchuk
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Margaret Terry
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Skyler Younger
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Marc Bosse
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Janos Demeter
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Alexandar Tzankov
- Pathology, Institute of Medical Genetics and Pathology, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Yury Goltsev
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | - Michael Angelo
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jacob D Estes
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA; Division of Pathobiology & Immunology, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA.
| | - Garry P Nolan
- Department of Pathology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.
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12
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Ta TM, Malik S, Anderson EM, Jones AD, Perchik J, Freylikh M, Sardo L, Klase ZA, Izumi T. Insights Into Persistent HIV-1 Infection and Functional Cure: Novel Capabilities and Strategies. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:862270. [PMID: 35572626 PMCID: PMC9093714 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.862270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although HIV-1 replication can be efficiently suppressed to undetectable levels in peripheral blood by combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), lifelong medication is still required in people living with HIV (PLWH). Life expectancies have been extended by cART, but age-related comorbidities have increased which are associated with heavy physiological and economic burdens on PLWH. The obstacle to a functional HIV cure can be ascribed to the formation of latent reservoir establishment at the time of acute infection that persists during cART. Recent studies suggest that some HIV reservoirs are established in the early acute stages of HIV infection within multiple immune cells that are gradually shaped by various host and viral mechanisms and may undergo clonal expansion. Early cART initiation has been shown to reduce the reservoir size in HIV-infected individuals. Memory CD4+ T cell subsets are regarded as the predominant cellular compartment of the HIV reservoir, but monocytes and derivative macrophages or dendritic cells also play a role in the persistent virus infection. HIV latency is regulated at multiple molecular levels in transcriptional and post-transcriptional processes. Epigenetic regulation of the proviral promoter can profoundly regulate the viral transcription. In addition, transcriptional elongation, RNA splicing, and nuclear export pathways are also involved in maintaining HIV latency. Although most proviruses contain large internal deletions, some defective proviruses may induce immune activation by expressing viral proteins or producing replication-defective viral-like particles. In this review article, we discuss the state of the art on mechanisms of virus persistence in the periphery and tissue and summarize interdisciplinary approaches toward a functional HIV cure, including novel capabilities and strategies to measure and eliminate the infected reservoirs and induce immune control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tram M. Ta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sajjaf Malik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Office of the Assistant Secretary for Health, Region 3, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Washington, DC, United States
| | - Amber D. Jones
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jocelyn Perchik
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Maryann Freylikh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Luca Sardo
- Department of Infectious Disease and Vaccines, Merck & Co., Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, United States
| | - Zackary A. Klase
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States,Center for Neuroimmunology and CNS Therapeutics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Drexel University of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Taisuke Izumi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Misher College of Arts and Sciences, University of the Sciences in Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, United States,*Correspondence: Taisuke Izumi,
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13
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Wong CS, Buckner CM, Lage SL, Pei L, Assis FL, Dahlstrom EW, Anzick SL, Virtaneva K, Rupert A, Davis JL, Zhou T, Laidlaw E, Manion M, Galindo F, Anderson M, Seamon CA, Sneller MC, Lisco A, Deleage C, Pittaluga S, Moir S, Sereti I. Rapid Emergence of T Follicular Helper and Germinal Center B Cells Following Antiretroviral Therapy in Advanced HIV Disease. Front Immunol 2021; 12:752782. [PMID: 34938286 PMCID: PMC8686113 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.752782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Low nadir CD4 T-cell counts in HIV+ patients are associated with high morbidity and mortality and lasting immune dysfunction, even after antiretroviral therapy (ART). The early events of immune recovery of T cells and B cells in severely lymphopenic HIV+ patients have not been fully characterized. In a cohort of lymphopenic (CD4 T-cell count < 100/µL) HIV+ patients, we studied mononuclear cells isolated from peripheral blood (PB) and lymph nodes (LN) pre-ART (n = 40) and 6-8 weeks post-ART (n = 30) with evaluation of cellular immunophenotypes; histology on LN sections; functionality of circulating T follicular helper (cTfh) cells; transcriptional and B-cell receptor profile on unfractionated LN and PB samples; and plasma biomarker measurements. A group of 19 healthy controls (HC, n = 19) was used as a comparator. T-cell and B-cell lymphopenia was present in PB pre-ART in HIV+ patients. CD4:CD8 and CD4 T- and B-cell PB subsets partly normalized compared to HC post-ART as viral load decreased. Strikingly in LN, ART led to a rapid decrease in interferon signaling pathways and an increase in Tfh, germinal center and IgD-CD27- B cells, consistent with histological findings of post-ART follicular hyperplasia. However, there was evidence of cTfh cells with decreased helper capacity and of limited B-cell receptor diversification post-ART. In conclusion, we found early signs of immune reconstitution, evidenced by a surge in LN germinal center cells, albeit limited in functionality, in HIV+ patients who initiate ART late in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Shu Wong
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Clarisa M. Buckner
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Silvia Lucena Lage
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Luxin Pei
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Felipe L. Assis
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Eric W. Dahlstrom
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Sarah L. Anzick
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Kimmo Virtaneva
- Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Adam Rupert
- Leidos Biomedical Research Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Jeremy L. Davis
- Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ting Zhou
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Elizabeth Laidlaw
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Maura Manion
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Frances Galindo
- Intramural Clinical Management and Operations Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Megan Anderson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Catherine A. Seamon
- Critical Care Medicine, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Michael C. Sneller
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Andrea Lisco
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, United States
| | - Stefania Pittaluga
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Susan Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Irini Sereti
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, United States
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14
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Guo Z, Zhang Z, Prajapati M, Li Y. Lymphopenia Caused by Virus Infections and the Mechanisms Beyond. Viruses 2021; 13:v13091876. [PMID: 34578457 PMCID: PMC8473169 DOI: 10.3390/v13091876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections can give rise to a systemic decrease in the total number of lymphocytes in the blood, referred to as lymphopenia. Lymphopenia may affect the host adaptive immune responses and impact the clinical course of acute viral infections. Detailed knowledge on how viruses induce lymphopenia would provide valuable information into the pathogenesis of viral infections and potential therapeutic targeting. In this review, the current progress of viruses-induced lymphopenia is summarized and the potential mechanisms and factors involved are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zijing Guo
- State Key Laboratory on Veterinary Etiological Biology, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou 730030, China;
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
| | - Meera Prajapati
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- National Animal Health Research Centre, Nepal Agricultural Research Council, Lalitpur 44700, Nepal
| | - Yanmin Li
- College of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine, Southwest Minzu University, Chengdu 610041, China; (Z.Z.); (M.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +28-85528276
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15
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Li J, Huang HH, Tu B, Zhou MJ, Hu W, Fu YL, Li XY, Yang T, Song JW, Fan X, Jiao YM, Xu RN, Zhang JY, Zhou CB, Yuan JH, Zhen C, Shi M, Wang FS, Zhang C. Reversal of the CD8 + T-Cell Exhaustion Induced by Chronic HIV-1 Infection Through Combined Blockade of the Adenosine and PD-1 Pathways. Front Immunol 2021; 12:687296. [PMID: 34177939 PMCID: PMC8222537 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.687296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Targeting immune checkpoints for HIV treatment potentially provides a double benefit resulting from the ability to restore viral-specific CD8+ T-cell functions and enhance HIV production from reservoir cells. Despite promising pre-clinical data, PD-1 blockade alone in HIV-1-infected patients with advanced cancer has shown limited benefits in controlling HIV, suggesting the need for additional targets beyond PD-1. CD39 and PD-1 are highly co-expressed on CD8+ T cells in HIV-1 infection. However, the characteristics of CD39 and PD-1 dual-positive CD8+ T-cell subsets in chronic HIV-1 infection remain poorly understood. Methods This study enrolled 72 HIV-1-infected patients, including 40 treatment naïve and 32 ART patients. A total of 11 healthy individuals were included as controls. Different subsets of CD8+ T cells defined by CD39 and/or PD-1 expression were studied by flow cytometry. The relationships between the frequencies of the different subsets and parameters indicating HIV-1 disease progression were analyzed. Functional (i.e., cytokine secretion, viral inhibition) assays were performed to evaluate the impact of the blockade of adenosine and/or PD-1 signaling on CD8+ T cells. Results The proportions of PD-1+, CD39+, and PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells were significantly increased in treatment naïve patients but were partially lowered in patients on antiretroviral therapy. In treatment naïve patients, the proportions of PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells were negatively correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio, and were positively correlated with viral load. CD39+CD8+ T cells expressed high levels of the A2A adenosine receptor and were more sensitive to 2-chloroadenosine-mediated functional inhibition than their CD39- counterparts. In vitro, a combination of blocking CD39/adenosine and PD-1 signaling showed a synergic effect in restoring CD8+ T-cell function, as evidenced by enhanced abilities to secrete functional cytokines and to kill autologous reservoir cells. Conclusion In patients with chronic HIV-1 infection there are increased frequencies of PD-1+, CD39+, and PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells. In treatment naïve patients, the frequencies of PD-1+CD39+ CD8+ T cells are negatively correlated with CD4+ T-cell counts and the CD4/CD8 ratio and positively correlated with viral load. Combined blockade of CD39/adenosine and PD-1 signaling in vitro may exert a synergistic effect in restoring CD8+ T-cell function in HIV-1-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Hui-Huang Huang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Tu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming-Ju Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Yu-Long Fu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Savaid Medical School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao-Yu Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Bengbu Medical University, Bengbu, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China.,Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Wen Song
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Xing Fan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Yan-Mei Jiao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ruo-Nan Xu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ji-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chun-Bao Zhou
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Jin-Hong Yuan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Cheng Zhen
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Ming Shi
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Fu-Sheng Wang
- Peking University 302 Clinical Medical School, Beijing, China.,Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Department of Infectious Diseases, The Fifth Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing, China
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16
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Lu L, Wang J, Yang Q, Xie X, Huang Y. The role of CD38 in HIV infection. AIDS Res Ther 2021; 18:11. [PMID: 33820568 PMCID: PMC8021004 DOI: 10.1186/s12981-021-00330-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The widely-expressed molecule CD38 is a single-stranded type II transmembrane glycoprotein that is mainly involved in regulating the differentiation and activation state of the cell. CD38 has broad and complex functions, including enzymatic activity, intercellular signal transduction, cell activation, cytokine production, receptor function and adhesion activity, and it plays an important role in the physiological and pathological processes of many diseases. Many studies have shown that CD38 is related to the occurrence and development of HIV infection, and CD38 may regulate its progression through different mechanisms. Therefore, investigating the role of CD38 in HIV infection and the potential signaling pathways that are involved may provide a new perspective on potential treatments for HIV infection. In the present review, the current understanding of the roles CD38 plays in HIV infection are summarized. In addition, the specific role of CD38 in the process of HIV infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes is also discussed.
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17
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Ujeneza EL, Ndifon W, Sawry S, Fatti G, Riou J, Davies MA, Nieuwoudt M. A mechanistic model for long-term immunological outcomes in South African HIV-infected children and adults receiving ART. eLife 2021; 10:42390. [PMID: 33443013 PMCID: PMC7857728 DOI: 10.7554/elife.42390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Long-term effects of the growing population of HIV-treated people in Southern Africa on individuals and the public health sector at large are not yet understood. This study proposes a novel ‘ratio’ model that relates CD4+ T-cell counts of HIV-infected individuals to the CD4+ count reference values from healthy populations. We use mixed-effects regression to fit the model to data from 1616 children (median age 4.3 years at ART initiation) and 14,542 adults (median age 36 years at ART initiation). We found that the scaled carrying capacity, maximum CD4+ count relative to an HIV-negative individual of similar age, and baseline scaled CD4+ counts were closer to healthy values in children than in adults. Post-ART initiation, CD4+ growth rate was inversely correlated with baseline CD4+ T-cell counts, and consequently higher in adults than children. Our results highlight the impacts of age on dynamics of the immune system of healthy and HIV-infected individuals. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains an ongoing global pandemic. There is currently no cure for HIV, but antiretroviral therapies can keep the virus in check and allow individuals with HIV to live longer, healthier lives. These drugs work in two ways. They block the ability of the virus to multiply and they allow numbers of an important type of infection-fighting cell called CD4+ T cells to rebound. As more patients with HIV survive and transition from one life stage to the next, it is critical to understand how long-term antiretroviral therapies will affect normal age-related changes in their immune systems. The health of an immune system can be evaluated by looking at the number of CD4+ T cells an individual has, though this will vary by age and location. Clinicians use the same metrics to assess the immune health of individuals with HIV, however, as they age, it becomes a challenge to identify if a patient’s immune system recovers normally or insufficiently. Thus, learning more about age-related differences in CD4+ T cells in people living with HIV may help improve their care. Using data from 1,616 children and 14,542 adults from South Africa, Ujeneza et al. created a simple mathematical model that can compare the immune system of person with HIV with the immune system of a similarly aged healthy individual. The model shows that among individuals with HIV receiving antiretroviral therapies, children have CD4+ T-cell numbers that are closest to the numbers seen in healthy individuals of the same age. This suggests that children may be more able to recover immune system function than adults after beginning treatment. Children also start antiretroviral therapies before their immune system has been severely damaged, while adults tend to start treatment much later when they have fewer CD4+ T cells left. Ujeneza et al. show that the fewer CD4+ T cells a person has when they start treatment, the faster the number of these cells grows after starting treatment. This suggests that the more damaged the immune system is, the harder it works to recover. This reinforces the need to identify people infected with HIV as soon as possible through testing and to begin treatment promptly. The new model may help clinicians and policy makers develop screening and treatment protocols tailored to the specific needs of children and adults living with HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Liliane Ujeneza
- Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Next Einstein Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Wilfred Ndifon
- African Institute for Mathematical Sciences (AIMS), Next Einstein Initiative, Kigali, Rwanda
| | - Shobna Sawry
- Harriet Shezi Children's Clinic, Wits Reproductive Health and HIV Institute, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Geoffrey Fatti
- Kheth'Impilo AIDS Free Living, Cape Town, South Africa.,Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Department of Global Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Julien Riou
- Institute of Social and Preventive Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mary-Ann Davies
- Centre for Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Research, School of Public Health and Family Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Martin Nieuwoudt
- Department of Science and Technology and National Research Foundation, South African Centre for Epidemiological Modelling and Analysis (SACEMA), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa.,Institute for Biomedical Engineering (IBE), Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
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18
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Peng X, Ouyang J, Isnard S, Lin J, Fombuena B, Zhu B, Routy JP. Sharing CD4+ T Cell Loss: When COVID-19 and HIV Collide on Immune System. Front Immunol 2020; 11:596631. [PMID: 33384690 PMCID: PMC7770166 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.596631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a distinctive infection characterized by elevated inter-human transmission and presenting from absence of symptoms to severe cytokine storm that can lead to dismal prognosis. Like for HIV, lymphopenia and drastic reduction of CD4+ T cell counts in COVID-19 patients have been linked with poor clinical outcome. As CD4+ T cells play a critical role in orchestrating responses against viral infections, important lessons can be drawn by comparing T cell response in COVID-19 and in HIV infection and by studying HIV-infected patients who became infected by SARS-CoV-2. We critically reviewed host characteristics and hyper-inflammatory response in these two viral infections to have a better insight on the large difference in clinical outcome in persons being infected by SARS-CoV-2. The better understanding of mechanism of T cell dysfunction will contribute to the development of targeted therapy against severe COVID-19 and will help to rationally design vaccine involving T cell response for the long-term control of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaorong Peng
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,CIHR Canadian HIV Trials Network, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Biao Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Bailin SS, McGinnis KA, McDonnell WJ, So-Armah K, Wellons M, Tracy RP, Doyle MF, Mallal S, Justice AC, Freiberg MS, Landay AL, Wanjalla C, Koethe JR. T Lymphocyte Subsets Associated With Prevalent Diabetes in Veterans With and Without Human Immunodeficiency Virus. J Infect Dis 2020; 222:252-262. [PMID: 32052044 PMCID: PMC7323499 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiaa069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A higher proportion of circulating memory CD4+ T cells is associated with prevalent diabetes mellitus in the general population. Given the broad changes in adaptive immunity, including memory T-cell expansion, and rising prevalence of diabetes in the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) population, we assessed whether similar relationships were present in persons with HIV (PWH). METHODS Multiple CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets were measured by flow cytometry, and prevalent diabetes cases were adjudicated by 2 physicians for PWH and HIV-negative participants in the Veterans Aging Cohort Study. Multivariable logistic regression models evaluated the association of T-cell subsets and diabetes stratified by HIV status, adjusted for cytomegalovirus serostatus and traditional risk factors. RESULTS Among 2385 participants (65% PWH, 95% male, 68% African American), higher CD45RO+ memory CD4+ T cells and lower CD38+ CD4+ T cells were associated with prevalent diabetes, and had a similar effect size, in both the PWH and HIV-negative (P ≤ .05 for all). Lower CD38+CD8+ T cells were also associated with diabetes in both groups. CONCLUSIONS The CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets associated with diabetes are similar in PWH and HIV-negative individuals, suggesting that diabetes in PWH may be related to chronic immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel S Bailin
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kathleen A McGinnis
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Wyatt J McDonnell
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Kaku So-Armah
- Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Melissa Wellons
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Margaret F Doyle
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont, USA
| | - Simon Mallal
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Amy C Justice
- Veterans Affairs Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Matthew S Freiberg
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alan L Landay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Celestine Wanjalla
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - John R Koethe
- Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Veterans Affairs Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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20
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The Evolution of Dendritic Cell Immunotherapy against HIV-1 Infection: Improvements and Outlook. J Immunol Res 2020; 2020:9470102. [PMID: 32537473 PMCID: PMC7267878 DOI: 10.1155/2020/9470102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) are key phagocytic cells that play crucial roles in both the innate and adaptive immune responses against the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1). By processing and presenting pathogen-derived antigens, dendritic cells initiate a directed response against infected cells. They activate the adaptive immune system upon recognition of pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs) on infected cells. During the course of HIV-1 infection, a successful adaptive (cytotoxic CD8+ T-cell) response is necessary for preventing the progression and spread of infection in a variety of cells. Dendritic cells have thus been recognized as a valuable tool in the development of immunotherapeutic approaches and vaccines effective against HIV-1. The advancements in dendritic cell vaccines in cancers have paved the way for applications of this form of immunotherapy to HIV-1 infection. Clinical trials with patients infected with HIV-1 who are well-suppressed by antiretroviral therapy (ART) were recently performed to assess the efficacy of DC vaccines, with the goal of mounting an HIV-1 antigen-specific T-cell response, ideally to clear infection and eliminate the need for long-term ART. This review summarizes and compares methods and efficacies of a number of DC vaccine trials utilizing autologous dendritic cells loaded with HIV-1 antigens. The potential for advancement and novel strategies of improving efficacy of this type of immunotherapy is also discussed.
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21
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Ma SM, Mao Q, Yi L, Zhao MQ, Chen JD. Apoptosis, Autophagy, and Pyroptosis: Immune Escape Strategies for Persistent Infection and Pathogenesis of Classical Swine Fever Virus. Pathogens 2019; 8:pathogens8040239. [PMID: 31744077 PMCID: PMC6963731 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical swine fever (CSF) is a severe acute infectious disease that results from classical swine fever virus (CSFV) infection, which leads to serious economic losses in the porcine industry worldwide. In recent years, numerous studies related to the immune escape mechanism of the persistent infection and pathogenesis of CSFV have been performed. Remarkably, several independent groups have reported that apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis play a significant role in the occurrence and development of CSF, as well as in the immunological process. Apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis are the fundamental biological processes that maintain normal homeostatic and metabolic function in eukaryotic organisms. In general, these three cellular biological processes are always understood as an immune defense response initiated by the organism after perceiving a pathogen infection. Nevertheless, several viruses, including CSFV and other common pathogens such as hepatitis C and influenza A, have evolved strategies for infection and replication using these three cellular biological process mechanisms. In this review, we summarize the known roles of apoptosis, autophagy, and pyroptosis in CSFV infection and how viruses manipulate these three cellular biological processes to evade the immune response.
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22
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Linyu L, Ali Abuderman AW, Muzaheed, Acharya S, Divakar DD. Modulation of host immune status by cryptococcus co-infection during HIV-1 pathogenesis and its impact on CD+4 cell and cytokines environment. Microb Pathog 2019; 139:103864. [PMID: 31715319 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cryptococcus infection is the second most common opportunistic infection in HIV patients with an increased rate of morbidity and mortality. Altered immune system during HIV- Cryptococcus co-infection is yet to be explored by laboratory. This study evaluates pro- and the anti-inflammatory cytokines in HIV patients with Cryptococcus co-infection and correlate them with CD4+T cell counts as well as viral loads before the initiation of drug therapy. This information would enable to understand host immune modulation and cellular environment during co-infection and understand its impact on HIV pathogenesis. METHODOLOGY The study comprised four categories of patients with cryptococcosis, HIV, HIV-cryptococcosis co-infected and asymptomatic Healthy volunteers. All the patients and healthy individuals were subjected to CD4+T cells count by FACS using monoclonal antibody cocktail CD4+T cell count (counts per mm3) which was counted using multiSET software on FACS caliber. The viral loads were counted in terms of viral RNA copy numbers which was estimated by real-time PCR using by Artus HIV-1 RG. The sensitivity of kit was >70 IU/ml. ELISA was performed for IL-12 p70, IL-12, IL-4, IL-10, IL-6, TNF-α and IFN-Y using commercially kits (BD Biosciences, USA). Significant variations were assayed by Student's t-test and P values ≤ 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS Reduction in CD+4 cell counts was highly significant in HIV patients with or without cryptococcosis. CD4+T cell counts were inversely proportional to viral load. TNF-α levels were raised in cryptococcosis patients significantly higher than healthy individuals. TNF-α was more or less not dependent on viral load but it was more related to the cryptococcosis IL-12 levels were increased in patients with infection and was highest in the HIV infected group. Level of IL-4 was similar in healthy and patients with cryptococcosis but it was elevated in HIV-Crypto co-infected patients. HIV infected patients showed a significant increase in IL-4 level and it was elevated higher in co-infected patients. IL-10 and IL-6 were significantly higher in HIV patients. The fungal infection did not influence the levels of IL-10 in HIV group but IL-6 was low in fungal infected patients. CONCLUSION There are very limited studies related to the immune modulation status of HIV co-infected with Cryptococcus before the initiation of any drug therapy. Such information might through in-depth light to understand the initial state of the immune environment which certainly would play a pivotal role in the outcome of the immune modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Linyu
- Zunyi Medical and Pharmaceutical College, Zunyi City, Guizhou Province, China
| | - Abdul Wahab Ali Abuderman
- Department of Basic Medical Science, College of Medicine, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Muzaheed
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Science, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sadananda Acharya
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Darshan Devang Divakar
- Dental Biomaterials Research Chair, Dental Health Department, College of Applied Medical Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11433, Saudi Arabia
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23
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Grossman Z. Immunological Paradigms, Mechanisms, and Models: Conceptual Understanding Is a Prerequisite to Effective Modeling. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2522. [PMID: 31749803 PMCID: PMC6848063 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Most mathematical models that describe the individual or collective actions of cells aim at creating faithful representations of limited sets of data in a self-consistent manner. Consistency with relevant physiological rules pertaining to the greater picture is rarely imposed. By themselves, such models have limited predictive or even explanatory value, contrary to standard claims. Here I try to show that a more critical examination of currently held paradigms is necessary and could potentially lead to models that pass the test of time. In considering the evolution of paradigms over the past decades I focus on the “smart surveillance” theory of how T cells can respond differentially, individually and collectively, to both self- and foreign antigens depending on various “contextual” parameters. The overall perspective is that physiological messages to cells are encoded not only in the biochemical connections of signaling molecules to the cellular machinery but also in the magnitude, kinetics, and in the time- and space-contingencies, of sets of stimuli. By rationalizing the feasibility of subthreshold interactions, the “dynamic tuning hypothesis,” a central component of the theory, set the ground for further theoretical and experimental explorations of dynamically regulated immune tolerance, homeostasis and diversity, and of the notion that lymphocytes participate in nonclassical physiological functions. Some of these efforts are reviewed. Another focus of this review is the concomitant regulation of immune activation and homeostasis through the operation of a feedback mechanism controlling the balance between renewal and differentiation of activated cells. Different perspectives on the nature and regulation of chronic immune activation in HIV infection have led to conflicting models of HIV pathogenesis—a major area of research for theoretical immunologists over almost three decades—and can have profound impact on ongoing HIV cure strategies. Altogether, this critical review is intended to constructively influence the outlook of prospective model builders and of interested immunologists on the state of the art and to encourage conceptual work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Grossman
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Bethesda, MD, United States.,Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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24
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Swainson LA, Ahn H, Pajanirassa P, Khetarpal V, Deleage C, Estes JD, Hunt PW, Munoz-Sanjuan I, McCune JM. Kynurenine 3-Monooxygenase Inhibition during Acute Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection Lowers PD-1 Expression and Improves Post-Combination Antiretroviral Therapy CD4 + T Cell Counts and Body Weight. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2019; 203:899-910. [PMID: 31285277 PMCID: PMC6684450 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The kynurenine pathway (KP) is a key regulator of many important physiological processes and plays a harmful role in cancer, many neurologic conditions, and chronic viral infections. In HIV infection, KP activity is consistently associated with reduced CD4 T cell counts and elevated levels of T cell activation and viral load; it also independently predicts mortality and morbidity from non-AIDS events. Kynurenine 3-monooxygenase (KMO) is a therapeutically important target in the KP. Using the nonhuman primate model of SIV infection in rhesus macaques, we investigated whether KMO inhibition could slow the course of disease progression. We used a KMO inhibitor, CHDI-340246, to perturb the KP during early acute infection and followed the animals for 1 y to assess clinical outcomes and immune phenotype and function during pre-combination antiretroviral therapy acute infection and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated chronic infection. Inhibition of KMO in acute SIV infection disrupted the KP and prevented SIV-induced increases in downstream metabolites, improving clinical outcome as measured by both increased CD4+ T cell counts and body weight. KMO inhibition increased naive T cell frequency and lowered PD-1 expression in naive and memory T cell subsets. Importantly, early PD-1 expression during acute SIV infection predicted clinical outcomes of body weight and CD4+ T cell counts. Our data indicate that KMO inhibition in early acute SIV infection provides clinical benefit and suggest a rationale for testing KMO inhibition as an adjunctive treatment in SIV/HIV infection to slow the progression of the disease and improve immune reconstitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise A Swainson
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110;
| | - Haelee Ahn
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | - Priya Pajanirassa
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Claire Deleage
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Jacob D Estes
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick, MD 21701
| | - Peter W Hunt
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
| | | | - Joseph M McCune
- Division of Experimental Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94110
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25
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Deng PH, Wang CJ, Armstrong AW. An association between hidradenitis suppurativa and HIV. Br J Dermatol 2019; 182:490-491. [PMID: 31407315 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.18433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- P H Deng
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - C J Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
| | - A W Armstrong
- Department of Dermatology, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, U.S.A
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26
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Suboptimal Immune Reconstitution among HIV-Infected Saudi Patients following Successful Antiretroviral Treatment. CANADIAN JOURNAL OF INFECTIOUS DISEASES & MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2019; 2019:1842106. [PMID: 30755782 PMCID: PMC6348910 DOI: 10.1155/2019/1842106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 11/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Variations in immune reconstitution following antiretroviral treatment (ART) among HIV patients have previously been observed. This study aims at assessing immune reconstitution after successful ART among HIV-infected Saudi patients. Methods This retrospective study of 240 HIV-infected patients was performed between May 2010 and June 2015 in the HIV center at King Saud Hospital, Riyadh. Data were extracted for CD4, CD8 cell, and CD3/HLA-DR counts along with the viral load from patient records before and after four years of successful ART. The inclusion criterion was patients with CD4 reconstitution of either equal to or more than 400 cells/mm3 with an undetectable HIV viral load following ART. Based on their presentation, the HIV patients were grouped into early treatment (ET) and delayed treatment (DT) groups with CD4 counts of 200–350 cells/mm3 and less than 200 cells/mm3, respectively. Findings The pretreatment CD8+ counts of median 865 cells/mm3 (interquartile range (IQR) 774–1072) in the DT group declined to median 753 cells/mm3 (IQR 574–987; p < 0.0001). Moreover, there was a decline in CD8 counts from 703 cells/mm3 (IQR 655–747) to 620 cells/mm3 (IQR 563–645; p < 0.04) in the ET group after four years of successful ART. Pretreatment activation marker (CD3/HLA-DR+) expression of median 29% in the DT group declined to 22% and in the ET group from a median of 23% to 19% after treatment. The CD4/CD8 ratio in the DT group increased from 0.14 (IQR 0.09–0.88) to 0.71 (IQR 0.54–0.9) and from 0.42 (IQR 0.35–0.55) to 0.87 (IQR 0.71–0.98) in the ET group. Conclusion Immune reconstitution after successful ART among HIV-infected Saudi patients was associated with a CD8 T-cell population expansion with a suboptimal CD4/CD8 ratio and persistent immune activation. Early initiation of ART appears to favorably influence the CD4/CD8 ratio.
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Negi N, Mojumdar K, Singh R, Sharma A, Das BK, Sreenivas V, Vajpayee M. Comparative Proliferation Capacity of Gag-C-Specific Naive and Memory CD4+ and CD8+ T Lymphocytes in Rapid, Viremic Slow, and Slow Progressors During Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection. Viral Immunol 2018; 31:513-524. [PMID: 30156469 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2018.0012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The exact cause of altered dynamics in T cells compartment during HIV infection remains elusive to date. In this longitudinal study, the proliferation frequency of different T cell subsets was investigated in untreated HIV-1-infected Indian individuals stratified as rapid (R), viremic slow (VS), slow (S) progressors, and healthy controls. Ten healthy and 20 treatment-naive HIV-1-infected individuals were enrolled. Expression of Ki67 nuclear antigen was examined on HIV-specific T cell subsets in peripheral blood lymphocytes. Upon stimulation with HIV-1 Gag-C peptide pools, effector memory (EM) CD4 T cells (R vs. S, EM CD4, p < 0.05) of R progressors proliferated significantly compared with those of S progressors at baseline. However, central memory (CM) CD8 T cell subsets proliferated significantly in VS and S progressors compared with those in R progressors, wherein highest proliferation frequency of EM CD8 T cells was observed. At follow-up visit, the proliferation frequency of naive CD8 T cells was significantly higher in R progressors than S progressors (R vs. S naive CD8, p < 0.05). The findings suggest altered dynamics of different CD4+ and CD8+ T cell subsets in R, VS, and S progressors. The increase in CM T cell proliferation in VS and S progressors could be attributed to slower progression of the HIV infection. Hence, treatment strategies must be focused on restoring the homeostatic balance to restore T cell functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neema Negi
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | | | - Ravinder Singh
- 3 Department of Paediatrics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Ashutosh Sharma
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Bimal Kumar Das
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Vishnubhatla Sreenivas
- 4 Department of Biostatistics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
| | - Madhu Vajpayee
- 1 Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences , New Delhi, India
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Liu AY, De Rosa SC, Guthrie BL, Choi RY, Kerubo-Bosire R, Richardson BA, Kiarie J, Farquhar C, Lohman-Payne B. High background in ELISpot assays is associated with elevated levels of immune activation in HIV-1-seronegative individuals in Nairobi. IMMUNITY INFLAMMATION AND DISEASE 2018; 6:392-401. [PMID: 29974672 PMCID: PMC6113767 DOI: 10.1002/iid3.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Spontaneous interferon-γ (IFNγ) released detected by enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot) assays may be a biological phenomenon. Markers of immune activation levels were assessed as correlates of high background among individuals in Kenya. METHODS Couples concordantly seronegative for HIV-1 were enrolled. IFN-γ ELISpot assays were conducted and negative control wells were categorized as having either high or low background (≥50 and <50 SFU/106 peripheral blood mononuclear cells [PBMC], respectively). PBMC were stained for CD4, CD8, and immune activation markers (CD38 and HLA-DR) and analyzed using flow cytometry. Proportions of activated T-cells were compared between those with low and high background by Mann-Whitney U test. Correlates of background SFU and immune activation were assessed using regression models. RESULTS Among 58 individuals, 14 (24%) had high background. Frequencies of CD4+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ and CD8+ CD38+ HLA-DR+ cells were higher in individuals with high background compared to those with low background (P = 0.02). Higher background SFU was associated with history of sexually transmitted infections (P = 0.03), and illness in the past 3 months (P = 0.005), in addition to increased levels of activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells (P range = 0.008-0.03). Female gender and male circumcision decreased levels of CD4+ and CD8+ immune activation (P range = 0.002-0.03). Additionally, higher background SFU and activated CD4+ and CD8+ cells were individually associated with positive ELISpot responses to HIV-1 peptide pools (P range = 0.01-0.03). CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that increased basal immune responses may be a biological mechanism contributing to higher background ELISpot SFU. Systematic exclusion of data from individuals with increased background in IFN-γ release assays may bias results in population-based studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Y Liu
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Stephen C De Rosa
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Brandon L Guthrie
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Robert Y Choi
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Rose Kerubo-Bosire
- Centre for Public Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Barbra A Richardson
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - James Kiarie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Kenyatta National Hospital, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Carey Farquhar
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Barbara Lohman-Payne
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Global Health, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, University of Nairobi, Nairobi, Kenya
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Behrens NE, Wertheimer A, Klotz SA, Ahmad N. Reduction in terminally differentiated T cells in virologically controlled HIV-infected aging patients on long-term antiretroviral therapy. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0199101. [PMID: 29897981 PMCID: PMC5999291 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0199101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown an increased accumulation of terminally differentiated T cells during HIV infection, suggestive of exhaustion/senescence, causing dysregulation of T cell homeostasis and function and rapid HIV disease progression. We have investigated whether long-term antiretroviral therapy (ART), which controls viremia and restores CD4 T cell counts, is correlated with reduction in terminally differentiated T cells, improved ratios of naïve to memory and function of T cells in 100 virologically controlled HIV-infected patients. We show that while the median frequencies of terminally differentiated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells (CD28-, CD27-, CD57+ and CD28-CD57+), were higher in the virologically controlled HIV-infected patients’ cohort compared with uninfected individuals’ cohort, the frequencies of these cells significantly decreased with increasing CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. Although, the naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were lower in HIV patients’ cohort than uninfected cohort, there was a significant increase in both naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells with increasing CD4 T cell counts in HIV-infected patients. The underlying mechanism behind this increased naïve CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in HIV-infected patients was due to an increase in recent thymic emigrants, CD4+CD31+, as compared to CD4+CD31-. The CD4+ T cells of HIV-infected patients produced cytokines, including IL-2, IL-10 and IFN-γ comparable to uninfected individuals. In conclusion, virologically controlled HIV-infected patients on long-term ART show a significant reduction in terminally differentiated T cells, suggestive of decreased exhaustion/senescence, and improvement in the ratios of naïve to memory and function of T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole E Behrens
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne Wertheimer
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.,Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America.,Bio5 Institute, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Stephen A Klotz
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Nafees Ahmad
- Department of Immunobiology, College of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, United States of America
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30
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Veel E, Westera L, van Gent R, Bont L, Otto S, Ruijsink B, Rabouw HH, Mudrikova T, Wensing A, Hoepelman AIM, Borghans JAM, Tesselaar K. Impact of Aging, Cytomegalovirus Infection, and Long-Term Treatment for Human Immunodeficiency Virus on CD8 + T-Cell Subsets. Front Immunol 2018; 9:572. [PMID: 29619031 PMCID: PMC5871714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Both healthy aging and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection lead to a progressive decline in naive CD8+ T-cell numbers and expansion of the CD8+ T-cell memory and effector compartments. HIV infection is therefore often considered a condition of premature aging. Total CD8+ T-cell numbers of HIV-infected individuals typically stay increased even after long-term (LT) combination antiretroviral treatment (cART), which is associated with an increased risk of non-AIDS morbidity and mortality. The causes of these persistent changes in the CD8+ T-cell pool remain debated. Here, we studied the impact of age, CMV infection, and LT successful cART on absolute cell numbers in different CD8+ T-cell subsets. While naïve CD8+ T-cell numbers in cART-treated individuals (N = 38) increased to healthy levels, central memory (CM), effector memory (EM), and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers remained higher than in (unselected) age-matched healthy controls (N = 107). Longitudinal analysis in a subset of patients showed that cART did result in a loss of memory CD8+ T-cells, mainly during the first year of cART, after which memory cell numbers remained relatively stable. As CMV infection is known to increase CD8+ T-cell numbers in healthy individuals, we studied whether any of the persistent changes in the CD8+ T-cell pools of cART-treated patients could be a direct reflection of the high CMV prevalence among HIV-infected individuals. We found that EM and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers in CMV+ healthy individuals (N = 87) were significantly higher than in CMV- (N = 170) healthy individuals. As a result, EM and effector CD8+ T-cell numbers in successfully cART-treated HIV-infected individuals did not deviate significantly from those of age-matched CMV+ healthy controls (N = 39). By contrast, CM T-cell numbers were quite similar in CMV+ and CMV- healthy individuals across all ages. The LT expansion of the CM CD8+ T-cell pool in cART-treated individuals could thus not be attributed directly to CMV and was also not related to residual HIV RNA or to the presence of HIV-specific CM T-cells. It remains to be investigated why the CM CD8+ T-cell subset shows seemingly irreversible changes despite years of effective treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Veel
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Liset Westera
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Rogier van Gent
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Louis Bont
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Sigrid Otto
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Bram Ruijsink
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Huib H Rabouw
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Tania Mudrikova
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Annemarie Wensing
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Andy I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - José A M Borghans
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Kiki Tesselaar
- Laboratory of Translational Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands
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The HIV-1 Tat protein affects human CD4+ T-cell programing and activation, and favors the differentiation of naïve CD4+ T cells. AIDS 2018; 32:575-581. [PMID: 29280760 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE HIV infection is characterized by several immune dysfunctions, such as chronic activation of the immune system, premature aging and loss of CD4 T cells, in particular within the naïve compartment. The Tat protein of HIV is released extracellularly and enters neighboring cells affecting their functionality, for instance impacting on CD8 T-cell programs and activity. As the presence and/or induction of anti-Tat immune responses is associated with reduced T-cell dysfunction and CD4 T-cell loss, we investigated whether Tat impacts human resting or activated CD4 T cells. METHODS Purified CD4 T cells were activated by T cell receptor engagement in the presence or absence of Tat. Cytokine production, surface phenotype and expression of transcription factors important for T-cell programing were measured. Purified naïve CD4 T cells were cultured in nonpolarizing conditions in the presence or absence of Tat and their proliferation and differentiation was evaluated. RESULTS Tat favors the secretion of IL2, IFNγ and TNFα in CD4 T cells, as well as the upregulation of T-bet and Eomes expression. Naïve CD4 T cells cultured in the presence of Tat showed enhanced expansion and differentiation toward memory phenotype, showing in particular recruitment into the effector memory T-cell pool. CONCLUSION Tat affects the programing and functionality of CD4 T lymphocytes favoring the differentiation of naïve CD4 T cells.
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Rao D, Venkataswamy MM, Vasanthapuram R, Satishchandra P, Desai A. Alterations in natural killer and dendritic cell subsets in individuals with HIV-associated neurotuberculosis. J Med Virol 2018; 90:899-906. [PMID: 29396991 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.25042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
One of the commonest HIV-associated opportunistic infections of the central nervous system is neurotuberculosis. Interaction between HIV, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and host immune system in co-infected individuals may result in altered frequencies of immune cells, thereby modulating dissemination and disease progression. We examined the frequencies of natural killer (NK) cell and dendritic cell (DC) subsets in HIV infected individuals with neurotuberculosis (HIVNTB) as compared to individuals with HIV associated systemic TB (HIVSTB), asymptomatic HIV, non-HIV NTB, non-HIV STB, and healthy controls. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were stained with fluorochrome-conjugated monoclonal antibodies- Lineage cocktail (containing CD3, CD14, CD19, and CD20), HLA-DR, CD16, CD56, CD11c, and CD123, fixed with 2% paraformaldehyde and analyzed on the flow cytometer. The pDCs were significantly reduced in all HIV infected groups, with a marked reduction in HIVNTB cases as compared to healthy controls. While the CD56- CD16bt NK cell subset displayed a significant increase in frequency in all three HIV infected groups compared the three HIV negative groups, the CD56dim CD16bt subset was significantly lower in frequency in the HIVNTB compared to healthy controls. The decreased frequencies of plasmacytoid DCs and cytotoxic NK cells, which are crucial for innate immune defence against HIV, may result in ineffective virus control and lead to an exacerbated course of disease in HIVNTB individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepashri Rao
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Manjunatha M Venkataswamy
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | - Ravi Vasanthapuram
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
| | | | - Anita Desai
- Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India
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Yaseen MM, Abuharfeil NM, Alqudah MA, Yaseen MM. Mechanisms and Factors That Drive Extensive Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 Hypervariability: An Overview. Viral Immunol 2017; 30:708-726. [PMID: 29064351 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2017.0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The extensive hypervariability of human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) populations represents a major barrier against the success of currently available antiretroviral therapy. Moreover, it is still the most important obstacle that faces the development of an effective preventive vaccine against this infectious virus. Indeed, several factors can drive such hypervariability within and between HIV-1 patients. These factors include: first, the very low fidelity nature of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase; second, the extremely high HIV-1 replication rate; and third, the high genomic recombination rate that the virus has. All these factors together with the APOBEC3 proteins family and the immune and antiviral drugs pressures drive the extensive hypervariability of HIV-1 populations. Studying these factors and the mechanisms that drive such hypervariability will provide valuable insights that may guide the development of effective therapeutic and preventive strategies against HIV-1 infection in the near future. To this end, in this review, we summarized recent advances in this area of HIV-1 research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud Mohammad Yaseen
- 1 Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Nizar Mohammad Abuharfeil
- 2 Department of Applied Biological Sciences, College of Science and Arts, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Ali Alqudah
- 3 Department of Clinical Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
| | - Mohammad Mahmoud Yaseen
- 4 Department of Public Health, College of Medicine, Jordan University of Science and Technology , Irbid, Jordan
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Vidya Vijayan KK, Karthigeyan KP, Tripathi SP, Hanna LE. Pathophysiology of CD4+ T-Cell Depletion in HIV-1 and HIV-2 Infections. Front Immunol 2017; 8:580. [PMID: 28588579 PMCID: PMC5440548 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The hall mark of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is a gradual loss of CD4+ T-cells and imbalance in CD4+ T-cell homeostasis, with progressive impairment of immunity that leads ultimately to death. HIV infection in humans is caused by two related yet distinct viruses: HIV-1 and HIV-2. HIV-2 is typically less virulent than HIV-1 and permits the host to mount a more effective and sustained T-cell immunity. Although both infections manifest the same clinical spectrum, the much lower rate of CD4+ T-cell decline and slower progression of disease in HIV-2 infected individuals have grabbed the attention of several researchers. Here, we review the most recent findings on the differential rate of decline of CD4+ T-cell in HIV-1 and HIV-2 infections and provide plausible reasons for the observed differences between the two groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- K K Vidya Vijayan
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | | | - Srikanth P Tripathi
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
| | - Luke Elizabeth Hanna
- Division of HIV/AIDS, Department of Clinical Research, National Institute for Research in Tuberculosis (ICMR), Chennai, India
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Douam F, Hrebikova G, Albrecht YES, Sellau J, Sharon Y, Ding Q, Ploss A. Single-cell tracking of flavivirus RNA uncovers species-specific interactions with the immune system dictating disease outcome. Nat Commun 2017; 8:14781. [PMID: 28290449 PMCID: PMC5424064 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms14781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Positive-sense RNA viruses pose increasing health and economic concerns worldwide. Our limited understanding of how these viruses interact with their host and how these processes lead to virulence and disease seriously hampers the development of anti-viral strategies. Here, we demonstrate the tracking of (+) and (−) sense viral RNA at single-cell resolution within complex subsets of the human and murine immune system in different mouse models. Our results provide insights into how a prototypic flavivirus, yellow fever virus (YFV-17D), differentially interacts with murine and human hematopoietic cells in these mouse models and how these dynamics influence distinct outcomes of infection. We detect (−) YFV-17D RNA in specific secondary lymphoid compartments and cell subsets not previously recognized as permissive for YFV replication, and we highlight potential virus–host interaction events that could be pivotal in regulating flavivirus virulence and attenuation. Analysis of virus replication on a single-cell level is often hampered by a lack of specific or sensitive enough reagents. Here, Douam et al. use RNA-flow technique to track (+) and (−) strand RNA of yellow fever virus in hematopoietic cells in mouse models and identify virus-host interactions that affect disease outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Douam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Gabriela Hrebikova
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yentli E Soto Albrecht
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Julie Sellau
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Yael Sharon
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Qiang Ding
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
| | - Alexander Ploss
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, 110 Lewis Thomas Laboratory, Washington Road, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA
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Lau YF, Tang LH, Chien Lye D, Ooi EE, Leo YS. Serological response to trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine in HIV-infected adults in Singapore. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2017; 13:551-560. [PMID: 28277090 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1246636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A cohort of 81 HIV-infected participants received seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (TIV) and their humoral responses were monitored using hemagglutination inhibition (HAI) assay and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Three weeks after the vaccination, the percentage of the cohort that had an HAI titer of >1:40 was 35% (for H1N1), 43% (for H3N2) and 19% (for influenza B). An increase in HAI titer can be achieved by an increase in magnitude of the antibody responses, which can be measured by an increase in ELISA titer; as well as a quality improvement of the antibody responses through increased avidity to the virus. For some individuals, an increase in avidity alone is sufficient to reach the sero-protective titer. Notably, a number of volunteers showed an increase in ELISA titer without a rise in HAI titer. A total of 24 participants (30%) did not show any significant increase in both HAI and ELISA tests after vaccination. Apart from a lower peripheral CD4+ T cell count, the non responders' peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) also had a higher IL-10 mRNA expression after TIV vaccination ex vivo. Cytokine profiling demonstrated that, apart from a weaker MCP-1 expression in the non-responder group, PBMC from both groups responded comparably to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation in vitro. Since only 3 participants developed sero-protective titers against all 3 subtypes after vaccination, our study highlights a need to enhance the immunogenicity of the subunit vaccine for this population, potentially through harnessing the innate immunity with an external adjuvant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Fai Lau
- a Host-pathogen Interactions Laboratory, DMERI , DSO National Laboratories , The Republic of Singapore.,b Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , The Republic of Singapore
| | - Lay-Hoon Tang
- a Host-pathogen Interactions Laboratory, DMERI , DSO National Laboratories , The Republic of Singapore
| | - David Chien Lye
- c Communicable Disease Centre , Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,d Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore
| | - Eng-Eong Ooi
- b Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases , Duke-NUS Medical School , The Republic of Singapore
| | - Yee-Sin Leo
- c Communicable Disease Centre , Tan Tock Seng Hospital , Singapore.,d Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine , National University of Singapore , Singapore.,e Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health , National University of Singapore , Singapore
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Brannelly LA, Webb RJ, Skerratt LF, Berger L. Effects of chytridiomycosis on hematopoietic tissue in the spleen, kidney and bone marrow in three diverse amphibian species. Pathog Dis 2016; 74:ftw069. [DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftw069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
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Woodham AW, Skeate JG, Sanna AM, Taylor JR, Da Silva DM, Cannon PM, Kast WM. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Immune Cell Receptors, Coreceptors, and Cofactors: Implications for Prevention and Treatment. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2016; 30:291-306. [PMID: 27410493 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2016.0100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last three decades, extensive research on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) has highlighted its capability to exploit a variety of strategies to enter and infect immune cells. Although CD4(+) T cells are well known as the major HIV target, with infection occurring through the canonical combination of the cluster of differentiation 4 (CD4) receptor and either the C-C chemokine receptor type 5 (CCR5) or C-X-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CXCR4) coreceptors, HIV has also been found to enter other important immune cell types such as macrophages, dendritic cells, Langerhans cells, B cells, and granulocytes. Interestingly, the expression of distinct cellular cofactors partially regulates the rate in which HIV infects each distinct cell type. Furthermore, HIV can benefit from the acquisition of new proteins incorporated into its envelope during budding events. While several publications have investigated details of how HIV manipulates particular cell types or subtypes, an up-to-date comprehensive review on HIV tropism for different immune cells is lacking. Therefore, this review is meant to focus on the different receptors, coreceptors, and cofactors that HIV exploits to enter particular immune cells. Additionally, prophylactic approaches that have targeted particular molecules associated with HIV entry and infection of different immune cells will be discussed. Unveiling the underlying cellular receptors and cofactors that lead to HIV preference for specific immune cell populations is crucial in identifying novel preventative/therapeutic targets for comprehensive strategies to eliminate viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew W. Woodham
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Joseph G. Skeate
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Adriana M. Sanna
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Julia R. Taylor
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Diane M. Da Silva
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - Paula M. Cannon
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
| | - W. Martin Kast
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California
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Sarsekeyeva N, Kosherova B. Evaluation of immunological indices in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C in Kazakhstan. Int J Gen Med 2016; 9:147-53. [PMID: 27284263 PMCID: PMC4883804 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s101303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim To evaluate immunological indices in HIV-infected patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) who are injecting drug users. Materials and methods The study examined 38 patients coinfected with HIV and CHC who were injecting drug users and 36 patients with HIV/CHC who were not injecting drug users. In the study of immune status, the relative and absolute numbers of CD3+, CD4+, CD8+, CD16+, and CD20+ cells were determined by means of flow cytofluorometry of “FACSCount” using monoclonal antibodies of the company Becton Dickinson. The level of circulating immune complexes in blood serum was determined by means of precipitation in polyethylene glycol solution. Results It was found that T-cell immunodeficiency was developing in patients coinfected with HIV and CHC. T-cell immunodeficiency was characterized by a decrease in the number of T-helpers, mainly for injecting drug users. At the same time, patients coinfected with HIV and CHC experienced markedly elevated levels of circulating immune complexes, mainly among injecting drug users. The evaluation of immunogram indices in injecting drug users coinfected with HIV and CHC, depending on the stage of HIV infection, revealed a greater degree of immune-suppression of T-helper cells in clinical stage III. Conclusion Our comprehensive immunological study of patients coinfected with HIV and CHC revealed a pronounced dysfunction of the immune system. The comparison of the immune system indices in patients with HIV/CHC showed a more pronounced T-cell suppression in injecting drug users than in patients with HIV/CHC but who were not injecting drug users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazgul Sarsekeyeva
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Dermatovenerology, Karaganda State Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan; Karaganda Regional Center for the AIDS Prevention and Control, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
| | - Bakhyt Kosherova
- Rectorate of Karaganda State Medical University, Karaganda, Kazakhstan
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Delviks-Frankenberry KA, Nikolaitchik OA, Burdick RC, Gorelick RJ, Keele BF, Hu WS, Pathak VK. Minimal Contribution of APOBEC3-Induced G-to-A Hypermutation to HIV-1 Recombination and Genetic Variation. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1005646. [PMID: 27186986 PMCID: PMC4871359 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1005646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the predominant effect of host restriction APOBEC3 proteins on HIV-1 infection is to block viral replication, they might inadvertently increase retroviral genetic variation by inducing G-to-A hypermutation. Numerous studies have disagreed on the contribution of hypermutation to viral genetic diversity and evolution. Confounding factors contributing to the debate include the extent of lethal (stop codon) and sublethal hypermutation induced by different APOBEC3 proteins, the inability to distinguish between G-to-A mutations induced by APOBEC3 proteins and error-prone viral replication, the potential impact of hypermutation on the frequency of retroviral recombination, and the extent to which viral recombination occurs in vivo, which can reassort mutations in hypermutated genomes. Here, we determined the effects of hypermutation on the HIV-1 recombination rate and its contribution to genetic variation through recombination to generate progeny genomes containing portions of hypermutated genomes without lethal mutations. We found that hypermutation did not significantly affect the rate of recombination, and recombination between hypermutated and wild-type genomes only increased the viral mutation rate by 3.9 × 10-5 mutations/bp/replication cycle in heterozygous virions, which is similar to the HIV-1 mutation rate. Since copackaging of hypermutated and wild-type genomes occurs very rarely in vivo, recombination between hypermutated and wild-type genomes does not significantly contribute to the genetic variation of replicating HIV-1. We also analyzed previously reported hypermutated sequences from infected patients and determined that the frequency of sublethal mutagenesis for A3G and A3F is negligible (4 × 10-21 and1 × 10-11, respectively) and its contribution to viral mutations is far below mutations generated during error-prone reverse transcription. Taken together, we conclude that the contribution of APOBEC3-induced hypermutation to HIV-1 genetic variation is substantially lower than that from mutations during error-prone replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krista A. Delviks-Frankenberry
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Olga A. Nikolaitchik
- Viral Recombination Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ryan C. Burdick
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert J. Gorelick
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Brandon F. Keele
- AIDS and Cancer Virus Program, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Lab, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Wei-Shau Hu
- Viral Recombination Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Vinay K. Pathak
- Viral Mutation Section, HIV Dynamics and Replication Program, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
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Tsao LC, Guo H, Jeffrey J, Hoxie JA, Su L. CCR5 interaction with HIV-1 Env contributes to Env-induced depletion of CD4 T cells in vitro and in vivo. Retrovirology 2016; 13:22. [PMID: 27026376 PMCID: PMC4812640 DOI: 10.1186/s12977-016-0255-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND CD4 T cell depletion during HIV-1 infection is associated with AIDS disease progression, and the HIV-1 Env protein plays an important role in the process. Together with CXCR4, CCR5 is one of the two co-receptors that interact with Env during virus entry, but the role of CCR5 in Env-induced pathogenesis is not clearly defined. We have investigated CD4 T cell depletion mechanisms caused by the Env of a highly pathogenic CXCR4/CCR5 dual-tropic HIV-1 isolate R3A. RESULTS We report here that R3A infection induced depletion of both infected and uninfected "bystander" CD4 T cells, and treatment with CCR5 antagonist TAK-779 inhibited R3A-induced bystander CD4 T cell depletion without affecting virus replication. To further define the role of Env-CCR5 interaction, we utilized an Env-mutant of R3A, termed R3A-5/6AA, which has lost CCR5 binding capability. Importantly, R3A-5/6AA replicated to the same level as wild type R3A by using CXCR4 for viral infection. We found the loss of CCR5 interaction resulted in a significant reduction of bystander CD4 T cells death during R3A-5/6AA infection, whereas stimulation of CCR5 with MIP1-β increased bystander pathogenesis induced by R3A-5/6AA. We confirmed our findings using a humanized mouse model, where we observed similarly reduced pathogenicity of the mutant R3A-5/6AA in various lymphoid organs in vivo. CONCLUSION We provide the first evidence that shows CCR5 interaction with a dual-tropic HIV-1 Env played a significant role in Env-induced depletion of CD4 T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Chung Tsao
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Haitao Guo
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jerry Jeffrey
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - James A Hoxie
- Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Lishan Su
- Curriculum of Genetics and Molecular Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA. .,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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Richard J, Veillette M, Ding S, Zoubchenok D, Alsahafi N, Coutu M, Brassard N, Park J, Courter JR, Melillo B, Smith AB, Shaw GM, Hahn BH, Sodroski J, Kaufmann DE, Finzi A. Small CD4 Mimetics Prevent HIV-1 Uninfected Bystander CD4 + T Cell Killing Mediated by Antibody-dependent Cell-mediated Cytotoxicity. EBioMedicine 2015; 3:122-134. [PMID: 26870823 PMCID: PMC4739418 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2015.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection causes a progressive depletion of CD4 + T cells. Despite its importance for HIV-1 pathogenesis, the precise mechanisms underlying CD4 + T-cell depletion remain incompletely understood. Here we make the surprising observation that antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) mediates the death of uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells in cultures of HIV-1-infected cells. While HIV-1-infected cells are protected from ADCC by the action of the viral Vpu and Nef proteins, uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells bind gp120 shed from productively infected cells and are efficiently recognized by ADCC-mediating antibodies. Thus, gp120 shedding represents a viral mechanism to divert ADCC responses towards uninfected bystander CD4 + T cells. Importantly, CD4-mimetic molecules redirect ADCC responses from uninfected bystander cells to HIV-1-infected cells; therefore, CD4-mimetic compounds might have therapeutic utility in new strategies aimed at specifically eliminating HIV-1-infected cells. Gp120 shed from productively-infected cells binds to bystander CD4 + T cells. Gp120-coated bystander cells are highly sensitivity to ADCC responses mediated by CD4-induced antibodies. Small-molecule CD4-mimetics redirect CD4-induced antibodies to HIV-1-infected cells.
The hallmark of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is the progressive depletion of CD4 + T cells. Using cultures of HIV-1-infected cells, we observed that a part of the machinery that the virus uses to infect cells (gp120) binds to uninfected cells. Antibodies elicited during the course of the infection against the gp120 can recognize uninfected cells and redirect an immune response to them that results in their elimination. Importantly, this phenomenon can be blocked with a small CD4-mimetic compound that abrogates the binding of gp120 to uninfected cells and redirects the immune system to infected cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Richard
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Maxime Veillette
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Shilei Ding
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Daria Zoubchenok
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | - Nirmin Alsahafi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada
| | - Mathieu Coutu
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada
| | | | - Jongwoo Park
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Joel R Courter
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Bruno Melillo
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - Amos B Smith
- Department of Chemistry, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323, USA
| | - George M Shaw
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Beatrice H Hahn
- Departments of Medicine and Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6076, USA
| | - Joseph Sodroski
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunobiology, Division of AIDS, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Daniel E Kaufmann
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139-3583, USA; Department of Medicine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H3C 3T5, Canada; Center for HIV/AIDS Vaccine Immunology and Immunogen Discovery, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Andrés Finzi
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montreal, QC H2X 0A9, Canada; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 2B4, Canada.
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Alanio C, Nicoli F, Sultanik P, Flecken T, Perot B, Duffy D, Bianchi E, Lim A, Clave E, van Buuren MM, Schnuriger A, Johnsson K, Boussier J, Garbarg-Chenon A, Bousquet L, Mottez E, Schumacher TN, Toubert A, Appay V, Heshmati F, Thimme R, Pol S, Mallet V, Albert ML. Bystander hyperactivation of preimmune CD8+ T cells in chronic HCV patients. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26568315 PMCID: PMC4752008 DOI: 10.7554/elife.07916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 11/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic infection perturbs immune homeostasis. While prior studies have reported dysregulation of effector and memory cells, little is known about the effects on naïve T cell populations. We performed a cross-sectional study of chronic hepatitis C (cHCV) patients using tetramer-associated magnetic enrichment to study antigen-specific inexperienced CD8(+) T cells (i.e., tumor or unrelated virus-specific populations in tumor-free and sero-negative individuals). cHCV showed normal precursor frequencies, but increased proportions of memory-phenotype inexperienced cells, as compared to healthy donors or cured HCV patients. These observations could be explained by low surface expression of CD5, a negative regulator of TCR signaling. Accordingly, we demonstrated TCR hyperactivation and generation of potent CD8(+) T cell responses from the altered T cell repertoire of cHCV patients. In sum, we provide the first evidence that naïve CD8(+) T cells are dysregulated during cHCV infection, and establish a new mechanism of immune perturbation secondary to chronic infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cécile Alanio
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Francesco Nicoli
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, DNU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Emory, , United States
| | - Philippe Sultanik
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Tobias Flecken
- The University Medical Center Freiburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Brieuc Perot
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Darragh Duffy
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | | | - Annick Lim
- Plateforme d'Immunoscope, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Clave
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Marit M van Buuren
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Aurélie Schnuriger
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Kerstin Johnsson
- Mathematics, Faculty of Engineering, Lunds University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jeremy Boussier
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Antoine Garbarg-Chenon
- Laboratoire de virologie, Hôpital Armand-Trousseau, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | | | - Estelle Mottez
- Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Ton N Schumacher
- Department of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Antoine Toubert
- Hôpital Saint-Louis, Assistance publique - hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France
| | - Victor Appay
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, DNU FAST, CR7, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses (CIMI-Paris), Paris, France.,Emory, , United States
| | | | - Robert Thimme
- The University Medical Center Freiburg, Department of Internal Medicine II, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität, Freiberg, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthew L Albert
- Unités de Recherche Internationales Mixtes Pasteur, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Centre d'Immunologie Humaine, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France.,Immunobiology of Dendritic Cells, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Abstract
BACKGROUND In HIV infection, the homeostasis of CD4 and CD8 T cells is dramatically disturbed, and several studies have pointed out that T-cell turnover rates are increased. To understand how the CD4 and CD8 T-cell pools are affected, it is important to have quantitative insights into the lifespans of the cells constituting the different T-lymphocyte populations. METHODS We used long-term in-vivo H2O labeling and mathematical modeling to estimate the average lifespans of naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells in untreated (n = 4) and combination antiretroviral therapy-treated (n = 3) HIV-1-infected individuals. RESULTS During untreated chronic HIV-1 infection, naive CD4 and CD8 T cells lived on average 618 and 271 days, whereas memory CD4 and CD8 T cells had average lifespans of 53 and 43 days, respectively. These lifespans were at least three-fold shorter than those in healthy controls (n = 5). In patients on effective combination antiretroviral therapy with total CD4 T-cell counts in the normal range, we found that naive CD4 and CD8 T-cell lifespans had not completely normalized and were still two-fold shortened. CONCLUSION The average lifespan of both naive and memory CD4 and CD8 T cells decreased during untreated chronic HIV-1 infection. Although the turnover of the memory T-cell populations nearly normalized during effective treatment, the turnover of naive CD4 and CD8 T cells did not seem to normalize completely.
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45
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Abstract
Hepatitis B and A account for considerable morbidity and mortality worldwide. Immunization is the most effective means of preventing hepatitis B and A. However, the immune response to both hepatitis vaccines seems to be reduced in HIV-infected subjects. The aim of this review was to analyze the immunogenicity, safety, long-term protection and current recommendations of hepatitis B and A vaccination among HIV-infected adults. The factors most frequently associated with a deficient level of anti-HBs or IgG anti-HAV after vaccination are those related to immunosuppression (CD4 level and HIV RNA viral load) and to the frequency of administration and/or the amount of antigenic load per dose. The duration of the response to both HBV and HAV vaccines is associated with suppression of the viral load at vaccination and, in the case of HBV vaccination, with a higher level of antibodies after vaccination. In terms of safety, there is no evidence of more, or different, adverse effects compared with HIV-free individuals. Despite literature-based advice on the administration of alternative schedules, revaccination after the failure of primary vaccination, and the need for periodic re-evaluation of antibody levels, few firm recommendations are found in the leading guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Mena
- a Department of Preventive Medicine & Care Quality ; Hospital General Universitario de Castellón ; Castellón de la Plana , Spain
| | - A L García-Basteiro
- b ISGlobal; Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona ; Barcelona , Spain.,c Centro de Investigação em Saúde deg Manhiça (CISM) ; Manhiça, Maputo , Mozambique
| | - J M Bayas
- b ISGlobal; Barcelona Ctr. Int. Health Res. (CRESIB); Hospital Clínic - Universitat de Barcelona ; Barcelona , Spain.,d Department of Preventive Medicine & Epidemiology ; Hospital Clínic de Barcelona; Universitat de Barcelona ; Barcelona , Spain
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46
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Ramana LN, Sharma S, Sethuraman S, Ranga U, Krishnan UM. Stealth anti-CD4 conjugated immunoliposomes with dual antiretroviral drugs--modern Trojan horses to combat HIV. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2014; 89:300-11. [PMID: 25500283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2014.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART) is the currently employed therapeutic intervention against AIDS where a drug combination is used to reduce the viral load. The present work envisages the development of a stealth anti-CD4 conjugated immunoliposomes containing two anti-retroviral drugs (nevirapine and saquinavir) that can selectively home into HIV infected cells through the CD4 receptor. The nanocarrier was characterized using transmission electron microscopy, FTIR, differential scanning calorimetry, particle size and zeta potential. The cell uptake was also evaluated qualitatively using confocal microscopy and quantitatively by flow cytometry. The drug to lipid composition was optimized for maximum encapsulation of the two drugs. Both drugs were found to localize in different regions of the liposome. The release of the reverse transcriptase inhibitor was dominant during the early phases of the release while in the later phases, the protease inhibitor is the major constituent released. The drugs delivered via anti-CD4 conjugated immunoliposomes inhibited viral proliferation at a significantly lower concentration as compared to free drugs. In vitro studies of nevirapine to saquinavir combination at a ratio of 6.2:5 and a concentration as low as 5 ng/mL efficiently blocked viral proliferation suggesting that co-delivery of anti-retroviral drugs holds a greater promise for efficient management of HIV-1 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shilpee Sharma
- HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Swaminathan Sethuraman
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India
| | - Udaykumar Ranga
- HIV-AIDS Laboratory, Molecular Biology and Genetics Unit, Jawaharlal Nehru Centre for Advanced Scientific Research (JNCASR), Bangalore, India
| | - Uma Maheswari Krishnan
- Centre for Nanotechnology & Advanced Biomaterials (CeNTAB), SASTRA University, Thanjavur, India.
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47
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Expression of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain is down regulated on the surface of CD4 T-cells by the HIV-1 Tat protein. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111193. [PMID: 25333710 PMCID: PMC4205093 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV infection elicits defects in CD4 T-cell homeostasis in both a quantitative and qualitative manner. Interleukin-7 (IL-7) is essential to T-cell homeostasis and several groups have shown reduced levels of the IL-7 receptor alpha-chain (CD127) on both CD4 and CD8 T-cells in viremic HIV+ patients. We have shown previously that soluble HIV Tat protein specifically down regulates cell surface expression of CD127 on human CD8 T-cells in a paracrine fashion. The effects of Tat on CD127 expression in CD4 T-cells has yet to be described. To explore this effect, CD4 T-cells were isolated from healthy individuals and expression levels of CD127 were examined on cells incubated in media alone or treated with Tat protein. We show here that, similar to CD8 T-cells, the HIV-1 Tat protein specifically down regulates CD127 on primary human CD4 T-cells and directs the receptor to the proteasome for degradation. Down regulation of CD127 in response to Tat was seen on both memory and naive CD4 T-cell subsets and was blocked using either heparin or anti-Tat antibodies. Tat did not induce apoptosis in cultured primary CD4 T-cells over 72 hours as determined by Annexin V and PI staining. Pre-incubation of CD4 T-cells with HIV-1 Tat protein did however reduce the ability of IL-7 to up regulate Bcl-2 expression. Similar to exogenous Tat, endogenously expressed HIV Tat protein also suppressed CD127 expression on primary CD4 T-cells. In view of the important role IL-7 plays in lymphocyte proliferation, homeostasis and survival, down regulation of CD127 by Tat likely plays a central role in immune dysregulation and CD4 T-cell decline. Understanding this effect could lead to new approaches to mitigate the CD4 T-cell loss evident in HIV infection.
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48
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Krikke M, van Lelyveld SFL, Tesselaar K, Arends JE, Hoepelman IM, Visseren FLJ. The role of T cells in the development of cardiovascular disease in HIV-infected patients. Atherosclerosis 2014; 237:92-8. [PMID: 25238214 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.08.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Revised: 07/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is highly prevalent in HIV-infected patients. Besides the classical cardiovascular risk factors, HIV related factors play a role, such as immune activation and treatment with highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). The resulting T cell activation is regarded as one of the driving forces behind this accelerated atherogenesis. Interventions, such as early treatment and anti-inflammatory therapy, decreasing T cell activation might lead to a lower incidence of CVD in future HIV infected patients. This review specifically explores the role of T cells in the development of atherosclerosis in HIV-infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Krikke
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - S F L van Lelyveld
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - K Tesselaar
- Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - J E Arends
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands; Laboratory Translation Immunology University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Lundlaan 6, P.O. Box 85090, KC02.085.2, 3508 AB Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - I M Hoepelman
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - F L J Visseren
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Heidelberglaan 100, P.O. Box 85500, F02.126, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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49
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Benjamin R, Banerjee A, Balakrishnan K, Sivangala R, Gaddam S, Banerjee S. Mycobacterial and HIV infections up-regulated human zinc finger protein 134, a novel positive regulator of HIV-1 LTR activity and viral propagation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e104908. [PMID: 25144775 PMCID: PMC4140746 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0104908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concurrent occurrence of HIV and Tuberculosis (TB) infections influence the cellular environment of the host for synergistic existence. An elementary approach to understand such coalition at the molecular level is to understand the interactions of the host and the viral factors that subsequently effect viral replication. Long terminal repeats (LTR) of HIV genome serve as a template for binding trans-acting viral and cellular factors that regulate its transcriptional activity, thereby, deciding the fate of HIV pathogenesis, making it an ideal system to explore the interplay between HIV and the host. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this study, using biotinylated full length HIV-1 LTR sequence as bait followed by MALDI analyses, we identified and further characterized human-Zinc-finger-protein-134 (hZNF-134) as a novel positive regulator of HIV-1 that promoted LTR-driven transcription and viral production. Over-expression of hZNF-134 promoted LTR driven luciferase activity and viral transcripts, resulting in increased virus production while siRNA mediated knockdown reduced both the viral transcripts and the viral titers, establishing hZNF-134 as a positive effector of HIV-1. HIV, Mycobacteria and HIV-TB co-infections increased hZNF-134 expressions in PBMCs, the impact being highest by mycobacteria. Corroborating these observations, primary TB patients (n = 22) recorded extraordinarily high transcript levels of hZNF-134 as compared to healthy controls (n = 16). CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE With these observations, it was concluded that hZNF-134, which promoted HIV-1 LTR activity acted as a positive regulator of HIV propagation in human host. High titers of hZNF-134 transcripts in TB patients suggest that up-regulation of such positive effectors of HIV-1 upon mycobacterial infection can be yet another mechanism by which mycobacteria assists HIV-1 propagation during HIV-TB co-infections. hZNF-134, an uncharacterized host protein, thus assumes a novel regulatory role during HIV-host interactions. Our study provides new insights into the emerging role of zinc finger proteins in HIV-1 pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Benjamin
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Atoshi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Kannan Balakrishnan
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Ramya Sivangala
- Immunology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sumanlatha Gaddam
- Immunology Department, Bhagwan Mahavir Medical Research Centre, A.C. Guards, Hyderabad, Telangana, India; Department of Genetics, Osmania University, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sharmistha Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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50
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Ramirez LA, Daniel A, Frank I, Tebas P, Boyer JD. Seroprotection of HIV-infected subjects after influenza A(H1N1) vaccination is directly associated with baseline frequency of naive T cells. J Infect Dis 2014; 210:646-50. [PMID: 24610877 PMCID: PMC4172043 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiu132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected individuals, despite receipt of antiretroviral therapy (ART), often have impaired vaccine responses. We examined the role that immune activation and cellular phenotypes play in influenza A(H1N1) vaccine responsiveness in HIV-infected subjects receiving ART. Subjects received the H1N1 vaccine (15-µg dose; Novartis), and antibody titers at baseline and after immunization were evaluated. Subjects were classified as responders if, by week 3, seroprotection guidelines were met. Responders had higher percentages of baseline naive T cells and lower percentages of terminally differentiated T cells, compared with nonresponders. Additionally, the naive CD4(+) T-cell percentage and age were negatively correlated. Preservation of naive T-cell populations by starting therapy early could impact vaccine responses against influenza virus and other pathogens, especially as this population ages.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Pablo Tebas
- AIDS Clinical Trials Unit, University of Pennsylvania,Philadelphia
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