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Sobarzo A, Moné Y, Lang S, Gelkop S, Brangel P, Kuehne AI, McKendry RA, Mell JC, Ahmed A, Davis C, Dye JM, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Veas F, Ehrlich GD. Long-term Sudan Virus Ebola Survivors Maintain Multiple Antiviral Defense Mechanisms. J Infect Dis 2024; 230:426-437. [PMID: 38066574 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The critical issues of sustained memory immunity following ebolavirus disease among long-term survivors are still unclear. METHODS Here, we examine virus-specific immune and inflammatory responses following in vitro challengd in 12 Sudan virus (SUDV) long-term survivors from Uganda's 2000-2001 Gulu outbreak, 15 years after recovery. Total RNA from isolated SUDV-stimulated and unstimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells was extracted and analyzed. Matched serum samples were also collected to determine SUDV IgG levels and functionality. RESULTS We detected persistent humoral (58%, 7 of 12) and cellular (33%, 4 of 12) immune responses in SUDV long-term survivors and identified critical molecular mechanisms of innate and adaptive immunity. Gene expression in immune pathways, the interferon signaling system, antiviral defense response, and activation and regulation of T- and B-cell responses were observed. SUDV long-term survivors also maintained robust virus-specific IgG antibodies capable of polyfunctional responses, including neutralizing and innate Fc effector functions. CONCLUSIONS Data integration identified significant correlations among humoral and cellular immune responses and pinpointed a specific innate and adaptive gene expression signature associated with long-lasting immunity. This could help identify natural and vaccine correlates of protection against ebolavirus disease.
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MESH Headings
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/immunology
- Hemorrhagic Fever, Ebola/virology
- Humans
- Ebolavirus/immunology
- Survivors
- Antibodies, Viral/blood
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- Uganda/epidemiology
- Adult
- Female
- Male
- Immunoglobulin G/blood
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Immunity, Innate
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Immunity, Humoral
- Middle Aged
- Immunity, Cellular
- Adaptive Immunity
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sobarzo
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
- The Pre-Clinical Research Center, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Yves Moné
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Genomic Core Facility, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven Lang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Genomic Core Facility, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sigal Gelkop
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Polina Brangel
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Viral Immunology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Rachel A McKendry
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, Division of Medicine, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joshua Chang Mell
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Genomic Core Facility, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Azad Ahmed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Genomic Core Facility, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Claytus Davis
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - John M Dye
- Viral Immunology Branch, US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Maryland, USA
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Leslie Lobel
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Francisco Veas
- Molecular Comparative Immuno-Physiopathology Lab, French Institute of Research for Development Health Branch of UMR5151 and UMR Research Unit-Ministry of Defense, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Copernicus Integrated Solutions for Biosafety Risks, Faculty of Pharmacy, Montpellier University Montpellier, France
| | - Garth D Ehrlich
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Genomic Sciences and Center for Advanced Microbial Processing, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious Disease, Genomic Core Facility, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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Vujkovic A, Ha M, de Block T, van Petersen L, Brosius I, Theunissen C, van Ierssel SH, Bartholomeus E, Adriaensen W, Vanham G, Elias G, Van Damme P, Van Tendeloo V, Beutels P, van Frankenhuijsen M, Vlieghe E, Ogunjimi B, Laukens K, Meysman P, Vercauteren K. Diagnosing Viral Infections Through T-Cell Receptor Sequencing of Activated CD8+ T Cells. J Infect Dis 2024; 229:507-516. [PMID: 37787611 PMCID: PMC10873181 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiad430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Revised: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
T-cell-based diagnostic tools identify pathogen exposure but lack differentiation between recent and historical exposures in acute infectious diseases. Here, T-cell receptor (TCR) RNA sequencing was performed on HLA-DR+/CD38+CD8+ T-cell subsets of hospitalized coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients (n = 30) and healthy controls (n = 30; 10 of whom had previously been exposed to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 [SARS-CoV-2]). CDR3α and CDR3β TCR regions were clustered separately before epitope specificity annotation using a database of SARS-CoV-2-associated CDR3α and CDR3β sequences corresponding to >1000 SARS-CoV-2 epitopes. The depth of the SARS-CoV-2-associated CDR3α/β sequences differentiated COVID-19 patients from the healthy controls with a receiver operating characteristic area under the curve of 0.84 ± 0.10. Hence, annotating TCR sequences of activated CD8+ T cells can be used to diagnose an acute viral infection and discriminate it from historical exposure. In essence, this work presents a new paradigm for applying the T-cell repertoire to accomplish TCR-based diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Vujkovic
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - My Ha
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Tessa de Block
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Lida van Petersen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Isabel Brosius
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Caroline Theunissen
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Sabrina H van Ierssel
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Esther Bartholomeus
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Wim Adriaensen
- Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Guido Vanham
- Biomedical Department, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - George Elias
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pierre Van Damme
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Viggo Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Philippe Beutels
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), University of Antwerp, Belgium
| | | | - Erika Vlieghe
- Department of General Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Benson Ogunjimi
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Antwerp Center for Translational Immunology and Virology (ACTIV), Antwerp, Belgium
- Centre for Health Economics Research and Modeling Infectious Diseases (CHERMID), University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute, University of Antwerp, Belgium
- Department of Paediatrics, Antwerp University Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Kris Laukens
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Pieter Meysman
- Antwerp Unit for Data Analysis and Computation in Immunology and Sequencing (AUDACIS), University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Adrem Data Lab, Department of Computer Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Koen Vercauteren
- Clinical Virology Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
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Guito JC, Arnold CE, Schuh AJ, Amman BR, Sealy TK, Spengler JR, Harmon JR, Coleman-McCray JD, Sanchez-Lockhart M, Palacios GF, Towner JS, Prescott JB. Peripheral immune responses to filoviruses in a reservoir versus spillover hosts reveal transcriptional correlates of disease. Front Immunol 2024; 14:1306501. [PMID: 38259437 PMCID: PMC10800976 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1306501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Several filoviruses, including Marburg virus (MARV), cause severe disease in humans and nonhuman primates (NHPs). However, the Egyptian rousette bat (ERB, Rousettus aegyptiacus), the only known MARV reservoir, shows no overt illness upon natural or experimental infection, which, like other bat hosts of zoonoses, is due to well-adapted, likely species-specific immune features. Despite advances in understanding reservoir immune responses to filoviruses, ERB peripheral blood responses to MARV and how they compare to those of diseased filovirus-infected spillover hosts remain ill-defined. We thus conducted a longitudinal analysis of ERB blood gene responses during acute MARV infection. These data were then contrasted with a compilation of published primate blood response studies to elucidate gene correlates of filovirus protection versus disease. Our work expands on previous findings in MARV-infected ERBs by supporting both host resistance and disease tolerance mechanisms, offers insight into the peripheral immunocellular repertoire during infection, and provides the most direct known cross-examination between reservoir and spillover hosts of the most prevalently-regulated response genes, pathways and activities associated with differences in filovirus pathogenesis and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan C. Guito
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Catherine E. Arnold
- Biological Defense Research Directorate, Naval Medical Research Center, Frederick, MD, United States
- RD-CBR, Research and Development Directorate, Chemical and Biological Technologies Directorate, Research Center of Excellence, Defense Threat Reduction Agency, Fort Belvoir, VA, United States
| | - Amy J. Schuh
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Brian R. Amman
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Tara K. Sealy
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Spengler
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Jessica R. Harmon
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joann D. Coleman-McCray
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, Molecular Biology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, MD, United States
| | - Gustavo F. Palacios
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Towner
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Joseph B. Prescott
- Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Division of High-Consequence Pathogens and Pathology, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, United States
- Center for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Perez-Valencia LJ, Vannella KM, Ramos-Benitez MJ, Sun J, Abu-Asab M, Dorward DW, Awad KS, Platt A, Jacobson E, Kindrachuk J, Chertow DS. Ebola virus shed glycoprotein is toxic to human T, B, and natural killer lymphocytes. iScience 2023; 26:107323. [PMID: 37529105 PMCID: PMC10387567 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lymphocyte depletion is a distinctive feature of Ebola virus (EBOV) disease. The ectodomain of EBOV glycoprotein (GP) is cleaved off the surface of infected cells into circulation as shed GP. To test the hypothesis that shed GP induces lymphocyte death, we cultured primary human B, NK, or T cells with shed GP in vitro. We found that shed GP dependably decreased B, NK, and T cell viability across donors. B and NK cells exhibited higher susceptibility than T cells. Continuous monitoring revealed shed GP began to kill B and NK cells by 4 h and T cells by 5 h. We also demonstrated that shed GP-induced lymphocyte death can be both caspase dependent and caspase independent. Our data are evidence that the cytotoxic effect of shed GP on lymphocytes may contribute to EBOV disease and highlight the need for further research to clarify mechanisms of shed GP-induced death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis J. Perez-Valencia
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Kevin M. Vannella
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Marcos J. Ramos-Benitez
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Junfeng Sun
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Mones Abu-Asab
- Section of Histopathology, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David W. Dorward
- Microscopy Unit, Research Technology Branch, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT 59840, USA
| | - Keytam S. Awad
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Andrew Platt
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Eliana Jacobson
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Emerging Pathogens Section, Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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T Cells Immunophenotyping and CD38 Overexpression as Hallmarks of the Severity of COVID-19 and Predictors of Patients' Outcomes. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12020710. [PMID: 36675642 PMCID: PMC9861629 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12020710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND By the end of 2019, the COVID-19 pandemic spread all around the world with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations ranging from mild to moderate to severe or critical cases. T cell subtype dysregulation is mostly involved in the immunopathogenic mechanism. The present study aimed to highlight the role of monitoring T cell subtypes and their activation (expression of CD38) in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects and their role in predicting severity and patients' outcomes. MATERIALS The study involved 70 adult COVID-19 confirmed cases stratified into three groups: a mild/asymptomatic group, a clinically moderate group, and a clinically severe/critical group. Flow cytometry analysis was used for the assessment of CD3+ cells for total T cell count, CD4+ cells for helper T cells (Th), CD8+ cells for cytotoxic T cells (Tc), CD4+CD25+ cells for regulatory T cells (T reg), and CD38 expression in CD4+ T cells and CD8+ T cells for T cell activation. RESULTS A statistically significant difference was found between COVID-19 cases and healthy controls as regards low counts of all the targeted T cell subtypes, with the lowest counts detected among patients of the severe/critical group. Furthermore, CD38 overexpression was observed in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. CONCLUSION Decreased T cell count, specifically CD8+ T cell (Tc), with T cell overactivation which was indicated by CD38 overexpression on CD4+ and CD8+ T cells had a substantial prognostic role in predicting severity and mortality among COVID-19 patients. These findings can provide a preliminary tool for clinicians to identify high-risk patients requiring vigilant monitoring, customized supportive therapy, or ICU admission. Studies on larger patient groups are needed.
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Avatar Mice Underscore the Role of the T Cell-Dendritic Cell Crosstalk in Ebola Virus Disease and Reveal Mechanisms of Protection in Survivors. J Virol 2022; 96:e0057422. [PMID: 36073921 PMCID: PMC9517696 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00574-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus disease (EVD) is a complex infectious disease characterized by high inflammation, multiorgan failure, the dysregulation of innate and adaptive immune responses, and coagulation abnormalities. Evidence accumulated over the last 2 decades indicates that, during fatal EVD, the infection of antigen-presenting cells (APC) and the dysregulation of T cell immunity preclude a successful transition between innate and adaptive immunity, which constitutes a key disease checkpoint. In order to better understand the contribution of the APC-T cell crosstalk to EVD pathophysiology, we have developed avatar mice transplanted with human, donor-specific APCs and T cells. Here, we show that the transplantation of T cells and APCs from Ebola virus (EBOV)-naive individuals into avatar mice results in severe disease and death and that this phenotype is dependent on T cell receptor (TCR)-major histocompatibility complex (MCH) recognition. Conversely, avatar mice were rescued from death induced by EBOV infection after the transplantation of both T cells and plasma from EVD survivors. These results strongly suggest that protection from EBOV reinfection requires both cellular and humoral immune memory responses. IMPORTANCE The crosstalk between dendritic cells and T cells marks the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses, and it constitutes an important checkpoint in EVD. In this study, we present a mouse avatar model in which T cell and dendritic cell interactions from a specific donor can be studied during EVD. Our findings indicate that T cell receptor-major histocompatibility complex-mediated T cell-dendritic cell interactions are associated with disease severity, which mimics the main features of severe EVD in these mice. Resistance to an EBOV challenge in the model was achieved via the transplantation of both survivor T cells and plasma.
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Bohórquez JA, Wang M, Díaz I, Alberch M, Pérez-Simó M, Rosell R, Gladue DP, Borca MV, Ganges L. The FlagT4G Vaccine Confers a Strong and Regulated Immunity and Early Virological Protection against Classical Swine Fever. Viruses 2022; 14:v14091954. [PMID: 36146761 PMCID: PMC9502879 DOI: 10.3390/v14091954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Control of classical swine fever virus (CSFV) in endemic countries relies on vaccination, mostly using vaccines that do not allow for differentiation of vaccinated from infected animals (DIVA). FlagT4G vaccine is a novel candidate that confers robust immunity and shows DIVA capabilities. The present study assessed the immune response elicited by FlagT4G and its capacity to protect pigs for a short time after vaccination. Five days after a single dose of FlagT4G vaccine, animals were challenged with a highly virulent CSFV strain. A strong, but regulated, interferon-α response was found after vaccination. Vaccinated animals showed clinical and virological protection against the challenge, in the absence of antibody response at 5 days post-vaccination. Upon challenge, a rapid rise in the titers of CSFV neutralizing antibodies and an increase in the IFN-γ producing cells were noticed in all vaccinated-challenged pigs. Meanwhile, unvaccinated pigs showed severe clinical signs and high viral replication, being euthanized before the end of the trial. These animals were unable to generate neutralizing antibodies and IFN-γ responses after the CSFV challenge. The results from the present study assert the fast and efficient protection by FlagT4G, a highly promising tool for CSFV control worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Alejandro Bohórquez
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820, USA
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ivan Díaz
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Alberch
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Departament d’Acció Climàtica, Alimentació i Agenda Rural, Generalitat de Catalunya, 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Douglas P. Gladue
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Manuel V. Borca
- Plum Island Animal Disease Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture Greenport, Greenport, NY 11944, USA
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- WOAH Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- Unitat Mixta d’Investigació IRTA-UAB en Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- IRTA, Programa de Sanitat Animal, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Correspondence: (D.P.G.); (M.V.B.); (L.G.)
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Agrati C, Carsetti R, Bordoni V, Sacchi A, Quintarelli C, Locatelli F, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR. The immune response as a double-edged sword: the lesson learnt during the COVID-19 pandemic. Immunology 2022; 167:287-302. [PMID: 35971810 PMCID: PMC9538066 DOI: 10.1111/imm.13564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID‐19 pandemic has represented an unprecedented challenge for the humanity, and scientists around the world provided a huge effort to elucidate critical aspects in the fight against the pathogen, useful in designing public health strategies, vaccines and therapeutic approaches. One of the first pieces of evidence characterizing the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection has been its breadth of clinical presentation, ranging from asymptomatic to severe/deadly disease, and the indication of the key role played by the immune response in influencing disease severity. This review is aimed at summarizing what the SARS‐CoV‐2 infection taught us about the immune response, highlighting its features of a double‐edged sword mediating both protective and pathogenic processes. We will discuss the protective role of soluble and cellular innate immunity and the detrimental power of a hyper‐inflammation‐shaped immune response, resulting in tissue injury and immunothrombotic events. We will review the importance of B‐ and T‐cell immunity in reducing the clinical severity and their ability to cross‐recognize viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology, INMI L. Spallanzani, IRCCS
| | - Rita Carsetti
- B cell laboratory, Immunology Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Molecular Virology and antimicrobial immunity Laboratory, Department of Science, Roma Tre University, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Hematology/Oncology and Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children Hospital, IRCCS.,Department of Pediatrics, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- General Directorate for Research and Health Innovation, Italian Ministry of Health
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital IRCCS, Negrar di Valpolicella (Verona).,Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome
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9
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Dhanya CR, Shailaja A, Mary AS, Kandiyil SP, Savithri A, Lathakumari VS, Veettil JT, Vandanamthadathil JJ, Madhavan M. RNA Viruses, Pregnancy and Vaccination: Emerging Lessons from COVID-19 and Ebola Virus Disease. Pathogens 2022; 11:800. [PMID: 35890044 PMCID: PMC9322689 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11070800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/10/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic viruses with an RNA genome represent a challenge for global human health since they have the tremendous potential to develop into devastating pandemics/epidemics. The management of the recent COVID-19 pandemic was possible to a certain extent only because of the strong foundations laid by the research on previous viral outbreaks, especially Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). A clear understanding of the mechanisms of the host immune response generated upon viral infections is a prime requisite for the development of new therapeutic strategies. Hence, we present here a comparative study of alterations in immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 and Ebola virus infections that illustrate many common features. Vaccination and pregnancy are two important aspects that need to be studied from an immunological perspective. So, we summarize the outcomes and immune responses in vaccinated and pregnant individuals in the context of COVID-19 and EVD. Considering the significance of immunomodulatory approaches in combating both these diseases, we have also presented the state of the art of such therapeutics and prophylactics. Currently, several vaccines against these viruses have been approved or are under clinical trials in various parts of the world. Therefore, we also recapitulate the latest developments in these which would inspire researchers to look for possibilities of developing vaccines against many other RNA viruses. We hope that the similar aspects in COVID-19 and EVD open up new avenues for the development of pan-viral therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aswathy Shailaja
- Department of Pediatrics, Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, NC 27710, USA;
| | - Aarcha Shanmugha Mary
- Department of Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610105, India;
| | | | - Ambili Savithri
- Department of Biochemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kollam 691001, India;
| | | | | | | | - Maya Madhavan
- Department of Biochemistry, Government College for Women, Thiruvananthapuram 695014, India
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10
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Abstract
The cytokine storm (CS) in hyperinflammation is characterized by high levels of cytokines, extreme activation of innate as well as adaptive immune cells and initiation of apoptosis. High levels of apoptotic cells overwhelm the proper recognition and removal system of these cells. Phosphatidylserine on the apoptotic cell surface, which normally provides a recognition signal for removal, becomes a target for hemostatic proteins and secretory phospholipase A2. The dysregulation of these normal pathways in hemostasis and the inflammasome result in a prothrombotic state, cellular death, and end-organ damage. In this review, we provide the argument that this imbalance in recognition and removal is a common denominator regardless of the inflammatory trigger. The complex reaction of the immune defense system in hyperinflammation leads to self-inflicted damage. This common endpoint may provide additional options to monitor the progression of the inflammatory syndrome, predict severity, and may add to possible treatment strategies.
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11
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Cimini E, Agrati C. γδ T Cells in Emerging Viral Infection: An Overview. Viruses 2022; 14:v14061166. [PMID: 35746638 PMCID: PMC9230790 DOI: 10.3390/v14061166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
New emerging viruses belonging to the Coronaviridae, Flaviviridae, and Filoviridae families are serious threats to public health and represent a global concern. The surveillance to monitor the emergence of new viruses and their transmission is an important target for public health authorities. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an excellent example of a pathogen able to cause a pandemic. In a few months, SARS-CoV-2 has spread globally from China, and it has become a world health problem. Gammadelta (γδ) T cell are sentinels of innate immunity and are able to protect the host from viral infections. They enrich many tissues, such as the skin, intestines, and lungs where they can sense and fight the microbes, thus contributing to the protective immune response. γδ T cells perform their direct antiviral activity by cytolytic and non-cytolytic mechanisms against a wide range of viruses, and they are able to orchestrate the cellular interplay between innate and acquired immunity. For their pleiotropic features, γδ T cells have been proposed as a target for immunotherapies in both cancer and viral infections. In this review, we analyzed the role of γδ T cells in emerging viral infections to define the profile of the response and to better depict their role in the host protection.
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12
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Hickman MR, Saunders DL, Bigger CA, Kane CD, Iversen PL. The development of broad-spectrum antiviral medical countermeasures to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers caused by natural or weaponized virus infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010220. [PMID: 35259154 PMCID: PMC8903284 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The Joint Program Executive Office for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Defense (JPEO-CBRND) began development of a broad-spectrum antiviral countermeasure against deliberate use of high-consequence viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHFs) in 2016. The effort featured comprehensive preclinical research, including laboratory testing and rapid advancement of lead molecules into nonhuman primate (NHP) models of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Remdesivir (GS-5734, Veklury, Gilead Sciences) was the first small molecule therapeutic to successfully emerge from this effort. Remdesivir is an inhibitor of RNA-dependent RNA polymerase, a viral enzyme that is essential for viral replication. Its robust potency and broad-spectrum antiviral activity against certain RNA viruses including Ebola virus and Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) led to its clinical evaluation in randomized, controlled trials (RCTs) in human patients during the 2018 EVD outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and the ongoing Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic today. Remdesivir was recently approved by the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for the treatment of COVID-19 requiring hospitalization. Substantial gaps remain in improving the outcomes of acute viral infections for patients afflicted with both EVD and COVID-19, including how to increase therapeutic breadth and strategies for the prevention and treatment of severe disease. Combination therapy that joins therapeutics with complimentary mechanisms of action appear promising, both preclinically and in RCTs. Importantly, significant programmatic challenges endure pertaining to a clear drug and biological product development pathway for therapeutics targeting biodefense and emerging pathogens when human efficacy studies are not ethical or feasible. For example, remdesivir's clinical development was facilitated by outbreaks of Ebola and SARS-CoV-2; as such, the development pathway employed for remdesivir is likely to be the exception rather than the rule. The current regulatory licensure pathway for therapeutics targeting rare, weaponizable VHF agents is likely to require use of FDA's established Animal Rule (21 CFR 314.600-650 for drugs; 21 CFR 601.90-95 for biologics). The FDA may grant marketing approval based on adequate and well-controlled animal efficacy studies when the results of those studies establish that the drug is safe and likely to produce clinical benefit in humans. In practical terms, this is anticipated to include a series of rigorous, well-documented, animal challenge studies, to include aerosol challenge, combined with human safety data. While small clinical studies against naturally occurring, high-consequence pathogens are typically performed where possible, approval for the therapeutics currently under development against biodefense pathogens will likely require the Animal Rule pathway utilizing studies in NHPs. We review the development of remdesivir as illustrative of the effort that will be needed to field future therapeutics against highly lethal, infectious agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark R. Hickman
- Joint Project Manager for Chemical, Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear Medical (JPM CBRN Medical), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David L. Saunders
- U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Catherine A. Bigger
- Logistics Management International Inc, Tysons Corner, Virginia, United States of America
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13
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Cimini E, Grassi G, Beccacece A, Casetti R, Castilletti C, Capobianchi MR, Nicastri E, Agrati C. In Acute Dengue Infection, High TIM-3 Expression May Contribute to the Impairment of IFNγ Production by Circulating Vδ2 T Cells. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010130. [PMID: 35062334 PMCID: PMC8781730 DOI: 10.3390/v14010130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
γδ T cells are innate cells able to quickly eliminate pathogens or infected/tumoral cells by their antiviral and adjuvancy activities. The role of γδ T cells during Dengue Viral Infection (DENV) infection is not fully elucidated. Nevertheless, human primary γδ T cells have been shown to kill in vitro DENV-infected cells, thus highlighting their possible antiviral function. The aim of this work was to characterize the phenotype and function of Vδ2 T cells in DENV patients. Fifteen DENV patients were enrolled for this study and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were used to analyze Vδ2-T-cell frequency, differentiation profile, activation/exhaustion status, and functionality by multiparametric flow cytometry. Our data demonstrated that DENV infection was able to significantly reduce Vδ2-T-cell frequency and to increase their activation (CD38 and HLA-DR) and exhaustion markers (PD-1 and TIM-3). Furthermore, Vδ2 T cells showed a reduced capability to produce IFN-γ after phosphoantigenic stimulation that can be associated to TIM-3 expression. Several studies are needed to depict the possible clinical impact of γδ-T-cell impairment on disease severity and to define the antiviral and immunoregulatory activities of γδ T cells in the first phases of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Germana Grassi
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Alessia Beccacece
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Rita Casetti
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (R.C.)
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
| | - Maria Rosaria Capobianchi
- Department of Epidemiology, Pre-Clinical Research and Advanced Diagnostic, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy;
- Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Via di Sant’Alessandro, 8, 00131 Roma, Italy
- Department of Infectious Tropical Diseases and Microbiology, IRCCS Sacro Cuore Don Calabria Hospital, Via Don A. Sempreboni 5, 37024 Negrar di Valpolicella, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- Clinical Department, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (A.B.); (E.N.)
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Laboratory of Cellular Immunology and Pharmacology, National Institute for Infectious Diseases “L. Spallanzani”, Via Portuense 292, 00149 Rome, Italy; (E.C.); (G.G.); (R.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-06-5517-0907
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14
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Du J, Wei L, Li G, Hua M, Sun Y, Wang D, Han K, Yan Y, Song C, Song R, Zhang H, Han J, Liu J, Kong Y. Persistent High Percentage of HLA-DR +CD38 high CD8 + T Cells Associated With Immune Disorder and Disease Severity of COVID-19. Front Immunol 2021; 12:735125. [PMID: 34567001 PMCID: PMC8458852 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.735125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The global outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has turned into a worldwide public health crisis and caused more than 100,000,000 severe cases. Progressive lymphopenia, especially in T cells, was a prominent clinical feature of severe COVID-19. Activated HLA-DR+CD38+ CD8+ T cells were enriched over a prolonged period from the lymphopenia patients who died from Ebola and influenza infection and in severe patients infected with SARS-CoV-2. However, the CD38+HLA-DR+ CD8+ T population was reported to play contradictory roles in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Methods A total of 42 COVID-19 patients, including 32 mild or moderate and 10 severe or critical cases, who received care at Beijing Ditan Hospital were recruited into this retrospective study. Blood samples were first collected within 3 days of the hospital admission and once every 3-7 days during hospitalization. The longitudinal flow cytometric data were examined during hospitalization. Moreover, we evaluated serum levels of 45 cytokines/chemokines/growth factors and 14 soluble checkpoints using Luminex multiplex assay longitudinally. Results We revealed that the HLA-DR+CD38+ CD8+ T population was heterogeneous, and could be divided into two subsets with distinct characteristics: HLA-DR+CD38dim and HLA-DR+CD38hi. We observed a persistent accumulation of HLA-DR+CD38hi CD8+ T cells in severe COVID-19 patients. These HLA-DR+CD38hi CD8+ T cells were in a state of overactivation and consequent dysregulation manifested by expression of multiple inhibitory and stimulatory checkpoints, higher apoptotic sensitivity, impaired killing potential, and more exhausted transcriptional regulation compared to HLA-DR+CD38dim CD8+ T cells. Moreover, the clinical and laboratory data supported that only HLA-DR+CD38hi CD8+ T cells were associated with systemic inflammation, tissue injury, and immune disorders of severe COVID-19 patients. Conclusions Our findings indicated that HLA-DR+CD38hi CD8+ T cells were correlated with disease severity of COVID-19 rather than HLA-DR+CD38dim population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Du
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lirong Wei
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Guoli Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Mingxi Hua
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yao Sun
- Intensive Care Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- Clinical and Research Center of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kai Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yonghong Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chuan Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Song
- Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Henghui Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junyan Han
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingyuan Liu
- Intensive Care Medicine, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaxian Kong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Emerging Infectious Diseases, Institute of Infectious Diseases, Beijing Ditan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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15
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Maroney KJ, Pinski AN, Marzi A, Messaoudi I. Transcriptional Analysis of Infection With Early or Late Isolates From the 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola Virus Epidemic Does Not Suggest Attenuated Pathogenicity as a Result of Genetic Variation. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:714817. [PMID: 34484156 PMCID: PMC8415004 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.714817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The 2013-2016 West Africa Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic caused by the EBOV-Makona isolate is the largest and longest recorded to date. It incurred over 28,000 infections and ∼11,000 deaths. Early in this epidemic, several mutations in viral glycoprotein (A82V), nucleoprotein (R111C), and polymerase L (D759G) emerged and stabilized. In vitro studies of these new EBOV-Makona isolates showed enhanced fitness and viral replication capacity. However, in vivo studies in mice and rhesus macaques did not provide any evidence of enhanced viral fitness or shedding. Infection with late isolates carrying or early isolates lacking (early) these mutations resulted in uniformly lethal disease in nonhuman primates (NHPs), albeit with slightly delayed kinetics with late isolates. The recent report of a possible reemergence of EBOV from a persistent infection in a survivor of the epidemic highlights the urgency for understanding the impact of genetic variation on EBOV pathogenesis. However, potential molecular differences in host responses remain unknown. To address this gap in knowledge, we conducted the first comparative analysis of the host responses to lethal infection with EBOV-Mayinga and EBOV-Makona isolates using bivariate, longitudinal, regression, and discrimination transcriptomic analyses. Our analysis shows a conserved core of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) involved in antiviral defense, immune cell activation, and inflammatory processes in response to EBOV-Makona and EBOV-Mayinga infections. Additionally, EBOV-Makona and EBOV-Mayinga infections could be discriminated based on the expression pattern of a small subset of genes. Transcriptional responses to EBOV-Makona isolates that emerged later during the epidemic, specifically those from Mali and Liberia, lacked signatures of profound lymphopenia and excessive inflammation seen following infection with EBOV-Mayinga and early EBOV-Makona isolate C07. Overall, these findings provide novel insight into the mechanisms underlying the lower case fatality rate (CFR) observed with EBOV-Makona compared to EBOV-Mayinga.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin J Maroney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, United States
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States.,Institute for Immunology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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16
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Pinski AN, Maroney KJ, Marzi A, Messaoudi I. Distinct transcriptional responses to fatal Ebola virus infection in cynomolgus and rhesus macaques suggest species-specific immune responses. Emerg Microbes Infect 2021; 10:1320-1330. [PMID: 34112056 PMCID: PMC8253202 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2021.1942229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) is a negative single-stranded RNA virus within the Filoviridae family and the causative agent of Ebola virus disease (EVD). Nonhuman primates (NHPs), including cynomolgus and rhesus macaques, are considered the gold standard animal model to interrogate mechanisms of EBOV pathogenesis. However, despite significant genetic similarity (>90%), NHP species display different clinical presentation following EBOV infection, notably a ∼1-2 days delay in disease progression. Consequently, evaluation of therapeutics is generally conducted in rhesus macaques, whereas cynomolgus macaques are utilized to determine efficacy of preventative treatments, notably vaccines. This observation is in line with reported differences in disease severity and host responses between these two NHP following infection with simian varicella virus, influenza A and SARS-CoV-2. However, the molecular underpinnings of these differential outcomes following viral infections remain poorly defined. In this study, we compared published transcriptional profiles obtained from cynomolgus and rhesus macaques infected with the EBOV-Makona Guinea C07 using bivariate and regression analyses to elucidate differences in host responses. We report the presence of a shared core of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) reflecting EVD pathology, including aberrant inflammation, lymphopenia, and coagulopathy. However, the magnitudes of change differed between the two macaque species. These findings suggest that the differential clinical presentation of EVD in these two species is mediated by altered transcriptional responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Pinski
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Kevin J Maroney
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Andrea Marzi
- Laboratory of Virology, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, Hamilton, MT, USA
| | - Ilhem Messaoudi
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine CA, USA.,Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Institute for Immunology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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17
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Transcriptomic Analysis Reveals Host miRNAs Correlated with Immune Gene Dysregulation during Fatal Disease Progression in the Ebola Virus Cynomolgus Macaque Disease Model. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9030665. [PMID: 33806942 PMCID: PMC8005181 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9030665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 03/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus is a continuing threat to human populations, causing a virulent hemorrhagic fever disease characterized by dysregulation of both the innate and adaptive host immune responses. Severe cases are distinguished by an early, elevated pro-inflammatory response followed by a pronounced lymphopenia with B and T cells unable to mount an effective anti-viral response. The precise mechanisms underlying the dysregulation of the host immune system are poorly understood. In recent years, focus on host-derived miRNAs showed these molecules to play an important role in the host gene regulation arsenal. Here, we describe an investigation of RNA biomarkers in the fatal Ebola virus disease (EVD) cynomolgus macaque model. We monitored both host mRNA and miRNA responses in whole blood longitudinally over the disease course in these non-human primates (NHPs). Analysis of the interactions between these classes of RNAs revealed several miRNA markers significantly correlated with downregulation of genes; specifically, the analysis revealed those involved in dysregulated immune pathways associated with EVD. In particular, we noted strong interactions between the miRNAs hsa-miR-122-5p and hsa-miR-125b-5p with immunological genes regulating both B and T-cell activation. This promising set of biomarkers will be useful in future studies of severe EVD pathogenesis in both NHPs and humans and may serve as potential prognostic targets.
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18
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Transcriptional Analysis of Lymphoid Tissues from Infected Nonhuman Primates Reveals the Basis for Attenuation and Immunogenicity of an Ebola Virus Encoding a Mutant VP35 Protein. J Virol 2021; 95:JVI.01995-20. [PMID: 33408171 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01995-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), a member of the Filoviridae family, causes a disease characterized by high levels of viremia, aberrant inflammation, coagulopathy, and lymphopenia. EBOV initially replicates in lymphoid tissues and disseminates via dendritic cells (DCs) and monocytes to liver, spleen, adrenal gland, and other secondary organs. EBOV protein VP35 is a critical immune evasion factor that inhibits type I interferon signaling and DC maturation. Nonhuman primates (NHPs) immunized with a high dose (5 × 105 PFU) of recombinant EBOV containing a mutated VP35 (VP35m) are protected from challenge with wild-type EBOV (wtEBOV). This protection is accompanied by a transcriptional response in the peripheral blood reflecting a regulated innate immune response and a robust induction of adaptive immune genes. However, the host transcriptional response to VP35m in lymphoid tissues has not been evaluated. Therefore, we conducted a transcriptional analysis of axillary and inguinal lymph nodes and spleen tissues of NHPs infected with a low dose (2 × 104 PFU) of VP35m and then back-challenged with a lethal dose of wtEBOV. VP35m induced early transcriptional responses in lymphoid tissues that are distinct from those observed in wtEBOV challenge. Specifically, we detected robust antiviral innate and adaptive responses and fewer transcriptional changes in genes with roles in angiogenesis, apoptosis, and inflammation. Two of three macaques survived wtEBOV back-challenge, with only the nonsurvivor displaying a transcriptional response reflecting Ebola virus disease. These data suggest that VP35 is a key modulator of early host responses in lymphoid tissues, thereby regulating disease progression and severity following EBOV challenge.IMPORTANCE Zaire Ebola virus (EBOV) infection causes a severe and often fatal disease characterized by inflammation, coagulation defects, and organ failure driven by a defective host immune response. Lymphoid tissues are key sites of EBOV pathogenesis and the generation of an effective immune response to infection. A recent study demonstrated that infection with an EBOV encoding a mutant VP35, a viral protein that antagonizes host immunity, can protect nonhuman primates (NHPs) against lethal EBOV challenge. However, no studies have examined the response to this mutant EBOV in lymphoid tissues. Here, we characterize gene expression in lymphoid tissues from NHPs challenged with the mutant EBOV and subsequently with wild-type EBOV to identify signatures of a protective host response. Our findings are critical for elucidating viral pathogenesis, mechanisms of host antagonism, and the role of lymphoid organs in protective responses to EBOV to improve the development of antivirals and vaccines against EBOV.
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19
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Tipton TRW, Hall Y, Bore JA, White A, Sibley LS, Sarfas C, Yuki Y, Martin M, Longet S, Mellors J, Ewer K, Günther S, Carrington M, Kondé MK, Carroll MW. Characterisation of the T-cell response to Ebola virus glycoprotein amongst survivors of the 2013-16 West Africa epidemic. Nat Commun 2021; 12:1153. [PMID: 33608536 PMCID: PMC7895930 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-21411-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV) is a highly pathogenic filovirus which can result in Ebola virus disease (EVD); a serious medical condition that presents as flu like symptoms but then often leads to more serious or fatal outcomes. The 2013-16 West Africa epidemic saw an unparalleled number of cases. Here we show characterisation and identification of T cell epitopes in surviving patients from Guinea to the EBOV glycoprotein. We perform interferon gamma (IFNγ) ELISpot using a glycoprotein peptide library to identify T cell epitopes and determine the CD4+ or CD8+ T cell component response. Additionally, we generate data on the T cell phenotype and measure polyfunctional cytokine secretion by these antigen specific cells. We show candidate peptides able to elicit a T cell response in EBOV survivors and provide inferred human leukocyte antigen (HLA) allele restriction. This data informs on the long-term T cell response to Ebola virus disease and highlights potentially important immunodominant peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- T R W Tipton
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK.
| | - Y Hall
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J A Bore
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea (CEFORPAG), Nongo, Conakry, Guinea
| | - A White
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - L S Sibley
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - C Sarfas
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - Y Yuki
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - M Martin
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - S Longet
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - J Mellors
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
| | - K Ewer
- The Jenner Institute, Oxford, UK
| | - S Günther
- Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, Hamburg, DE, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Hamburg-Lübeck-Börstel-Riems, Hamburg, DE, Germany
| | - M Carrington
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, USA
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - M K Kondé
- Center for Training and Research on Priority Diseases including Malaria in Guinea (CEFORPAG), Nongo, Conakry, Guinea
| | - M W Carroll
- National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down, Salisbury, UK
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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20
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Longet S, Mellors J, Carroll MW, Tipton T. Ebolavirus: Comparison of Survivor Immunology and Animal Models in the Search for a Correlate of Protection. Front Immunol 2021; 11:599568. [PMID: 33679690 PMCID: PMC7935512 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.599568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola viruses are enveloped, single-stranded RNA viruses belonging to the Filoviridae family and can cause Ebola virus disease (EVD), a serious haemorrhagic illness with up to 90% mortality. The disease was first detected in Zaire (currently the Democratic Republic of Congo) in 1976. Since its discovery, Ebola virus has caused sporadic outbreaks in Africa and was responsible for the largest 2013-2016 EVD epidemic in West Africa, which resulted in more than 28,600 cases and over 11,300 deaths. This epidemic strengthened international scientific efforts to contain the virus and develop therapeutics and vaccines. Immunology studies in animal models and survivors, as well as clinical trials have been crucial to understand Ebola virus pathogenesis and host immune responses, which has supported vaccine development. This review discusses the major findings that have emerged from animal models, studies in survivors and vaccine clinical trials and explains how these investigations have helped in the search for a correlate of protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Longet
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Jack Mellors
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
| | - Miles W. Carroll
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tom Tipton
- Public Health England, National Infection Service, Salisbury, United Kingdom
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21
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Rupp J, Dreo B, Gütl K, Fessler J, Moser A, Haditsch B, Schilcher G, Matzkies LM, Steinmetz I, Greinix H, Stradner MH. T Cell Phenotyping in Individuals Hospitalized with COVID-19. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 206:1478-1482. [PMID: 33558375 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2001034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection has become pandemic. Cytokine release syndrome occurring in a minority of SARS-CoV-2 infections is associated with severe disease and high mortality. We profiled the composition, activation, and proliferation of T cells in 20 patients with severe or critical COVID-19 and 40 matched healthy controls by flow cytometry. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis based on 18 T cell subsets resulted in separation of healthy controls and COVID-19 patients. Compared to healthy controls, patients suffering from severe and critical COVID-19 had increased frequencies of activated and proliferating CD38+Ki67+ CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, suggesting active antiviral T cell defense. Frequencies of CD38+Ki67+ Th1 and CD4+ cells correlated negatively with plasma IL-6. Thus, our data suggest that patients suffering from COVID-19 have a distinct T cell composition that is potentially modulated by IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janine Rupp
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Dreo
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Katharina Gütl
- Division of Angiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Johannes Fessler
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Adrian Moser
- Österreichische Gesundheitskasse, Gesundheitszentrum Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Haditsch
- Österreichische Gesundheitskasse, Gesundheitszentrum Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Gernot Schilcher
- Intensive Care Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Lucie-Marie Matzkies
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Ivo Steinmetz
- Diagnostic and Research Institute of Hygiene, Microbiology and Environmental Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; and
| | - Hildegard Greinix
- Division of Hematology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Martin H Stradner
- Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria;
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22
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Liu Y, Pan Y, Hu Z, Wu M, Wang C, Feng Z, Mao C, Tan Y, Liu Y, Chen L, Li M, Wang G, Yuan Z, Diao B, Wu Y, Chen Y. Thymosin Alpha 1 Reduces the Mortality of Severe Coronavirus Disease 2019 by Restoration of Lymphocytopenia and Reversion of Exhausted T Cells. Clin Infect Dis 2020; 71:2150-2157. [PMID: 32442287 PMCID: PMC7314217 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymosin alpha 1 (Tα1) had been used in the treatment of viral infections as an immune response modifier for many years. However, clinical benefits and the mechanism of Tα1 treatment for COVID-19 patients are still unclear. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the clinical outcomes of 76 severe COVID-19 cases admitted to 2 hospitals in Wuhan, China, from December 2019 to March 2020. The thymus output in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from COVID-19 patients was measured by T-cell receptor excision circles (TRECs). The levels of T-cell exhaustion markers programmed death-1 (PD-1) and T-cell immunoglobulin and mucin domain protein 3 (Tim-3) on CD8+ T cells were detected by flow cytometry. RESULTS Compared with the untreated group, Tα1 treatment significantly reduced the mortality of severe COVID-19 patients (11.11% vs 30.00%, P = .044). Tα1 enhanced blood T-cell numbers in COVID-19 patients with severe lymphocytopenia. Under such conditions, Tα1 also successfully restored CD8+ and CD4+ T-cell numbers in elderly patients. Meanwhile, Tα1 reduced PD-1 and Tim-3 expression on CD8+ T cells from severe COVID-19 patients compared with untreated cases. It is of note that restoration of lymphocytopenia and acute exhaustion of T cells were roughly parallel to the rise of TRECs. CONCLUSIONS Tα1 treatment significantly reduced mortality of severe COVID-19 patients. COVID-19 patients with counts of CD8+ T cells or CD4+ T cells in circulation less than 400/μL or 650/μL, respectively, gained more benefits from Tα1. Tα1 reversed T-cell exhaustion and recovered immune reconstitution through promoting thymus output during severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus 2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueping Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Pan
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenhong Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Wu
- Intensive Care Unit, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China.,Intensive Care Unit, Wuhan Pulmonary Hospital, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenhui Wang
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zeqing Feng
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Congzheng Mao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Medicine, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingjun Tan
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Liu
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zilin Yuan
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Diao
- Department of Medical Laboratory Center, General Hospital of the Central Theater Command, Wuhan, Hubei Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuzhang Wu
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongwen Chen
- Institute of Immunology, People's Liberation Army, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, People's Republic of China
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23
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Jain S, Khaiboullina SF, Baranwal M. Immunological Perspective for Ebola Virus Infection and Various Treatment Measures Taken to Fight the Disease. Pathogens 2020; 9:E850. [PMID: 33080902 PMCID: PMC7603231 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens9100850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ebolaviruses, discovered in 1976, belongs to the Filoviridae family, which also includes Marburg and Lloviu viruses. They are negative-stranded RNA viruses with six known species identified to date. Ebola virus (EBOV) is a member of Zaire ebolavirus species and can cause the Ebola virus disease (EVD), an emerging zoonotic disease that results in homeostatic imbalance and multi-organ failure. There are three EBOV outbreaks documented in the last six years resulting in significant morbidity (> 32,000 cases) and mortality (> 13,500 deaths). The potential factors contributing to the high infectivity of this virus include multiple entry mechanisms, susceptibility of the host cells, employment of multiple immune evasion mechanisms and rapid person-to-person transmission. EBOV infection leads to cytokine storm, disseminated intravascular coagulation, host T cell apoptosis as well as cell mediated and humoral immune response. In this review, a concise recap of cell types targeted by EBOV and EVD symptoms followed by detailed run-through of host innate and adaptive immune responses, virus-driven regulation and their combined effects contributing to the disease pathogenesis has been presented. At last, the vaccine and drug development initiatives as well as challenges related to the management of infection have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sahil Jain
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
| | - Svetlana F. Khaiboullina
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Nevada, Reno, NV 89557, USA
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia
| | - Manoj Baranwal
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering & Technology, Patiala 147004, Punjab, India;
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24
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Severe Human Lassa Fever Is Characterized by Nonspecific T-Cell Activation and Lymphocyte Homing to Inflamed Tissues. J Virol 2020; 94:JVI.01367-20. [PMID: 32817220 PMCID: PMC7565638 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01367-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 08/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Lassa fever may cause severe disease in humans, in particular in areas of endemicity like Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Despite its public health importance, the pathophysiology of Lassa fever in humans is poorly understood. Here, we present clinical immunology data obtained in the field during the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria indicating that severe Lassa fever is associated with activation of T cells antigenically unrelated to Lassa virus and poor Lassa virus-specific effector T-cell responses. Mechanistically, we show that these bystander T cells express defined tissue homing signatures that suggest their recruitment to inflamed tissues and a putative role of these T cells in immunopathology. These findings open a window of opportunity to consider T-cell targeting as a potential postexposure therapeutic strategy against severe Lassa fever, a hypothesis that could be tested in relevant animal models, such as nonhuman primates. Lassa fever (LF) is a zoonotic viral hemorrhagic fever caused by Lassa virus (LASV), which is endemic to West African countries. Previous studies have suggested an important role for T-cell-mediated immunopathology in LF pathogenesis, but the mechanisms by which T cells influence disease severity and outcome are not well understood. Here, we present a multiparametric analysis of clinical immunology data collected during the 2017–2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria. During the acute phase of LF, we observed robust activation of the polyclonal T-cell repertoire, which included LASV-specific and antigenically unrelated T cells. However, severe and fatal LF cases were characterized by poor LASV-specific effector T-cell responses. Severe LF was also characterized by the presence of circulating T cells with homing capacity to inflamed tissues, including the gut mucosa. These findings in LF patients were recapitulated in a mouse model of LASV infection, in which mucosal exposure resulted in remarkably high lethality compared to skin exposure. Taken together, our findings indicate that poor LASV-specific T-cell responses and activation of nonspecific T cells with homing capacity to inflamed tissues are associated with severe LF. IMPORTANCE Lassa fever may cause severe disease in humans, in particular in areas of endemicity like Sierra Leone and Nigeria. Despite its public health importance, the pathophysiology of Lassa fever in humans is poorly understood. Here, we present clinical immunology data obtained in the field during the 2018 Lassa fever outbreak in Nigeria indicating that severe Lassa fever is associated with activation of T cells antigenically unrelated to Lassa virus and poor Lassa virus-specific effector T-cell responses. Mechanistically, we show that these bystander T cells express defined tissue homing signatures that suggest their recruitment to inflamed tissues and a putative role of these T cells in immunopathology. These findings open a window of opportunity to consider T-cell targeting as a potential postexposure therapeutic strategy against severe Lassa fever, a hypothesis that could be tested in relevant animal models, such as nonhuman primates.
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25
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Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Oldridge DA, Greenplate AR, Wu JE, Alanio C, Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, D'Andrea K, Manne S, Chen Z, Huang YJ, Reilly JP, Weisman AR, Ittner CAG, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Nzingha K, Han N, Kim J, Pattekar A, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, Weirick ME, Gouma S, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Chen F, Lacey SF, Ramage H, Cherry S, Hensley SE, Apostolidis SA, Huang AC, Vella LA, Betts MR, Meyer NJ, Wherry EJ. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals distinct immunotypes with therapeutic implications. Science 2020; 369:eabc8511. [PMID: 32669297 PMCID: PMC7402624 DOI: 10.1126/science.abc8511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1102] [Impact Index Per Article: 275.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is currently a global pandemic, but human immune responses to the virus remain poorly understood. We used high-dimensional cytometry to analyze 125 COVID-19 patients and compare them with recovered and healthy individuals. Integrated analysis of ~200 immune and ~50 clinical features revealed activation of T cell and B cell subsets in a proportion of patients. A subgroup of patients had T cell activation characteristic of acute viral infection and plasmablast responses reaching >30% of circulating B cells. However, another subgroup had lymphocyte activation comparable with that in uninfected individuals. Stable versus dynamic immunological signatures were identified and linked to trajectories of disease severity change. Our analyses identified three immunotypes associated with poor clinical trajectories versus improving health. These immunotypes may have implications for the design of therapeutics and vaccines for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Josephine R Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Derek A Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jennifer E Wu
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - M Betina Pampena
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kurt D'Andrea
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Yinghui Jane Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John P Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ariel R Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Caroline A G Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care Medicine, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nicholas Han
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Justin Kim
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Eileen C Goodwin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Anderson
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Madison E Weirick
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Claudia P Arevalo
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marcus J Bolton
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Simon F Lacey
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Holly Ramage
- Department of Microbiology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sara Cherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Alexander C Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael R Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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26
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Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Ittner CAG, Weisman AR, Agyekum RS, Mathew D, Baxter AE, Vella LA, Kuthuru O, Apostolidis SA, Bershaw L, Dougherty J, Greenplate AR, Pattekar A, Kim J, Han N, Gouma S, Weirick ME, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, Hensley SE, Jones TK, Mangalmurti NS, Luning Prak ET, Wherry EJ, Meyer NJ, Betts MR. Comprehensive mapping of immune perturbations associated with severe COVID-19. Sci Immunol 2020; 5:eabd7114. [PMID: 32669287 PMCID: PMC7402634 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.abd7114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 583] [Impact Index Per Article: 145.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Although critical illness has been associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation, the immune correlates of severe COVID-19 remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed peripheral blood immune perturbations in 42 SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered individuals. We identified extensive induction and activation of multiple immune lineages, including T cell activation, oligoclonal plasmablast expansion, and Fc and trafficking receptor modulation on innate lymphocytes and granulocytes, that distinguished severe COVID-19 cases from healthy donors or SARS-CoV-2-recovered or moderate severity patients. We found the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio to be a prognostic biomarker of disease severity and organ failure. Our findings demonstrate broad innate and adaptive leukocyte perturbations that distinguish dysregulated host responses in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and warrant therapeutic investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - M Betina Pampena
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenzhao Meng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Aaron M Rosenfeld
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - Caroline A G Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ariel R Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Roseline S Agyekum
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Divij Mathew
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Amy E Baxter
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Laura A Vella
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sokratis A Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Luanne Bershaw
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Allison R Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Justin Kim
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas Han
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Madison E Weirick
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Claudia P Arevalo
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcus J Bolton
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Eileen C Goodwin
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Elizabeth M Anderson
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Scott E Hensley
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tiffanie K Jones
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Nilam S Mangalmurti
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
| | - Eline T Luning Prak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA19104, USA
| | - E John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104, USA
| | - Nuala J Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy and Critical Care, Center for Translational Lung Biology, Lung Biology Institute, Department of Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| | - Michael R Betts
- Department of Microbiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
- Institute for Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Mathew D, Giles JR, Baxter AE, Greenplate AR, Wu JE, Alanio C, Oldridge DA, Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, D’Andrea K, Manne S, Chen Z, Huang YJ, Reilly JP, Weisman AR, Ittner CA, Kuthuru O, Dougherty J, Nzingha K, Han N, Kim J, Pattekar A, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, Weirick ME, Gouma S, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Chen F, Lacey SF, Hensley SE, Apostolidis S, Huang AC, Vella LA, Betts MR, Meyer NJ, Wherry EJ. Deep immune profiling of COVID-19 patients reveals patient heterogeneity and distinct immunotypes with implications for therapeutic interventions. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.20.106401. [PMID: 32511371 PMCID: PMC7263500 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.20.106401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19 has become a global pandemic. Immune dysregulation has been implicated, but immune responses remain poorly understood. We analyzed 71 COVID-19 patients compared to recovered and healthy subjects using high dimensional cytometry. Integrated analysis of ~200 immune and >30 clinical features revealed activation of T cell and B cell subsets, but only in some patients. A subgroup of patients had T cell activation characteristic of acute viral infection and plasmablast responses could reach >30% of circulating B cells. However, another subgroup had lymphocyte activation comparable to uninfected subjects. Stable versus dynamic immunological signatures were identified and linked to trajectories of disease severity change. These analyses identified three "immunotypes" associated with poor clinical trajectories versus improving health. These immunotypes may have implications for therapeutics and vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Divij Mathew
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Josephine R. Giles
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Amy E. Baxter
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Allison R. Greenplate
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Jennifer E. Wu
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Cécile Alanio
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Derek A. Oldridge
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Leticia Kuri-Cervantes
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - M. Betina Pampena
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kurt D’Andrea
- Division of Translational Medicine and Human Genetics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania
| | - Sasikanth Manne
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Zeyu Chen
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Yinghui Jane Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - John P. Reilly
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Ariel R, Weisman
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Caroline A.G. Ittner
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Oliva Kuthuru
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Jeanette Dougherty
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Kito Nzingha
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Nicholas Han
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Justin Kim
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Ajinkya Pattekar
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Eileen C. Goodwin
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Elizabeth M. Anderson
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Madison E. Weirick
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Sigrid Gouma
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Claudia P. Arevalo
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Marcus J. Bolton
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Fang Chen
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Simon F. Lacey
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies,University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Scott E. Hensley
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Sokratis Apostolidis
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Alexander C. Huang
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Laura A. Vella
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Division of Infectious Disease, Department of Pediatrics, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia
| | | | - Michael R. Betts
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Microbiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - Nuala J. Meyer
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
| | - E. John Wherry
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine
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Kuri-Cervantes L, Pampena MB, Meng W, Rosenfeld AM, Ittner CAG, Weisman AR, Agyekum R, Mathew D, Baxter AE, Vella L, Kuthuru O, Apostolidis S, Bershaw L, Dougherty J, Greenplate AR, Pattekar A, Kim J, Han N, Gouma S, Weirick ME, Arevalo CP, Bolton MJ, Goodwin EC, Anderson EM, Hensley SE, Jones TK, Mangalmurti NS, Luning Prak ET, Wherry EJ, Meyer NJ, Betts MR. Immunologic perturbations in severe COVID-19/SARS-CoV-2 infection. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2020:2020.05.18.101717. [PMID: 32511394 PMCID: PMC7263541 DOI: 10.1101/2020.05.18.101717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Although critical illness has been associated with SARS-CoV-2-induced hyperinflammation, the immune correlates of severe COVID-19 remain unclear. Here, we comprehensively analyzed peripheral blood immune perturbations in 42 SARS-CoV-2 infected and recovered individuals. We identified broad changes in neutrophils, NK cells, and monocytes during severe COVID-19, suggesting excessive mobilization of innate lineages. We found marked activation within T and B cells, highly oligoclonal B cell populations, profound plasmablast expansion, and SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies in many, but not all, severe COVID-19 cases. Despite this heterogeneity, we found selective clustering of severe COVID-19 cases through unbiased analysis of the aggregated immunological phenotypes. Our findings demonstrate broad immune perturbations spanning both innate and adaptive leukocytes that distinguish dysregulated host responses in severe SARS-CoV-2 infection and warrant therapeutic investigation. One Sentence Summary Broad immune perturbations in severe COVID-19.
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29
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Jubel JM, Barbati ZR, Burger C, Wirtz DC, Schildberg FA. The Role of PD-1 in Acute and Chronic Infection. Front Immunol 2020; 11:487. [PMID: 32265932 PMCID: PMC7105608 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
PD-1 as an immune checkpoint molecule down-regulates T cell activity during immune responses in order to prevent autoimmune tissue damage. In chronic infections or tumors, lasting antigen-exposure leads to permanent PD-1 expression that can limit immune-mediated clearance of pathogens or degenerated cells. Blocking PD-1 can enhance T cell function; in cancer treatment PD-1 blockade is already used as a successful therapy. However, the role of PD-1 expression and blocking in the context of acute and chronic infections is less defined. Building on its success in cancer therapy leads to the hypothesis that blocking PD-1 in infectious diseases is also beneficial in acute or chronic infections. This review will focus on the role of PD-1 expression in acute and chronic infections with virus, bacteria, and parasites, with a particular focus on recent studies regarding PD-1 blockade in infectious diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jil M Jubel
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | - Christof Burger
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Dieter C Wirtz
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Frank A Schildberg
- Clinic for Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Sanchez-Lockhart M, Reyes DS, Gonzalez JC, Garcia KY, Villa EC, Pfeffer BP, Trefry JC, Kugelman JR, Pitt ML, Palacios GF. Qualitative Profiling of the Humoral Immune Response Elicited by rVSV-ΔG-EBOV-GP Using a Systems Serology Assay, Domain Programmable Arrays. Cell Rep 2020; 24:1050-1059.e5. [PMID: 30044972 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.06.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of an effective vaccine became a worldwide priority after the devastating 2013-2016 Ebola disease outbreak. To qualitatively profile the humoral response against advanced filovirus vaccine candidates, we developed Domain Programmable Arrays (DPA), a systems serology platform to identify epitopes targeted after vaccination or filovirus infection. We optimized the assay using a panel of well-characterized monoclonal antibodies. After optimization, we utilized the system to longitudinally characterize the immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype-specific responses in non-human primates vaccinated with rVSV-ΔG-EBOV-glycoprotein (GP). Strikingly, we observed that, although the IgM response was directed against epitopes over the whole GP, the IgG and IgA responses were almost exclusively directed against the mucin-like domain (MLD) of the glycan cap. Further research will be needed to characterize this possible biased IgG and IgA response toward the MLD, but the results corroborate that DPA is a valuable tool to qualitatively measure the humoral response after vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanchez-Lockhart
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Daniel S Reyes
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Jeanette C Gonzalez
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Karla Y Garcia
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA; Departments of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Erika C Villa
- Department of Bioinformatics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Bradley P Pfeffer
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - John C Trefry
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Kugelman
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Margaret L Pitt
- Virology Division, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Gustavo F Palacios
- Center for Genome Sciences, United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases (USAMRIID), Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
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31
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Sobarzo A, Stonier SW, Radinsky O, Gelkop S, Kuehne AI, Edri A, Herbert AS, Fedida-Metula S, Lutwama JJ, Yavelsky V, Davis C, Porgador A, Dye JM, Lobel L. Multiple viral proteins and immune response pathways act to generate robust long-term immunity in Sudan virus survivors. EBioMedicine 2019; 46:215-226. [PMID: 31326432 PMCID: PMC6710910 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Profiles of immunity developed in filovirus patients and survivors have begun to shed light on antigen-specific cellular immune responses that had been previously under-studied. However, our knowledge of the breadth and length of those responses and the viral targets which mediate long-term memory immunity still lags significantly behind. Methods We characterized antigen-specific immune responses in whole blood samples of fifteen years post-infected survivors of the Sudan virus (SUDV) outbreak in Gulu, Uganda (2000−2001). We examined T cell and IgG responses against SUDV complete antigen and four SUDV proteins; glycoprotein (GP), nucleoprotein (NP), and viral protein 30 (VP30), and 40 (VP40). Findings We found survivors-maintained antigen-specific CD4+ T cell memory immune responses mediated mainly by the viral protein NP. In contrast, activated CD8+ T cell responses were nearly absent in SUDV survivors, regardless of the stimulating antigen used. Analysis of anti-viral humoral immunity revealed antigen-specific IgG antibodies against SUDV and SUDV proteins. Survivor IgGs mediated live SUDV neutralization in vitro and FcγRI and FcγRIII antibody Fc-dependent responses, mainly via antibodies to the viral proteins GP and VP40. Interpretation We highlight the key role of several proteins, i.e., GP, NP, and VP40, to act as mediators of distinctive and sustained cellular memory immune responses in long-term SUDV survivors. We suggest that the inclusion of these viral proteins in vaccine development may best mimic survivor native memory immune responses with the potential of protecting against viral infection. Funds This research was funded by the Defense Threat Reduction Agency (CB4088) and by the National Institute Of Allergy And Infectious Diseases of the National Institutes of Health under Award Number R01AI111516. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel Sobarzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel.
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Olga Radinsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Sigal Gelkop
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Avishay Edri
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA
| | - Shlomit Fedida-Metula
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot No: 51 -59, Nakiwogo Road, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Victoria Yavelsky
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot No: 51 -59, Nakiwogo Road, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Claytus Davis
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - Angel Porgador
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel
| | - John M Dye
- US Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, 1425 Porter St, Fort Detrick, MD 21702-5011, USA.
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva 8410501, Israel; Department of Arbovirology, Emerging and Re-Emerging Infection Uganda Virus Research Institute, Plot No: 51 -59, Nakiwogo Road, P.O.Box 49, Entebbe, Uganda
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Ploquin A, Zhou Y, Sullivan NJ. Ebola Immunity: Gaining a Winning Position in Lightning Chess. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 201:833-842. [PMID: 30038036 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Zaire ebolavirus (EBOV), one of five species in the genus Ebolavirus, is the causative agent of the hemorrhagic fever disease epidemic that claimed more than 11,000 lives from 2014 to 2016 in West Africa. The combination of EBOV's ability to disseminate broadly and rapidly within the host and its high pathogenicity pose unique challenges to the human immune system postinfection. Potential transmission from apparently healthy EBOV survivors reported in the recent epidemic raises questions about EBOV persistence and immune surveillance mechanisms. Clinical, virological, and immunological data collected since the West Africa epidemic have greatly enhanced our knowledge of host-virus interactions. However, critical knowledge gaps remain in our understanding of what is necessary for an effective host immune response for protection against, or for clearance of, EBOV infection. This review provides an overview of immune responses against EBOV and discusses those associated with the success or failure to control EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurélie Ploquin
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Yan Zhou
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
| | - Nancy J Sullivan
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892
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Inflammatory and Humoral Immune Response during Ebola Virus Infection in Survivor and Fatal Cases Occurred in Sierra Leone during the 2014⁻2016 Outbreak in West Africa. Viruses 2019; 11:v11040373. [PMID: 31018522 PMCID: PMC6520887 DOI: 10.3390/v11040373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2019] [Revised: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) infection is characterized by an excessive inflammatory response, a loss of lymphocytes and a general paralysis of the immune system, however pathophysiological mechanisms are not fully understood. In a cohort of 23 fatal and 21 survivors of ebola virus disease (EVD) cases admitted to the Emergency Ebola-Treatment-Center in Goderich (Freetown, Sierra Leone) during the 2014 to 2016 EBOV epidemic in Western Africa, we analyzed the pathway-focused gene expression profile of secreted proteins involved in the immune response and the levels of specific anti-EBOV IgM and IgG from the time of admission till discharge or death. We observed a dysregulated inflammatory response in fatal patients as compared to survivors, mainly consisting of the upregulation of inflammatory mediators, whose extent directly correlated with viremia levels. The upregulation persisted and intensified during the late phase of infection. Relevant differences were also found in humoral immunity, as an earlier and more robust EBOV antibody response was observed in survivor patients.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Salvato MS, Medina-Moreno S, Zapata JC. T-Cell Response to Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers. Vaccines (Basel) 2019; 7:E11. [PMID: 30678246 PMCID: PMC6466054 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines7010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral hemorrhagic fevers (VHF) are a group of clinically similar diseases that can be caused by enveloped RNA viruses primarily from the families Arenaviridae, Filoviridae, Hantaviridae, and Flaviviridae. Clinically, this group of diseases has in common fever, fatigue, dizziness, muscle aches, and other associated symptoms that can progress to vascular leakage, bleeding and multi-organ failure. Most of these viruses are zoonotic causing asymptomatic infections in the primary host, but in human beings, the infection can be lethal. Clinical and experimental evidence suggest that the T-cell response is needed for protection against VHF, but can also cause damage to the host, and play an important role in disease pathogenesis. Here, we present a review of the T-cell immune responses to VHF and insights into the possible ways to improve counter-measures for these viral agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Maria S Salvato
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Sandra Medina-Moreno
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
| | - Juan C Zapata
- Institute of Human Virology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.
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35
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Bohórquez JA, Wang M, Pérez-Simó M, Vidal E, Rosell R, Ganges L. Low CD4/CD8 ratio in classical swine fever postnatal persistent infection generated at 3 weeks after birth. Transbound Emerg Dis 2018; 66:752-762. [PMID: 30457708 PMCID: PMC7379727 DOI: 10.1111/tbed.13080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Classical swine fever virus (CSFV) is one of the most important pathogens affecting swine. After infection with a moderate virulence strain at 8 hours after birth, CSFV is able to induce viral persistence. These animals may appear clinically healthy or showed unspecific clinical signs despite the permanent viremia and high viral shedding, in absence of immune response to the virus. Given the role played by this infection in disease control, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of CSFV to induce postnatal persistent infection at 3 weeks after birth. Nine pigs were CSFV infected and sampled weekly during 6 weeks and viral, clinical, pathological and immunological tests were carried out. Also, the CD4/CD8 ratio was calculated with the purpose to relate this marker with the CSFV persistent infection. The IFN‐α response was detected mainly 1 week after infection, being similar in all the infected animals. However, 44.4% of animals were CSFV persistently infected, 33.3% died and 22.2% developed specific antibody response. Interestingly, in persistently infected pigs, the T‐CD8 population was increased, the T‐CD4 subset was decreased and lower CD4/CD8 ratios were detected. This is the first report of CSFV capacity to confer postnatal persistent infection in pigs infected at 3 weeks after birth, an age in which the weaning could be carried out in some swine production systems. This type of infected animals shed high amounts of virus and are difficult to evaluate from the clinical and anatomopathological point of view. Therefore, the detection of this type of infection and its elimination in endemic areas will be relevant for global CSF eradication. Finally, the low CD4/CD8 ratios found in persistently infected animals may be implicated in maintaining high CSFV replication during persistence and further studies will be performed to decipher the role of these cells in CSFV immunopathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Miaomiao Wang
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Pérez-Simó
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Enric Vidal
- IRTA-CReSA, Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Rosa Rosell
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain.,Departament d'Agricultura, Ramaderia i Pesca (DARP), Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Llilianne Ganges
- OIE Reference Laboratory for Classical Swine Fever, IRTA-CReSA, Barcelona, Spain
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36
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Reznik SE, Tiwari AK, Ashby CR. Sofosbuvir: A Potential Treatment for Ebola. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:1139. [PMID: 30364245 PMCID: PMC6192451 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra E Reznik
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States.,Departments of Pathology and Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Montefiore Medical Center/Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Amit K Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Charles R Ashby
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, St. John's University, Queens, NY, United States
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37
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Dynamic changes in the immunological characteristics of T lymphocytes in surviving patients with severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS). Int J Infect Dis 2018; 70:72-80. [PMID: 29550447 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2018.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) is an emerging infectious disease with high mortality. T cell deficiency has recently been described, but the changes in T cell functionality during acute SFTS virus (SFTSV) infection and the mechanisms leading to T lymphocyte death remain largely unknown. This study was conducted to evaluate T cell functionality and the expression of apoptotic/proliferation and activation/inhibition markers during acute SFTSV infection. METHODS Twenty-eight surviving SFTS patients were sequentially sampled during their entire hospital stay. SFTSV RNA copies were investigated using real-time RT-PCR. The expression levels of apoptotic markers (annexin V and CD95) and proliferation and activation markers (Ki-67, HLA-DR, and CD25) and the expression levels of programmed cell death-1 (PD-1), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and granzyme B in T cells were evaluated by flow cytometry for the SFTS patients. RESULTS In parallel with T cell depletion, higher annexin V and CD95 expression was observed in SFTS patients. Additionally, the expression levels of Ki-67, HLA-DR, CD25, and PD-1 and the levels of IFN-γ and granzyme B in T lymphocytes were markedly increased in the SFTS patients. CONCLUSIONS T cell proliferation, activation, and functional enhancement were apparent despite the observation of T cell apoptosis, suggesting that these processes are involved in the complex protective response to SFTSV infection.
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Enabling Rapid Response to the 2014-2016 Ebola Epidemic: The Experience and the Results of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases Lazzaro Spallanzani. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 972:103-122. [PMID: 27864803 DOI: 10.1007/5584_2016_134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented epidemic of Ebola virus disease (EVD) in West Africa highlighted the need for stronger systems for disease surveillance, response, and prevention worldwide. Tackling an epidemic event today requires a broader view, not only limited to medical management of the patients, but which also includes heroic efforts by clinicians and public health personnel.Since its foundation in 1936, INMI has been devoted to the prevention, diagnosis and care for infectious diseases. In 2009, INMI became a WHO collaborative center for clinical care, diagnosis, response and training on Highly Infectious Diseases. This paper is aimed to present the activities and the challenging issues encountered by INMI during the 2014-2015 EVD outbreak in terms of preparedness and response to the epidemiological, clinical, diagnostic and research controversial aspects of EVD, both in Italy and in the field.
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40
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McElroy AK, Akondy RS, Harmon JR, Ellebedy AH, Cannon D, Klena JD, Sidney J, Sette A, Mehta AK, Kraft CS, Lyon MG, Varkey JB, Ribner BS, Nichol ST, Spiropoulou CF. A Case of Human Lassa Virus Infection With Robust Acute T-Cell Activation and Long-Term Virus-Specific T-Cell Responses. J Infect Dis 2017; 215:1862-1872. [PMID: 28863472 DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jix201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A nurse who acquired Lassa virus infection in Togo in the spring of 2016 was repatriated to the United States for care at Emory University Hospital. Serial sampling from this patient permitted the characterization of several aspects of the innate and cellular immune responses to Lassa virus. Although most of the immune responses correlated with the kinetics of viremia resolution, the CD8 T-cell response was of surprisingly high magnitude and prolonged duration, implying prolonged presentation of viral antigens. Indeed, long after viremia resolution, there was persistent viral RNA detected in the semen of the patient, accompanied by epididymitis, suggesting the male reproductive tract as 1 site of antigen persistence. Consistent with the magnitude of acute T-cell responses, the patient ultimately developed long-term, polyfunctional memory T-cell responses to Lassa virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita K McElroy
- Departments of Pediatrics.,CDC Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | | | | | | | - John D Klena
- CDC Viral Special Pathogens Branch, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - John Sidney
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology Center for Infectious Disease, California
| | - Alessandro Sette
- La Jolla Institute for Allergy and Immunology Center for Infectious Disease, California
| | | | - Colleen S Kraft
- Medicine, Division of Infectious Disease.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Emory University
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41
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Human Zika infection induces a reduction of IFN-γ producing CD4 T-cells and a parallel expansion of effector Vδ2 T-cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6313. [PMID: 28740159 PMCID: PMC5524759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06536-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The definition of the immunological response to Zika (ZIKV) infection in humans represents a key issue to identify protective profile useful for vaccine development and for pathogenesis studies. No data are available on the cellular immune response in the acute phase of human ZIKV infection, and its role in the protection and/or pathogenesis needs to be clarified. We studied and compared the phenotype and functionality of T-cells in patients with acute ZIKV and Dengue viral (DENV) infections. A significant activation of T-cells was observed during both ZIKV and DENV infections. ZIKV infection was characterized by a CD4 T cell differentiation toward effector cells and by a lower frequency of IFN-γ producing CD4 T cells. Moreover, a substantial expansion of CD3+CD4−CD8− T-cell subset expressing Vδ2 TCR was specifically observed in ZIKV patients. Vδ2 T cells presented a terminally differentiated profile, expressed granzyme B and maintained their ability to produce IFN-γ. These findings provide new knowledge on the immune response profile during self-limited infection that may help in vaccine efficacy definition, and in identifying possible immuno-pathogenetic mechanisms of severe infection.
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42
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Stonier SW, Herbert AS, Kuehne AI, Sobarzo A, Habibulin P, Dahan CVA, James RM, Egesa M, Cose S, Lutwama JJ, Lobel L, Dye JM. Marburg virus survivor immune responses are Th1 skewed with limited neutralizing antibody responses. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2563-2572. [PMID: 28724616 PMCID: PMC5584125 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20170161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune responses that develop in survivors of filovirus infection may indicate critical parameters that could inform rational vaccine development. Stonier et al. characterize immune responses in Marburg virus survivors and demonstrate robust CD4+ T cell responses but limited CD8+ T cell and neutralizing antibody responses. Until recently, immune responses in filovirus survivors remained poorly understood. Early studies revealed IgM and IgG responses to infection with various filoviruses, but recent outbreaks have greatly expanded our understanding of filovirus immune responses. Immune responses in survivors of Ebola virus (EBOV) and Sudan virus (SUDV) infections have provided the most insight, with T cell responses as well as detailed antibody responses having been characterized. Immune responses to Marburg virus (MARV), however, remain almost entirely uncharacterized. We report that immune responses in MARV survivors share characteristics with EBOV and SUDV infections but have some distinct differences. MARV survivors developed multivariate CD4+ T cell responses but limited CD8+ T cell responses, more in keeping with SUDV survivors than EBOV survivors. In stark contrast to SUDV survivors, rare neutralizing antibody responses in MARV survivors diminished rapidly after the outbreak. These results warrant serious consideration for any vaccine or therapeutic that seeks to be broadly protective, as different filoviruses may require different immune responses to achieve immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spencer W Stonier
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
| | - Ana I Kuehne
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
| | - Ariel Sobarzo
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Polina Habibulin
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Chen V Abramovitch Dahan
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Rebekah M James
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
| | - Moses Egesa
- Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Stephen Cose
- Uganda Research Unit on AIDS, Medical Research Council/Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda.,Department of Medical Microbiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Makerere University College of Health Sciences, Kampala, Uganda.,London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London, England, UK
| | - Julius Julian Lutwama
- Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - Leslie Lobel
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Genetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel.,Department of Arbovirology, Emerging, and Re-emerging Infection, Uganda Virus Research Institute, Entebbe, Uganda
| | - John M Dye
- Virology Division, U.S. Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD
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Kash JC, Walters KA, Kindrachuk J, Baxter D, Scherler K, Janosko KB, Adams RD, Herbert AS, James RM, Stonier SW, Memoli MJ, Dye JM, Davey RT, Chertow DS, Taubenberger JK. Longitudinal peripheral blood transcriptional analysis of a patient with severe Ebola virus disease. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:9/385/eaai9321. [PMID: 28404864 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aai9321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The 2013-2015 outbreak of Ebola virus disease in Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone was unprecedented in the number of documented cases, but there have been few published reports on immune responses in clinical cases and their relationships with the course of illness and severity of Ebola virus disease. Symptoms of Ebola virus disease can include severe headache, myalgia, asthenia, fever, fatigue, diarrhea, vomiting, abdominal pain, and hemorrhage. Although experimental treatments are in development, there are no current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved vaccines or therapies. We report a detailed study of host gene expression as measured by microarray in daily peripheral blood samples collected from a patient with severe Ebola virus disease. This individual was provided with supportive care without experimental therapies at the National Institutes of Health Clinical Center from before onset of critical illness to recovery. Pearson analysis of daily gene expression signatures revealed marked gene expression changes in peripheral blood leukocytes that correlated with changes in serum and peripheral blood leukocytes, viral load, antibody responses, coagulopathy, multiple organ dysfunction, and then recovery. This study revealed marked shifts in immune and antiviral responses that preceded changes in medical condition, indicating that clearance of replicating Ebola virus from peripheral blood leukocytes is likely important for systemic viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- John C Kash
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | | | - Jason Kindrachuk
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - David Baxter
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | | | - Krisztina B Janosko
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rick D Adams
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Andrew S Herbert
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Rebekah M James
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Spencer W Stonier
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Matthew J Memoli
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - John M Dye
- United States Army Medical Research Institute of Infectious Diseases, Fort Detrick, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Richard T Davey
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Daniel S Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jeffery K Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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44
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Cimini E, Viola D, Cabeza-Cabrerizo M, Romanelli A, Tumino N, Sacchi A, Bordoni V, Casetti R, Turchi F, Martini F, Bore JA, Koundouno FR, Duraffour S, Michel J, Holm T, Zekeng EG, Cowley L, Garcia Dorival I, Doerrbecker J, Hetzelt N, Baum JHJ, Portmann J, Wölfel R, Gabriel M, Miranda O, Díaz G, Díaz JE, Fleites YA, Piñeiro CA, Castro CM, Koivogui L, Magassouba N, Diallo B, Ruibal P, Oestereich L, Wozniak DM, Lüdtke A, Becker-Ziaja B, Capobianchi MR, Ippolito G, Carroll MW, Günther S, Di Caro A, Muñoz-Fontela C, Agrati C. Different features of Vδ2 T and NK cells in fatal and non-fatal human Ebola infections. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2017; 11:e0005645. [PMID: 28558022 PMCID: PMC5472323 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0005645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Human Ebola infection is characterized by a paralysis of the immune system. A signature of αβ T cells in fatal Ebola infection has been recently proposed, while the involvement of innate immune cells in the protection/pathogenesis of Ebola infection is unknown. Aim of this study was to analyze γδ T and NK cells in patients from the Ebola outbreak of 2014–2015 occurred in West Africa, and to assess their association with the clinical outcome. Methodology/Principal findings Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Centre in Guinea. Patients were divided in two groups on the basis of the clinical outcome. The analysis was performed by using multiparametric flow cytometry established by the European Mobile Laboratory in the field. A low frequency of Vδ2 T-cells was observed during Ebola infection, independently from the clinical outcome. Moreover, Vδ2 T-cells from Ebola patients massively expressed CD95 apoptotic marker, suggesting the involvement of apoptotic mechanisms in Vδ2 T-cell loss. Interestingly, Vδ2 T-cells from survivors expressed an effector phenotype and presented a lower expression of the CTLA-4 exhaustion marker than fatalities, suggesting a role of effector Vδ2 T-cells in the protection. Furthermore, patients with fatal Ebola infection were characterized by a lower NK cell frequency than patients with non fatal infection. In particular, both CD56bright and CD56dim NK frequency were very low both in fatal and non fatal infections, while a higher frequency of CD56neg NK cells was associated to non-fatal infections. Finally, NK activation and expression of NKp46 and CD158a were independent from clinical outcome. Conclusions/Significances Altogether, the data suggest that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells may play a role in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection. Further studies are required to characterize the protective effector functions of Vδ2 and NK cells. Human Ebola infection presents a high lethality rate and is characterized by a paralysis of the immune response. The definition of the protective immune profile during Ebola infection represents a main challenge useful in vaccine and therapy design. In particular, the protective/pathogenetic involvement of innate immune cells during Ebola infection in humans remains to be clarified. Nineteen Ebola-infected patients were enrolled at the time of admission to the Ebola Treatment Center in Guinea, and the profiling of innate immunity was correlated with the clinical outcome. Our results show that both effector Vδ2 T-cells and NK cells were associated with survival, suggesting their involvement in the complex network of protective response to EBOV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Cimini
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Viola
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Mar Cabeza-Cabrerizo
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Antonella Romanelli
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Nicola Tumino
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Sacchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Casetti
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Federica Turchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Federico Martini
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Joseph A Bore
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Sophie Duraffour
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Janine Michel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tobias Holm
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elsa Gayle Zekeng
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Cowley
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down and Colindale, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel Garcia Dorival
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Institute of Infection and Global Health, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Juliane Doerrbecker
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research (TWINCORE), Institute for Experimental Virology, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nicole Hetzelt
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jonathan H J Baum
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jasmine Portmann
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Federal Office for Civil Protection, Spiez Laboratory, Switzerland
| | - Roman Wölfel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, Munich, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Gabriel
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - José E Díaz
- Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Havana, Cuba
| | - Yoel A Fleites
- Hospital Militar Central Dr. Carlos J. Finlay, Havana, Cuba
| | | | | | | | - N'Faly Magassouba
- Laboratoire des Fièvres Hémorragiques en Guinée, Université Gamal Abdel Nasser de Conakry, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Boubacar Diallo
- World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland. (Boubacar is separate: World Health Organization, Conakry, Guinea)
| | - Paula Ruibal
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lisa Oestereich
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - David M Wozniak
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Anja Lüdtke
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Beate Becker-Ziaja
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Maria R Capobianchi
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
| | - Miles W Carroll
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,National Infection Service, Public Health England, Porton Down and Colindale, United Kingdom.,University of Southampton, South General Hospital, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Stephan Günther
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy.,European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany
| | - César Muñoz-Fontela
- European Mobile Laboratory Consortium, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Virology, Bernhard Nocht Institute for Tropical Medicine, World Health Organization Collaborating Center for Arbovirus and Hemorrhagic Fever Reference and Research, Hamburg, Germany.,German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Sites Hamburg, Munich, Germany.,Heinrich Pette Institute, Leibniz Institute for Experimental Virology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Epidemiology and Pre-clinical research, National Institute for Infectious Diseases "Lazzaro Spallanzani", Rome, Italy
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45
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Pleet ML, DeMarino C, Lepene B, Aman MJ, Kashanchi F. The Role of Exosomal VP40 in Ebola Virus Disease. DNA Cell Biol 2017; 36:243-248. [PMID: 28177658 DOI: 10.1089/dna.2017.3639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) can cause a devastating hemorrhagic disease, leading to death in a short period of time. After infection, the resulting EBOV disease results in high levels of circulating cytokines, endothelial dysfunction, coagulopathy, and bystander lymphocyte apoptosis in humans and nonhuman primates. The VP40 matrix protein of EBOV is essential for viral assembly and budding from the host cell. Recent data have shown that VP40 exists in the extracellular environment, including in exosomes, and exosomal VP40 can impact the viability of recipient immune cells, including myeloid and T cells, through the regulation of the RNAi and endosomal sorting complexes required for transport pathways. In this study, we discuss the latest findings of the impact of exosomal VP40 on immune cells in vitro and its potential implications for pathogenesis in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Pleet
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia
| | - Catherine DeMarino
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia
| | | | - M Javad Aman
- 3 Integrated BioTherapeutics, Inc. , Gaithersburg, Maryland
| | - Fatah Kashanchi
- 1 Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University , Manassas, Virginia
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46
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Biava M, Caglioti C, Bordi L, Castilletti C, Colavita F, Quartu S, Nicastri E, Lauria FN, Petrosillo N, Lanini S, Hoenen T, Kobinger G, Zumla A, Di Caro A, Ippolito G, Capobianchi MR, Lalle E. Detection of Viral RNA in Tissues following Plasma Clearance from an Ebola Virus Infected Patient. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006065. [PMID: 28056096 PMCID: PMC5215833 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
An unprecedented Ebola virus (EBOV) epidemic occurred in 2013–2016 in West Africa. Over this time the epidemic exponentially grew and moved to Europe and North America, with several imported cases and many Health Care Workers (HCW) infected. Better understanding of EBOV infection patterns in different body compartments is mandatory to develop new countermeasures, as well as to fully comprehend the pathways of human-to-human transmission. We have longitudinally explored the persistence of EBOV-specific negative sense genomic RNA (neg-RNA) and the presence of positive sense RNA (pos-RNA), including both replication intermediate (antigenomic-RNA) and messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules, in the upper and lower respiratory tract, as compared to plasma, in a HCW infected with EBOV in Sierra Leone, who was hospitalized in the high isolation facility of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” (INMI), Rome, Italy. We observed persistence of pos-RNA and neg-RNAs in longitudinally collected specimens of the lower respiratory tract, even after viral clearance from plasma, suggesting possible local replication. The purpose of the present study is to enhance the knowledge on the biological features of EBOV that can contribute to the human-to-human transmissibility and to develop effective intervention strategies. However, further investigation is needed in order to better understand the clinical meaning of viral replication and shedding in the respiratory tract. An unprecedented Ebola outbreak occurred in 2013–2016 in West Africa. In order to better understand EBOV infection patterns in different body compartments, we have longitudinally explored the presence of already assessed markers of ongoing EBOV replication (negative sense genomic RNA and positive sense RNA) in the upper and lower respiratory tract, as compared to plasma and other body compartments, in a Health Care Worker infected with EBOV in Sierra Leone, who was hospitalized in the high isolation facility of the National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” (INMI), Rome, Italy. The presence of total EBOV RNA and replication markers was observed in specimens of the lower respiratory tract, even after viral clearance from plasma, suggesting possible local replication. Our results contribute to the knowledge on the biological features of EBOV and shed light on the potential role of respiratory compartment in human-to-human transmissibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirella Biava
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Caglioti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Licia Bordi
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Castilletti
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Colavita
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Serena Quartu
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Nicastri
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Nicola Lauria
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
| | - Nicola Petrosillo
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone Lanini
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
| | - Thomas Hoenen
- Institute of Molecular Virology and Cell Biology, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Federal Research Institute for Animal HealthInsel Riems, Germany
| | - Gary Kobinger
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
- Research Centre on Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec Canada
| | - Alimuddin Zumla
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
- University College London and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, London, United Kingdom
| | - Antonino Di Caro
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
| | - Giuseppe Ippolito
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
- International Public Health Crisis Group (IPHCG)
- * E-mail:
| | | | - Eleonora Lalle
- National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” IRCCS, Via Portuense, Rome, Italy
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