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Pukhovaya EM, Ramalho JJ, Weijers D. Polar targeting of proteins - a green perspective. J Cell Sci 2024; 137:jcs262068. [PMID: 39330548 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.262068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity - the asymmetric distribution of molecules and cell structures within the cell - is a feature that almost all cells possess. Even though the cytoskeleton and other intracellular organelles can have a direction and guide protein distribution, the plasma membrane is, in many cases, essential for the asymmetric localization of proteins because it helps to concentrate proteins and restrict their localization. Indeed, many proteins that exhibit asymmetric or polarized localization are either embedded in the PM or located close to it in the cellular cortex. Such proteins, which we refer to here as 'polar proteins', use various mechanisms of membrane targeting, including vesicle trafficking, direct phospholipid binding, or membrane anchoring mediated by post-translational modifications or binding to other proteins. These mechanisms are often shared with non-polar proteins, yet the unique combinations of several mechanisms or protein-specific factors assure the asymmetric distribution of polar proteins. Although there is a relatively detailed understanding of polar protein membrane targeting mechanisms in animal and yeast models, knowledge in plants is more fragmented and focused on a limited number of known polar proteins in different contexts. In this Review, we combine the current knowledge of membrane targeting mechanisms and factors for known plant transmembrane and cortical proteins and compare these with the mechanisms elucidated in non-plant systems. We classify the known factors as general or polarity specific, and we highlight areas where more knowledge is needed to construct an understanding of general polar targeting mechanisms in plants or to resolve controversies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeniya M Pukhovaya
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - João Jacob Ramalho
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dolf Weijers
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Du Q, Yuan B, Thapa Chhetri G, Wang T, Qi L, Wang H. A transcriptional repressor HVA regulates vascular bundle formation through auxin transport in Arabidopsis stem. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 243:1681-1697. [PMID: 39014537 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
Vascular bundles transport water and photosynthate to all organs, and increased bundle number contributes to crop lodging resistance. However, the regulation of vascular bundle formation is poorly understood in the Arabidopsis stem. We report a novel semi-dominant mutant with high vascular activity, hva-d, showing increased vascular bundle number and enhanced cambium proliferation in the stem. The activation of a C2H2 zinc finger transcription factor, AT5G27880/HVA, is responsible for the hva-d phenotype. Genetic, biochemical, and fluorescent microscopic analyses were used to dissect the functions of HVA. HVA functions as a repressor and interacts with TOPLESS via the conserved Ethylene-responsive element binding factor-associated Amphiphilic Repression motif. In contrast to the HVA activation line, knockout of HVA function with a CRISPR-Cas9 approach or expression of HVA fused with an activation domain VP16 (HVA-VP16) resulted in fewer vascular bundles. Further, HVA directly regulates the expression of the auxin transport efflux facilitator PIN1, as a result affecting auxin accumulation. Genetics analysis demonstrated that PIN1 is epistatic to HVA in controlling bundle number. This research identifies HVA as a positive regulator of vascular initiation through negatively modulating auxin transport and sheds new light on the mechanism of bundle formation in the stem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Du
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Bingjian Yuan
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Gaurav Thapa Chhetri
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Liying Qi
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
| | - Huanzhong Wang
- Department of Plant Science and Landscape Architecture, University of Connecticut, 1376 Storrs Rd, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
- Institute for System Genomics, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA
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Pérez-Henríquez P, Nagawa S, Liu Z, Pan X, Michniewicz M, Tang W, Rasmussen C, Van Norman J, Strader L, Yang Z. PIN2-mediated self-organizing transient auxin flow contributes to auxin maxima at the tip of Arabidopsis cotyledons. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.06.24.599792. [PMID: 38979163 PMCID: PMC11230289 DOI: 10.1101/2024.06.24.599792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Directional auxin transport and formation of auxin maxima are critical for embryogenesis, organogenesis, pattern formation, and growth coordination in plants, but the mechanisms underpinning the initiation and establishment of these auxin dynamics are not fully understood. Here we show that a self-initiating and -terminating transient auxin flow along the marginal cells (MCs) contributes to the formation of an auxin maximum at the tip of Arabidopsis cotyledon that globally coordinates the interdigitation of puzzle-shaped pavement cells in the cotyledon epidermis. Prior to the interdigitation, indole butyric acid (IBA) is converted to indole acetic acid (IAA) to induce PIN2 accumulation and polarization in the marginal cells, leading to auxin flow toward and accumulation at the cotyledon tip. When IAA levels at the cotyledon tip reaches a maximum, it activates pavement cell interdigitation as well as the accumulation of the IBA transporter TOB1 in MCs, which sequesters IBA to the vacuole and reduces IBA availability and IAA levels. The reduction of IAA levels results in PIN2 down-regulation and cessation of the auxin flow. Hence, our results elucidate a self-activating and self-terminating transient polar auxin transport system in cotyledons, contributing to the formation of localized auxin maxima that spatiotemporally coordinate pavement cell interdigitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricio Pérez-Henríquez
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Shingo Nagawa
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Zhongchi Liu
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xue Pan
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Toronto-Scarborough, Toronto, ON M1C1A4, Canada
| | | | - Wenxin Tang
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Carolyn Rasmussen
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Jaimie Van Norman
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Lucia Strader
- Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Faculty of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen University of Advanced Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- The Key Laboratory of Quantitative Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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Saini LK, Bheri M, Pandey GK. Protein phosphatases and their targets: Comprehending the interactions in plant signaling pathways. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 134:307-370. [PMID: 36858740 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a vital reversible post-translational modification. This process is established by two classes of enzymes: protein kinases and protein phosphatases. Protein kinases phosphorylate proteins while protein phosphatases dephosphorylate phosphorylated proteins, thus, functioning as 'critical regulators' in signaling pathways. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases are classified as phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine (Ser)/threonine (Thr) specific phosphatases (STPs) that dephosphorylate Ser and Thr residues. The PTP family dephosphorylates Tyr residues while dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. The composition of these enzymes as well as their substrate specificity are important determinants of their functional significance in a number of cellular processes and stress responses. Their role in animal systems is well-understood and characterized. The functional characterization of protein phosphatases has been extensively covered in plants, although the comprehension of their mechanistic basis is an ongoing pursuit. The nature of their interactions with other key players in the signaling process is vital to our understanding. The substrates or targets determine their potential as well as magnitude of the impact they have on signaling pathways. In this article, we exclusively overview the various substrates of protein phosphatases in plant signaling pathways, which are a critical determinant of the outcome of various developmental and stress stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lokesh K Saini
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India.
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Bawa G, Liu Z, Wu R, Zhou Y, Liu H, Sun S, Liu Y, Qin A, Yu X, Zhao Z, Yang J, Hu M, Sun X. PIN1 regulates epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress using single-cell analysis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1043204. [PMID: 36466268 PMCID: PMC9716655 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1043204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of evolution, plants have developed plasticity to acclimate to environmental stresses such as drought and salt stress. These plant adaptation measures involve the activation of cascades of molecular networks involved in stress perception, signal transduction and the expression of stress related genes. Here, we investigated the role of the plasma membrane-localized transporter of auxin PINFORMED1 (PIN1) in the regulation of pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs) development under drought and salt stress conditions. The results showed that drought and salt stress treatment affected the development of PCs and GCs. Further analysis identified the different regulation mechanisms of PIN1 in regulating the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs under drought and salt stress conditions. Drought and salt stress also regulated the expression dynamics of PIN1 in pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutants. Collectively, we revealed that PIN1 plays a crucial role in regulating plant epidermal cells development under drought and salt stress conditions, thus contributing to developmental rebustness and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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Ren H, Rao J, Tang M, Li Y, Dang X, Lin D. PP2A interacts with KATANIN to promote microtubule organization and conical cell morphogenesis. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 64:1514-1530. [PMID: 35587570 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is critical for cell and organ morphogenesis. The evolutionarily conserved microtubule-severing enzyme KATANIN plays critical roles in microtubule organization in the plant and animal kingdoms. We previously used conical cell of Arabidopsis thaliana petals as a model system to investigate cortical microtubule organization and cell morphogenesis and determined that KATANIN promotes the formation of circumferential cortical microtubule arrays in conical cells. Here, we demonstrate that the conserved protein phosphatase PP2A interacts with and dephosphorylates KATANIN to promote the formation of circumferential cortical microtubule arrays in conical cells. KATANIN undergoes cycles of phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. Using co-immunoprecipitation coupled with mass spectrometry, we identified PP2A subunits as KATANIN-interacting proteins. Further biochemical studies showed that PP2A interacts with and dephosphorylates KATANIN to stabilize its cellular abundance. Similar to the katanin mutant, mutants for genes encoding PP2A subunits showed disordered cortical microtubule arrays and defective conical cell shape. Taken together, these findings identify PP2A as a regulator of conical cell shape and suggest that PP2A mediates KATANIN phospho-regulation during plant cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huibo Ren
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jinqiu Rao
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Min Tang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Yaxing Li
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xie Dang
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Deshu Lin
- Basic Forestry and Proteomic Research Center, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Biology, Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
- Haixia Institute of Sciences and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
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7
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Liu Z, Guo C, Wu R, Wang J, Zhou Y, Yu X, Zhang Y, Zhao Z, Liu H, Sun S, Hu M, Qin A, Liu Y, Yang J, Bawa G, Sun X. Identification of the Regulators of Epidermis Development under Drought- and Salt-Stressed Conditions by Single-Cell RNA-Seq. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23052759. [PMID: 35269904 PMCID: PMC8911155 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23052759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
As sessile organisms, plants constantly face challenges from the external environment. In order to meet these challenges and survive, plants have evolved a set of sophisticated adaptation strategies, including changes in leaf morphology and epidermal cell development. These developmental patterns are regulated by both light and hormonal signaling pathways. However, our mechanistic understanding of the role of these signaling pathways in regulating plant response to environmental stress is still very limited. By applying single-cell RNA-Seq, we determined the expression pattern of PHYTOCHROME INTERACTING FACTOR (PIF) 1, PIF3, PIF4, and PIF5 genes in leaf epidermal pavement cells (PCs) and guard cells (GCs). PCs and GCs are very sensitive to environmental stress, and our previous research suggests that these PIFs may be involved in regulating the development of PCs, GCs, and leaf morphology under environmental stress. Growth analysis showed that pif1/3/4/5 quadruple mutant maintained tolerance to drought and salt stress, and the length to width ratio of leaves and petiole length under normal growth conditions were similar to those of wild-type (WT) plants under drought and salt treatment. Analysis of the developmental patterns of PCs and GCs, and whole leaf morphology, further confirmed that these PIFs may be involved in mediating the development of epidermal cells under drought and salt stress, likely by regulating the expression of MUTE and TOO MANY MOUTHS (TMM) genes. These results provide new insights into the molecular mechanism of plant adaptation to adverse growth environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhixin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Chenxi Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Rui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jiajing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yaping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xiaole Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Zihao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Hao Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Susu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Mengke Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Aizhi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Yumeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Jincheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - George Bawa
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
| | - Xuwu Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Adaptation and Improvement, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China; (Z.L.); (C.G.); (R.W.); (J.W.); (Y.Z.); (X.Y.); (Y.Z.); (Z.Z.); (H.L.); (S.S.); (M.H.); (A.Q.); (Y.L.); (J.Y.); (G.B.)
- State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, 85 Minglun Street, Kaifeng 475001, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-135-2401-6285
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Zuch DT, Doyle SM, Majda M, Smith RS, Robert S, Torii KU. Cell biology of the leaf epidermis: Fate specification, morphogenesis, and coordination. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:209-227. [PMID: 34623438 PMCID: PMC8774078 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koab250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As the outermost layer of plants, the epidermis serves as a critical interface between plants and the environment. During leaf development, the differentiation of specialized epidermal cell types, including stomatal guard cells, pavement cells, and trichomes, occurs simultaneously, each providing unique and pivotal functions for plant growth and survival. Decades of molecular-genetic and physiological studies have unraveled key players and hormone signaling specifying epidermal differentiation. However, most studies focus on only one cell type at a time, and how these distinct cell types coordinate as a unit is far from well-comprehended. Here we provide a review on the current knowledge of regulatory mechanisms underpinning the fate specification, differentiation, morphogenesis, and positioning of these specialized cell types. Emphasis is given to their shared developmental origins, fate flexibility, as well as cell cycle and hormonal controls. Furthermore, we discuss computational modeling approaches to integrate how mechanical properties of individual epidermal cell types and entire tissue/organ properties mutually influence each other. We hope to illuminate the underlying mechanisms coordinating the cell differentiation that ultimately generate a functional leaf epidermis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel T Zuch
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Mateusz Majda
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Computational and Systems Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Umeå Plant Science Centre, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Umeå 90183, Sweden
| | - Keiko U Torii
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, USA
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9
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Wu Y, Chang Y, Luo L, Tian W, Gong Q, Liu X. Abscisic acid employs NRP-dependent PIN2 vacuolar degradation to suppress auxin-mediated primary root elongation in Arabidopsis. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2022; 233:297-312. [PMID: 34618941 DOI: 10.1111/nph.17783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
How plants balance growth and stress adaptation is a long-standing topic in plant biology. Abscisic acid (ABA) induces the expression of the stress-responsive Asparagine Rich Protein (NRP), which promotes the vacuolar degradation of PP6 phosphatase FyPP3, releasing ABI5 transcription factor to initiate transcription. Whether NRP is required for growth remains unknown. We generated an nrp1 nrp2 double mutant, which had a dwarf phenotype that can be rescued by inhibiting auxin transport. Insufficient auxin in the transition zone and over-accumulation of auxin at the root tip was responsible for the short elongation zone and short-root phenotype of nrp1 nrp2. The auxin efflux carrier PIN2 over-accumulated in nrp1 nrp2 and became de-polarized at the plasma membrane, leading to slower root basipetal auxin transport. Knock-out of PIN2 suppressed the dwarf phenotype of nrp1 nrp2. Furthermore, ABA can induce NRP-dependent vacuolar degradation of PIN2 to inhibit primary root elongation. FyPP3 also is required for NRP-mediated PIN2 turnover. In summary, in growth condition, NRP promotes PIN2 vacuolar degradation to help maintain PIN2 protein concentration and polarity, facilitating the establishment of the elongation zone and primary root elongation. When stressed, ABA employs this pathway to inhibit root elongation for stress adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanying Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Yue Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Liming Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Wenqi Tian
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Qingqiu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism & Joint International Research Laboratory of Metabolic and Developmental Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xinqi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Protein Science, College of Life Sciences, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300071, China
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10
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Liu S, Jobert F, Rahneshan Z, Doyle SM, Robert S. Solving the Puzzle of Shape Regulation in Plant Epidermal Pavement Cells. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PLANT BIOLOGY 2021; 72:525-550. [PMID: 34143651 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-arplant-080720-081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The plant epidermis serves many essential functions, including interactions with the environment, protection, mechanical strength, and regulation of tissue and organ growth. To achieve these functions, specialized epidermal cells develop into particular shapes. These include the intriguing interdigitated jigsaw puzzle shape of cotyledon and leaf pavement cells seen in many species, the precise functions of which remain rather obscure. Although pavement cell shape regulation is complex and still a long way from being fully understood, the roles of the cell wall, mechanical stresses, cytoskeleton, cytoskeletal regulatory proteins, and phytohormones are becoming clearer. Here, we provide a review of this current knowledge of pavement cell morphogenesis, generated from a wealth of experimental evidence and assisted by computational modeling approaches. We also discuss the evolution and potential functions of pavement cell interdigitation. Throughout the review, we highlight some of the thought-provoking controversies and creative theories surrounding the formation of the curious puzzle shape of these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liu
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - François Jobert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Zahra Rahneshan
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Siamsa M Doyle
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
| | - Stéphanie Robert
- Umeå Plant Science Centre, Department of Forest Genetics and Plant Physiology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 90183 Umeå, Sweden; ,
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11
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Lin W, Yang Z. Unlocking the mechanisms behind the formation of interlocking pavement cells. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2020; 57:142-154. [PMID: 33128897 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 08/30/2020] [Accepted: 09/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermal pavement cells with the puzzle-piece shape offer an attractive system for studying the mechanisms underpinning cell morphogenesis in a plant tissue. The formation of the interdigitated lobes and indentations in these interlocking cells relies on the integration of chemical and mechanical signals and cell-to-cell signals to establish interdigitated polar sites defining lobes and indentations. Recent computational and experimental studies have suggested new roles of cell walls, their interplay with mechanical signals, cell polarity signaling regulated by auxin and brassinosteriods, and the cytoskeleton in the regulation of pavement cell morphogenesis. This review summarizes the current state of knowledge on these regulatory mechanisms behind pavement cell morphogenesis in plants and discusses how they could be integrated spatiotemporally to generate the interdigitated polarity patterns and the interlocking shape in pavement cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwei Lin
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Institute for Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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12
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Pan X, Fang L, Liu J, Senay-Aras B, Lin W, Zheng S, Zhang T, Guo J, Manor U, Van Norman J, Chen W, Yang Z. Auxin-induced signaling protein nanoclustering contributes to cell polarity formation. Nat Commun 2020; 11:3914. [PMID: 32764676 PMCID: PMC7410848 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-17602-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity is fundamental to the development of both eukaryotes and prokaryotes, yet the mechanisms behind its formation are not well understood. Here we found that, phytohormone auxin-induced, sterol-dependent nanoclustering of cell surface transmembrane receptor kinase 1 (TMK1) is critical for the formation of polarized domains at the plasma membrane (PM) during the morphogenesis of cotyledon pavement cells (PC) in Arabidopsis. Auxin-induced TMK1 nanoclustering stabilizes flotillin1-associated ordered nanodomains, which in turn promote the nanoclustering of ROP6 GTPase that acts downstream of TMK1 to regulate cortical microtubule organization. In turn, cortical microtubules further stabilize TMK1- and flotillin1-containing nanoclusters at the PM. Hence, we propose a new paradigm for polarity formation: A diffusive signal triggers cell polarization by promoting cell surface receptor-mediated nanoclustering of signaling components and cytoskeleton-mediated positive feedback that reinforces these nanodomains into polarized domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Linjing Fang
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Betul Senay-Aras
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Wenwei Lin
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Shuan Zheng
- FAFU-UCR Joint Center for Horticultural Biology and Metabolomics Center, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Tong Zhang
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jingzhe Guo
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Uri Manor
- Waitt Advanced Biophotonics Center, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, 10010 N Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Jaimie Van Norman
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - Weitao Chen
- Department of Mathematics, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, and Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA.
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13
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Bheri M, Mahiwal S, Sanyal SK, Pandey GK. Plant protein phosphatases: What do we know about their mechanism of action? FEBS J 2020; 288:756-785. [PMID: 32542989 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2020] [Revised: 05/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Protein phosphorylation is a major reversible post-translational modification. Protein phosphatases function as 'critical regulators' in signaling networks through dephosphorylation of proteins, which have been phosphorylated by protein kinases. A large understanding of their working has been sourced from animal systems rather than the plant or the prokaryotic systems. The eukaryotic protein phosphatases include phosphoprotein phosphatases (PPP), metallo-dependent protein phosphatases (PPM), protein tyrosine (Tyr) phosphatases (PTP), and aspartate (Asp)-dependent phosphatases. The PPP and PPM families are serine(Ser)/threonine(Thr)-specific phosphatases (STPs), while PTP family is Tyr specific. Dual-specificity phosphatases (DsPTPs/DSPs) dephosphorylate Ser, Thr, and Tyr residues. PTPs lack sequence homology with STPs, indicating a difference in catalytic mechanisms, while the PPP and PPM families share a similar structural fold indicating a common catalytic mechanism. The catalytic cysteine (Cys) residue in the conserved HCX5 R active site motif of the PTPs acts as a nucleophile during hydrolysis. The PPP members require metal ions, which coordinate the phosphate group of the substrate, followed by a nucleophilic attack by a water molecule and hydrolysis. The variable holoenzyme assembly of protein phosphatase(s) and the overlap with other post-translational modifications like acetylation and ubiquitination add to their complexity. Though their functional characterization is extensively reported in plants, the mechanistic nature of their action is still being explored by researchers. In this review, we exclusively overview the plant protein phosphatases with an emphasis on their mechanistic action as well as structural characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Swati Mahiwal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sibaji K Sanyal
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Girdhar K Pandey
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, University of Delhi South Campus, New Delhi, India
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14
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Bian C, Guo X, Zhang Y, Wang L, Xu T, DeLong A, Dong J. Protein phosphatase 2A promotes stomatal development by stabilizing SPEECHLESS in Arabidopsis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:13127-13137. [PMID: 32434921 PMCID: PMC7293623 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1912075117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Stomatal guard cells control gas exchange that allows plant photosynthesis but limits water loss from plants to the environment. In Arabidopsis, stomatal development is mainly controlled by a signaling pathway comprising peptide ligands, membrane receptors, a mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade, and a set of transcription factors. The initiation of the stomatal lineage requires the activity of the bHLH transcription factor SPEECHLESS (SPCH) with its partners. Multiple kinases were found to regulate SPCH protein stability and function through phosphorylation, yet no antagonistic protein phosphatase activities have been identified. Here, we identify the conserved PP2A phosphatases as positive regulators of Arabidopsis stomatal development. We show that mutations in genes encoding PP2A subunits result in lowered stomatal production in Arabidopsis Genetic analyses place the PP2A function upstream of SPCH. Pharmacological treatments support a role for PP2A in promoting SPCH protein stability. We further find that SPCH directly binds to the PP2A-A subunits in vitro. In plants, nonphosphorylatable SPCH proteins are less affected by PP2A activity levels. Thus, our research suggests that PP2A may function to regulate the phosphorylation status of the master transcription factor SPCH in stomatal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Bian
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Yi Zhang
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
| | - Tongda Xu
- Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University-Joint Centre, Horticulture and Metabolic Biology Centre, Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, 350002 Fuzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Alison DeLong
- Department of Molecular Biology, Cell Biology and Biochemistry, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912
| | - Juan Dong
- The Waksman Institute of Microbiology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854;
- Department of Plant Biology, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901
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15
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García-González J, Kebrlová Š, Semerák M, Lacek J, Kotannal Baby I, Petrášek J, Schwarzerová K. Arp2/3 Complex Is Required for Auxin-Driven Cell Expansion Through Regulation of Auxin Transporter Homeostasis. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:486. [PMID: 32425966 PMCID: PMC7212389 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The Arp2/3 complex is an actin nucleator shown to be required throughout plant morphogenesis, contributing to processes such as cell expansion, tissue differentiation or cell wall assembly. A recent publication demonstrated that plants lacking functional Arp2/3 complex also present defects in auxin distribution and transport. This work shows that Arp2/3 complex subunits are predominantly expressed in the provasculature, although other plant tissues also show promoter activity (e.g., cotyledons, apical meristems, or root tip). Moreover, auxin can trigger subunit expression, indicating a role of this phytohormone in mediating the complex activity. Further investigation of the functional interaction between Arp2/3 complex and auxin signaling also reveals their cooperation in determining pavement cell shape, presumably through the role of Arp2/3 complex in the correct auxin carrier trafficking. Young seedlings of arpc5 mutants show increased auxin-triggered proteasomal degradation of DII-VENUS and altered PIN3 distribution, with higher levels of the protein in the vacuole. Closer observation of vacuolar morphology revealed the presence of a more fragmented vacuolar compartment when Arp2/3 function is abolished, hinting a generalized role of Arp2/3 complex in endomembrane function and protein trafficking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith García-González
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Štépánka Kebrlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Matěj Semerák
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jozef Lacek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
- Institute of Experimental Botany, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
| | - Innu Kotannal Baby
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Jan Petrášek
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
| | - Kateřina Schwarzerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czechia
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16
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Gunji S, Oda Y, Takigawa-Imamura H, Tsukaya H, Ferjani A. Excess Pyrophosphate Restrains Pavement Cell Morphogenesis and Alters Organ Flatness in Arabidopsis thaliana. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2020; 11:31. [PMID: 32153602 PMCID: PMC7047283 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2020.00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In Arabidopsis thaliana, the vacuolar proton-pumping pyrophosphatase (H+-PPase) is highly expressed in young tissues, which consume large amounts of energy in the form of nucleoside triphosphates and produce pyrophosphate (PPi) as a byproduct. We reported that excess PPi in the H+-PPase loss-of-function fugu5 mutant severely compromised gluconeogenesis from seed storage lipids, arrested cell division in cotyledonary palisade tissue, and triggered compensated cell enlargement; this phenotype was recovered upon sucrose supply. Thus, we provided evidence that the hydrolysis of inhibitory PPi, rather than vacuolar acidification, is the major contribution of H+-PPase during seedling establishment. Here, examination of the epidermis revealed that fugu5 pavement cells exhibited defective puzzle-cell formation. Importantly, removal of PPi from fugu5 background by the yeast cytosolic PPase IPP1, in fugu5-1 AVP1pro::IPP1 transgenic lines, restored the phenotypic aberrations of fugu5 pavement cells. Surprisingly, pavement cells in mutants with defects in gluconeogenesis (pck1-2) or the glyoxylate cycle (icl-2; mls-2) showed no phenotypic alteration, indicating that reduced sucrose production from seed storage lipids is not the cause of fugu5 epidermal phenotype. fugu5 had oblong cotyledons similar to those of angustifolia-1 (an-1), whose leaf pavement cells display an abnormal arrangement of cortical microtubules (MTs). To gain insight into the genetic interaction between ANGUSTIFOLIA and H+-PPase in pavement cell differentiation, an-1 fugu5-1 was analyzed. Surprisingly, epidermis developmental defects were synergistically enhanced in the double mutant. In fact, an-1 fugu5-1 pavement cells showed a striking three-dimensional growth phenotype on both abaxial and adaxial sides of cotyledons, which was recovered by hydrolysis of PPi in an-1 fugu5-1 AVP1pro::IPP1. Live imaging revealed that cortical MTs exhibited a reduced velocity, were slightly fragmented and sparse in the above lines compared to the WT. Consistently, addition of PPi in vitro led to a dose-dependent delay of tubulin polymerization, thus supporting a link between PPi and MT dynamics. Moreover, mathematical simulation of three-dimensional growth based on cotyledon proximo-distal and medio-lateral phenotypic quantification implicated restricted cotyledon expansion along the medio-lateral axis in the crinkled surface of an-1 fugu5-1. Together, our data suggest that PPi homeostasis is a prerequisite for proper pavement cell morphogenesis, epidermal growth and development, and organ flattening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shizuka Gunji
- United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Oda
- Department of Gene Function and Phenomics, National Institute of Genetics, Mishima, Japan
- Department of Genetics, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies, SOKENDAI, Mishima, Japan
| | - Hisako Takigawa-Imamura
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Tsukaya
- Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ali Ferjani
- United Graduate School of Education, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Biology, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Rodriguez-Furlan C, Minina EA, Hicks GR. Remove, Recycle, Degrade: Regulating Plasma Membrane Protein Accumulation. THE PLANT CELL 2019; 31:2833-2854. [PMID: 31628169 PMCID: PMC6925004 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.19.00433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between plant cells and the environment rely on modulation of protein receptors, transporters, channels, and lipids at the plasma membrane (PM) to facilitate intercellular communication, nutrient uptake, environmental sensing, and directional growth. These functions are fine-tuned by cellular pathways maintaining or reducing particular proteins at the PM. Proteins are endocytosed, and their fate is decided between recycling and degradation to modulate localization, abundance, and activity. Selective autophagy is another pathway regulating PM protein accumulation in response to specific conditions or developmental signals. The mechanisms regulating recycling, degradation, and autophagy have been studied extensively, yet we are just now addressing their regulation and coordination. Here, we (1) provide context concerning regulation of protein accumulation, recycling, or degradation by overviewing endomembrane trafficking; (2) discuss pathways regulating recycling and degradation in terms of cellular roles and cargoes; (3) review plant selective autophagy and its physiological significance; (4) focus on two decision-making mechanisms: regulation of recycling versus degradation of PM proteins and coordination between autophagy and vacuolar degradation; and (5) identify future challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Rodriguez-Furlan
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
| | - Elena A Minina
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
- Centre for Organismal Studies, Heidelberg University, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Glenn R Hicks
- Department of Botany and Plant Sciences and Institute of Integrative Genome Biology, University of California, Riverside, California 92506
- Uppsala Bio Center, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala SE-75007, Sweden
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18
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Haga K, Sakai T. Involvement of PP6-type protein phosphatase in hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2018; 13:e1536631. [PMID: 30373470 PMCID: PMC6279344 DOI: 10.1080/15592324.2018.1536631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Recently, we reported that the D6 protein kinase subfamily, which belongs to the AGCVIII kinase family, is a critical component of hypocotyl phototropism in Arabidopsis seedlings. Furthermore, we demonstrated that AGC1-12, which is also a member of the AGCVIII kinase family, is involved in both the pulse-induced first positive phototropism and gravitropism in Arabidopsis hypocotyls. Those results indicated that phosphorylation control is an important mechanism in phototropic signaling. As phosphorylation regulation is controlled by both kinases and phosphatases, we investigated the roles of phosphatases in hypocotyl phototropism. Our physiological analysis, which was performed using Arabidopsis mutants, indicated that the flower-specific, phytochrome-associated protein phosphatase family, which functions as a catalytic subunit of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), is involved in both the pulse-induced first positive phototropism and the time-dependent second positive phototropism, although it is not necessary for the continuous-light-induced second positive phototropism. These results suggest that not only kinases, but also phosphatases play critical roles in hypocotyl phototropism to control phosphorylation status and that PP6-type protein phosphatases may act antagonistically with AGCVIII protein kinases on the same targets, such as PIN-formed proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken Haga
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Fundamental Engineering, Nippon Institute of Technology, Saitama, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Sakai
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
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19
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Barbosa ICR, Hammes UZ, Schwechheimer C. Activation and Polarity Control of PIN-FORMED Auxin Transporters by Phosphorylation. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2018; 23:523-538. [PMID: 29678589 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2017] [Revised: 03/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Auxin controls almost every aspect of plant development. Auxin is distributed within the plant by passive diffusion and active cell-to-cell transport. PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux transporters are polarly distributed in the plasma membranes of many cells, and knowledge about their distribution can predict auxin transport and explain auxin distribution patterns, even in complex tissues. Recent studies have revealed that phosphorylation is essential for PIN activation, suggesting that PIN phosphorylation needs to be taken into account in understanding auxin transport. These findings also ask for a re-examination of previously proposed mechanisms for phosphorylation-dependent PIN polarity control. We provide a comprehensive summary of the current knowledge on PIN regulation by phosphorylation, and discuss possible mechanisms of PIN polarity control in the context of recent findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês C R Barbosa
- Department of Plant Molecular Biology, Biophore Building, Unil-Sorge, Université de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Ulrich Z Hammes
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technical University Munich, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 8, 85354 Freising, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this review article and are listed in alphabetical order.
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20
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Hernández-Hernández V, Barrio RA, Benítez M, Nakayama N, Romero-Arias JR, Villarreal C. A physico-genetic module for the polarisation of auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN). Phys Biol 2018; 15:036002. [PMID: 29393068 DOI: 10.1088/1478-3975/aaac99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular polarisation of auxin efflux carriers is crucial for understanding how auxin gradients form in plants. The polarisation dynamics of auxin efflux carriers PIN-FORMED (PIN) depends on both biomechanical forces as well as chemical, molecular and genetic factors. Biomechanical forces have shown to affect the localisation of PIN transporters to the plasma membrane. We propose a physico-genetic module of PIN polarisation that integrates biomechanical, molecular, and cellular processes as well as their non-linear interactions. The module was implemented as a discrete Boolean model and then approximated to a continuous dynamic system, in order to explore the relative contribution of the factors mediating PIN polarisation at the scale of single cell. Our models recovered qualitative behaviours that have been experimentally observed and enable us to predict that, in the context of PIN polarisation, the effects of the mechanical forces can predominate over the activity of molecular factors such as the GTPase ROP6 and the ROP-INTERACTIVE CRIB MOTIF-CONTAINING PROTEIN RIC1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Hernández-Hernández
- Laboratorio Nacional de Ciencias de la Sostenibilidad, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico. Current Address: Laboratoire de Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Université de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, Lyon, France. Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
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21
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Sapala A, Runions A, Routier-Kierzkowska AL, Das Gupta M, Hong L, Hofhuis H, Verger S, Mosca G, Li CB, Hay A, Hamant O, Roeder AHK, Tsiantis M, Prusinkiewicz P, Smith RS. Why plants make puzzle cells, and how their shape emerges. eLife 2018; 7:e32794. [PMID: 29482719 PMCID: PMC5841943 DOI: 10.7554/elife.32794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The shape and function of plant cells are often highly interdependent. The puzzle-shaped cells that appear in the epidermis of many plants are a striking example of a complex cell shape, however their functional benefit has remained elusive. We propose that these intricate forms provide an effective strategy to reduce mechanical stress in the cell wall of the epidermis. When tissue-level growth is isotropic, we hypothesize that lobes emerge at the cellular level to prevent formation of large isodiametric cells that would bulge under the stress produced by turgor pressure. Data from various plant organs and species support the relationship between lobes and growth isotropy, which we test with mutants where growth direction is perturbed. Using simulation models we show that a mechanism actively regulating cellular stress plausibly reproduces the development of epidermal cell shape. Together, our results suggest that mechanical stress is a key driver of cell-shape morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sapala
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Adam Runions
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Computer ScienceUniversity of CalgaryCalgaryCanada
| | | | - Mainak Das Gupta
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
- Department of Microbiology and Cell BiologyIndian Institute of ScienceBangaloreIndia
| | - Lilan Hong
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Hugo Hofhuis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Stéphane Verger
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Gabriella Mosca
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Chun-Biu Li
- Department of MathematicsStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Angela Hay
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | - Olivier Hamant
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des PlantesUniversité de Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCBL, INRA, CNRSLyonFrance
| | - Adrienne HK Roeder
- Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
- School of Integrative Plant Science, Section of Plant BiologyCornell UniversityIthacaUnited States
| | - Miltos Tsiantis
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
| | | | - Richard S Smith
- Department of Comparative Development and GeneticsMax Planck Institute for Plant Breeding ResearchCologneGermany
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Belteton SA, Sawchuk MG, Donohoe BS, Scarpella E, Szymanski DB. Reassessing the Roles of PIN Proteins and Anticlinal Microtubules during Pavement Cell Morphogenesis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2018; 176:432-449. [PMID: 29192026 PMCID: PMC5761804 DOI: 10.1104/pp.17.01554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The leaf epidermis is a biomechanical shell that influences the size and shape of the organ. Its morphogenesis is a multiscale process in which nanometer-scale cytoskeletal protein complexes, individual cells, and groups of cells pattern growth and define macroscopic leaf traits. Interdigitated growth of neighboring cells is an evolutionarily conserved developmental strategy. Understanding how signaling pathways and cytoskeletal proteins pattern cell walls during this form of tissue morphogenesis is an important research challenge. The cellular and molecular control of a lobed cell morphology is currently thought to involve PIN-FORMED (PIN)-type plasma membrane efflux carriers that generate subcellular auxin gradients. Auxin gradients were proposed to function across cell boundaries to encode stable offset patterns of cortical microtubules and actin filaments between adjacent cells. Many models suggest that long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal cell wall generate local cell wall heterogeneities that restrict local growth and specify the timing and location of lobe formation. Here, we used Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) reverse genetics and multivariate long-term time-lapse imaging to test current cell shape control models. We found that neither PIN proteins nor long-lived microtubules along the anticlinal wall predict the patterns of lobe formation. In fields of lobing cells, anticlinal microtubules are not correlated with cell shape and are unstable at the time scales of cell expansion. Our analyses indicate that anticlinal microtubules have multiple functions in pavement cells and that lobe initiation is likely controlled by complex interactions among cell geometry, cell wall stress patterns, and transient microtubule networks that span the anticlinal and periclinal walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel A Belteton
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
| | - Megan G Sawchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Bryon S Donohoe
- Biosciences Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, Colorado 80401
| | - Enrico Scarpella
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada T6G 2R3
| | - Daniel B Szymanski
- Department of Botany and Plant Pathology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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23
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Zhang J, Li D, Shi X, Zhang D, Qiu S, Wei J, Zhang J, Zhou J, Zhu K, Xia Y. Mining and expression analysis of candidate genes involved in regulating the chilling requirement fulfillment of Paeonia lactiflora 'Hang Baishao'. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2017; 17:262. [PMID: 29273002 PMCID: PMC5741883 DOI: 10.1186/s12870-017-1205-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/06/2017] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The artificial enlargement of the planting area and ecological amplitude of ornamentals for horticultural and landscape applications are significant. Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) is a world-famous ornamental with attractive and fragrant flowers and is mainly planted in temperate and cool areas. Comparatively higher winter temperatures in the subtropical and tropical Northern Hemisphere result in a deficit of chilling accumulation for bud dormancy release, which severely hinders "The southward plantation of herbaceous peony". Studies on the dormancy, chilling requirement (CR) and relevant molecular mechanisms of peony are needed to enhance our ability to extend the range of this valuable horticultural species. RESULTS Based on natural and artificial chilling experiments, and chilling hour (CH) and chilling unit (CU) evaluation systems, the lowest CR of 'Hang Baishao' was between 504.00 and 672.00 CHs and the optimal CR was 672.00 CHs and 856.08 CUs for achieving strong sprouting, growth and flowering performance. Transcriptome sequencing and gene identification by RNA-Seq were performed on 'Hang Baishao' buds during the dormancy and sprouting periods. Six gene libraries were constructed, and 66 temperature- and photoperiod-associated unigenes were identified as the potential candidate genes that may regulate or possibly determine CR characteristics. The difference in the expression patterns of SUPPRESSPOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1) between the winters of 2012-2013 and 2015-2016, and the difference of CR fulfillment periods also between these two winters represented the interesting congruent relationships. This correlation was also observed for WRKY DNA-BINDING PROTEIN 33 (WRKY 33). CONCLUSIONS Combined with the results acquired from all of experiments, 'Hang Baishao' was confirmed to be a superb peony resource that have significantly low CR characteristics. The two genes of SOC1 and WRKY33 are likely involved in determining the CR amount and fulfillment period of 'Hang Baishao'. HEAT SHOCK PROTEIN, OSMOTIN and TIMING OF CAB EXPRESSION 1 also deserve attention for the CR research. This study could contribute to the knowledge of the deep factors and mechanisms that regulate CR characteristics, and may be beneficial for breeding new germplasms that have low CRs for landscape or horticulture applications in subtropical regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaping Zhang
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Danqing Li
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Xiaohua Shi
- Research & Development Centre of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202 China
| | - Dong Zhang
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Shuai Qiu
- Research & Development Center, Hangzhou Landscaping Incorporated, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Jianfen Wei
- Research & Development Center, Hangzhou Landscaping Incorporated, Hangzhou, 310020 China
| | - Jiao Zhang
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
| | - Jianghua Zhou
- Research & Development Centre of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202 China
| | - Kaiyuan Zhu
- Research & Development Centre of Flower, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, 311202 China
| | - Yiping Xia
- Institute of Landscape Architecture, College of Agriculture & Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058 China
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Jia W, Li B, Li S, Liang Y, Wu X, Ma M, Wang J, Gao J, Cai Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Li J, Wang Y. Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Cascade MKK7-MPK6 Plays Important Roles in Plant Development and Regulates Shoot Branching by Phosphorylating PIN1 in Arabidopsis. PLoS Biol 2016; 14:e1002550. [PMID: 27618482 PMCID: PMC5019414 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1002550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Emerging evidences exhibit that mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK/MPK) signaling pathways are connected with many aspects of plant development. The complexity of MAPK cascades raises challenges not only to identify the MAPK module in planta but also to define the specific role of an individual module. So far, our knowledge of MAPK signaling has been largely restricted to a small subset of MAPK cascades. Our previous study has characterized an Arabidopsis bushy and dwarf1 (bud1) mutant, in which the MAP Kinase Kinase 7 (MKK7) was constitutively activated, resulting in multiple phenotypic alterations. In this study, we found that MPK3 and MPK6 are the substrates for phosphorylation by MKK7 in planta. Genetic analysis showed that MKK7-MPK6 cascade is specifically responsible for the regulation of shoot branching, hypocotyl gravitropism, filament elongation, and lateral root formation, while MKK7-MPK3 cascade is mainly involved in leaf morphology. We further demonstrated that the MKK7-MPK6 cascade controls shoot branching by phosphorylating Ser 337 on PIN1, which affects the basal localization of PIN1 in xylem parenchyma cells and polar auxin transport in the primary stem. Our results not only specify the functions of the MKK7-MPK6 cascade but also reveal a novel mechanism for PIN1 phosphorylation, establishing a molecular link between the MAPK cascade and auxin-regulated plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyan Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Baohua Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shujia Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiyao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yueyue Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Yingchun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiayang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YW)
| | - Yonghong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Genomics and National Center for Plant Gene Research, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (YW)
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25
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Liu X, Liang E, Song X, Du Z, Zhang Y, Zhao Y. Inhibition of Pin1 alleviates myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in STZ-induced diabetic mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2016; 479:109-15. [PMID: 27634219 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.09.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Accepted: 09/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic management of diabetic myocardial fibrosis remains an unsolved clinical problem. Pin1, a peptidyl-prolyl isomerase, impacts diverse cellular processes and plays a pivotal role in regulating cardiac pathophysiology. Here we investigate the potential mechanism of action of Pin1 and its role in diabetes-induced myocardial fibrosis and dysfunction in mice. Cardiac Pin1, transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) and extracellular matrix deposits (collagen I and III) are found to be increased in diabetic mice, which are effectively prevented by Pin1 inhibition by juglone. Pin1 inhibition alleviates cardiac fibrosis and dysfunction. In vitro, high glucose increases Pin1 expression with an accompanying increase in phospho-Akt (Ser 473), p-Smad2, p-Smad3, TGF-β1, and α-SMA in cardiac fibroblasts (CFs). These increases are effectively prevented by the inhibition of Pin1 by juglone. Furthermore, Pin1 inhibition inhibits HG-induced CF proliferation and migration. Our results indicate that Pin1 inhibition attenuates cardiac extracellular matrix deposition by regulating the phosphorylation of Akt, TGF-β1/Smads, MMP activities, and α-SMA expression in diabetic mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China; Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Ershun Liang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Xiuhui Song
- The People's Hospital of JimoCity, Qingdao, Shandong 266200, China
| | - Zhanhui Du
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yun Zhang
- The Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education and Chinese Ministry of Public Health, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China
| | - Yuxia Zhao
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Qilu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, China.
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Armengot L, Marquès-Bueno MM, Jaillais Y. Regulation of polar auxin transport by protein and lipid kinases. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2016; 67:4015-4037. [PMID: 27242371 PMCID: PMC4968656 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erw216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of auxin, known as polar auxin transport (PAT), allows asymmetric distribution of this hormone in different cells and tissues. This system creates local auxin maxima, minima, and gradients that are instrumental in both organ initiation and shape determination. As such, PAT is crucial for all aspects of plant development but also for environmental interaction, notably in shaping plant architecture to its environment. Cell to cell auxin transport is mediated by a network of auxin carriers that are regulated at the transcriptional and post-translational levels. Here we review our current knowledge on some aspects of the 'non-genomic' regulation of auxin transport, placing an emphasis on how phosphorylation by protein and lipid kinases controls the polarity, intracellular trafficking, stability, and activity of auxin carriers. We describe the role of several AGC kinases, including PINOID, D6PK, and the blue light photoreceptor phot1, in phosphorylating auxin carriers from the PIN and ABCB families. We also highlight the function of some receptor-like kinases (RLKs) and two-component histidine kinase receptors in PAT, noting that there are probably RLKs involved in co-ordinating auxin distribution yet to be discovered. In addition, we describe the emerging role of phospholipid phosphorylation in polarity establishment and intracellular trafficking of PIN proteins. We outline these various phosphorylation mechanisms in the context of primary and lateral root development, leaf cell shape acquisition, as well as root gravitropism and shoot phototropism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laia Armengot
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Maria Mar Marquès-Bueno
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
| | - Yvon Jaillais
- Laboratoire Reproduction et Développement des Plantes, Univ Lyon, ENS de Lyon, UCB Lyon 1, CNRS, INRA, F-69342, Lyon, France
- Correspondence to:
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27
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Rosero A, Oulehlová D, Stillerová L, Schiebertová P, Grunt M, Žárský V, Cvrčková F. Arabidopsis FH1 Formin Affects Cotyledon Pavement Cell Shape by Modulating Cytoskeleton Dynamics. PLANT & CELL PHYSIOLOGY 2016; 57:488-504. [PMID: 26738547 DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcv209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/24/2015] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell morphogenesis involves concerted rearrangements of microtubules and actin microfilaments. We previously reported that FH1, the main Arabidopsis thaliana housekeeping Class I membrane-anchored formin, contributes to actin dynamics and microtubule stability in rhizodermis cells. Here we examine the effects of mutations affecting FH1 (At3g25500) on cell morphogenesis and above-ground organ development in seedlings, as well as on cytoskeletal organization and dynamics, using a combination of confocal and variable angle epifluorescence microscopy with a pharmacological approach. Homozygous fh1 mutants exhibited cotyledon epinasty and had larger cotyledon pavement cells with more pronounced lobes than the wild type. The pavement cell shape alterations were enhanced by expression of the fluorescent microtubule marker GFP-microtubule-associated protein 4 (MAP4). Mutant cotyledon pavement cells exhibited reduced density and increased stability of microfilament bundles, as well as enhanced dynamics of microtubules. Analogous results were also obtained upon treatments with the formin inhibitor SMIFH2 (small molecule inhibitor of formin homology 2 domains). Pavement cell shape in wild-type (wt) and fh1 plants in some situations exhibited a differential response towards anti-cytoskeletal drugs, especially the microtubule disruptor oryzalin. Our observations indicate that FH1 participates in the control of microtubule dynamics, possibly via its effects on actin, subsequently influencing cell morphogenesis and macroscopic organ development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amparo Rosero
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Colombian Institute for Agricultural Research-CORPOICA-Turipana, Km 13 via Monteria, Cereté, Cordoba, Colombia Department of Cell Biology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, Centre of the Region Haná for Biotechnological and Agricultural Research, Šlechtitelů 586/11, CZ 783 71 Olomouc-Holice, Czech Republic
| | - Denisa Oulehlová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Stillerová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Petra Schiebertová
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Grunt
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Žárský
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic Institute of Experimental Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Rozvojová 135, CZ 160 00 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Fatima Cvrčková
- Department of Experimental Plant Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Charles University, Viničná 5, CZ 128 44 Praha 2, Czech Republic
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28
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Pan X, Chen J, Yang Z. Auxin regulation of cell polarity in plants. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2015; 28:144-53. [PMID: 26599954 PMCID: PMC7513928 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/19/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Auxin is well known to control pattern formation and directional growth at the organ/tissue levels via the nuclear TIR1/AFB receptor-mediated transcriptional responses. Recent studies have expanded the arena of auxin actions as a trigger or key regulator of cell polarization and morphogenesis. These actions require non-transcriptional responses such as changes in the cytoskeleton and vesicular trafficking, which are commonly regulated by ROP/Rac GTPase-dependent pathways. These findings beg for the question about the nature of auxin receptors that regulate these responses and renew the interest in ABP1 as a cell surface auxin receptor, including the work showing auxin-binding protein 1 (ABP1) interacts with the extracellular domain of the transmembrane kinase (TMK) receptor-like kinases in an auxin-dependent manner, as well as the debate on this auxin binding protein discovered about 40 years ago. This review highlights recent work on the non-transcriptional auxin signaling mechanisms underscoring cell polarity and shape formation in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Pan
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA
| | - Jisheng Chen
- Haixia Institute of Science and Technology, Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Institute of Integrated Genome Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, USA.
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29
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Chen J, Wang F, Zheng S, Xu T, Yang Z. Pavement cells: a model system for non-transcriptional auxin signalling and crosstalks. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2015; 66:4957-70. [PMID: 26047974 PMCID: PMC4598803 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erv266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Auxin (indole acetic acid) is a multifunctional phytohormone controlling various developmental patterns, morphogenetic processes, and growth behaviours in plants. The transcription-based pathway activated by the nuclear TRANSPORT INHIBITOR RESISTANT 1/auxin-related F-box auxin receptors is well established, but the long-sought molecular mechanisms of non-transcriptional auxin signalling remained enigmatic until very recently. Along with the establishment of the Arabidopsis leaf epidermal pavement cell (PC) as an exciting and amenable model system in the past decade, we began to gain insight into non-transcriptional auxin signalling. The puzzle-piece shape of PCs forms from intercalated or interdigitated cell growth, requiring local intra- and inter-cellular coordination of lobe and indent formation. Precise coordination of this interdigitated pattern requires auxin and an extracellular auxin sensing system that activates plasma membrane-associated Rho GTPases from plants and subsequent downstream events regulating cytoskeletal reorganization and PIN polarization. Apart from auxin, mechanical stress and cytokinin have been shown to affect PC interdigitation, possibly by interacting with auxin signals. This review focuses upon signalling mechanisms for cell polarity formation in PCs, with an emphasis on non-transcriptional auxin signalling in polarized cell expansion and pattern formation and how different auxin pathways interplay with each other and with other signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jisheng Chen
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Shiqin Zheng
- Horticultural Plant Biology and Metabolomics Center, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Stress Biology, Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 201602, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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30
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Guo X, Qin Q, Yan J, Niu Y, Huang B, Guan L, Li Y, Ren D, Li J, Hou S. TYPE-ONE PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE4 regulates pavement cell interdigitation by modulating PIN-FORMED1 polarity and trafficking in Arabidopsis. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2015; 167:1058-75. [PMID: 25560878 PMCID: PMC4348754 DOI: 10.1104/pp.114.249904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/31/2014] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
In plants, cell morphogenesis is dependent on intercellular auxin accumulation. The polar subcellular localization of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) protein is crucial for this process. Previous studies have shown that the protein kinase PINOID (PID) and protein phosphatase6-type phosphatase holoenzyme regulate the phosphorylation status of PIN1 in root tips and shoot apices. Here, we show that a type-one protein phosphatase, TOPP4, is essential for the formation of interdigitated pavement cell (PC) pattern in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) leaf. The dominant-negative mutant topp4-1 showed severely inhibited interdigitated PC growth. Expression of topp4-1 gene in wild-type plants recapitulated the PC defects in the mutant. Genetic analyses suggested that TOPP4 and PIN1 likely function in the same pathway to regulate PC morphogenesis. Furthermore, colocalization, in vitro and in vivo protein interaction studies, and dephosphorylation assays revealed that TOPP4 mediated PIN1 polar localization and endocytic trafficking in PCs by acting antagonistically with PID to modulate the phosphorylation status of PIN1. In addition, TOPP4 affects the cytoskeleton pattern through the Rho of Plant GTPase-dependent auxin-signaling pathway. Therefore, we conclude that TOPP4-regulated PIN1 polar targeting through direct dephosphorylation is crucial for PC morphogenesis in the Arabidopsis leaf.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaola Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Qianqian Qin
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Jia Yan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Yali Niu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Bingyao Huang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Liping Guan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Yuan Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Dongtao Ren
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Jia Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
| | - Suiwen Hou
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Cell Activities and Stress Adaptations, School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China (X.G., Q.Q., J.Y., Y.N., B.H., L.G., J.L., S.H.); andState Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China (Y.L., D.R.)
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31
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Barbosa IC, Schwechheimer C. Dynamic control of auxin transport-dependent growth by AGCVIII protein kinases. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2014; 22:108-115. [PMID: 25305415 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Recent years have seen important advances in understanding the Arabidopsis thaliana AGCVIII protein kinases D6 PROTEIN KINASE, PINOID/WAGs, and the phototropins. It has become apparent that these kinases control the distribution of the phytohormone auxin within the plant through phosphorylation of PIN-FORMED efflux carriers or of ABC transporters. Strikingly, D6PK and PID share the same phosphosites in PIN-FORMED proteins but have differential phosphosite preferences, which appear to control the activity and polar distribution of PIN-FORMED transporters. All three AGCVIII kinases are membrane-associated proteins that are dynamically transported to and from the plasma membrane. The implications of this dynamic transport for the activity and cell biological behavior of their phosphorylation substrates are just now starting to be understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inês Cr Barbosa
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising Germany
| | - Claus Schwechheimer
- Plant Systems Biology, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann-Strasse 4, 85354 Freising Germany.
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32
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Lillo C, Kataya ARA, Heidari B, Creighton MT, Nemie-Feyissa D, Ginbot Z, Jonassen EM. Protein phosphatases PP2A, PP4 and PP6: mediators and regulators in development and responses to environmental cues. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2014; 37:2631-48. [PMID: 24810976 DOI: 10.1111/pce.12364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The three closely related groups of serine/threonine protein phosphatases PP2A, PP4 and PP6 are conserved throughout eukaryotes. The catalytic subunits are present in trimeric and dimeric complexes with scaffolding and regulatory subunits that control activity and confer substrate specificity to the protein phosphatases. In Arabidopsis, three scaffolding (A subunits) and 17 regulatory (B subunits) proteins form complexes with five PP2A catalytic subunits giving up to 255 possible combinations. Three SAP-domain proteins act as regulatory subunits of PP6. Based on sequence similarities with proteins in yeast and mammals, two putative PP4 regulatory subunits are recognized in Arabidopsis. Recent breakthroughs have been made concerning the functions of some of the PP2A and PP6 regulatory subunits, for example the FASS/TON2 in regulation of the cellular skeleton, B' subunits in brassinosteroid signalling and SAL proteins in regulation of auxin transport. Reverse genetics is starting to reveal also many more physiological functions of other subunits. A system with key regulatory proteins (TAP46, TIP41, PTPA, LCMT1, PME-1) is present in all eukaryotes to stabilize, activate and inactivate the catalytic subunits. In this review, we present the status of knowledge concerning physiological functions of PP2A, PP4 and PP6 in Arabidopsis, and relate these to yeast and mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathrine Lillo
- Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, N-4036, Norway
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33
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Habets MEJ, Offringa R. PIN-driven polar auxin transport in plant developmental plasticity: a key target for environmental and endogenous signals. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2014; 203:362-377. [PMID: 24863651 DOI: 10.1111/nph.12831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Plants master the art of coping with environmental challenges in two ways: on the one hand, through their extensive defense systems, and on the other, by their developmental plasticity. The plant hormone auxin plays an important role in a plant's adaptations to its surroundings, as it specifies organ orientation and positioning by regulating cell growth and division in response to internal and external signals. Important in auxin action is the family of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin transport proteins that generate auxin maxima and minima by driving polar cell-to-cell transport of auxin through their asymmetric subcellular distribution. Here, we review how regulatory proteins, the cytoskeleton, and membrane trafficking affect PIN expression and localization. Transcriptional regulation of PIN genes alters protein abundance, provides tissue-specific expression, and enables feedback based on auxin concentrations and crosstalk with other hormones. Post-transcriptional modification, for example by PIN phosphorylation or ubiquitination, provides regulation through protein trafficking and degradation, changing the direction and quantity of the auxin flow. Several plant hormones affect PIN abundance, resulting in another means of crosstalk between auxin and these hormones. In conclusion, PIN proteins are instrumental in directing plant developmental responses to environmental and endogenous signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myckel E J Habets
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Remko Offringa
- Institute Biology Leiden, Leiden University, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE, Leiden, the Netherlands
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34
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Ivakov A, Persson S. Plant cell shape: modulators and measurements. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 4:439. [PMID: 24312104 PMCID: PMC3832843 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2013.00439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Plant cell shape, seen as an integrative output, is of considerable interest in various fields, such as cell wall research, cytoskeleton dynamics and biomechanics. In this review we summarize the current state of knowledge on cell shape formation in plants focusing on shape of simple cylindrical cells, as well as in complex multipolar cells such as leaf pavement cells and trichomes. We summarize established concepts as well as recent additions to the understanding of how cells construct cell walls of a given shape and the underlying processes. These processes include cell wall synthesis, activity of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletons, in particular their regulation by microtubule associated proteins, actin-related proteins, GTP'ases and their effectors, as well as the recently-elucidated roles of plant hormone signaling and vesicular membrane trafficking. We discuss some of the challenges in cell shape research with a particular emphasis on quantitative imaging and statistical analysis of shape in 2D and 3D, as well as novel developments in this area. Finally, we review recent examples of the use of novel imaging techniques and how they have contributed to our understanding of cell shape formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Ivakov
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
| | - Staffan Persson
- *Correspondence: Alexander Ivakov and Staffan Persson, Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Plant Physiology, Am Muehlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany e-mail: ;
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35
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Uhrig RG, Labandera AM, Moorhead GB. Arabidopsis PPP family of serine/threonine protein phosphatases: many targets but few engines. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2013; 18:505-13. [PMID: 23790269 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/17/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The major plant serine/threonine protein phosphatases belong to the phosphoprotein phosphatase (PPP) family. Over the past few years the complement of Arabidopsis thaliana PPP family of catalytic subunits has been cataloged and many regulatory subunits identified. Specific roles for PPPs have been characterized, including roles in auxin and brassinosteroid signaling, in phototropism, in regulating the target of rapamycin pathway, and in cell stress responses. In this review, we provide a framework for understanding the PPP family by exploring the fundamental role of the phosphatase regulatory subunits that drive catalytic engine specificity. Although there are fewer plant protein phosphatases compared with their protein kinase partners, their function is now recognized to be as dynamic and as regulated as that of protein kinases.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Glen Uhrig
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Calgary, Canada
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36
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Offringa R, Huang F. Phosphorylation-dependent trafficking of plasma membrane proteins in animal and plant cells. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2013; 55:789-808. [PMID: 23945267 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 08/02/2013] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In both unicellular and multicellular organisms, transmembrane (TM) proteins are sorted to and retained at specific membrane domains by endomembrane trafficking mechanisms that recognize sorting signals in the these proteins. The trafficking and distribution of plasma membrane (PM)-localized TM proteins (PM proteins), especially of those PM proteins that show an asymmetric distribution over the PM, has received much attention, as their proper PM localization is crucial for elementary signaling and transport processes, and defects in their localization often lead to severe disease symptoms or developmental defects. The subcellular localization of PM proteins is dynamically regulated by post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation and ubiquitination. These modificaitons mostly occur on sorting signals that are located in the larger cytosolic domains of the cargo proteins. Here we review the effects of phosphorylation of PM proteins on their trafficking, and present the key examples from the animal field that have been subject to studies for already several decades, such as that of aquaporin 2 and the epidermal growth factor receptor. Our knowledge on cargo trafficking in plants is largely based on studies of the family of PIN FORMED (PIN) carriers that mediate the efflux of the plant hormone auxin. We will review what is known on the subcellular distribution and trafficking of PIN proteins, with a focus on how this is modulated by phosphorylation, and identify and discuss analogies and differences in trafficking with the well-studied animal examples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Remko Offringa
- Molecular and Developmental Genetics, Institute Biology Leiden, Sylvius Laboratory, Sylviusweg 72, 2333 BE Leiden, Leiden University, The Netherlands
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37
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Dai M, Xue Q, Mccray T, Margavage K, Chen F, Lee JH, Nezames CD, Guo L, Terzaghi W, Wan J, Deng XW, Wang H. The PP6 phosphatase regulates ABI5 phosphorylation and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2013; 25:517-34. [PMID: 23404889 PMCID: PMC3608775 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.105767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The basic Leucine zipper transcription factor ABSCISIC ACID INSENSITIVE5 (ABI5) is a key regulator of abscisic acid (ABA)-mediated seed germination and postgermination seedling growth. While a family of SUCROSE NONFERMENTING1-related protein kinase2s (SnRK2s) is responsible for ABA-induced phosphorylation and stabilization of ABI5, the phosphatase(s) responsible for dephosphorylating ABI5 is still unknown. Here, we demonstrate that mutations in FyPP1 (for Phytochrome-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase1) and FyPP3, two homologous genes encoding the catalytic subunits of Ser/Thr PROTEIN PHOSPHATASE6 (PP6), cause an ABA hypersensitive phenotype in Arabidopsis thaliana, including ABA-mediated inhibition of seed germination and seedling growth. Conversely, overexpression of FyPP causes reduced sensitivity to ABA. The ABA hypersensitive phenotype of FyPP loss-of-function mutants is ABI5 dependent, and the amount of phosphorylated and total ABI5 proteins inversely correlates with the levels of FyPP proteins. Moreover, FyPP proteins physically interact with ABI5 in vitro and in vivo, and the strength of the interaction depends on the ABI5 phosphorylation status. In vitro phosphorylation assays show that FyPP proteins directly dephosphorylate ABI5. Furthermore, genetic and biochemical assays show that FyPP proteins act antagonistically with SnRK2 kinases to regulate ABI5 phosphorylation and ABA responses. Thus, Arabidopsis PP6 phosphatase regulates ABA signaling through dephosphorylation and destabilization of ABI5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Dai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Qin Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Tyra Mccray
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Kathryn Margavage
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Jae-Hoon Lee
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Department of Biology Education, Pusan National University, Busan 609-735, Korea
| | - Cynthia D. Nezames
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Liquan Guo
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Wetland Ecology and Vegetation Restoration, Northeast Normal University, Changchun 130062, China
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766
| | - Jianmin Wan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Design, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Design, Beijing 100085, China
- College of Life Science, Capital Normal University, Beijing, 100048, China
- Address correspondence to
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38
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Dai M, Terzaghi W, Wang H. Multifaceted roles of Arabidopsis PP6 phosphatase in regulating cellular signaling and plant development. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2013; 8:e22508. [PMID: 23104112 PMCID: PMC3745556 DOI: 10.4161/psb.22508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2012] [Revised: 10/09/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Reversible protein phosphorylation catalyzed by kinases and phosphatases is a major form of posttranslational regulation that plays a central role in regulating many signaling pathways. While large families of both protein kinases and protein phosphatases have been identified in plants, kinases outnumber phosphatases. This raises the question of how a relatively limited number of protein phosphatases can maintain protein phosphorylation homeostasis in a cell. Recent studies have shown that Arabidopsis FyPP1 (Phytochrome-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase 1) and FyPP3 encode the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase 6 (PP6), and that they directly binds to the A subunits of protein phosphatase 2A (PP2AA proteins), and SAL (SAPS domain-like) proteins to form the heterotrimeric PP6 holoenzyme complex. Emerging evidence is suggesting that PP6, acts in opposition with multiple classes of kinases, to regulate the phosphorylation status of diverse substrates and subsequently numerous developmental processes and responses to environmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Dai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
- Department of Biology; Wilkes University; Wilkes-Barre, PA USA
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology; Yale University; New Haven, CT USA
- National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Design; Beijing, China
- Institute of Crop Sciences; Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences; Beijing, China
- College of Life Science; Capital Normal University; Beijing, China
- Correspondence to: Haiyang Wang;
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39
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Li H, Xu T, Lin D, Wen M, Xie M, Duclercq J, Bielach A, Kim J, Reddy GV, Zuo J, Benková E, Friml J, Guo H, Yang Z. Cytokinin signaling regulates pavement cell morphogenesis in Arabidopsis. Cell Res 2012; 23:290-9. [PMID: 23090432 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2012.146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The puzzle piece-shaped Arabidopsis leaf pavement cells (PCs) with interdigitated lobes and indents is a good model system to investigate the mechanisms that coordinate cell polarity and shape formation within a tissue. Auxin has been shown to coordinate the interdigitation by activating ROP GTPase-dependent signaling pathways. To identify additional components or mechanisms, we screened for mutants with abnormal PC morphogenesis and found that cytokinin signaling regulates the PC interdigitation pattern. Reduction in cytokinin accumulation and defects in cytokinin signaling (such as in ARR7-over-expressing lines, the ahk3cre1 cytokinin receptor mutant, and the ahp12345 cytokinin signaling mutant) enhanced PC interdigitation, whereas over-production of cytokinin and over-activation of cytokinin signaling in an ARR20 over-expression line delayed or abolished PC interdigitation throughout the cotyledon. Genetic and biochemical analyses suggest that cytokinin signaling acts upstream of ROPs to suppress the formation of interdigitated pattern. Our results provide novel mechanistic understanding of the pathways controlling PC shape and uncover a new role for cytokinin signaling in cell morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiang Li
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
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40
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Nakayama N, Smith R, Mandel T, Robinson S, Kimura S, Boudaoud A, Kuhlemeier C. Mechanical Regulation of Auxin-Mediated Growth. Curr Biol 2012; 22:1468-76. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2012.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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41
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Dai M, Zhang C, Kania U, Chen F, Xue Q, Mccray T, Li G, Qin G, Wakeley M, Terzaghi W, Wan J, Zhao Y, Xu J, Friml J, Deng XW, Wang H. A PP6-type phosphatase holoenzyme directly regulates PIN phosphorylation and auxin efflux in Arabidopsis. THE PLANT CELL 2012; 24:2497-514. [PMID: 22715043 PMCID: PMC3406902 DOI: 10.1105/tpc.112.098905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 05/07/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The directional transport of the phytohormone auxin depends on the phosphorylation status and polar localization of PIN-FORMED (PIN) auxin efflux proteins. While PINIOD (PID) kinase is directly involved in the phosphorylation of PIN proteins, the phosphatase holoenzyme complexes that dephosphorylate PIN proteins remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate that mutations simultaneously disrupting the function of Arabidopsis thaliana FyPP1 (for Phytochrome-associated serine/threonine protein phosphatase1) and FyPP3, two homologous genes encoding the catalytic subunits of protein phosphatase6 (PP6), cause elevated accumulation of phosphorylated PIN proteins, correlating with a basal-to-apical shift in subcellular PIN localization. The changes in PIN polarity result in increased root basipetal auxin transport and severe defects, including shorter roots, fewer lateral roots, defective columella cells, root meristem collapse, abnormal cotyledons (small, cup-shaped, or fused cotyledons), and altered leaf venation. Our molecular, biochemical, and genetic data support the notion that FyPP1/3, SAL (for SAPS DOMAIN-LIKE), and PP2AA proteins (RCN1 [for ROOTS CURL IN NAPHTHYLPHTHALAMIC ACID1] or PP2AA1, PP2AA2, and PP2AA3) physically interact to form a novel PP6-type heterotrimeric holoenzyme complex. We also show that FyPP1/3, SAL, and PP2AA interact with a subset of PIN proteins and that for SAL the strength of the interaction depends on the PIN phosphorylation status. Thus, an Arabidopsis PP6-type phosphatase holoenzyme acts antagonistically with PID to direct auxin transport polarity and plant development by directly regulating PIN phosphorylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingqiu Dai
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Chen Zhang
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Urszula Kania
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Fang Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Qin Xue
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Tyra Mccray
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Gang Li
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Genji Qin
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Michelle Wakeley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766
| | - William Terzaghi
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Department of Biology, Wilkes University, Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania 18766
| | - Jianmin Wan
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yunde Zhao
- Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California–San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0116
| | - Jian Xu
- National University of Singapore, Department of Biological Sciences, Singapore 117543
- National Key Laboratory of Crop Genetic Improvement, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Jiří Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, 9052 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Xing Wang Deng
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
| | - Haiyang Wang
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520-8104
- Institute of Crop Sciences, Chinese Academy of Agriculture Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
- Capital Normal University, Beijing 100048, China
- National Engineering Research Center for Crop Molecular Design, Beijing 100085, China
- Address correspondence to
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Dhonukshe P. Mechanistic framework for establishment, maintenance, and alteration of cell polarity in plants. ScientificWorldJournal 2012; 2012:981658. [PMID: 22645499 PMCID: PMC3354747 DOI: 10.1100/2012/981658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2011] [Accepted: 12/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarity establishment, maintenance, and alteration are central to the developmental and response programs of nearly all organisms and are often implicated in abnormalities ranging from patterning defects to cancer. By residing at the distinct plasma membrane domains polar cargoes mark the identities of those domains, and execute localized functions. Polar cargoes are recruited to the specialized membrane domains by directional secretion and/or directional endocytic recycling. In plants, auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins display polar localizations in various cell types and play major roles in directional cell-to-cell transport of signaling molecule auxin that is vital for plant patterning and response programs. Recent advanced microscopy studies applied to single cells in intact plants reveal subcellular PIN dynamics. They uncover the PIN polarity generation mechanism and identified important roles of AGC kinases for polar PIN localization. AGC kinase family members PINOID, WAG1, and WAG2, belonging to the AGC-3 subclass predominantly influence the polar localization of PINs. The emerging mechanism for AGC-3 kinases action suggests that kinases phosphorylate PINs mainly at the plasma membrane after initial symmetric PIN secretion for eventual PIN internalization and PIN sorting into distinct ARF-GEF-regulated polar recycling pathways. Thus phosphorylation status directs PIN translocation to different cell sides. Based on these findings a mechanistic framework evolves that suggests existence of cell side-specific recycling pathways in plants and implicates AGC3 kinases for differential PIN recruitment among them for eventual PIN polarity establishment, maintenance, and alteration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Nagawa S, Xu T, Lin D, Dhonukshe P, Zhang X, Friml J, Scheres B, Fu Y, Yang Z. ROP GTPase-dependent actin microfilaments promote PIN1 polarization by localized inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis. PLoS Biol 2012; 10:e1001299. [PMID: 22509133 PMCID: PMC3317906 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell polarization via asymmetrical distribution of structures or molecules is essential for diverse cellular functions and development of organisms, but how polarity is developmentally controlled has been poorly understood. In plants, the asymmetrical distribution of the PIN-FORMED (PIN) proteins involved in the cellular efflux of the quintessential phytohormone auxin plays a central role in developmental patterning, morphogenesis, and differential growth. Recently we showed that auxin promotes cell interdigitation by activating the Rho family ROP GTPases in leaf epidermal pavement cells. Here we found that auxin activation of the ROP2 signaling pathway regulates the asymmetric distribution of PIN1 by inhibiting its endocytosis. ROP2 inhibits PIN1 endocytosis via the accumulation of cortical actin microfilaments induced by the ROP2 effector protein RIC4. Our findings suggest a link between the developmental auxin signal and polar PIN1 distribution via Rho-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization and reveal the conservation of a design principle for cell polarization that is based on Rho GTPase-mediated inhibition of endocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Nagawa
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Tongda Xu
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- Temasek Lifesciences Laboratory Ltd, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Deshu Lin
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Jiri Friml
- Department of Plant Systems Biology, VIB and Department of Plant Biotechnology and Genetics, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ben Scheres
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ying Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry, Department of Plant Sciences, College of Biological Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenbiao Yang
- Center for Plant Cell Biology, Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California, United States of America
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Dhonukshe P. PIN polarity regulation by AGC-3 kinases and ARF-GEF: a recurrent theme with context dependent modifications for plant development and response. PLANT SIGNALING & BEHAVIOR 2011; 6:1333-7. [PMID: 21852755 PMCID: PMC3258062 DOI: 10.4161/psb.6.9.16611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/25/2011] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The analysis of cell polarity in plants is fueled by the discovery and analysis of auxin efflux carrier PIN proteins that show polar localizations in various plant cell types in line with their roles in directional cell to cell auxin transport. As this asymmetry in cellular PIN localization drives directional auxin fluxes, abnormalities in PIN localizations modify auxin transport culminating into range of auxin distribution defective phenotypes. Because of this influence of PIN localization on plant development via changes in auxin distribution, mechanisms establishing, maintaining and altering PIN polarity are of intense interest in the plant field during the recent years. Recent findings suggest that two categories of molecules, namely AGC-3 kinase family members PINOID, WAG1, WAG2 and ARF-GEF family member GNOM predominantly influence the polar localization of PINs. The emerging mechanism for AGC-3 kinases and ARF-GEF action suggest that AGC-3 kinases predominantly phosphorylate PINs at the plasma membrane for eventual PIN internalization and PIN sorting into ARF-GEF GNOM independent polar recycling pathways. In case of mutant for AGC-3 kinases or mutations in AGC-3 kinase-targeted PIN residues, much less phosphorylated PINs are recruited into ARFGEF GNOM-dependent polar recycling pathway. When ARF-GEF GNOM is inactive, the bias is shifted for rerouting less efficiently phosphorylated PINs into GNOM-independent polar recycling pathways that generally prefer efficiently phosphorylated PINs. Thus, balance shifts between the extent of AGC-3 kinase mediated PIN phosphorylation and the functioning of ARFGEF instruct PIN polarity establishment and/or PIN polarity alterations. Recent studies report utilization of this AGC-3 kinase and ARF-GEF PIN polarity regulation module during diverse developmental and response programs including shoot patterning, root growth, phototropism, gravitropism, organogenesis, leaf epidermal cell indentations and fruit valve margin formation. Based on these findings the same theme of phosphorylated PIN sorting into differential polar recycling pathways for PIN polarity establishment and alteration seems to be employed in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Dhonukshe
- Department of Biology, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
AUXIN BINDING PROTEIN 1 (ABP1) has long been proposed as an auxin receptor to regulate cell expansion. The embryo lethality of ABP1-null mutants demonstrates its fundamental role in plant development, but also hinders investigation of its involvement in post-embryonic processes and its mode of action. By taking advantage of weak alleles and inducible systems, several recent studies have revealed a role for ABP1 in organ development, cell polarization, and shape formation. In addition to its role in the regulation of auxin-induced gene expression, ABP1 has now been shown to modulate non-transcriptional auxin responses. ABP1 is required for activating two antagonizing ROP GTPase signaling pathways involved in cytoskeletal reorganization and cell shape formation, and participates in the regulation of clathrin-mediated endocytosis to subsequently affect PIN protein distribution. These exciting discoveries provide indisputable evidence for the auxin-induced signaling pathways that are downstream of ABP1 function, and suggest intriguing mechanisms for ABP1-mediated polar cell expansion and spatial coordination in response to auxin.
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