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Nunes EJ, Addy NA, Conn PJ, Foster DJ. Targeting the Actions of Muscarinic Receptors on Dopamine Systems: New Strategies for Treating Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2024; 64:277-289. [PMID: 37552895 PMCID: PMC10841102 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-051921-023858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopamine (DA) signaling has significant implications for numerous disorders, including schizophrenia, substance use disorders, and mood-related disorders. The activity of midbrain DA neurons and DA release patterns in terminal regions are tightly regulated by cholinergic neurons found in both the striatum and the hindbrain. These cholinergic neurons can modulate DA circuitry by activating numerous receptors, including muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChR) subtypes. This review specifically focuses on the complex role of M2, M4, and M5 mAChR subtypes in regulating DA neuron activity and DA release and the potential clinical implications of targeting these mAChR subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric J Nunes
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Nii A Addy
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Interdepartmental Neuroscience Program, and Wu Tsai Institute, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology and Warren Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Daniel J Foster
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Neuroscience, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Columbia, South Carolina, USA;
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2
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Laighneach A, Kelly JP, Desbonnet L, Holleran L, Kerr DM, McKernan D, Donohoe G, Morris DW. Social isolation-induced transcriptomic changes in mouse hippocampus impact the synapse and show convergence with human genetic risk for neurodevelopmental phenotypes. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0295855. [PMID: 38127959 PMCID: PMC10735045 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0295855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Early life stress (ELS) can impact brain development and is a risk factor for neurodevelopmental disorders such as schizophrenia. Post-weaning social isolation (SI) is used to model ELS in animals, using isolation stress to disrupt a normal developmental trajectory. We aimed to investigate how SI affects the expression of genes in mouse hippocampus and to investigate how these changes related to the genetic basis of neurodevelopmental phenotypes. BL/6J mice were exposed to post-weaning SI (PD21-25) or treated as group-housed controls (n = 7-8 per group). RNA sequencing was performed on tissue samples from the hippocampus of adult male and female mice. Four hundred and 1,215 differentially-expressed genes (DEGs) at a false discovery rate of < 0.05 were detected between SI and control samples for males and females respectively. DEGS for both males and females were significantly overrepresented in gene ontologies related to synaptic structure and function, especially the post-synapse. DEGs were enriched for common variant (SNP) heritability in humans that contributes to risk of neuropsychiatric disorders (schizophrenia, bipolar disorder) and to cognitive function. DEGs were also enriched for genes harbouring rare de novo variants that contribute to autism spectrum disorder and other developmental disorders. Finally, cell type analysis revealed populations of hippocampal astrocytes that were enriched for DEGs, indicating effects in these cell types as well as neurons. Overall, these data suggest a convergence between genes dysregulated by the SI stressor in the mouse and genes associated with neurodevelopmental disorders and cognitive phenotypes in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aodán Laighneach
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - John P. Kelly
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Lieve Desbonnet
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Laurena Holleran
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Daniel M. Kerr
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Declan McKernan
- Discipline of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, School of Medicine, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Gary Donohoe
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Derek W. Morris
- Centre for Neuroimaging, Cognition and Genomics (NICOG), School of Biological and Chemical Sciences and School of Psychology, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
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Lewis SA, Bakhtiari S, Forstrom J, Bayat A, Bilan F, Le Guyader G, Alkhunaizi E, Vernon H, Padilla-Lopez SR, Kruer MC. AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in neurodevelopmental disorders. Dis Model Mech 2023; 16:dmm049838. [PMID: 37470098 PMCID: PMC10548112 DOI: 10.1242/dmm.049838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023] Open
Abstract
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GTPase-activating protein that regulates endolysosomal trafficking. Damaging variants have been linked to cerebral palsy and autism. We report three new cases in which individuals had microdeletion variants in AGAP1. The affected individuals had intellectual disability (3/3), autism (3/3), dystonia with axial hypotonia (1/3), abnormalities of brain maturation (1/3), growth impairment (2/3) and facial dysmorphism (2/3). We investigated mechanisms potentially underlying AGAP1 variant-mediated neurodevelopmental impairments using the Drosophila ortholog CenG1a. We discovered reduced axon terminal size, increased neuronal endosome abundance and elevated autophagy compared to those in controls. Given potential incomplete penetrance, we assessed gene-environment interactions. We found basal elevation in the phosphorylation of the integrated stress-response protein eIF2α (or eIF2A) and inability to further increase eIF2α phosphorylation with subsequent cytotoxic stressors. CenG1a-mutant flies had increased lethality from exposure to environmental insults. We propose a model wherein disruption of AGAP1 function impairs endolysosomal trafficking, chronically activating the integrated stress response and leaving AGAP1-deficient cells susceptible to a variety of second-hit cytotoxic stressors. This model may have broader applicability beyond AGAP1 in instances where both genetic and environmental insults co-occur in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Lewis
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Jacob Forstrom
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Allan Bayat
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, 5230 Odense, Denmark
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, 4293 Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Bilan
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Gwenaël Le Guyader
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers, 86000 Poitiers, France
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, 86000 Poitiers, France
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Medical Genetics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, ON M3J0K2, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M3J0K2, Canada
| | - Hilary Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Sergio R. Padilla-Lopez
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - Michael C. Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children's Hospital, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
- Programs in Neuroscience, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287, USA
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Schneider S, Schierbaum L, Burger WAC, Seltzsam S, Wang C, Zheng B, Wilfried Wu CH, Nakayama M, Connaughton DM, Mann N, Shril S, Shalaby MA, Kari JA, ElDesoky S, Tasic V, Eid LA, Thal DM, Hildebrandt F. Recessive CHRM5 variant as a potential cause of neurogenic bladder. Am J Med Genet A 2023; 191:2083-2091. [PMID: 37213061 PMCID: PMC10527291 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.63241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Neurogenic bladder is caused by disruption of neuronal pathways regulating bladder relaxation and contraction. In severe cases, neurogenic bladder can lead to vesicoureteral reflux, hydroureter, and chronic kidney disease. These complications overlap with manifestations of congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract (CAKUT). To identify novel monogenic causes of neurogenic bladder, we applied exome sequencing (ES) to our cohort of families with CAKUT. By ES, we have identified a homozygous missense variant (p.Gln184Arg) in CHRM5 (cholinergic receptor, muscarinic, 5) in a patient with neurogenic bladder and secondary complications of CAKUT. CHRM5 codes for a seven transmembrane-spanning G-protein-coupled muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. CHRM5 is shown to be expressed in murine and human bladder walls and is reported to cause bladder overactivity in Chrm5 knockout mice. We investigated CHRM5 as a potential novel candidate gene for neurogenic bladder with secondary complications of CAKUT. CHRM5 is similar to the cholinergic bladder neuron receptor CHRNA3, which Mann et al. published as the first monogenic cause of neurogenic bladder. However, functional in vitro studies did not reveal evidence to strengthen the status as a candidate gene. Discovering additional families with CHRM5 variants could help to further assess the genes' candidate status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophia Schneider
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Luca Schierbaum
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Wessel A. C. Burger
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Steve Seltzsam
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Chunyan Wang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Bixia Zheng
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Chen-Han Wilfried Wu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
- Division of Genetics and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA
- Department of Urology and Genetics and Genome Sciences, Case Western Reserve University Hospital, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Makiko Nakayama
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Dervla M. Connaughton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Nina Mann
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Shirlee Shril
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
| | - Mohamed A. Shalaby
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela A. Kari
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Sherif ElDesoky
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Nephrology Unit, Pediatric Nephrology Center of Excellence, Faculty of Medicine, King Abdulaziz University Hospital, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Velibor Tasic
- Pediatric Nephrology, University Children’s Hospital, University of Skopje Medical Faculty, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | - Loai A. Eid
- Pediatric Nephrology Department, Dubai Hospital, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - David M. Thal
- Drug Discovery Biology, Monash Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Monash University, Parkville, VIC 3052, Australia
| | - Friedhelm Hildebrandt
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 01225, USA
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Lewis SA, Bakhtiari S, Forstrom J, Bayat A, Bilan F, Le Guyader G, Alkhunaizi E, Vernon H, Padilla-Lopez SR, Kruer MC. AGAP1-associated endolysosomal trafficking abnormalities link gene-environment interactions in a neurodevelopmental disorder. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.01.31.526497. [PMID: 36778426 PMCID: PMC9915612 DOI: 10.1101/2023.01.31.526497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GAP that regulates endolysosomal trafficking. Damaging variants have been linked to cerebral palsy and autism. We report 3 new individuals with microdeletion variants in AGAP1 . Affected individuals have intellectual disability (3/3), autism (3/3), dystonia with axial hypotonia (1/3), abnormalities of brain maturation (1/3), growth impairment (2/3) and facial dysmorphism (2/3). We investigated mechanisms potentially underlying AGAP1 neurodevelopmental impairments using the Drosophila ortholog, CenG1a . We discovered reduced axon terminal size, increased neuronal endosome abundance, and elevated autophagy at baseline. Given potential incomplete penetrance, we assessed gene-environment interactions. We found basal elevation in phosphorylation of the integrated stress-response protein eIF2α and inability to further increase eIF2α-P with subsequent cytotoxic stressors. CenG1a -mutant flies have increased lethality from exposure to environmental insults. We propose a model wherein disruption of AGAP1 function impairs endolysosomal trafficking, chronically activating the integrated stress response, and leaving AGAP1-deficient cells susceptible to a variety of second hit cytotoxic stressors. This model may have broader applicability beyond AGAP1 in instances where both genetic and environmental insults co-occur in individuals with neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary statement We describe 3 additional patients with heterozygous AGAP1 deletion variants and use a loss of function Drosophila model to identify defects in synaptic morphology with increased endosomal sequestration, chronic autophagy induction, basal activation of eIF2α-P, and sensitivity to environmental stressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara A. Lewis
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Somayeh Bakhtiari
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Jacob Forstrom
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Allan Bayat
- Institute for Regional Health Services, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Epilepsy Genetics and Personalized Medicine, Danish Epilepsy Center, Dianalund, Denmark
| | - Frédéric Bilan
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Gwenaël Le Guyader
- Service de Génétique, CHU de Poitiers
- Laboratoire de Neurosciences Experimentales et Cliniques, INSERM U1084, Poitiers, France
| | - Ebba Alkhunaizi
- Department of Medical Genetics, North York General Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Division of Clinical and Metabolic Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, The Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Hilary Vernon
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Sergio R. Padilla-Lopez
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, AZ USA
| | - Michael C. Kruer
- Pediatric Movement Disorders Program, Barrow Neurological Institute, Phoenix Children’s Hospital, Phoenix, AZ USA
- Departments of Child Health, Neurology, Genetics and Cellular & Molecular Medicine, University of Arizona College of Medicine Phoenix, AZ USA
- Programs in Neuroscience, Molecular & Cellular Biology, and Biomedical Informatics, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ USA
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Kolpakova J, van der Vinne V, Gimenez-Gomez P, Le T, Martin GE. Binge alcohol drinking alters the differential control of cholinergic interneurons over nucleus accumbens D1 and D2 medium spiny neurons. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:1010121. [PMID: 36589290 PMCID: PMC9797504 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.1010121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals studies support the notion that striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) play a central role in basal ganglia function by regulating associative learning, reward processing, and motor control. In the nucleus accumbens (NAc), a brain region that mediates rewarding properties of substance abuse, acetylcholine regulates glutamatergic, dopaminergic, and GABAergic neurotransmission in naïve mice. However, it is unclear how ChIs orchestrate the control of these neurotransmitters/modulators to determine the synaptic excitability of medium spiny neurons (MSNs), the only projecting neurons that translate accumbens electrical activity into behavior. Also unknown is the impact of binge alcohol drinking on the regulation of dopamine D1- and D2 receptor-expressing MSNs (D1- and D2-MSNs, respectively) by ChIs. To investigate this question, we optogenetically stimulated ChIs while recording evoked and spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents (sEPSCs) in nucleus accumbens core D1- and D2-MSN of ChAT.ChR2.eYFPxDrd1.tdtomato mice. In alcohol-naïve mice, we found that stimulating NAc ChIs decreased sEPSCs frequency in both D1- and D2-MSNs, presumably through a presynaptic mechanism. Interestingly, ChI stimulation decreased MSN synaptic excitability through different mechanisms in D1- vs. D2-MSNs. While decrease of ChI-mediated sEPSCs frequency in D1-MSNs was mediated by dopamine, the same effect in D2-MSNs resulted from a direct control of glutamate release by ChIs. Interestingly, after 2 weeks of binge alcohol drinking, optogenetic stimulation of ChIs enhanced glutamate release in D1-MSNs, while its effect on D2-MSNs remained unchanged. Taken together, these data suggest that cholinergic interneurons could be a key target for regulation of NAc circuitry and for alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenya Kolpakova
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | | | - Pablo Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Timmy Le
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Morningside Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States
| | - Gilles E. Martin
- Department of Neurobiology, Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Gilles E. Martin,
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Osteosarcoma Cell-Derived Exosomal miR-1307 Promotes Tumorgenesis via Targeting AGAP1. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:7358153. [PMID: 33834074 PMCID: PMC8016573 DOI: 10.1155/2021/7358153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2020] [Revised: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of osteosarcoma (OS) is associated with abnormal expression of many microRNAs (miRNAs). Exosomal miRNAs get much more attentions in intracellular communications. miR-1307 has been studied in many cancers, but its effects in OS have not been studied. We hypothesized that OS-derived exosomal miR-1307 regulates OS tumorigenesis. First, we found OS cell-derived exosomes (Exos) significantly promoted the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells. Secondly, we found miR-1307 was highly expressed in OS cell-derived exosomes (OS-Exos), human OS tissues, and OS cell lines. Then, OS-Exos were extracted after OS cells were cultured and transfected with miR-1307 inhibitor, and the level of miR-1307 in OS-Exos was significantly reduced. When the level of miR-1307 in OS-Exos was significantly reduced, the effects of OS-Exos on migration, invasion, and proliferation of OS cells were also significantly weakened. Furthermore, using TargetScan, miRDB, and mirDIP databases, we identified that AGAP1 was a target gene of miR-1307. Overexpression of miR-1307 could inhibit the expression of AGAP1 gene. We also found AGAP1 was lower expressed in human OS tissues and OS cell lines. Luciferase gene indicated that miR-1307 directly bound the 3'-UTR of AGAP1. miR-1307 was negatively correlated with AGAP1 in clinical study. miR-1307 could significantly promote the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells. In addition, upregulation of AGAP1 could significantly inhibit the role of miR-1307 in OS. In conclusion, our study suggests that OS cell-derived exosomal miR-1307 promotes the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OS cells via targeting AGAP1, and miR-1307-AGAP1 axis may play an important role in the future treatment of OS.
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Paul Greengard: A persistent desire to comprehend the brain, and also to fix it. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY 2020; 90:1-18. [PMID: 33706929 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
Paul Greengard's name is and will remain profoundly associated with Neuroscience, with brain signaling and chemical transmission, with Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, with fundamental discoveries and solving paradoxes, but much less perhaps with drug discovery. This should not be mistaken as disdain. Paul in fact did contemplate developing therapeutic avenues to actually treat brain diseases much more than it is known, perhaps during his entire career, and certainly over the last two decades. As a matter of fact, he did more than contemplate it, he directly and indirectly contributed in the development of treatments for neurological diseases and disorders. Paul's impact on fundamental aspects of the brain has been so gargantuan that any other aspect of Paul's life will have difficulty to shine. It is precisely this less known aspect of Paul's career that will be covered in this review. We will discover how Paul very early on moved away from biophysics to avoid working on nuclear weapons and instead started his career in the pharmacological spheres of a large pharmaceutical company.
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Fong G, Gayen nee' Betal S, Murthy S, Favara M, Chan JSY, Addya S, Shaffer TH, Greenspan J, Bhandari V, Li D, Rahman I, Aghai ZH. DNA Methylation Profile in Human Cord Blood Mononuclear Leukocytes From Term Neonates: Effects of Histological Chorioamnionitis. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:437. [PMID: 32850550 PMCID: PMC7417608 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.00437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Histological chorioamnionitis (HCA) is an infection/inflammation of fetal membranes and complicates 5.2-28.5% of all live births. Exposure to HCA can have long-term consequences including abnormal neurodevelopment and an increased risk for allergic disorders and asthma later in childhood. HCA may incite epigenetic changes, which have the potential to modulate both the immune and neurological systems as well as increase the risk of related disorders later in life. However, there is limited data on the impact of HCA on epigenetics, in particular DNA methylation, and changes to immune and neurological systems in full-term human neonates. Objective: To determine differential DNA methylation in cord blood mononuclear leukocytes from neonates exposed to HCA. Methods: Cord blood was collected from 10 term neonates (5 with HCA and 5 controls without HCA) and mononuclear leukocytes were isolated. Genome-wide DNA methylation screening was performed on Genomic DNA extracted from mononuclear leukocytes. Results: Mononuclear leukocytes from cord blood of HCA-exposed neonates showed differential DNA methylation of 68 probe sets compared to the control group (44 hypermethylated, 24 hypomethylated) with a p ≤ 0.0001. Several genes involved in immune modulation and nervous system development were found to be differentially methylated. Important canonical pathways as revealed by Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) were CREB Signaling in Neurons, FcγRIIB Signaling in B Lymphocytes, Cell Cycle: G1/S Checkpoint Regulation, Interleukin-1, 2, 3, 6, 8, 10, 17, and 17A signaling, p53 signaling, dopamine degradation, and serotonin degradation. The diseases and disorders picked up by IPA were nervous system development and function, neurological disease, respiratory disease, immune cell trafficking, inflammatory response, and immunological disease. Conclusions: HCA induces differential DNA methylation in cord blood mononuclear leukocytes. The differentially methylated genes may contribute to inflammatory, immunological and neurodevelopmental disorders in neonates exposed to HCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina Fong
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | | | - Swati Murthy
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Michael Favara
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Joanna S. Y. Chan
- Department of Pathology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Sankar Addya
- Laboratory of Cancer Genomics, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Thomas H. Shaffer
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Jay Greenspan
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Vineet Bhandari
- Section of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, United States
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Irfan Rahman
- Department of Environmental Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY, United States
| | - Zubair H. Aghai
- Neonatology, Thomas Jefferson University/Nemours, Philadelphia, PA, United States
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Fagan RR, Kearney PJ, Melikian HE. In Situ Regulated Dopamine Transporter Trafficking: There's No Place Like Home. Neurochem Res 2020; 45:1335-1343. [PMID: 32146647 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-020-03001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is critical for motivation, reward, movement initiation, and learning. Mechanisms that control DA signaling have a profound impact on these important behaviors, and additionally play a role in DA-related neuropathologies. The presynaptic SLC6 DA transporter (DAT) limits extracellular DA levels by clearing released DA, and is potently inhibited by addictive and therapeutic psychostimulants. Decades of evidence support that the DAT is subject to acute regulation by a number of signaling pathways, and that endocytic trafficking strongly regulates DAT availability and function. DAT trafficking studies have been performed in a variety of model systems, including both in vitro and ex vivo preparations. In this review, we focus on the breadth of DAT trafficking studies, with specific attention to, and comparison of, how context may influence DAT's response to different stimuli. In particular, this overview highlights that stimulated DAT trafficking not only differs between in vitro and ex vivo environments, but also is influenced by both sex and anatomical subregions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Fagan
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Patrick J Kearney
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA
| | - Haley E Melikian
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA, 01605, USA.
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11
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AGAP1 regulates subcellular localization of FilGAP and control cancer cell invasion. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 522:676-683. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.11.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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12
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Sariah A, Guo S, Zuo J, Pu W, Liu H, Rolls ET, Xue Z, Liu Z, Huang X. Acute and Chronic Effects of Betel Quid Chewing on Brain Functional Connectivity. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:198. [PMID: 32256411 PMCID: PMC7094756 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The active alkaloid in Betel quid is arecoline. Consumption of betel quid is associated with both acute effects and longer-term addictive effects. Despite growing evidence that betel quid use is linked with altered brain function and connectivity, the neurobiology of this psychoactive substance in initial acute chewing, and long-term dependence, is not clear. METHODS In this observational study, functional magnetic resonance imaging in a resting-state was performed in 24 male betel quid-dependent chewers and 28 male controls prior to and promptly after betel quid chewing. Network-based statistics were employed to determine significant differences in functional connectivity between brain networks for both acute effects and in long-term betel users versus controls. A support vector machine was employed for pattern classification analysis. RESULTS Before chewing betel quid, higher functional connectivity in betel quid-dependent chewers than in controls was found between the temporal, parietal and frontal brain regions (right medial orbitofrontal cortex, right lateral orbital frontal cortex, right angular gyrus, bilateral inferior temporal gyrus, superior parietal gyrus, and right medial superior frontal gyrus). In controls, the effect of betel quid chewing was significantly increased functional connectivity between the subcortical regions (caudate, putamen, pallidum, and thalamus), and the visual cortex (superior occipital gyrus and right middle occipital gyrus). CONCLUSION These findings show that individuals who chronically use betel quid have higher functional connectivity than controls of the orbitofrontal cortex, and inferior temporal and angular gyri. Acute effects of betel quid are to increase the functional connectivity of some visual cortical areas (which may relate to the acute symptoms) and the basal ganglia and thalamus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adellah Sariah
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Shuixia Guo
- MOE-LCSM, School of Mathematics and Statistics, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China.,Key Laboratory of Applied Statistics and Data Science, Hunan Normal University, Changsha, China
| | - Jing Zuo
- Department of Psychiatry, Brain Hospital of Hunan Province, Changsha, China
| | - Weidan Pu
- Medical Psychological Institute, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Haihong Liu
- Mental Health Center of Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Edmund T Rolls
- Oxford Centre for Computational Neuroscience, Oxford, England.,Department of Computer Science, University of Warwick, Coventry, England
| | - Zhimin Xue
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- Mental Health Institute of the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Walker LC, Lawrence AJ. Allosteric modulation of muscarinic receptors in alcohol and substance use disorders. FROM STRUCTURE TO CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT: ALLOSTERIC MODULATION OF G PROTEIN-COUPLED RECEPTORS 2020; 88:233-275. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2020.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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14
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Sariah A, Pu W, Xue Z, Liu Z, Huang X. Reduced Cortical Thickness in the Right Caudal Middle Frontal Is Associated With Symptom Severity in Betel Quid-Dependent Chewers. Front Psychiatry 2020; 11:654. [PMID: 32754064 PMCID: PMC7366340 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Findings from brain structural imaging studies on betel quid dependence have supported relations between betel quid chewing and alterations in gray matter volume and white matter integrity. However, the effect of betel quid chewing on cortical thickness and the link between cortical thickness and symptom severity remains unascertained. METHODS In this observational study, we compared cortical thickness measures from 24 male betel quid-dependent chewers with 27 male healthy controls. Using FreeSufer, we obtained three-dimensional T1-weighted images that were used to compute the thickness of the cerebral cortex throughout the cortical layer. RESULTS Compared to healthy controls, betel quid dependent chewers displayed significant decreased cortical thickness in the precuneus, entorhinal, right paracentral, middle temporal, and caudal middle frontal gyri. Betel quid dependence scale scores negatively correlated (r = -0.604; p = 0.002) with reduced cortical thickness in the right caudal middle frontal of betel quid-dependent chewers. CONCLUSION The findings provide evidence for cortical thickness abnormality in betel dependent chewers and further propose that the severity of betel quid symptoms may be a critical aspect associated with the cortical alterations. The observed alterations may serve as potential mechanisms to explain why BQ chewing behavior is persistent among individuals with betel quid dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adellah Sariah
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China.,Department of Mental Health and Psychiatric Nursing, Hubert Kairuki Memorial University, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Weidan Pu
- Medical Psychological Institute, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhimin Xue
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhening Liu
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaojun Huang
- National Clinical Research Centre for Mental Disorders, Institute of Mental Health and Department of Psychiatry, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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15
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van Dongen J, Zilhão NR, Sugden K, Hannon EJ, Mill J, Caspi A, Agnew-Blais J, Arseneault L, Corcoran DL, Moffitt TE, Poulton R, Franke B, Boomsma DI. Epigenome-wide Association Study of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms in Adults. Biol Psychiatry 2019; 86:599-607. [PMID: 31003786 PMCID: PMC6717697 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2019.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Revised: 02/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous studies have reported associations between attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms and DNA methylation in children. We report the first epigenome-wide association study meta-analysis of adult attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms, based on peripheral blood DNA methylation (Infinium HumanMethylation450K array) in three population-based adult cohorts. METHODS An epigenome-wide association study was performed in the Netherlands Twin Register (N = 2258, mean age 37 years), Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Study (N = 800, age 38 years), and Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study (N = 1631, age 18 years), and results were combined through meta-analysis (total sample size N = 4689). Region-based analyses accounting for the correlation between nearby methylation sites were also performed. RESULTS One epigenome-wide significant differentially methylated position was detected in the Dunedin study, but meta-analysis did not detect differentially methylated positions that were robustly associated across cohorts. In region-based analyses, six significant differentially methylation regions (DMRs) were identified in the Netherlands Twin Register, 19 in the Dunedin study, and none in the Environmental Risk Longitudinal Twin Study. Of these DMRs, 92% were associated with methylation quantitative trait loci, and 68% showed moderate to large blood-brain correlations for DNA methylation levels. DMRs included six nonoverlapping DMRs (three in the Netherlands Twin Register, three in the Dunedin study) in the major histocompatibility complex, which were associated with expression of genes in the major histocompatibility complex, including C4A and C4B, previously implicated in schizophrenia. CONCLUSIONS Our findings point at new candidate loci involved in immune and neuronal functions that await further replication. Our work also illustrates the need for further research to examine to what extent epigenetic associations with psychiatric traits depend on characteristics such as age, comorbidities, exposures, and genetic background.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny van Dongen
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam.
| | - Nuno R Zilhão
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
| | - Karen Sugden
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Eilis J Hannon
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Mill
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Avshalom Caspi
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jessica Agnew-Blais
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise Arseneault
- Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - David L Corcoran
- Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Terrie E Moffitt
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Center for Genomic and Computational Biology, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina; Social, Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richie Poulton
- Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit, Department of Psychology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Barbara Franke
- Department of Human Genetics, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Dorret I Boomsma
- Department of Biological Psychology, Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam
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16
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Teal LB, Gould RW, Felts AS, Jones CK. Selective allosteric modulation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorders. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2019; 86:153-196. [PMID: 31378251 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apha.2019.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (mAChRs) subtypes represent exciting new targets for the treatment of schizophrenia and substance use disorder (SUD). Recent advances in the development of subtype-selective allosteric modulators have revealed promising effects in preclinical models targeting the different symptoms observed in schizophrenia and SUD. M1 PAMs display potential for addressing the negative and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia, while M4 PAMs exhibit promise in treating preclinical models predictive of antipsychotic-like activity. In SUD, there is increasing support for modulation of mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic circuitry involved in SUD with selective M4 mAChR PAMs or M5 mAChR NAMs. Allosteric modulators of these mAChR subtypes have demonstrated efficacy in rodent models of cocaine and ethanol seeking, with indications that these ligand may also be useful for other substances of abuse, as well as in various stages in the cycle of addiction. Importantly, allosteric modulators of the different mAChR subtypes may provide viable treatment options, while conferring greater subtype specificity and corresponding enhanced therapeutic index than orthosteric muscarinic ligands and maintaining endogenous temporo-spatial ACh signaling. Overall, subtype specific mAChR allosteric modulators represent important novel therapeutic mechanisms for schizophrenia and SUD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura B Teal
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Robert W Gould
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Andrew S Felts
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, United States.
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17
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Inhibition of Nigrostriatal Dopamine Release by Striatal GABA A and GABA B Receptors. J Neurosci 2018; 39:1058-1065. [PMID: 30541909 PMCID: PMC6363932 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2028-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) is critical to action selection and learning. Axonal DA release is locally influenced by striatal neurotransmitters. Striatal neurons are principally GABAergic projection neurons and interneurons, and a small minority of other neurons are cholinergic interneurons (ChIs). ChIs strongly gate striatal DA release via nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) identified on DA axons. Striatal GABA is thought to modulate DA, but GABA receptors have not been documented conclusively on DA axons. However, ChIs express GABA receptors and are therefore candidates for potential mediators of GABA regulation of DA. We addressed whether striatal GABA and its receptors can modulate DA release directly, independently from ChI regulation, by detecting DA in striatal slices from male mice using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry in the absence of nAChR activation. DA release evoked by single electrical pulses in the presence of the nAChR antagonist dihydro-β-erythroidine was reduced by GABA or agonists of GABAA or GABAB receptors, with effects prevented by selective GABA receptor antagonists. GABA agonists slightly modified the frequency sensitivity of DA release during short stimulus trains. GABA agonists also suppressed DA release evoked by optogenetic stimulation of DA axons. Furthermore, antagonists of GABAA and GABAB receptors together, or GABAB receptors alone, significantly enhanced DA release evoked by either optogenetic or electrical stimuli. These results indicate that striatal GABA can inhibit DA release through GABAA and GABAB receptors and that these actions are not mediated by cholinergic circuits. Furthermore, these data reveal that there is a tonic inhibition of DA release by striatal GABA operating through predominantly GABAB receptors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The principal inhibitory transmitter in the mammalian striatum, GABA, is thought to modulate striatal dopamine (DA) release, but definitive evidence for GABA receptors on DA axons is lacking. Striatal cholinergic interneurons regulate DA release via axonal nicotinic receptors (nAChRs) and also express GABA receptors, but they have not been eliminated as potentially critical mediators of DA regulation by GABA. Here, we found that GABAA and GABAB receptors inhibit DA release without requiring cholinergic interneurons. Furthermore, ambient levels of GABA inhibited DA release predominantly through GABAB receptors. These findings provide further support for direct inhibition of DA release by GABA receptors and reveal that striatal GABA operates a tonic inhibition on DA output that could critically influence striatal output.
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18
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Pacault M, Nizon M, Pichon O, Vincent M, Le Caignec C, Isidor B. A de novo 2q37.2 deletion encompassing AGAP1 and SH3BP4 in a patient with autism and intellectual disability. Eur J Med Genet 2018; 62:103586. [PMID: 30472483 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmg.2018.11.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Autism spectrum disorders are complex neurodevelopmental syndromes characterized by phenotypic and genetic heterogeneity. Further identification of causal genes may help in better understanding the underlying mechanisms of the disorder, thus improving the patients' management. To date, abnormal synaptogenesis is thought to be one of the major underlying causes of autism spectrum disorders. Here, using oligoarray-based comparative genomic hybridization, we identified a de novo deletion at 2q37.2 locus spanning 1 Mb and encompassing AGAP1 and SH3BP4, in a boy with autism and intellectual disability. Both genes have been described as being involved in endosomal trafficking, and AGAP1 in particular has been shown to be expressed in the developing brain and to play a role in dendritic spine formation and synapse function, making it a potential causative gene to our patient's phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mathilde Nizon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Olivier Pichon
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Marie Vincent
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France
| | - Cédric Le Caignec
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
| | - Bertrand Isidor
- CHU Nantes, Service de Génétique Médicale, Nantes, France; INSERM, UMR 1238, Bone Sarcoma and Remodeling of Calcified Tissue, Nantes, France
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19
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p11 in Cholinergic Interneurons of the Nucleus Accumbens Is Essential for Dopamine Responses to Rewarding Stimuli. eNeuro 2018; 5:eN-NWR-0332-18. [PMID: 30417079 PMCID: PMC6223111 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0332-18.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
A recent study showed that p11 expressed in cholinergic interneurons (CINs) of the nucleus accumbens (NAc) is a key regulator of depression-like behaviors. Dopaminergic neurons projecting to the NAc are responsible for reward-related behaviors, and their function is impaired in depression. The present study investigated the role of p11 in NAc CINs in dopamine responses to rewarding stimuli. The extracellular dopamine and acetylcholine (ACh) levels in the NAc were determined in freely moving male mice using in vivo microdialysis. Rewarding stimuli (cocaine, palatable food, and female mouse encounter) induced an increase in dopamine efflux in the NAc of wild-type (WT) mice. The dopamine responses were attenuated (cocaine) or abolished (food and female mouse encounter) in constitutive p11 knock-out (KO) mice. The dopamine response to cocaine was accompanied by an increase in ACh NAc efflux, whereas the attenuated dopamine response to cocaine in p11 KO mice was restored by activation of nicotinic or muscarinic ACh receptors in the NAc. Dopamine responses to rewarding stimuli and ACh release in the NAc were attenuated in mice with deletion of p11 from cholinergic neurons (ChAT-p11 cKO mice), whereas gene delivery of p11 to CINs restored the dopamine responses. Furthermore, chemogenetic studies revealed that p11 is required for activation of CINs in response to rewarding stimuli. Thus, p11 in NAc CINs plays a critical role in activating these neurons to mediate dopamine responses to rewarding stimuli. The dysregulation of mesolimbic dopamine system by dysfunction of p11 in NAc CINs may be involved in pathogenesis of depressive states.
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20
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Ito A, Fukaya M, Saegusa S, Kobayashi E, Sugawara T, Hara Y, Yamauchi J, Okamoto H, Sakagami H. Pallidin is a novel interacting protein for cytohesin-2 and regulates the early endosomal pathway and dendritic formation in neurons. J Neurochem 2018; 147:153-177. [PMID: 30151872 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Cytohesin-2 is a member of the guanine nucleotide exchange factors for ADP ribosylation factor 1 (Arf1) and Arf6, which are small GTPases that regulate membrane traffic and actin dynamics. In this study, we first demonstrated that cytohesin-2 localized to the plasma membrane and vesicles in various subcellular compartment in hippocampal neurons by immunoelectron microscopy. Next, to understand the molecular network of cytohesin-2 in neurons, we conducted yeast two-hybrid screening of brain cDNA libraries using cytohesin-2 as bait and isolated pallidin, a component of the biogenesis of lysosome-related organelles complex 1 (BLOC-1) involved in endosomal trafficking. Pallidin interacted specifically with cytohesin-2 among cytohesin family members. Glutathione S-transferase pull-down and immunoprecipitation assays further confirmed the formation of a protein complex between cytohesin-2 and pallidin. Immunofluorescence demonstrated that cytohesin-2 and pallidin partially colocalized in various subsets of endosomes immunopositive for EEA1, syntaxin 12, and LAMP2 in hippocampal neurons. Knockdown of pallidin or cytohesin-2 reduced cytoplasmic EEA1-positive early endosomes. Furthermore, knockdown of pallidin increased the total dendritic length of cultured hippocampal neurons, which was rescued by co-expression of wild-type pallidin but not a mutant lacking the ability to interact with cytohesin-2. In contrast, knockdown of cytohesin-2 had the opposite effect on total dendritic length. The present results suggested that the interaction between pallidin and cytohesin-2 may participate in various neuronal functions such as endosomal trafficking and dendritic formation in hippocampal neurons. Cover Image for this issue: doi: 10.1111/jnc.14197.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Ito
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Masahiro Fukaya
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shintaro Saegusa
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Emi Kobayashi
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Takeyuki Sugawara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Hara
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Junji Yamauchi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience and Neurology, School of Life Sciences, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, Hachioji, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirotsugu Okamoto
- Department of Anesthesiology, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Sakagami
- Department of Anatomy, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan
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21
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Mann T, Zilles K, Klawitter F, Cremer M, Hawlitschka A, Palomero-Gallagher N, Schmitt O, Wree A. Acetylcholine Neurotransmitter Receptor Densities in the Striatum of Hemiparkinsonian Rats Following Botulinum Neurotoxin-A Injection. Front Neuroanat 2018; 12:65. [PMID: 30147647 PMCID: PMC6095974 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2018.00065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic neurotransmission has a pivotal function in the caudate-putamen, and is highly associated with the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease. Here, we investigated long-term changes in the densities of the muscarinic receptor subtypes M1, M2, M3 (mAchRs) and the nicotinic receptor subtype α4β2 (nAchRs) in the striatum of the 6-OHDA-induced hemiparkinsonian (hemi-PD) rat model using quantitative in vitro receptor autoradiography. Hemi-PD rats exhibited an ipsilateral decrease in striatal mAchR densities between 6 and 16%. Moreover, a massive and constant decrease in striatal nAchR density by 57% was found. A second goal of the study was to disclose receptor-related mechanisms for the positive motor effect of intrastriatally injected Botulinum neurotoxin-A (BoNT-A) in hemi-PD rats in the apomorphine rotation test. Therefore, the effect of intrastriatally injected BoNT-A in control and hemi-PD rats on mAchR and nAchR densities was analyzed and compared to control animals or vehicle-injected hemi-PD rats. BoNT-A administration slightly reduced interhemispheric differences of mAchR and nAchR densities in hemi-PD rats. Importantly, the BoNT-A effect on striatal nAchRs significantly correlated with behavioral testing after apomorphine application. This study gives novel insights of 6-OHDA-induced effects on striatal mAchR and nAchR densities, and partly explains the therapeutic effect of BoNT-A in hemi-PD rats on a cellular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Mann
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Karl Zilles
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
| | - Felix Klawitter
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Markus Cremer
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Nicola Palomero-Gallagher
- Research Centre Jülich, Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine INM-1, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Oliver Schmitt
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
| | - Andreas Wree
- Rostock University Medical Center, Institute of Anatomy, Rostock, Germany
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Arakaki AKS, Pan WA, Trejo J. GPCRs in Cancer: Protease-Activated Receptors, Endocytic Adaptors and Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19071886. [PMID: 29954076 PMCID: PMC6073120 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19071886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are a large diverse family of cell surface signaling receptors implicated in various types of cancers. Several studies indicate that GPCRs control many aspects of cancer progression including tumor growth, invasion, migration, survival and metastasis. While it is known that GPCR activity can be altered in cancer through aberrant overexpression, gain-of-function activating mutations, and increased production and secretion of agonists, the precise mechanisms of how GPCRs contribute to cancer progression remains elusive. Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of GPCRs implicated in cancer. PARs are a subfamily of GPCRs comprised of four members that are irreversibly activated by proteolytic cleavage induced by various proteases generated in the tumor microenvironment. Given the unusual proteolytic irreversible activation of PARs, expression of receptors at the cell surface is a key feature that influences signaling responses and is exquisitely controlled by endocytic adaptor proteins. Here, we discuss new survey data from the Cancer Genome Atlas and the Genotype-Tissue Expression projects analysis of expression of all PAR family member expression in human tumor samples as well as the role and function of the endocytic sorting machinery that controls PAR expression and signaling of PARs in normal cells and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleena K S Arakaki
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Wen-An Pan
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
| | - JoAnn Trejo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, La Jolla, San Diego, CA 92093, USA.
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Genome-wide methylation analysis of a large population sample shows neurological pathways involvement in chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain. Pain 2018; 158:1053-1062. [PMID: 28221285 PMCID: PMC5427989 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000000880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Chronic widespread musculoskeletal pain (CWP), has a considerable heritable component, which remains to be explained. Epigenetic factors may contribute to and account for some of the heritability estimate. We analysed epigenome-wide methylation using MeDIPseq in whole blood DNA from 1708 monozygotic and dizygotic Caucasian twins having CWP prevalence of 19.9%. Longitudinally stable methylation bins (lsBINs), were established by testing repeated measurements conducted ≥3 years apart, n = 292. DNA methylation variation at lsBINs was tested for association with CWP in a discovery set of 50 monozygotic twin pairs discordant for CWP, and in an independent dataset (n = 1608 twins), and the results from the 2 samples were combined using Fisher method. Functional interpretation of the most associated signals was based on functional genomic annotations, gene ontology, and pathway analyses. Of 723,029 signals identified as lsBINs, 26,399 lsBINs demonstrated the same direction of association in both discovery and replication datasets at nominal significance (P ≤ 0.05). In the combined analysis across 1708 individuals, whereas no lsBINs showed genome-wide significance (P < 10-8), 24 signals reached p≤9E-5, and these included association signals mapping in or near to IL17A, ADIPOR2, and TNFRSF13B. Bioinformatics analyses of the associated methylation bins showed enrichment for neurological pathways in CWP. We estimate that the variance explained by epigenetic factors in CWP is 6%. This, the largest study to date of DNA methylation in CWP, points towards epigenetic modification of neurological pathways in CWP and provides proof of principle of this method in teasing apart the complex risk factors for CWP.
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24
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Moehle MS, Pancani T, Byun N, Yohn SE, Wilson GH, Dickerson JW, Remke DH, Xiang Z, Niswender CM, Wess J, Jones CK, Lindsley CW, Rook JM, Conn PJ. Cholinergic Projections to the Substantia Nigra Pars Reticulata Inhibit Dopamine Modulation of Basal Ganglia through the M 4 Muscarinic Receptor. Neuron 2017; 96:1358-1372.e4. [PMID: 29268098 PMCID: PMC5753765 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cholinergic regulation of dopaminergic inputs into the striatum is critical for normal basal ganglia (BG) function. This regulation of BG function is thought to be primarily mediated by acetylcholine released from cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) acting locally in the striatum. We now report a combination of pharmacological, electrophysiological, optogenetic, chemogenetic, and functional magnetic resonance imaging studies suggesting extra-striatal cholinergic projections from the pedunculopontine nucleus to the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) act on muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype 4 (M4) to oppose cAMP-dependent dopamine receptor subtype 1 (D1) signaling in presynaptic terminals of direct pathway striatal spiny projections neurons. This induces a tonic inhibition of transmission at direct pathway synapses and D1-mediated activation of motor activity. These studies provide important new insights into the unique role of M4 in regulating BG function and challenge the prevailing hypothesis of the centrality of striatal ChIs in opposing dopamine regulation of BG output.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark S Moehle
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Tristano Pancani
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Nellie Byun
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Samantha E Yohn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - George H Wilson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt University Institute of Imaging Science, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Johnathan W Dickerson
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Daniel H Remke
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Colleen M Niswender
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jürgen Wess
- Molecular Signaling Section, Laboratory of Bioorganic Chemistry, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carrie K Jones
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA; Vanderbilt Kennedy Center, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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25
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Zenko D, Hislop JN. Regulation and trafficking of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:374-382. [PMID: 29138081 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fidelity of signal transduction relies on cells expressing the appropriate number of functional receptors. Fluctuation in the total number of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors has been implicated in a range of physiological and pathophysiological processes, and the mechanisms responsible for this regulation represent potential molecular targets for therapeutic intervention. This article will review the current literature on the endocytic trafficking of muscarinic receptors and how knowledge of the trafficking of related receptors might influence future studies. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry Zenko
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom
| | - James N Hislop
- School of Medicine, Medical Sciences and Nutrition, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen AB25 2ZD, United Kingdom.
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26
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Osborne PG, Ko YC, Wu MT, Lee CH. Intoxication and substance use disorder to Areca catechu nut containing betel quid: A review of epidemiological evidence, pharmacological basis and social factors influencing quitting strategies. Drug Alcohol Depend 2017; 179:187-197. [PMID: 28787696 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2017.06.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2017] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM We present a systematic review of substance use disorder (SUD) to Areca catechu nut (AN) and AN containing betel quid (ANcBQ) with emphasis on dependence resulting from chewing of tobacco-free ANcBQ. We examined pharmacology of intoxication and addiction, and factors influencing quitting strategies. METHODS Epidemiological publications of SUD were included according to PRISMA criteria. Pharmacological publications were retrieved from the PUBMED database and websites of the WHO, United Nations, and Sigma-Aldrich. RESULTS Nine epidemiological studies show clear evidence of abuse and dependence in tobacco-free ANcBQ and/or ANcBQ+Tobacco chewers. Dependency is greater if ANcBQ contains tobacco. In both groups higher dependency scores were positively correlated with higher frequency of chewing. Dependency on AN+Lime is associated with altered brain morphology, resting state brain activity, neurochemistry and deterioration of working spatial memory. ANcBQ contains a complex mixture of neuroactive compounds that have the potential to act directly upon all major cerebral neurotransmitter systems. Of these compounds, only arecoline (muscarinic agonist) has been the focus of limited pharmacological investigation. In animal studies, arecoline increases dopamine transmission in the mesocorticolimbic circuit and this action may be one factor contributing to ANcBQ dependency in humans. Societal and familial acceptance of ANcBQ consumption is paramount for commencement and persistence of chewing. CONCLUSIONS ANcBQ SUD remains an orphan disease. The limited understanding of pharmacological basis of intoxication and SUD determines there are no pharmacological replacement therapies for ANcBQ SUD. The addictive properties of ANcBQ coupled with social acceptance of ANcBQ chewing limits the effectiveness of counseling-based quitting programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter G Osborne
- Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| | - Ying-Chin Ko
- Environment-Omics-Diseases Research Centre, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Tsang Wu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Community Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Hung Lee
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Sciences, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan; Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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27
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Thomsen M, Sørensen G, Dencker D. Physiological roles of CNS muscarinic receptors gained from knockout mice. Neuropharmacology 2017; 136:411-420. [PMID: 28911965 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Because the five muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtypes have overlapping distributions in many CNS tissues, and because ligands with a high degree of selectivity for a given subtype long remained elusive, it has been difficult to determine the physiological functions of each receptor. Genetically engineered knockout mice, in which one or more muscarinic acetylcholine receptor subtype has been inactivated, have been instrumental in identifying muscarinic receptor functions in the CNS, at the neuronal, circuit, and behavioral level. These studies revealed important functions of muscarinic receptors modulating neuronal activity and neurotransmitter release in many brain regions, shaping neuronal plasticity, and affecting functions ranging from motor and sensory function to cognitive processes. As gene targeting technology evolves including the use of conditional, cell type specific strains, knockout mice are likely to continue to provide valuable insights into brain physiology and pathophysiology, and advance the development of new medications for a range of conditions such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, schizophrenia, and addictions, as well as non-opioid analgesics. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Neuropharmacology on Muscarinic Receptors'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgane Thomsen
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark; Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA.
| | - Gunnar Sørensen
- Alcohol and Drug Abuse Research Center, McLean Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 115 Mill Street, Belmont, MA 02478, USA
| | - Ditte Dencker
- Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Psychiatric Center Copenhagen and University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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28
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Endocannabinoid modulation of dopamine neurotransmission. Neuropharmacology 2017; 124:52-61. [PMID: 28450060 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) is a major catecholamine neurotransmitter in the mammalian brain that controls neural circuits involved in the cognitive, emotional, and motor aspects of goal-directed behavior. Accordingly, perturbations in DA neurotransmission play a central role in several neuropsychiatric disorders. Somewhat surprisingly given its prominent role in numerous behaviors, DA is released by a relatively small number of densely packed neurons originating in the midbrain. The dopaminergic midbrain innervates numerous brain regions where extracellular DA release and receptor binding promote short- and long-term changes in postsynaptic neuron function. Striatal forebrain nuclei receive the greatest proportion of DA projections and are a predominant hub at which DA influences behavior. A number of excitatory, inhibitory, and modulatory inputs orchestrate DA neurotransmission by controlling DA cell body firing patterns, terminal release, and effects on postsynaptic sites in the striatum. The endocannabinoid (eCB) system serves as an important filter of afferent input that acts locally at midbrain and terminal regions to shape how incoming information is conveyed onto DA neurons and to output targets. In this review, we aim to highlight existing knowledge regarding how eCB signaling controls DA neuron function through modifications in synaptic strength at midbrain and striatal sites, and to raise outstanding questions on this topic. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled "A New Dawn in Cannabinoid Neurobiology".
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29
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Luo R, Reed CE, Sload JA, Wordeman L, Randazzo PA, Chen PW. Arf GAPs and molecular motors. Small GTPases 2017; 10:196-209. [PMID: 28430047 DOI: 10.1080/21541248.2017.1308850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Arf GTPase-activating proteins (Arf GAPs) were first identified as regulators of the small GTP-binding proteins ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs). The Arf GAPs are a large family of proteins in metazoans, outnumbering the Arfs that they regulate. The members of the Arf GAP family have complex domain structures and some have been implicated in particular cellular functions, such as cell migration, or with particular pathologies, such as tumor invasion and metastasis. The specific effects of Arfs sometimes depend on the Arf GAP involved in their regulation. These observations have led to speculation that the Arf GAPs themselves may affect cellular activities in capacities beyond the regulation of Arfs. Recently, 2 Arf GAPs, ASAP1 and AGAP1, have been found to bind directly to and influence the activity of myosins and kinesins, motor proteins associated with filamentous actin and microtubules, respectively. The Arf GAP-motor protein interaction is critical for cellular behaviors involving the actin cytoskeleton and microtubules, such as cell migration and other cell movements. Arfs, then, may function with molecular motors through Arf GAPs to regulate microtubule and actin remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibai Luo
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Christine E Reed
- c Department of Biology , Williams College , Williamstown , MA , USA
| | - Jeffrey A Sload
- c Department of Biology , Williams College , Williamstown , MA , USA
| | - Linda Wordeman
- b Department of Physiology and Biophysics , University of Washington School of Medicine , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- a Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology , National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda , MD , USA
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- c Department of Biology , Williams College , Williamstown , MA , USA
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30
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Lv X, Dickerson JW, Rook JM, Lindsley CW, Conn PJ, Xiang Z. M 1 muscarinic activation induces long-lasting increase in intrinsic excitability of striatal projection neurons. Neuropharmacology 2017; 118:209-222. [PMID: 28336323 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.03.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The dorsolateral striatum is critically involved in movement control and motor learning. Striatal function is regulated by a variety of neuromodulators including acetylcholine. Previous studies have shown that cholinergic activation excites striatal principal projection neurons, medium spiny neurons (MSNs), and this action is mediated by muscarinic acetylcholine subtype 1 receptors (M1) through modulating multiple potassium channels. In the present study, we used electrophysiology techniques in conjunction with optogenetic and pharmacological tools to determine the long-term effects of striatal cholinergic activation on MSN intrinsic excitability. A transient increase in acetylcholine release in the striatum by optogenetic stimulation resulted in a long-lasting increase in excitability of MSNs, which was associated with hyperpolarizing shift of action potential threshold and decrease in afterhyperpolarization (AHP) amplitude, leading to an increase in probability of EPSP-action potential coupling. The M1 selective antagonist VU0255035 prevented, while the M1 selective positive allosteric modulator (PAM) VU0453595 potentiated the cholinergic activation-induced persistent increase in MSN intrinsic excitability, suggesting that M1 receptors are critically involved in the induction of this long-lasting response. This M1 receptor-dependent long-lasting change in MSN intrinsic excitability could have significant impact on striatal processing and might provide a novel mechanism underlying cholinergic regulation of the striatum-dependent motor learning and cognitive function. Consistent with this, behavioral studies indicate that potentiation of M1 receptor signaling by VU0453595 enhanced performance of mice in cue-dependent water-based T-maze, a dorsolateral striatum-dependent learning task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Lv
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jonathan W Dickerson
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Jerri M Rook
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Craig W Lindsley
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - P Jeffrey Conn
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Zixiu Xiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA; Vanderbilt Center for Neuroscience Drug Discovery, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.
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31
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Arnold M, Cross R, Singleton KS, Zlatic S, Chapleau C, Mullin AP, Rolle I, Moore CC, Theibert A, Pozzo-Miller L, Faundez V, Larimore J. The Endosome Localized Arf-GAP AGAP1 Modulates Dendritic Spine Morphology Downstream of the Neurodevelopmental Disorder Factor Dysbindin. Front Cell Neurosci 2016; 10:218. [PMID: 27713690 PMCID: PMC5031601 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2016.00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
AGAP1 is an Arf1 GTPase activating protein that interacts with the vesicle-associated protein complexes adaptor protein 3 (AP-3) and Biogenesis of Lysosome Related Organelles Complex-1 (BLOC-1). Overexpression of AGAP1 in non-neuronal cells results in an accumulation of endosomal cargoes, which suggests a role in endosome-dependent traffic. In addition, AGAP1 is a candidate susceptibility gene for two neurodevelopmental disorders, autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and schizophrenia (SZ); yet its localization and function in neurons have not been described. Here, we describe that AGAP1 localizes to axons, dendrites, dendritic spines and synapses, colocalizing preferentially with markers of early and recycling endosomes. Functional studies reveal overexpression and down-regulation of AGAP1 affects both neuronal endosomal trafficking and dendritic spine morphology, supporting a role for AGAP1 in the recycling endosomal trafficking involved in their morphogenesis. Finally, we determined the sensitivity of AGAP1 expression to mutations in the DTNBP1 gene, which is associated with neurodevelopmental disorder, and found that AGAP1 mRNA and protein levels are selectively reduced in the null allele of the mouse ortholog of DTNBP1. We postulate that endosomal trafficking contributes to the pathogenesis of neurodevelopmental disorders affecting dendritic spine morphology, and thus excitatory synapse structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miranda Arnold
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Rebecca Cross
- Department of Biology, Agnes-Scott College Decatur, GA, USA
| | - Kaela S Singleton
- Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Christopher Chapleau
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Isaiah Rolle
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, The Medical School of Ohio University Athens, OH, USA
| | - Carlene C Moore
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Anne Theibert
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Lucas Pozzo-Miller
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center, University of Alabama Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Victor Faundez
- Department of Cell Biology, Emory University Atlanta, GA, USA
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32
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Steinmetz CC, Tatavarty V, Sugino K, Shima Y, Joseph A, Lin H, Rutlin M, Lambo M, Hempel CM, Okaty BW, Paradis S, Nelson SB, Turrigiano GG. Upregulation of μ3A Drives Homeostatic Plasticity by Rerouting AMPAR into the Recycling Endosomal Pathway. Cell Rep 2016; 16:2711-2722. [PMID: 27568566 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2016.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Synaptic scaling is a form of homeostatic plasticity driven by transcription-dependent changes in AMPA-type glutamate receptor (AMPAR) trafficking. To uncover the pathways involved, we performed a cell-type-specific screen for transcripts persistently altered during scaling, which identified the μ subunit (μ3A) of the adaptor protein complex AP-3A. Synaptic scaling increased μ3A (but not other AP-3 subunits) in pyramidal neurons and redistributed dendritic μ3A and AMPAR to recycling endosomes (REs). Knockdown of μ3A prevented synaptic scaling and this redistribution, while overexpression (OE) of full-length μ3A or a truncated μ3A that cannot interact with the AP-3A complex was sufficient to drive AMPAR to REs. Finally, OE of μ3A acted synergistically with GRIP1 to recruit AMPAR to the dendritic membrane. These data suggest that excess μ3A acts independently of the AP-3A complex to reroute AMPAR to RE, generating a reservoir of receptors essential for the regulated recruitment to the synaptic membrane during scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celine C Steinmetz
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Vedakumar Tatavarty
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Ken Sugino
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Yasuyuki Shima
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Anne Joseph
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Heather Lin
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Michael Rutlin
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Mary Lambo
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Science, MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Chris M Hempel
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Benjamin W Okaty
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Suzanne Paradis
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA
| | - Sacha B Nelson
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
| | - Gina G Turrigiano
- Department of Biology and Center for Behavioral Genomics, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02454, USA.
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33
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Luo R, Chen PW, Wagenbach M, Jian X, Jenkins L, Wordeman L, Randazzo PA. Direct Functional Interaction of the Kinesin-13 Family Member Kinesin-like Protein 2A (Kif2A) and Arf GAP with GTP-binding Protein-like, Ankyrin Repeats and PH Domains1 (AGAP1). J Biol Chem 2016; 291:21350-21362. [PMID: 27531749 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m116.732479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Revised: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The molecular basis for control of the cytoskeleton by the Arf GTPase-activating protein AGAP1 has not been characterized. AGAP1 is composed of G-protein-like (GLD), pleckstrin homology (PH), Arf GAP, and ankyrin repeat domains. Kif2A was identified in screens for proteins that bind to AGAP1. The GLD and PH domains of AGAP1 bound the motor domain of Kif2A. Kif2A increased GAP activity of AGAP1, and a protein composed of the GLD and PH domains of AGAP1 increased ATPase activity of Kif2A. Knockdown (KD) of Kif2A or AGAP1 slowed cell migration and accelerated cell spreading. The effect of Kif2A KD on spreading could be rescued by expression of Kif2A-GFP or FLAG-AGAP1, but not by Kif2C-GFP. The effect of AGAP1 KD could be rescued by FLAG-AGAP1, but not by an AGAP1 mutant that did not bind Kif2A efficiently, ArfGAP1-HA or Kif2A-GFP. Taken together, the results support the hypothesis that the Kif2A·AGAP1 complex contributes to control of cytoskeleton remodeling involved in cell movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibai Luo
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology and
| | - Pei-Wen Chen
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology and.,the Department of Biology, Grinnell College, Grinnell, Iowa 50112, and
| | - Michael Wagenbach
- the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
| | - Xiaoying Jian
- From the Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology and
| | - Lisa Jenkins
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, NCI, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892
| | - Linda Wordeman
- the Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington 98195
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Sulzer D, Cragg SJ, Rice ME. Striatal dopamine neurotransmission: regulation of release and uptake. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 6:123-148. [PMID: 27141430 DOI: 10.1016/j.baga.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 236] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Dopamine (DA) transmission is governed by processes that regulate release from axonal boutons in the forebrain and the somatodendritic compartment in midbrain, and by clearance by the DA transporter, diffusion, and extracellular metabolism. We review how axonal DA release is regulated by neuronal activity and by autoreceptors and heteroreceptors, and address how quantal release events are regulated in size and frequency. In brain regions densely innervated by DA axons, DA clearance is due predominantly to uptake by the DA transporter, whereas in cortex, midbrain, and other regions with relatively sparse DA inputs, the norepinephrine transporter and diffusion are involved. We discuss the role of DA uptake in restricting the sphere of influence of DA and in temporal accumulation of extracellular DA levels upon successive action potentials. The tonic discharge activity of DA neurons may be translated into a tonic extracellular DA level, whereas their bursting activity can generate discrete extracellular DA transients.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Sulzer
- Depts of Psychiatry, Neurology, & Pharmacology, NY State Psychiatric Institute, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephanie J Cragg
- Dept Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Margaret E Rice
- Depts of Neurosurgery & Neuroscience and Physiology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Pinho R, Guedes LC, Soreq L, Lobo PP, Mestre T, Coelho M, Rosa MM, Gonçalves N, Wales P, Mendes T, Gerhardt E, Fahlbusch C, Bonifati V, Bonin M, Miltenberger-Miltényi G, Borovecki F, Soreq H, Ferreira JJ, F. Outeiro T. Gene Expression Differences in Peripheral Blood of Parkinson's Disease Patients with Distinct Progression Profiles. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157852. [PMID: 27322389 PMCID: PMC4913914 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The prognosis of neurodegenerative disorders is clinically challenging due to the inexistence of established biomarkers for predicting disease progression. Here, we performed an exploratory cross-sectional, case-control study aimed at determining whether gene expression differences in peripheral blood may be used as a signature of Parkinson’s disease (PD) progression, thereby shedding light into potential molecular mechanisms underlying disease development. We compared transcriptional profiles in the blood from 34 PD patients who developed postural instability within ten years with those of 33 patients who did not develop postural instability within this time frame. Our study identified >200 differentially expressed genes between the two groups. The expression of several of the genes identified was previously found deregulated in animal models of PD and in PD patients. Relevant genes were selected for validation by real-time PCR in a subset of patients. The genes validated were linked to nucleic acid metabolism, mitochondria, immune response and intracellular-transport. Interestingly, we also found deregulation of these genes in a dopaminergic cell model of PD, a simple paradigm that can now be used to further dissect the role of these molecular players on dopaminergic cell loss. Altogether, our study provides preliminary evidence that expression changes in specific groups of genes and pathways, detected in peripheral blood samples, may be correlated with differential PD progression. Our exploratory study suggests that peripheral gene expression profiling may prove valuable for assisting in prediction of PD prognosis, and identifies novel culprits possibly involved in dopaminergic cell death. Given the exploratory nature of our study, further investigations using independent, well-characterized cohorts will be essential in order to validate our candidates as predictors of PD prognosis and to definitively confirm the value of gene expression analysis in aiding patient stratification and therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Pinho
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Leonor C. Guedes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Lilach Soreq
- Department of Molecular Neuroscience, The Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Patrícia P. Lobo
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Tiago Mestre
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Miguel Coelho
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário M. Rosa
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Nilza Gonçalves
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Pauline Wales
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Tiago Mendes
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ellen Gerhardt
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Christiane Fahlbusch
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
| | - Vincenzo Bonifati
- Department Clinical Genetics, Erasmus MC, Rotterdam, South Holland, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Bonin
- Institute of Medical Genetics and Applied Genomics, Eberhard-Karls-University Tübingen, Tübingen, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Gabriel Miltenberger-Miltényi
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Fran Borovecki
- Department for Functional Genomics, Center for Translational and Clinical Research, University Hospital Center Zagreb, University of Zagreb School of Medicine, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Hermona Soreq
- The Edmond and Lily Safra Center for Brain Sciences, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Life Sciences Institute, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Joaquim J. Ferreira
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, Instituto de Medicina Molecular, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
- * E-mail: (TFO); (JJF)
| | - Tiago F. Outeiro
- Department of NeuroDegeneration and Restorative Research, Center for Nanoscale Microscopy and Molecular Physiology of the Brain, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Niedersachsen, Germany
- CEDOC, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal
- * E-mail: (TFO); (JJF)
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Roy NS, Yohe ME, Randazzo PA, Gruschus JM. Allosteric properties of PH domains in Arf regulatory proteins. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2016; 6:e1181700. [PMID: 27294009 DOI: 10.1080/21592799.2016.1181700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Pleckstrin Homology (PH) domains bind phospholipids and proteins. They are critical regulatory elements of a number enzymes including guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) and GTPase-activating proteins (GAPs) for Ras-superfamily guanine nucleotide binding proteins such as ADP-ribosylation factors (Arfs). Recent studies have indicated that many PH domains may bind more than one ligand cooperatively. Here we discuss the molecular basis of PH domain-dependent allosteric behavior of 2 ADP-ribosylation factor exchange factors, Grp1 and Brag2, cooperative binding of ligands to the PH domains of Grp1 and the Arf GTPase-activating protein, ASAP1, and the consequences for activity of the associated catalytic domains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neeladri Sekhar Roy
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Marielle E Yohe
- Genetics Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - James M Gruschus
- Laboratory of Structural Biophysics, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health , Bethesda, MD, USA
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Khadka S, Pearlson GD, Calhoun VD, Liu J, Gelernter J, Bessette KL, Stevens MC. Multivariate Imaging Genetics Study of MRI Gray Matter Volume and SNPs Reveals Biological Pathways Correlated with Brain Structural Differences in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Front Psychiatry 2016; 7:128. [PMID: 27504100 PMCID: PMC4959119 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a prevalent neurodevelopmental disorder affecting children, adolescents, and adults. Its etiology is not well understood, but it is increasingly believed to result from diverse pathophysiologies that affect the structure and function of specific brain circuits. Although one of the best-studied neurobiological abnormalities in ADHD is reduced fronto-striatal-cerebellar gray matter (GM) volume, its specific genetic correlates are largely unknown. METHODS In this study, T1-weighted MR images of brain structure were collected from 198 adolescents (63 ADHD-diagnosed). A multivariate parallel independent component analysis (Para-ICA) technique-identified imaging genetic relationships between regional GM volume and single nucleotide polymorphism data. RESULTS Para-ICA analyses extracted 14 components from genetic data and 9 from MR data. An iterative cross-validation using randomly chosen subsamples indicated acceptable stability of these ICA solutions. A series of partial correlation analyses controlling for age, sex, and ethnicity revealed two genotype-phenotype component pairs significantly differed between ADHD and non-ADHD groups, after a Bonferroni correction for multiple comparisons. The brain phenotype component not only included structures frequently found to have abnormally low volume in previous ADHD studies but was also significantly associated with ADHD differences in symptom severity and performance on cognitive tests frequently found to be impaired in patients diagnosed with the disorder. Pathway analysis of the genotype component identified several different biological pathways linked to these structural abnormalities in ADHD. CONCLUSION Some of these pathways implicate well-known dopaminergic neurotransmission and neurodevelopment hypothesized to be abnormal in ADHD. Other more recently implicated pathways included glutamatergic and GABA-eric physiological systems; others might reflect sources of shared liability to disturbances commonly found in ADHD, such as sleep abnormalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabin Khadka
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare , Hartford, CT , USA
| | - Godfrey D Pearlson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vince D Calhoun
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA; The Mind Research Network, Albuquerque, NM, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, USA
| | - Jingyu Liu
- The Mind Research Network , Albuquerque, NM , USA
| | - Joel Gelernter
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Katie L Bessette
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare , Hartford, CT , USA
| | - Michael C Stevens
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, Institute of Living, Hartford HealthCare, Hartford, CT, USA; Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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Wan M, Zhang W, Tian Y, Xu C, Xu T, Liu J, Zhang R. Unraveling a molecular determinant for clathrin-independent internalization of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor. Sci Rep 2015; 5:11408. [PMID: 26094760 PMCID: PMC4476042 DOI: 10.1038/srep11408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 05/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytosis and postendocytic sorting of G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) is important for the regulation of both their cell surface density and signaling profile. Unlike the mechanisms of clathrin-dependent endocytosis (CDE), the mechanisms underlying the control of GPCR signaling by clathrin-independent endocytosis (CIE) remain largely unknown. Among the muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs), the M4 mAChR undergoes CDE and recycling, whereas the M2 mAChR is internalized through CIE and targeted to lysosomes. Here we investigated the endocytosis and postendocytic trafficking of M2 mAChR based on a comparative analysis of the third cytoplasmic domain in M2 and M4 mAChRs. For the first time, we identified that the sequence (374)KKKPPPS(380) servers as a sorting signal for the clathrin-independent internalization of M2 mAChR. Switching (374)KKKPPPS(380) to the i3 loop of the M4 mAChR shifted the receptor into lysosomes through the CIE pathway; and therefore away from CDE and recycling. We also found another previously unidentified sequence that guides CDE of the M2 mAChR, (361)VARKIVKMTKQPA(373), which is normally masked in the presence of the downstream sequence (374)KKKPPPS(380). Taken together, our data indicate that endocytosis and postendocytic sorting of GPCRs that undergo CIE could be sequence-dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wan
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenhua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Yangli Tian
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chanjuan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tao Xu
- 1] Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China [2] National Laboratory of Biomacromolecules, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianfeng Liu
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rongying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Biophysics of the Ministry of Education, College of Life Science and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
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Muscarinic regulation of dopamine and glutamate transmission in the nucleus accumbens. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:8124-9. [PMID: 26080439 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1508846112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic transmission in the striatum functions as a key modulator of dopamine (DA) transmission and synaptic plasticity, both of which are required for reward and motor learning. Acetylcholine (ACh) can elicit striatal DA release through activation of nicotinic ACh receptors (nAChRs) on DA axonal projections. However, it remains controversial how muscarinic ACh receptors (mAChRs) modulate striatal DA release, with studies reporting both potentiation and depression of striatal DA transmission by mAChR agonists. This study investigates the mAChR-mediated regulation of release from three types of midbrain neurons that project to striatum: DA, DA/glutamate, and glutamate neurons. We found that M5 mAChRs potentiate DA and glutamate release only from DA and DA/glutamate projections from the midbrain. We also show that M2/M4 mAChRs depress the nAChR-dependent mechanism of DA release in the striatum. These results suggest that M5 receptors on DA neuron terminals enhance DA release, whereas M2/M4 autoreceptors on cholinergic terminals inhibit ACh release and subsequent nAChR-dependent DA release. Our findings clarify the mechanisms of mAChR-dependent modulation of DA and glutamate transmission in the striatum.
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Gonzales KK, Smith Y. Cholinergic interneurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum: anatomical and functional considerations in normal and diseased conditions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2015; 1349:1-45. [PMID: 25876458 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.12762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Striatal cholinergic interneurons (ChIs) are central for the processing and reinforcement of reward-related behaviors that are negatively affected in states of altered dopamine transmission, such as in Parkinson's disease or drug addiction. Nevertheless, the development of therapeutic interventions directed at ChIs has been hampered by our limited knowledge of the diverse anatomical and functional characteristics of these neurons in the dorsal and ventral striatum, combined with the lack of pharmacological tools to modulate specific cholinergic receptor subtypes. This review highlights some of the key morphological, synaptic, and functional differences between ChIs of different striatal regions and across species. It also provides an overview of our current knowledge of the cellular localization and function of cholinergic receptor subtypes. The future use of high-resolution anatomical and functional tools to study the synaptic microcircuitry of brain networks, along with the development of specific cholinergic receptor drugs, should help further elucidate the role of striatal ChIs and permit efficient targeting of cholinergic systems in various brain disorders, including Parkinson's disease and addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalynda K Gonzales
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.,Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, New York
| | - Yoland Smith
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Department of Neurology and Udall Center of Excellence for Parkinson's Disease Research, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
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The Road not Taken: Less Traveled Roads from the TGN to the Plasma Membrane. MEMBRANES 2015; 5:84-98. [PMID: 25764365 PMCID: PMC4384092 DOI: 10.3390/membranes5010084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The trans-Golgi network functions in the distribution of cargo into different transport vesicles that are destined to endosomes, lysosomes and the plasma membrane. Over the years, it has become clear that more than one transport pathway promotes plasma membrane localization of proteins. In spite of the importance of temporal and spatial control of protein localization at the plasma membrane, the regulation of sorting into and the formation of different transport containers are still poorly understood. In this review different transport pathways, with a special emphasis on exomer-dependent transport, and concepts of regulation and sorting at the TGN are discussed.
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Kon S, Funaki T, Satake M. Putative terminator and/or effector functions of Arf GAPs in the trafficking of clathrin-coated vesicles. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014; 1:86-89. [PMID: 21922072 DOI: 10.4161/cl.1.3.16192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/05/2011] [Accepted: 06/06/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The role of ArfGAP1 as a terminator or effector in COPi-vesicle formation has been the subject of ongoing discussions. Here, the discussion on the putative terminator/effector functions has been enlarged to include Arf GAP members involved in the formation of clathrin-coated vesicles. ACAP1, whose role has been studied extensively, enhances the recycling of endocytosed proteins to the plasma membrane. Importantly, this positive role appears to be an overall reflection of both the terminator and effector activities attributed to ACAP1. Other Arf GAP subtypes have also been suggested to possess both terminator and effector activities. Interestingly, while most Arf GAP proteins regulate membrane trafficking by acting as facilitators, a few Arf GAP subtypes act as inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Kon
- Institute of Development, Aging and Cancer; Tohoku University; Sendai, Japan
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Abstract
Mammalian cells have many membranous organelles that require proper composition of proteins and lipids. Cargo sorting is a process required for transporting specific proteins and lipids to appropriate organelles, and if this process is disrupted, organelle function as well as cell function is disrupted. ArfGAP family proteins have been found to be critical for receptor sorting. In this review, we summarize our recent knowledge about the mechanism of cargo sorting that require function of ArfGAPs in promoting the formation of transport vesicles, and discuss the involvement of specific ArfGAPs for the sorting of a variety of receptors, such as MPR, EGFR, TfR, Glut4, TRAIL-R1/DR4, M5-muscarinic receptor, c-KIT, rhodopsin and β1-integrin. Given the importance of many of these receptors to human disease, the studies of ArfGAPs may provide novel therapeutic strategies in addition to providing mechanistic insight of receptor sorting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Shiba
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
| | - Paul A Randazzo
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD20892, USA
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Muscarinic acetylcholine receptors: novel opportunities for drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2014; 13:549-60. [PMID: 24903776 DOI: 10.1038/nrd4295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 296] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors are a subfamily of G protein-coupled receptors that regulate numerous fundamental functions of the central and peripheral nervous system. The past few years have witnessed unprecedented new insights into muscarinic receptor physiology, pharmacology and structure. These advances include the first structural views of muscarinic receptors in both inactive and active conformations, as well as a better understanding of the molecular underpinnings of muscarinic receptor regulation by allosteric modulators. These recent findings should facilitate the development of new muscarinic receptor subtype-selective ligands that could prove to be useful for the treatment of many severe pathophysiological conditions.
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M5 receptor activation produces opposing physiological outcomes in dopamine neurons depending on the receptor's location. J Neurosci 2014; 34:3253-62. [PMID: 24573284 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.4896-13.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes, the M5 receptor is the only one detectable in midbrain dopaminergic neurons, making it an attractive potential therapeutic target for treating disorders in which dopaminergic signaling is disrupted. However, developing an understanding of the role of M5 in regulating midbrain dopamine neuron function has been hampered by a lack of subtype-selective compounds. Here, we extensively characterize the novel compound VU0238429 and demonstrate that it acts as a positive allosteric modulator with unprecedented selectivity for the M5 receptor. We then used VU0238429, along with M5 knock-out mice, to elucidate the role of this receptor in regulating substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) neuron physiology in both mice and rats. In sagittal brain slices that isolate the SNc soma from their striatal terminals, activation of muscarinic receptors induced Ca2+ mobilization and inward currents in SNc dopamine neurons, both of which were potentiated by VU0238429 and absent in M5 knock-out mice. Activation of M5 also increased the spontaneous firing rate of SNc neurons, suggesting that activation of somatodendritic M5 increases the intrinsic excitability of SNc neurons. However, in coronal slices of the striatum, potentiation of M5 with VU0238429 resulted in an inhibition in dopamine release as monitored with fast scan cyclic voltammetry. Accordingly, activation of M5 can lead to opposing physiological outcomes depending on the location of the receptor. Although activation of somatodendritic M5 receptors on SNc neurons leads to increased neuronal firing, activation of M5 receptors in the striatum induces an inhibition in dopamine release.
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Extended access oxycodone self-administration and neurotransmitter receptor gene expression in the dorsal striatum of adult C57BL/6 J mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1277-87. [PMID: 24221825 PMCID: PMC3954898 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3306-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Although non-medical use of oxycodone continues to be a growing problem in the United States, there are no animal studies examining the effects of long-term oxycodone self-administration (SA). OBJECTIVES The current study was designed to examine chronic oxycodone SA by mice (14 days), in novel extended (4 h) SA sessions and its effect on selective striatal neurotransmitter receptor mRNA expression. METHODS Adult male C57/BL6J mice were either allowed to self-administer oxycodone (0.25 mg/kg/infusion, FR1) or served as yoked-saline controls in an extended access paradigm. Mice self-administered oxycodone for 4 h/day for 14 consecutive days. Comparison groups with 14-days exposure to 1-h SA sessions were also studied. Within 1 h of the last extended SA session, mice were sacrificed, dorsal striatum was isolated and selective neurotransmitter receptor mRNA levels were examined. RESULTS The oxycodone groups poked the active hole significantly more times than the yoked controls. The number of nose pokes at the active hole rose over the 14 days in the oxycodone group with extended access. The expression of 13 neurotransmitter receptor mRNAs was significantly altered in the dorsal striatum, including the gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) A receptor beta 2 subunit (Gabrb2) showing experiment-wise significant decrease, as a result of extended oxycodone SA. CONCLUSION C57BL/6 J mice escalated the amount of oxycodone self-administered across 14 consecutive daily extended sessions, but not 1-h sessions. Decreases in Gabrb2 mRNA levels may underlie escalation of oxycodone intake in the extended access SA sessions.
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Abstract
During NMDA receptor-mediated long-term potentiation (LTP), synapses are strengthened by trafficking AMPA receptors to the synapse through a calcium-dependent kinase cascade following activation of NMDA receptors. This process results in a long-lasting increase in synaptic strength that is thought to be a cellular mechanism for learning and memory. Over the past 20 years, many signaling pathways have been shown to be involved in the induction and maintenance of LTP including the MAPK cascade. However, the crucial link between NMDA receptors and the signaling cascades involved in AMPA receptor trafficking during LTP remains elusive. In this study, we aimed to identify and characterize NMDA receptor signaling proteins that link NMDA receptor activation to downstream signaling pathways that lead to trafficking of AMPA receptors. We have identified a novel NMDA receptor interacting signaling protein, AGAP3. AGAP3 contains multiple signaling domains, a GTPase-like domain, a pleckstrin homology domain, and an ArfGAP domain, and exists as a component of the NMDA receptor complex. In addition, we found that AGAP3 regulates NMDA receptor-mediated Ras/ERK and Arf6 signaling pathways during chemically induced LTP in rat primary neuronal cultures. Finally, knocking down AGAP3 expression leads to occlusion of AMPA receptor trafficking during chemically induced LTP. Together, AGAP3 is an essential signaling component of the NMDA receptor complex that links NMDA receptor activation to AMPA receptor trafficking.
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48
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Garzón M, Pickel VM. Somatodendritic targeting of M5 muscarinic receptor in the rat ventral tegmental area: implications for mesolimbic dopamine transmission. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:2927-46. [PMID: 23504804 PMCID: PMC4038040 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2012] [Revised: 01/29/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Muscarinic modulation of mesolimbic dopaminergic neurons in the ventral tegmental area (VTA) plays an important role in reward, potentially mediated through the M5 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (M5R). However, the key sites for M5R-mediated control of dopamine neurons within this region are still unknown. To address this question we examined the electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of antipeptide antisera against M5R and the plasmalemmal dopamine transporter (DAT) in single sections through the rat VTA. M5R was located mainly to VTA somatodendritic profiles (71%; n = 627), at least one-third (33.2%; n = 208) of which also contained DAT. The M5R immunoreactivity was distributed along cytoplasmic tubulovesicular endomembrane systems in somata and large dendrites, but was more often located at plasmalemmal sites in small dendrites, the majority of which did not express DAT. The M5R-immunoreactive dendrites received a balanced input from unlabeled terminals forming either asymmetric or symmetric synapses. Compared with dendrites, M5R was less often seen in axon terminals, comprising only 10.8% (n = 102) of the total M5R-labeled profiles. These terminals were usually presynaptic to unlabeled dendrites, suggesting that M5R activation can indirectly modulate non-DAT-containing dendrites through presynaptic mechanisms. Our results provide the first ultrastructural evidence that in the VTA, M5R has a subcellular location conducive to major involvement in postsynaptic signaling in many dendrites, only some of which express DAT. These findings suggest that cognitive and rewarding effects ascribed to muscarinic activation in the VTA can primarily be credited to M5R activation at postsynaptic plasma membranes distinct from dopamine transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Garzón
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, and Neuroscience, Medical School, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid (UAM), Madrid, 28029, Spain.
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49
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Scarr E, Gibbons AS, Neo J, Udawela M, Dean B. Cholinergic connectivity: it's implications for psychiatric disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2013; 7:55. [PMID: 23653591 PMCID: PMC3642390 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2013.00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholine has been implicated in both the pathophysiology and treatment of a number of psychiatric disorders, with most of the data related to its role and therapeutic potential focusing on schizophrenia. However, there is little thought given to the consequences of the documented changes in the cholinergic system and how they may affect the functioning of the brain. This review looks at the cholinergic system and its interactions with the intrinsic neurotransmitters glutamate and gamma-amino butyric acid as well as those with the projection neurotransmitters most implicated in the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders; dopamine and serotonin. In addition, with the recent focus on the role of factors normally associated with inflammation in the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders, links between the cholinergic system and these factors will also be examined. These interfaces are put into context, primarily for schizophrenia, by looking at the changes in each of these systems in the disorder and exploring, theoretically, whether the changes are interconnected with those seen in the cholinergic system. Thus, this review will provide a comprehensive overview of the connectivity between the cholinergic system and some of the major areas of research into the pathophysiologies of psychiatric disorders, resulting in a critical appraisal of the potential outcomes of a dysregulated central cholinergic system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Scarr
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Gibbons
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Jaclyn Neo
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Madhara Udawela
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
- Centre for Neuroscience, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Brian Dean
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of MelbourneParkville, VIC, Australia
- Molecular Psychiatry Laboratories, Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthParkville, VIC, Australia
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50
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Wei AH, Li W. Hermansky-Pudlak syndrome: pigmentary and non-pigmentary defects and their pathogenesis. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2012; 26:176-92. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2012] [Accepted: 11/16/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Wei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Developmental Biology; Institute of Genetics & Developmental Biology; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Beijing; China
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