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Nagata K, Tagami K, Okuzawa T, Hayakawa M, Nomura A, Nishimura T, Ikeda K, Kitada K, Kobuchi S, Fujisawa Y, Nishiyama A, Murohara T. Comparison of the effects of renal denervation at early or advanced stages of hypertension on cardiac, renal, and adipose tissue pathology in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertens Res 2024:10.1038/s41440-024-01605-x. [PMID: 38355818 DOI: 10.1038/s41440-024-01605-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Renal denervation (RDN) has emerged as a novel therapy for drug-resistant hypertension. We here examined the effects of RDN at early versus advanced stages of hypertension on blood pressure and organ pathology in rats with salt-sensitive hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive (DahlS) rats fed an 8% NaCl diet from 6 weeks of age were subjected to RDN (surgical ablation and application of 10% phenol in ethanol) or sham surgery at 7 (early stage) or 9 (advanced stage) weeks and were studied at 12 weeks. RDN at early or advanced stages resulted in a moderate lowering of blood pressure. Although RDN at neither stage affected left ventricular (LV) and cardiomyocyte hypertrophy, it ameliorated LV diastolic dysfunction, fibrosis, and inflammation at both stages. Intervention at both stages also attenuated renal injury as well as downregulated the expression of angiotensinogen and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) genes and angiotensin II type 1 receptor protein in the kidney. Furthermore, RDN at both stages inhibited proinflammatory gene expression in adipose tissue. The early intervention reduced both visceral fat mass and adipocyte size in association with downregulation of angiotensinogen and ACE gene expression. In contrast, the late intervention increased fat mass without affecting adipocyte size as well as attenuated angiotensinogen and ACE gene expression. Our results thus indicate that RDN at early or late stages after salt loading moderately alleviated hypertension and substantially ameliorated cardiac and renal injury and adipose tissue inflammation in DahlS rats. They also suggest that cross talk among the kidney, cardiovascular system, and adipose tissue may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension. Supposed mechanism for the beneficial effects of RDN on hypertension and target organ damage in DahlS rats. RDN at early or late stages after salt loading moderately alleviated hypertension and substantially ameliorated renal injury in DahlS rats. Cross talk among the kidney, cardiovascular system, and adipose tissue possibly mediated by circulating RAS may contribute to salt-sensitive hypertension. LV; left ventricular, NE; norepinephrine, RAS; renin-angiotensin system, RDN; renal denervation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohzo Nagata
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Kaito Tagami
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Touko Okuzawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Misaki Hayakawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Akane Nomura
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tomo Nishimura
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Ikeda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kento Kitada
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Shuhei Kobuchi
- Division of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Hyogo Medical University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshihide Fujisawa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University, Kagawa, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Lee YS, Yang PS, Jang E, Kim D, Yu HT, Kim TH, Uhm JS, Sung JH, Pak HN, Lee MH, Joung B. Association between Obesity and Heart Failure and Related Atrial Fibrillation: Patient-Level Data Comparisons of Two Cohort Studies. Yonsei Med J 2024; 65:10-18. [PMID: 38154475 PMCID: PMC10774652 DOI: 10.3349/ymj.2023.0264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/30/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Heart failure (HF) and atrial fibrillation (AF) frequently coexist, with over 50% patients with HF having AF, while one-third of those with AF develop HF. Differences in obesity-mediated association between HF and HF-related AF among Asians and Europeans were evaluated. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the Korean National Health Insurance Service-Health Screening (K-NHIS-HealS) cohort and the UK Biobank, we included 394801 Korean and 476883 UK adults, respectively aged 40-70 years. The incidence and risk of HF were evaluated based on body mass index (BMI). RESULTS The proportion of obese individuals was significantly higher in the UK Biobank cohort than in the K-NHIS-HealS cohort (24.2% vs. 2.7%, p<0.001). The incidence of HF and HF-related AF was higher among the obese in the UK than in Korea. The risk of HF was higher among the British than in Koreans, with adjusted hazard ratios of 1.82 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.30-2.55] in K-NHIS-HealS and 2.00 (95% CI, 1.69-2.37) in UK Biobank in obese participants (p for interaction <0.001). A 5-unit increase in BMI was associated with a 44% greater risk of HF-related AF in the UK Biobank cohort (p<0.001) but not in the K-NHIS-HealS cohort (p=0.277). CONCLUSION Obesity was associated with an increased risk of HF and HF-related AF in both Korean and UK populations. The higher incidence in the UK population was likely due to the higher proportion of obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Shin Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Pil-Sung Yang
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Eunsun Jang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Daehoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hee Tae Yu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Tae-Hoon Kim
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Sun Uhm
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-Hoon Sung
- Department of Cardiology, CHA Bundang Medical Center, CHA University, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Hui-Nam Pak
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon-Hyoung Lee
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Boyoung Joung
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
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3
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Gao S, Liu XP, Li TT, Chen L, Feng YP, Wang YK, Yin YJ, Little PJ, Wu XQ, Xu SW, Jiang XD. Animal models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): from metabolic pathobiology to drug discovery. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2024; 45:23-35. [PMID: 37644131 PMCID: PMC10770177 DOI: 10.1038/s41401-023-01152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is currently a preeminent challenge for cardiovascular medicine. It has a poor prognosis, increasing mortality, and is escalating in prevalence worldwide. Despite accounting for over 50% of all HF patients, the mechanistic underpinnings driving HFpEF are poorly understood, thus impeding the discovery and development of mechanism-based therapies. HFpEF is a disease syndrome driven by diverse comorbidities, including hypertension, diabetes and obesity, pulmonary hypertension, aging, and atrial fibrillation. There is a lack of high-fidelity animal models that faithfully recapitulate the HFpEF phenotype, owing primarily to the disease heterogeneity, which has hampered our understanding of the complex pathophysiology of HFpEF. This review provides an updated overview of the currently available animal models of HFpEF and discusses their characteristics from the perspective of energy metabolism. Interventional strategies for efficiently utilizing energy substrates in preclinical HFpEF models are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Si Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Xue-Ping Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Ting-Ting Li
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Li Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yi-Ping Feng
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yu-Kun Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China
| | - Yan-Jun Yin
- School of Pharmacy, Bengbu Medical College, Bengbu, 233000, China
| | - Peter J Little
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, Woolloongabba, QLD, 4102, Australia
| | - Xiao-Qian Wu
- Guangzhou Municipal and Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Molecular Target & Clinical Pharmacology, the NMPA and State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences and the Fifth Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 511436, China.
| | - Suo-Wen Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Affiliated Hospital, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230001, China.
| | - Xu-Dong Jiang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, 545005, China.
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Esparham A, Mehri A, Hadian H, Taheri M, Anari Moghadam H, Kalantari A, Fogli MJ, Khorgami Z. The Effect of Bariatric Surgery on Patients with Heart Failure: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Obes Surg 2023; 33:4125-4136. [PMID: 37897639 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-023-06898-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The current study aims to evaluate the effect of bariatric metabolic surgery (BMS) on the New York Heart Association (NYHA) class and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) in patients with diagnosed heart failure (HF). Fourteen related articles with 217 patients were included in the final analysis. LVEF significantly improved after BMS in patients with HF with a mean difference of 7.78% (CI 95%: 3.72, 11.84, I2 = 83.75, p-value < 0.001). Also, the NYHA class significantly decreased after BMS with a mean difference of - 0.40 (CI 95%: - 0.62, - 0.19, I2: 47.03, p-value < 0.001). A total of 27 patients with obesity and HF were listed for cardiac transplantation after BMS. Of those, 20 patients successfully underwent heart transplantation after BMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Esparham
- School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Mehri
- Endoscopic and Minimally Invasive Surgery Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Maryam Taheri
- Department of Cardiology, Ascension St. John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | | | - Armin Kalantari
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Michael J Fogli
- Department of Cardiology, Ascension St. John Medical Center, Tulsa, OK, USA
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, Oklahoma, USA
| | - Zhamak Khorgami
- Department of Surgery, University of Oklahoma School of Community Medicine, Tulsa, OK, USA.
- Harold Hamm Diabetes Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA.
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5
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Chen H, Liu L, Li M, Zhu D, Tian G. Epicardial Adipose Tissue-Derived Leptin Promotes Myocardial Injury in Metabolic Syndrome Rats Through PKC/NADPH Oxidase/ROS Pathway. J Am Heart Assoc 2023; 12:e029415. [PMID: 37489731 PMCID: PMC10492984 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.123.029415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Background The epicardial adipose tissue (EAT) of metabolic syndrome (MetS) is abnormally accumulated with dysfunctional secretion of adipokines, closely relating to cardiac dysfunction. The current study was designed to identify the effects of EAT-derived leptin on the myocardium of MetS rats and explore the potential molecular mechanisms. Methods and Results A MetS rat model was established in 8-week-old Wistar rats by a 12-week high-fat diet. MetS rats exhibited increased leptin secretion from EAT, cardiac hypertrophy, and diastolic dysfunction with preserved systolic function. The myocardium of MetS rats had abnormal structure, increased oxidative stress injury, and higher inflammatory factor levels, especially the subepicardial myocardium, which was correlated with the EAT-derived leptin level but not the serum leptin. The EAT was separated from each group of rats to prepare EAT-conditioned medium. H9C2 rat cardiomyoblasts were treated with EAT-conditioned medium or leptin, plus various inhibitors. EAT-derived leptin from MetS rats promoted mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction, induced mitochondrial pathway apoptosis, and inhibited cell viability in H9C2 cardiomyoblasts via the protein kinase C/reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase/reactive oxygen species (PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS) pathway. EAT-derived leptin from MetS rats stimulated inflammation in H9C2 cardiomyocytes by promoting activator protein 1 nuclear translocation via the PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway. Leptin promoted the interaction between p-p47phox and gp91phox in H9C2 cardiomyocytes via protein kinase C, activating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, increasing reactive oxygen species generation, and inhibiting cell viability. Conclusions EAT-derived leptin induces MetS-related myocardial injury through the following 2 cooperative ways via PKC/NADPH oxidase/ROS pathway: (1) inducing mitochondrial pathway apoptosis by promoting mitochondrial oxidative stress and dysfunction; and (2) stimulating inflammation by promoting activator protein 1 nuclear translocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Chen
- Heart Center of Henan Provincial People’s Hospital, Central China Fuwai HospitalCentral China Fuwai Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenanChina
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Min Li
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Danjun Zhu
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
| | - Gang Tian
- Department of CardiologyThe First Affiliated Hospital of Xi’an Jiao Tong UniversityXi’anShaanxiChina
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6
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Zhang X, Sun Y, Li Y, Wang C, Wang Y, Dong M, Xiao J, Lin Z, Lu H, Ji X. Association between visceral adiposity index and heart failure: A cross-sectional study. Clin Cardiol 2023; 46:310-319. [PMID: 36651220 PMCID: PMC10018101 DOI: 10.1002/clc.23976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is an important risk factor for heart failure (HF). HYPOTHESIS Visceral adiposity index (VAI) is a simple metric for assessing obesity; however, the association between VAI and risk for HF has not been studied. METHODS A cross-sectional study involving 28 764 participants ≥18 years of age from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 2009-2018, in the United States was performed. VAI was calculated using body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), triglycerides (TG), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. VAI was analyzed as a continuous and categorical variable to examine its association with HF. Subgroup analysis was also performed. RESULTS The highest VAI (fourth quartile [Q4]) was found among males, BMI, systolic and diastolic blood pressure, WC, hypertension, diabetes, liver disease, coronary heart disease, smoking, total cholesterol, and TG. More participants in Q4 took β-receptor blockers, angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors/angiotensin II receptor blockers/angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor, calcium channel blockers, and antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic medications. Participants with HF exhibited greater VAI. A per-unit increase in VAI resulted in a 4% increased risk for HF (odds ratio [OR] 1.04 [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02-1.05]). After multivariable adjustment, compared with the lowest quartile, the OR for Q3 was 1.55 (95% CI 1.24-1.94). Subgroup analysis revealed no significant interactions between VAI and specific subgroups. CONCLUSION VAI was independently associated with the risk for HF. As a noninvasive index of visceral adiposity, VAI could be used for a "one shot" assessment of HF risk and may serve as a novel marker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yijun Sun
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying Li
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chengwei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Mei Dong
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jie Xiao
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Zongwei Lin
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Huixia Lu
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiaoping Ji
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Remodeling and Function Research, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chinese National Health Commission and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, State and Shandong Province Joint Key Laboratory of Translational Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology, Qilu Hospital, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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7
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van der Velden J, Asselbergs FW, Bakkers J, Batkai S, Bertrand L, Bezzina CR, Bot I, Brundel BJJM, Carrier L, Chamuleau S, Ciccarelli M, Dawson D, Davidson SM, Dendorfer A, Duncker DJ, Eschenhagen T, Fabritz L, Falcão-Pires I, Ferdinandy P, Giacca M, Girao H, Gollmann-Tepeköylü C, Gyongyosi M, Guzik TJ, Hamdani N, Heymans S, Hilfiker A, Hilfiker-Kleiner D, Hoekstra AG, Hulot JS, Kuster DWD, van Laake LW, Lecour S, Leiner T, Linke WA, Lumens J, Lutgens E, Madonna R, Maegdefessel L, Mayr M, van der Meer P, Passier R, Perbellini F, Perrino C, Pesce M, Priori S, Remme CA, Rosenhahn B, Schotten U, Schulz R, Sipido KR, Sluijter JPG, van Steenbeek F, Steffens S, Terracciano CM, Tocchetti CG, Vlasman P, Yeung KK, Zacchigna S, Zwaagman D, Thum T. Animal models and animal-free innovations for cardiovascular research: current status and routes to be explored. Consensus document of the ESC Working Group on Myocardial Function and the ESC Working Group on Cellular Biology of the Heart. Cardiovasc Res 2022; 118:3016-3051. [PMID: 34999816 PMCID: PMC9732557 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvab370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases represent a major cause of morbidity and mortality, necessitating research to improve diagnostics, and to discover and test novel preventive and curative therapies, all of which warrant experimental models that recapitulate human disease. The translation of basic science results to clinical practice is a challenging task, in particular for complex conditions such as cardiovascular diseases, which often result from multiple risk factors and comorbidities. This difficulty might lead some individuals to question the value of animal research, citing the translational 'valley of death', which largely reflects the fact that studies in rodents are difficult to translate to humans. This is also influenced by the fact that new, human-derived in vitro models can recapitulate aspects of disease processes. However, it would be a mistake to think that animal models do not represent a vital step in the translational pathway as they do provide important pathophysiological insights into disease mechanisms particularly on an organ and systemic level. While stem cell-derived human models have the potential to become key in testing toxicity and effectiveness of new drugs, we need to be realistic, and carefully validate all new human-like disease models. In this position paper, we highlight recent advances in trying to reduce the number of animals for cardiovascular research ranging from stem cell-derived models to in situ modelling of heart properties, bioinformatic models based on large datasets, and state-of-the-art animal models, which show clinically relevant characteristics observed in patients with a cardiovascular disease. We aim to provide a guide to help researchers in their experimental design to translate bench findings to clinical routine taking the replacement, reduction, and refinement (3R) as a guiding concept.
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Grants
- R01 HL150359 NHLBI NIH HHS
- RG/16/14/32397 British Heart Foundation
- FS/18/37/33642 British Heart Foundation
- PG/17/64/33205 British Heart Foundation
- PG/15/88/31780 British Heart Foundation
- FS/RTF/20/30009, NH/19/1/34595, PG/18/35/33786, CS/17/4/32960, PG/15/88/31780, and PG/17/64/33205 British Heart Foundation
- NC/T001488/1 National Centre for the Replacement, Refinement and Reduction of Animals in Research
- PG/18/44/33790 British Heart Foundation
- CH/16/3/32406 British Heart Foundation
- FS/RTF/20/30009 British Heart Foundation
- NWO-ZonMW
- ZonMW and Heart Foundation for the translational research program
- Dutch Cardiovascular Alliance (DCVA)
- Leducq Foundation
- Dutch Research Council
- Association of Collaborating Health Foundations (SGF)
- UCL Hospitals NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, and the DCVA
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative CVON
- Stichting Hartekind and the Dutch Research Counsel (NWO) (OCENW.GROOT.2019.029)
- National Fund for Scientific Research, Belgium and Action de Recherche Concertée de la Communauté Wallonie-Bruxelles, Belgium
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative CVON (PREDICT2 and CONCOR-genes projects), the Leducq Foundation
- ERA PerMed (PROCEED study)
- Netherlands Cardiovascular Research Initiative
- Dutch Heart Foundation
- German Centre of Cardiovascular Research (DZHH)
- Chest Heart and Stroke Scotland
- Tenovus Scotland
- Friends of Anchor and Grampian NHS-Endowments
- National Institute for Health Research University College London Hospitals Biomedical Research Centre
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research
- European Research Council (ERC-AG IndivuHeart), the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- European Union Horizon 2020 (REANIMA and TRAINHEART)
- German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF)
- Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
- European Union Horizon 2020
- DFG
- National Research, Development and Innovation Office of Hungary
- Research Excellence Program—TKP; National Heart Program
- Austrian Science Fund
- European Union Commission’s Seventh Framework programme
- CVON2016-Early HFPEF
- CVON She-PREDICTS
- CVON Arena-PRIME
- European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft
- Volkswagenstiftung
- French National Research Agency
- ERA-Net-CVD
- Fédération Française de Cardiologie, the Fondation pour la Recherche Médicale
- French PIA Project
- University Research Federation against heart failure
- Netherlands Heart Foundation
- Dekker Senior Clinical Scientist
- Health Holland TKI-LSH
- TUe/UMCU/UU Alliance Fund
- south African National Foundation
- Cancer Association of South Africa and Winetech
- Netherlands Heart Foundation/Applied & Engineering Sciences
- Dutch Technology Foundation
- Pie Medical Imaging
- Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research
- Dr. Dekker Program
- Netherlands CardioVascular Research Initiative: the Dutch Heart Foundation
- Dutch Federation of University Medical Centres
- Netherlands Organization for Health Research and Development and the Royal Netherlands Academy of Sciences for the GENIUS-II project
- Netherlands Organization for Scientific Research (NWO) (VICI grant); the European Research Council
- Incyte s.r.l. and from Ministero dell’Istruzione, Università e Ricerca Scientifica
- German Center for Cardiovascular Research (Junior Research Group & Translational Research Project), the European Research Council (ERC Starting Grant NORVAS),
- Swedish Heart-Lung-Foundation
- Swedish Research Council
- National Institutes of Health
- Bavarian State Ministry of Health and Care through the research project DigiMed Bayern
- ERC
- ERA-CVD
- Dutch Heart Foundation, ZonMw
- the NWO Gravitation project
- Ministero dell'Istruzione, Università e Ricerca Scientifica
- Regione Lombardia
- Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development
- ITN Network Personalize AF: Personalized Therapies for Atrial Fibrillation: a translational network
- MAESTRIA: Machine Learning Artificial Intelligence Early Detection Stroke Atrial Fibrillation
- REPAIR: Restoring cardiac mechanical function by polymeric artificial muscular tissue
- Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German Research Foundation)
- European Union H2020 program to the project TECHNOBEAT
- EVICARE
- BRAV3
- ZonMw
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK)
- British Heart Foundation Centre for Cardiac Regeneration
- British Heart Foundation studentship
- NC3Rs
- Interreg ITA-AUS project InCARDIO
- Italian Association for Cancer Research
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Affiliation(s)
- Jolanda van der Velden
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Netherlands Heart Institute, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert W Asselbergs
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Faculty of Population Health Sciences, Institute of Cardiovascular Science and Institute of Health Informatics, University College London, London, UK
| | - Jeroen Bakkers
- Hubrecht Institute-KNAW and University Medical Centre Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sandor Batkai
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Luc Bertrand
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Ilze Bot
- Heart Center, Department of Experimental Cardiology, Amsterdam UMC, Location Academic Medical Center, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Division of BioTherapeutics, Leiden Academic Centre for Drug Research, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bianca J J M Brundel
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Lucie Carrier
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven Chamuleau
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Michele Ciccarelli
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Odontology, University of Salerno, Fisciano (SA), Italy
| | - Dana Dawson
- Department of Cardiology, Aberdeen Cardiovascular and Diabetes Centre, Aberdeen Royal Infirmary and University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Sean M Davidson
- The Hatter Cardiovascular Institute, University College London, 67 Chenies Mews, London WC1E 6HX, UK
| | - Andreas Dendorfer
- Walter-Brendel-Centre of Experimental Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Dirk J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Eschenhagen
- Institute of Experimental Pharmacology and Toxicology, University Medical Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Larissa Fabritz
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Kiel/Lübeck, Hamburg, Germany
- University Center of Cardiovascular Sciences and Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg, Germany and Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Ines Falcão-Pires
- UnIC - Cardiovascular Research and Development Centre, Department of Surgery and Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - Péter Ferdinandy
- Cardiometabolic Research Group and MTA-SE System Pharmacology Research Group, Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
- Pharmahungary Group, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Mauro Giacca
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Henrique Girao
- Univ Coimbra, Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Coimbra, Portugal
- Clinical Academic Centre of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Mariann Gyongyosi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine II, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Tomasz J Guzik
- Instutute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
- Jagiellonian University, Collegium Medicum, Kraków, Poland
| | - Nazha Hamdani
- Division Cardiology, Molecular and Experimental Cardiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Institute of Physiology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Stephane Heymans
- Department of Cardiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Andres Hilfiker
- Department for Cardiothoracic, Transplant, and Vascular Surgery, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Denise Hilfiker-Kleiner
- Department for Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
- Department of Cardiovascular Complications in Pregnancy and in Oncologic Therapies, Comprehensive Cancer Centre, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Germany
| | - Alfons G Hoekstra
- Computational Science Lab, Informatics Institute, Faculty of Science, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hulot
- Université de Paris, INSERM, PARCC, F-75015 Paris, France
- CIC1418 and DMU CARTE, AP-HP, Hôpital Européen Georges-Pompidou, F-75015 Paris, France
| | - Diederik W D Kuster
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Linda W van Laake
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Sandrine Lecour
- Department of Medicine, Hatter Institute for Cardiovascular Research in Africa and Cape Heart Institute, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Tim Leiner
- Department of Radiology, Utrecht University Medical Center, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Wolfgang A Linke
- Institute of Physiology II, University of Muenster, Robert-Koch-Str. 27B, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Joost Lumens
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM), Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Esther Lutgens
- Experimental Vascular Biology Division, Department of Medical Biochemistry, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | - Rosalinda Madonna
- Department of Pathology, Cardiology Division, University of Pisa, 56124 Pisa, Italy
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cardiology Division, University of Texas Medical School in Houston, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lars Maegdefessel
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
- Department for Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Manuel Mayr
- King’s British Heart Foundation Centre, King’s College London, London, UK
| | - Peter van der Meer
- Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Robert Passier
- Department of Applied Stem Cell Technologies, TechMed Centre, University of Twente, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
- Department of Anatomy and Embryology, Leiden University Medical Centre, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo Perbellini
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cinzia Perrino
- Department of Advanced Biomedical Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Maurizio Pesce
- Unità di Ingegneria Tissutale Cardiovascolare, Centro cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | - Silvia Priori
- Molecular Cardiology, Istituti Clinici Scientifici Maugeri, Pavia, Italy
- University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carol Ann Remme
- Université catholique de Louvain, Institut de Recherche Expérimentale et Clinique, Pole of Cardiovascular Research, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Bodo Rosenhahn
- Institute for information Processing, Leibniz University of Hanover, 30167 Hannover, Germany
| | - Ulrich Schotten
- Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Rainer Schulz
- Institute of Physiology, Justus Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Karin R Sipido
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, KU Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost P G Sluijter
- Experimental Cardiology Laboratory, Department of Cardiology, Regenerative Medicine Center Utrecht, Circulatory Health Laboratory, Utrecht University, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Frank van Steenbeek
- Division Heart & Lungs, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Sabine Steffens
- Institute for Cardiovascular Prevention, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München (LMU), Munich, Germany
- DZHK, Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Carlo Gabriele Tocchetti
- Cardio-Oncology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), Interdepartmental Center for Clinical and Translational Research (CIRCET), Interdepartmental Hypertension Research Center (CIRIAPA), Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Patricia Vlasman
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Physiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Kak Khee Yeung
- Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Surgery, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Serena Zacchigna
- Department of Medicine, Surgery and Health Sciences and Cardiovascular Department, Centre for Translational Cardiology, Azienda Sanitaria Universitaria Integrata Trieste, Trieste, Italy
- International Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Trieste, Italy
| | - Dayenne Zwaagman
- Amsterdam UMC, Heart Center, Cardiology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Science, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Thomas Thum
- Hannover Medical School, Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute for Toxicology and Experimental Medicine, Hannover, Germany
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8
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Takasu T. The Role of SGLT2 Inhibitor Ipragliflozin on Cardiac Hypertrophy and microRNA Expression Profiles in a Non-diabetic Rat Model of Cardiomyopathy. Biol Pharm Bull 2022; 45:1321-1331. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b22-00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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9
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van Ham WB, Kessler EL, Oerlemans MI, Handoko ML, Sluijter JP, van Veen TA, den Ruijter HM, de Jager SC. Clinical Phenotypes of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction to Select Preclinical Animal Models. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2022; 7:844-857. [PMID: 36061340 PMCID: PMC9436760 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2021.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Revised: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
To better define HFpEF clinically, patients are nowadays often clustered into phenogroups, based on their comorbidities and symptoms Many animal models claim to mimic HFpEF, but phenogroups are not yet regularly used to cluster them HFpEF animals models often lack reports of clinical symptoms of HF, therefore mainly presenting as extended models of LVDD, clinically seen as a prestate of HFpEF We investigated if clinically relevant phenogroups can guide selection of animal models aiming at better defined animal research
At least one-half of the growing heart failure population consists of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF). The limited therapeutic options, the complexity of the syndrome, and many related comorbidities emphasize the need for adequate experimental animal models to study the etiology of HFpEF, as well as its comorbidities and pathophysiological changes. The strengths and weaknesses of available animal models have been reviewed extensively with the general consensus that a “1-size-fits-all” model does not exist, because no uniform HFpEF patient exists. In fact, HFpEF patients have been categorized into HFpEF phenogroups based on comorbidities and symptoms. In this review, we therefore study which animal model is best suited to study the different phenogroups—to improve model selection and refinement of animal research. Based on the published data, we extrapolated human HFpEF phenogroups into 3 animal phenogroups (containing small and large animals) based on reports and definitions of the authors: animal models with high (cardiac) age (phenogroup aging); animal models focusing on hypertension and kidney dysfunction (phenogroup hypertension/kidney failure); and models with hypertension, obesity, and type 2 diabetes mellitus (phenogroup cardiometabolic syndrome). We subsequently evaluated characteristics of HFpEF, such as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction parameters, systemic inflammation, cardiac fibrosis, and sex-specificity in the different models. Finally, we scored these parameters concluded how to best apply these models. Based on our findings, we propose an easy-to-use classification for future animal research based on clinical phenogroups of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem B. van Ham
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Elise L. Kessler
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | | | - M. Louis Handoko
- Department of Cardiology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Joost P.G. Sluijter
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Utrecht Regenerative Medicine Center, Circulatory Health Laboratory, University of Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Toon A.B. van Veen
- Department of Medical Physiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Hester M. den Ruijter
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Saskia C.A. de Jager
- Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
- Address for correspondence: Dr Saskia C.A. de Jager, Laboratory for Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, Utrecht 3584 CX, the Netherlands.
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10
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Ashikawa S, Komatsu Y, Kawai Y, Aoyama K, Nakano S, Cui X, Hayakawa M, Sakabe N, Furukawa N, Ikeda K, Murohara T, Nagata K. Pharmacological inhibition of the lipid phosphatase PTEN ameliorates heart damage and adipose tissue inflammation in stressed rats with metabolic syndrome. Physiol Rep 2022; 10:e15165. [PMID: 35005845 PMCID: PMC8744130 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) signaling promotes the differentiation and proliferation of regulatory B (Breg) cells, and the lipid phosphatase phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) antagonizes the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway. We previously demonstrated that cardiac Akt activity is increased and that restraint stress exacerbates hypertension and both heart and adipose tissue (AT) inflammation in DS/obese rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We here examined the effects of restraint stress and pharmacological inhibition of PTEN on heart and AT pathology in such rats. Nine-week-old animals were treated with the PTEN inhibitor bisperoxovanadium-pic [bpV(pic)] or vehicle in the absence or presence of restraint stress for 4 weeks. BpV(pic) treatment had no effect on body weight or fat mass but attenuated hypertension in DS/obese rats subjected to restraint stress. BpV(pic) ameliorated left ventricular (LV) inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction as well as AT inflammation in the stressed rats. Restraint stress reduced myocardial capillary density, and this effect was prevented by bpV(pic). In addition, bpV(pic) increased the proportions of Breg and B-1 cells as well as reduced those of CD8+ T and B-2 cells in AT of stressed rats. Our results indicate that inhibition of PTEN by bpV(pic) alleviated heart and AT inflammation in stressed rats with MetS. These positive effects of bpV(pic) are likely due, at least in part, to a reduction in blood pressure, an increase in myocardial capillary formation, and an altered distribution of immune cells in fat tissue that result from the activation of PI3K-Akt signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sao Ashikawa
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Yuki Komatsu
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Yumeno Kawai
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyama
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Shiho Nakano
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Xixi Cui
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Misaki Hayakawa
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Nanako Sakabe
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Nozomi Furukawa
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Katsuhide Ikeda
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of CardiologyNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineNagoyaJapan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Pathophysiology SciencesDepartment of Integrated Health SciencesNagoyaJapan
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11
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Sukumaran V, Gurusamy N, Yalcin HC, Venkatesh S. Understanding diabetes-induced cardiomyopathy from the perspective of renin angiotensin aldosterone system. Pflugers Arch 2021; 474:63-81. [PMID: 34967935 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-021-02651-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Experimental and clinical evidence suggests that diabetic subjects are predisposed to a distinct cardiovascular dysfunction, known as diabetic cardiomyopathy (DCM), which could be an autonomous disease independent of concomitant micro and macrovascular disorders. DCM is one of the prominent causes of global morbidity and mortality and is on a rising trend with the increase in the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM). DCM is characterized by an early left ventricle diastolic dysfunction associated with the slow progression of cardiomyocyte hypertrophy leading to heart failure, which still has no effective therapy. Although the well-known "Renin Angiotensin Aldosterone System (RAAS)" inhibition is considered a gold-standard treatment in heart failure, its role in DCM is still unclear. At the cellular level of DCM, RAAS induces various secondary mechanisms, adding complications to poor prognosis and treatment of DCM. This review highlights the importance of RAAS signaling and its major secondary mechanisms involving inflammation, oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and autophagy, their role in establishing DCM. In addition, studies lacking in the specific area of DCM are also highlighted. Therefore, understanding the complex role of RAAS in DCM may lead to the identification of better prognosis and therapeutic strategies in treating DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Narasimman Gurusamy
- Department of Bioscience Research, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN, USA
| | - Huseyin C Yalcin
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Al-Tarfa, 2371, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sundararajan Venkatesh
- Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Rutgers-New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, USA
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12
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Martinelli I, Tomassoni D, Roy P, Amenta F, Tayebati SK. Altered Brain Cholinergic and Synaptic Markers in Obese Zucker Rats. Cells 2021; 10:cells10102528. [PMID: 34685507 PMCID: PMC8534069 DOI: 10.3390/cells10102528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The association between obesity and loss of cognitive performance has been recognized. Although there are data regarding the metabolic alterations in obese conditions and the development of neuroinflammation, no clear evidence concerning obesity-related cholinergic and synaptic impairments in the frontal cortex and hippocampus has been reported yet. Here, we investigate different cholinergic and synaptic markers in 12-, 16-, and 20-week-old obese Zucker rats (OZRs) compared with lean littermate rats (LZRs), using immunochemical and immunohistochemical analysis. Consequently, OZRs showed body weight gain, hypertension, and dysmetabolism. In 20-week-old OZRs, the reduction of vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) and alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (α7nAChR) occurred both in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus, suggesting a cognitive dysfunction due to obesity and aging. Among the muscarinic receptors analyzed, the level of expression of type 1 (mAChR1) was lower in the hippocampus of the older OZRs. Finally, we showed synaptic dysfunctions in OZRs, with a reduction of synaptophysin (SYP) and synaptic vesicle glycoprotein 2B (SV2B) in 20-week-old OZRs, both in the frontal cortex and in the hippocampus. Taken together, our data suggest specific alterations of cholinergic and synaptic markers that can be targeted to prevent cognitive deficits related to obesity and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Martinelli
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (F.A.)
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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13
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Wang P, Zhang W, Feng Z, Zhang J, Sun Y, Zhang W. LDL‑induced NLRC3 inflammasome activation in cardiac fibroblasts contributes to cardiomyocytic dysfunction. Mol Med Rep 2021; 24:526. [PMID: 34036387 PMCID: PMC8170230 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2021.12165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a progressive myocardial disease that affects pulse rate. Notably, chronic inflammation serves a crucial role in cardiac dysfunction and HF. Appropriate cardiomyocyte‑fibroblast communication is essential for cardiac function. In addition, cardiac fibroblasts (CFs) are the main cellular population in the cardiac microenvironment; therefore, determining the role of CFs in HF progression and the associated molecular basis is important. In the present study, ELISAs were performed to detect inflammatory factors in the sera of patients with HF and their association with CF activation was analyzed using Pearson's correlation coefficient. The mechanism underlying the proinflammatory phenotype of CFs was investigated via western blotting. Notably, the levels of IL10 and TNF‑α were significantly increased in the sera of patients with HF. Further analysis revealed that CFs were extensively activated in the cardiac tissues of patients with HF and released excessive amounts of cytokines, which could impair the viability of cardiomyocytes. Moreover, low‑density lipoprotein (LDL)‑induced NLRC3 inflammasome was activated in CFs, which gave rise to proinflammatory phenotypes. Targeting LDL in CFs significantly improved the functioning of cardiomyocytes and inhibited apoptosis. These findings highlighted the critical role of LDL in inflammasome activation; to the best of our knowledge, the present study is the first to reveal that CF‑induced microenvironmental inflammation may suppress cardiomyocyte viability. The present study established the cellular basis for CF activation during HF progression and provided information on the cellular interactions important for HF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
| | - Wenbo Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
| | - Zhen Feng
- Department of Cardiology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
| | - Ying Sun
- Department of Cardiology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Feicheng Mining Center Hospital, Feicheng, Shandong 271600, P.R. China
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14
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Kondamudi N, Thangada N, Patel KV, Ayers C, Chandra A, Berry JD, Neeland IJ, Pandey A. Regional adiposity, cardiorespiratory fitness, and left ventricular strain: an analysis from the Dallas Heart Study. J Cardiovasc Magn Reson 2021; 23:78. [PMID: 34120624 PMCID: PMC8201708 DOI: 10.1186/s12968-021-00757-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Low cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), high body mass index, and excess visceral adiposity are each associated with impairment in left ventricular (LV) peak circumferential strain (Ecc), an intermediate phenotype that precedes the development of clinical heart failure (HF). However, the association of regional fat distribution and CRF with Ecc independent of each other and other potential confounders is not known. METHODS Participants from the Dallas Heart Study Phase 2 who underwent dual energy X-ray absorptiometry assessment of regional fat distribution, CRF assessment by submaximal treadmill test, and Ecc quantification by tissue-tagged cardiovascular magnetic resonance were included in the analysis. The cross-sectional associations of measures of regional adiposity, namely visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and lower-body fat (LBF) with Ecc after adjustment for CRF and other potential confounders (independent variables) were assessed using multivariable linear regression analysis. RESULTS The study included 1089 participants (55% female, 39% black). In the unadjusted analysis, higher VAT was associated with greater impairment in Ecc. After adjustment for baseline risk factors, CRF, parameters of LV structure and function, and other fat depots such as SAT and LBF, higher VAT remained associated with greater impairment in Ecc (β: 0.19, P = 0.002). SAT and LBF were not significantly associated with Ecc, however, CRF remained associated with Ecc in the fully adjusted model including all fat depots (β: - 0.15, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS VAT and CRF are each independently associated with impairment in Ecc, suggesting that higher VAT burden and low CRF mediate pathological cardiac remodeling through distinct mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nitin Kondamudi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA
| | - Neela Thangada
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Northwestern University, Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, 60611, USA
| | - Kershaw V Patel
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, 6550 Fannin St., Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Colby Ayers
- Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA
| | - Alvin Chandra
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA
| | - Jarret D Berry
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA
| | - Ian J Neeland
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospitals Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 2103 Cornell Road, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA
| | - Ambarish Pandey
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9047, USA.
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Chen J, Li M, Hao B, Cai Y, Li H, Zhou W, Song Y, Wang S, Liu H. Waist to height ratio is associated with an increased risk of mortality in Chinese patients with heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. BMC Cardiovasc Disord 2021; 21:263. [PMID: 34049494 PMCID: PMC8164240 DOI: 10.1186/s12872-021-02080-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Abdominal obesity as a predominant comorbidity has played a key role in the incidence and worsening of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) behaves better than waist circumference or body mass index in evaluating abdominal obesity. While the association between WHtR and all-cause death in Chinese patients with HFpEF remains unclear. Methods Patients with stable HFpEF (N = 2041) who presented to our hospital from January 2008 to July 2019 were divided into low-WHtR (< 0.5, N = 378) and high-WHtR (≥ 0.5, N = 1663). Multivariable Cox proportional-hazard models were used to examine the association of WHtR with all-cause death. Results The average age was 76.63 ± 11.44 years, and the mean follow-up was 4.53 years. During follow-up, 185 patients (9.06%) reached the primary outcome of all-cause death. As for the secondary outcome, 79 patients (3.87%) experienced cardiovascular death, 106 (5.19%) had non-cardiovascular death, and 94 (4.61%) had heart failure rehospitalization. After multivariable adjustment, a higher WHtR was significantly associated with the increased risks of all-cause death [adjusted hazard ratios (HR) 1.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.06–3.45, p = 0.032], cardiovascular death (adjusted HR 2.58; 95% CI 1.01–6.67, p = 0.048), and HF rehospitalization (adjusted HR 3.04; 95% CI 1.26–7.31, p = 0.013). Conclusions Higher WHtR is an independent risk factor for all-cause death in Chinese patients with HFpEF. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12872-021-02080-9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Chen
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Man Li
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Benchuan Hao
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yulun Cai
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Huiying Li
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Wenli Zhou
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Yujian Song
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China
| | - Shiqi Wang
- General Department of Zhengzhou First People's Hospital, #56 Dong Dajie, Guancheng Hui District, Zhengzhou City, 450000, Henan Province, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- Geriatric Cardiology Department of The Second Medical Center & National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Diseases, Chinese PLA General Hospital, #28 Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, China.
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Powell-Wiley TM, Poirier P, Burke LE, Després JP, Gordon-Larsen P, Lavie CJ, Lear SA, Ndumele CE, Neeland IJ, Sanders P, St-Onge MP. Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association. Circulation 2021; 143:e984-e1010. [PMID: 33882682 PMCID: PMC8493650 DOI: 10.1161/cir.0000000000000973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 899] [Impact Index Per Article: 299.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The global obesity epidemic is well established, with increases in obesity prevalence for most countries since the 1980s. Obesity contributes directly to incident cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep disorders. Obesity also leads to the development of cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease mortality independently of other cardiovascular risk factors. More recent data highlight abdominal obesity, as determined by waist circumference, as a cardiovascular disease risk marker that is independent of body mass index. There have also been significant advances in imaging modalities for characterizing body composition, including visceral adiposity. Studies that quantify fat depots, including ectopic fat, support excess visceral adiposity as an independent indicator of poor cardiovascular outcomes. Lifestyle modification and subsequent weight loss improve both metabolic syndrome and associated systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. However, clinical trials of medical weight loss have not demonstrated a reduction in coronary artery disease rates. In contrast, prospective studies comparing patients undergoing bariatric surgery with nonsurgical patients with obesity have shown reduced coronary artery disease risk with surgery. In this statement, we summarize the impact of obesity on the diagnosis, clinical management, and outcomes of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, heart failure, and arrhythmias, especially sudden cardiac death and atrial fibrillation. In particular, we examine the influence of obesity on noninvasive and invasive diagnostic procedures for coronary artery disease. Moreover, we review the impact of obesity on cardiac function and outcomes related to heart failure with reduced and preserved ejection fraction. Finally, we describe the effects of lifestyle and surgical weight loss interventions on outcomes related to coronary artery disease, heart failure, and atrial fibrillation.
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Nachar W, Merlet N, Maafi F, Mihalache-Avram T, Mecteau M, Gélinas D, Shi Y, Brodeur M, Alem S, Blondeau L, Cossette M, Guertin MC, Rhainds D, Busseuil D, Rhéaume E, Tardif JC. ApoA-I mimetic does not improve left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in rabbits without aortic valve stenosis. Int J Cardiol 2021; 331:199-205. [PMID: 33421451 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2020.12.089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND We previously demonstrated that high-density lipoprotein (HDL) infusions may improve left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) in an aortic valve stenosis (AVS) model. Whether the benefit was direct or mediated by the observed reduction in AVS severity is not clear. Here, we aimed to test the direct effect of an ApoA-I mimetic on LVDD in the absence of AVS. METHODS Rabbits were exposed to three different protocols to develop LVDD. First, rabbits were exposed to 0.5% cholesterol-rich diet for an average of 17 weeks. Second, rabbits were subjected to surgical ascending aortic constriction (AAC), to mimic the effect of fixed reduced aortic valve area, and studied after 10 weeks. The third model combined both cholesterol-enriched diet (for 12 weeks) and surgical AAC. The control group consisted of age-matched rabbits under normal diet. After development of LVDD, rabbits were randomized to receive infusions of saline or apoA-I mimetic (25 mg/kg) 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Detailed cardiac structure and function measurements were assessed at baseline and weekly during treatment period. Histological and molecular analyses were performed on LV samples. RESULTS In the three models, echocardiographic results showed development of LVDD over time, with preserved LV systolic and aortic valve functions versus controls. ApoA-I mimetic infusions did not significantly improve echocardiographic parameters nor molecular markers of cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress and fibrosis. CONCLUSION ApoA-I mimetic therapy did not directly improve LVDD. These results indicate that previously observed changes of LVDD were caused by AVS improvement induced by this treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walid Nachar
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit boulevard, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Nolwenn Merlet
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Foued Maafi
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit boulevard, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | | | - Mélanie Mecteau
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Danielle Gélinas
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Yanfen Shi
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Mathieu Brodeur
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Sonia Alem
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Lucie Blondeau
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC), 4100 Molson Street, Montreal H1Y 3N1, Canada
| | - Mariève Cossette
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC), 4100 Molson Street, Montreal H1Y 3N1, Canada
| | - Marie-Claude Guertin
- Montreal Health Innovations Coordinating Centre (MHICC), 4100 Molson Street, Montreal H1Y 3N1, Canada
| | - David Rhainds
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - David Busseuil
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada
| | - Eric Rhéaume
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit boulevard, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada
| | - Jean-Claude Tardif
- Montreal Heart Institute, 5000 Belanger Street, Montreal H1T 1C8, Canada; Department of medicine, Université de Montréal, 2900 Edouard-Montpetit boulevard, Montreal H3T 1J4, Canada.
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Liu XC, Huang Y, Lo K, Huang YQ, Chen JY, Feng YQ. Quotient of Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index: A Valuable Indicator for the High-Risk Phenotype of Obesity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:697437. [PMID: 34135867 PMCID: PMC8202120 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.697437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Measuring the body mass index (BMI) or waist circumference (WC) alone is insufficient for assessing possible health risks due to obesity. This study aimed to investigate whether the quotient of WC and BMI can be used as a proxy of the high-risk phenotype of obesity. METHODS Data for analysis were derived from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 1999-2014). The Waist-BMI Ratio was defined as WC divided by BMI. The associations between Waist-BMI Ratio and mortality were estimated using Cox regression models. Restricted cubic spline and two-piecewise linear regression models were used to identify non-linear relationships. The discriminative abilities of different anthropometric measures were compared using receiver operating characteristic curves (ROC). RESULTS This study is based on data from 35557 adults (51.1% female, mean age 44.9 years). During an average follow-up of 101.8 months, 3680 participants died, including 807 of cardiovascular causes. In fully adjusted models, Waist-BMI Ratio was independently associated with overall (hazard ratio [HR], 1.78; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.48-2.13) and cardiovascular (HR, 1.77; 95% CI, 1.25-2.52) mortality. Spline analyses revealed that dose-response relationships existed between Waist-BMI Ratio and death. The mortality risk rises dramatically above the cut-off point of the Waist-BMI Ratio (HR, 3.22; 95% CI, 2.43-4.26 for overall mortality and HR, 3.07; 95% CI, 1.71-5.52 for cardiovascular mortality). ROC curve analysis suggested that Waist-BMI Ratio was a better discriminator of mortality (AUC 0.637 for overall and 0.639 for cardiovascular mortality) than BMI, WC, and waist-to-height ratio (Delong's test all P <0.001). CONCLUSIONS Waist-BMI Ratio was independently associated with overall and cardiovascular mortality in a J-shaped pattern, offering an immense potential risk marker for obesity in the clinical setting.
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Komatsu Y, Aoyama K, Yoneda M, Ashikawa S, Nakano S, Kawai Y, Cui X, Furukawa N, Ikeda K, Nagata K. The prebiotic fiber inulin ameliorates cardiac, adipose tissue, and hepatic pathology, but exacerbates hypertriglyceridemia in rats with metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2021; 320:H281-H295. [PMID: 33216624 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00657.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Prebiotics ameliorate dysbiosis and influence metabolism and the immune system, but their effects on cardiovascular complications in metabolic disorders remain largely unknown. We here investigated the effects of the soluble fiber inulin on cardiac, adipose tissue, and hepatic pathology as well as on metabolic disorders in DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DS/obese rats and their homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr+/Lepr+, or DS/lean) littermate controls were fed a purified diet containing 5% or 20% inulin from 9 to 13 wk of age. The high-fiber diet ameliorated hypertension, left ventricular inflammation, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction; attenuated adipose tissue inflammation and fibrosis; and alleviated the elevation of interleukin-6 levels, without affecting insulin resistance, in DS/obese rats. In addition, high fiber intake ameliorated lipid accumulation, inflammation, and fibrosis; attenuated the reduction in AMPK activity; upregulated sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c gene expression; and increased the expression of microsomal triglyceride transfer protein gene in the liver of DS/obese rats. It also mitigated increases in total and non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels but increased the triglyceride concentration in serum in these rats. None of these parameters were affected by high dietary fiber in DS/lean rats. The proportion of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue was influenced by dietary fiber but not by genotype. Our results indicate that inulin exacerbates hypertriglyceridemia but alleviates hypertension and cardiac injury as well as adipose tissue and hepatic pathology in MetS rats.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Prebiotics ameliorate dysbiosis and influence metabolism and the immune system, but their effects on cardiovascular complications in metabolic disorders remain largely unknown. Inulin ameliorated hypertension, cardiac injury, and diastolic dysfunction without affecting obesity or insulin resistance in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. The favorable cardiac effects of inulin may be related to inhibition of systemic inflammation associated with a reduction in circulating interleukin-6 levels. Additionally, inulin exacerbated hypertriglyceridemia but alleviates adipose tissue and hepatic pathology in these animals, as well as increased the number of regulatory T cells in adipose tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Komatsu
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyama
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Sao Ashikawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiho Nakano
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumeno Kawai
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xixi Cui
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nozomi Furukawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Ikeda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Komatsu Y, Aoyama K, Yoneda M, Ito S, Sano Y, Kawai Y, Cui X, Yamada Y, Furukawa N, Ikeda K, Nagata K. Surgical ablation of whitened interscapular brown fat ameliorates cardiac pathology in salt-loaded metabolic syndrome rats. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2020; 1492:11-26. [PMID: 33340110 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.14546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is an endocrine organ that contributes to thermogenesis and energy consumption. We investigated the effects of salt loading and surgical removal of whitened interscapular BAT (iBAT) on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in DahlS.Z-Leprfa /Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of iBAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age and were provided with drinking water containing or not containing 0.3% NaCl for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Removal of iBAT suppressed the salt-induced exacerbation of left ventricular inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, but not that of hypertension development, in DS/obese rats. Salt loading attenuated adipocyte hypertrophy but enhanced inflammation in both visceral white adipose tissue (WAT) and iBAT. Although iBAT removal did not affect visceral WAT pathology in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated the elevation of circulating interleukin-6 levels in these animals. Downregulation of uncoupling protein-1 expression in iBAT of DS/obese rats was not affected by salt loading. Our results suggest that the conversion of iBAT to WAT-like tissue contributes to a salt-induced elevation of circulating proinflammatory cytokine levels that leads to exacerbation of cardiac pathology in this model of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuki Komatsu
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyama
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yumeno Kawai
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Xixi Cui
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nozomi Furukawa
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Katsuhide Ikeda
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Pathophysiology Sciences, Department of Integrated Health Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Alleviation of salt-induced exacerbation of cardiac, renal, and visceral fat pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome by surgical removal of subcutaneous fat. Nutr Diabetes 2020; 10:28. [PMID: 32778644 PMCID: PMC7417575 DOI: 10.1038/s41387-020-00132-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Evidence suggests that visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) should be considered as distinct types of white fat. Although VAT plays a key role in metabolic syndrome (MetS), the role of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) has been unclear. DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, an animal model of MetS, develop adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation to similar extents in SAT and VAT. We have now investigated the effects of salt loading and SAT removal on cardiac, renal, and VAT pathology in DS/obese rats. METHODS DS/obese rats were subjected to surgical removal of inguinal SAT or sham surgery at 8 weeks of age. They were provided with a 0.3% NaCl solution as drinking water or water alone for 4 weeks from 9 weeks of age. RESULTS Salt loading exacerbated hypertension, insulin resistance, as well as left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, inflammation, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction in DS/obese rats. It also reduced both SAT and VAT mass but aggravated inflammation only in VAT. Although SAT removal did not affect LV hypertrophy in salt-loaded DS/obese rats, it attenuated hypertension, insulin resistance, and LV injury as well as restored fat mass and alleviated inflammation and the downregulation of adiponectin gene expression in VAT. In addition, whereas salt loading worsened renal injury as well as upregulated the expression of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system-related genes in the kidney, these effects were suppressed by removal of SAT. CONCLUSIONS SAT removal attenuated salt-induced exacerbation of MetS and LV and renal pathology in DS/obese rats. These beneficial effects of SAT removal are likely attributable, at least in part, to inhibition of both VAT and systemic inflammation.
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Martinelli I, Tomassoni D, Moruzzi M, Roy P, Cifani C, Amenta F, Tayebati SK. Cardiovascular Changes Related to Metabolic Syndrome: Evidence in Obese Zucker Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062035. [PMID: 32188150 PMCID: PMC7139990 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a predictor of cardiovascular diseases, commonly associated with oxidative stress and inflammation. However, the pathogenic mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. The aim of the study is to evaluate the oxidative status and inflammation in the heart of obese Zucker rats (OZRs) and lean Zucker rats (LZRs) at different ages. Morphological and morphometric analyses were performed in the heart. To study the oxidative status, the malondialdehyde (MDA), 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE), protein oxidation, and antioxidant enzymes were measured in plasma and heart. To elucidate the inflammatory markers involved, immunohistochemistry and Western blot were performed for cellular adhesion molecules and proinflammatory cytokines. OZRs were characterized by hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hyperglycemia, and insulin resistance. The obesity increased MDA and decreased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in plasma as well as in the heart, associated with cardiomyocytes hypertrophy. OxyBlot in plasma and in heart showed an increase of oxidativestate proteins in OZRs. Vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-α expressions in OZRs were higher than those of LZRs. However, these processes did not induce apoptosis or necrosis of cardiomyocytes. Thus, MetS induces the lipid peroxidation and decreased antioxidant defense that leads to heart tissue changes and coronary inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilenia Martinelli
- School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Daniele Tomassoni
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Michele Moruzzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany;
| | - Proshanta Roy
- School of Biosciences and Veterinary Medicine, University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (D.T.); (P.R.)
| | - Carlo Cifani
- School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Francesco Amenta
- School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
| | - Seyed Khosrow Tayebati
- School of Pharmacy; University of Camerino, 62032 Camerino, Italy; (I.M.); (C.C.); (F.A.)
- Correspondence:
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Association of obesity with heart failure outcomes in 11 Asian regions: A cohort study. PLoS Med 2019; 16:e1002916. [PMID: 31550265 PMCID: PMC6759142 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Asians are predisposed to a lean heart failure (HF) phenotype. Data on the 'obesity paradox', reported in Western populations, are scarce in Asia and have only utilised the traditional classification of body mass index (BMI). We aimed to investigate the association between obesity (defined by BMI and abdominal measures) and HF outcomes in Asia. METHODS AND FINDINGS Utilising the Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in Heart Failure (ASIAN-HF) registry (11 Asian regions including Taiwan, Hong Kong, China, India, Malaysia, Thailand, Singapore, Indonesia, Philippines, Japan, and Korea; 46 centres with enrolment between 1 October 2012 and 6 October 2016), we prospectively examined 5,964 patients with symptomatic HF (mean age 61.3 ± 13.3 years, 26% women, mean BMI 25.3 ± 5.3 kg/m2, 16% with HF with preserved ejection fraction [HFpEF; ejection fraction ≥ 50%]), among whom 2,051 also had waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) measurements (mean age 60.8 ± 12.9 years, 24% women, mean BMI 25.0 ± 5.2 kg/m2, 7% HFpEF). Patients were categorised by BMI quartiles or WHtR quartiles or 4 combined groups of BMI (low, <24.5 kg/m2 [lean], or high, ≥24.5 kg/m2 [obese]) and WHtR (low, <0.55 [thin], or high, ≥0.55 [fat]). Cox proportional hazards models were used to examine a 1-year composite outcome (HF hospitalisation or mortality). Across BMI quartiles, higher BMI was associated with lower risk of the composite outcome (ptrend < 0.001). Contrastingly, higher WHtR was associated with higher risk of the composite outcome. Individuals in the lean-fat group, with low BMI and high WHtR (13.9%), were more likely to be women (35.4%) and to be from low-income countries (47.7%) (predominantly in South/Southeast Asia), and had higher prevalence of diabetes (46%), worse quality of life scores (63.3 ± 24.2), and a higher rate of the composite outcome (51/232; 22%), compared to the other groups (p < 0.05 for all). Following multivariable adjustment, the lean-fat group had higher adjusted risk of the composite outcome (hazard ratio 1.93, 95% CI 1.17-3.18, p = 0.01), compared to the obese-thin group, with high BMI and low WHtR. Results were consistent across both HF subtypes (HFpEF and HF with reduced ejection fraction [HFrEF]; pinteraction = 0.355). Selection bias and residual confounding are potential limitations of such multinational observational registries. CONCLUSIONS In this cohort of Asian patients with HF, the 'obesity paradox' is observed only when defined using BMI, with WHtR showing the opposite association with the composite outcome. Lean-fat patients, with high WHtR and low BMI, have the worst outcomes. A direct correlation between high WHtR and the composite outcome is apparent in both HFpEF and HFrEF. TRIAL REGISTRATION Asian Sudden Cardiac Death in HF (ASIAN-HF) Registry ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01633398.
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Cardiac inflammation and diastolic dysfunction in hypercholesterolemic rabbits. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0220707. [PMID: 31393963 PMCID: PMC6687122 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0220707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is present in more than 50% of patients suffering from heart failure. LVDD animal models are limited and its underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. Aortic valve stenosis (AVS) may cause LVDD, and we recently reported LVDD in an AVS rabbit model. Here we aimed to develop a rabbit model of LVDD without AVS. Methods Rabbits were fed with a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet (n = 9) or normal diet (n = 8) until they developed LVDD defined by a value of the echocardiographic parameter E/Em ratio higher than the mean at baseline + 2SD. Rabbits were then fed a 0.2% cholesterol-enriched diet for 4 weeks (average total diet duration: 20 weeks). Detailed cardiac structure and function measurements were assessed by echocardiography at baseline, weeks 8, 12 and 14 to 20, when applicable. Histological analyses and RT-qPCR were performed on LV samples. Results The hypercholesterolemic diet induced LVDD without systolic dysfunction or AVS, as shown by multiple echocardiographic parameters, including early filling mitral peak velocity and deceleration rate, Em/Am ratio and E/Em ratio (all p<0.05), and by increased cardiac mRNA expression of brain natriuretic peptide (Bnp). Cardiac expression of mRNA for Nox2, Vcam1, Mmp12, Mmp12/Timp1, Il1b and Col1/Col3 ratios was also higher in these rabbits (p<0.05). In contrast, cardiac Sod2 mRNA expression was reduced in hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to controls. Conclusion Rabbits fed with a cholesterol-enriched diet develop LVDD with preserved systolic function and evidence of cardiac inflammation and oxidative stress. This rabbit model may be used in future studies to test treatment strategies against LVDD.
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Takasu T, Takakura S. Effect of ipragliflozin, an SGLT2 inhibitor, on cardiac histopathological changes in a non-diabetic rat model of cardiomyopathy. Life Sci 2019; 230:19-27. [PMID: 31125563 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2019.05.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
AIMS We investigated the effect of the selective sodium-dependent glucose cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitor ipragliflozin on cardiac dysfunction and histopathology in a non-diabetic rat model of cardiomyopathy. MAIN METHODS Ipragliflozin was mixed with chow (0.01%, w/w) and administered to male DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats for 8 weeks. Male DahlS.Z-Lepr+/Lepr+ (DS/lean) rats of the same age were used as controls. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 4 weeks. After 8 weeks of treatment, echocardiography and histopathological examinations were performed. Further, the effect of ipragliflozin on blood and urine parameters were investigated. KEY FINDINGS In the DS/obese rats, ipragliflozin delayed the age-related increase in SBP without affecting HR, reduced left ventricular (LV) mass and intraventricular septal thickness in echocardiography, and ameliorated hypertrophy of cardiomyocytes and LV fibrosis in histopathological examination. Although ipragliflozin significantly increased both urine volume and urinary glucose excretion in DS/obese rats, it did not alter plasma glucose levels. SIGNIFICANCE Ipragliflozin prevented LV hypertrophy and fibrosis in non-diabetic DS/obese rats without affecting plasma glucose levels. These findings suggest that SGLT2 inhibitors have a cardio-protective effect in non-diabetic patients with cardiomyopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiyuki Takasu
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan.
| | - Shoji Takakura
- Drug Discovery Research, Astellas Pharma Inc., Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki, Japan
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Barandiarán Aizpurua A, Schroen B, van Bilsen M, van Empel V. Targeted HFpEF therapy based on matchmaking of human and animal models. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2018; 315:H1670-H1683. [PMID: 30239232 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00024.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diversity in clinical phenotypes and poor understanding of the underlying pathophysiology of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) is the main reason why no effective treatments have been found yet. Targeted, instead of one size fits all, treatment seems the only promising approach for treating HFpEF. To be able to design a targeted, phenotype-specific HFpEF treatment, the matrix relating clinical phenotypes and underlying pathophysiological mechanisms has to be clarified. This review discusses the opportunities for additional evaluation of the underlying pathophysiological processes, e.g., to evaluate biological phenotypes on top of clinical routine, to guide us toward a phenotype-specific HFpEF treatment. Moreover, a translational approach with matchmaking of animal models to biological HFpEF phenotypes will be a valuable step to test the effectiveness of novel, targeted interventions in HFpEF. Listen to this article's corresponding podcast at https://ajpheart.podbean.com/e/personalized-medicine-in-hfpef/ .
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Affiliation(s)
- Arantxa Barandiarán Aizpurua
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Blanche Schroen
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Marc van Bilsen
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Department of Physiology, Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht University , Maastricht , The Netherlands
| | - Vanessa van Empel
- Department of Cardiology, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands.,Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht, Maastricht University Medical Centre , Maastricht , The Netherlands
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Uchinaka A, Azuma N, Mizumoto H, Nakano S, Minamiya M, Yoneda M, Aoyama K, Komatsu Y, Yamada Y, Murohara T, Nagata K. Anti-inflammatory effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 on cardiac and adipose tissue in rats with metabolic syndrome. Sci Rep 2018; 8:8156. [PMID: 29802339 PMCID: PMC5970162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-26588-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of heat-killed Lactobacillus plantarum L-137 (HK L-137) on chronic inflammation associated with metabolic disorders have remained unknown. We examined the effects of HK L-137 on cardiac and adipose tissue pathophysiology in DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats as a model of metabolic syndrome. DS/obese rats were treated orally with HK L-137 (2 or 75 mg kg−1 day−1) from 9 to 13 weeks of age. HK L-137 attenuated left ventricular (LV) inflammation and fibrosis as well as adipocyte hypertrophy, inflammation, and up-regulation of sterol regulatory element–binding protein–1c (SREBP-1c) gene expression in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, without affecting body weight gain or hypertension. The low dose of HK L-137 also ameliorated LV diastolic dysfunction, the increase in subcutaneous fat mass, and insulin resistance as well as attenuated the down-regulation of Akt phosphorylation in visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue, and the elevation of the circulating interleukin-6 concentration. Furthermore, the proportion of regulatory T (Treg) cells among CD4+ T cells in the spleen was increased by HK L-137. These results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of HK L-137 on the heart and adipose tissue are related, at least partly, to suppression of systemic inflammation associated with an increase in splenic Treg cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Naoki Azuma
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Mizumoto
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shiho Nakano
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Moeko Minamiya
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Aoyama
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Komatsu
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Neeland IJ, Poirier P, Després JP. Cardiovascular and Metabolic Heterogeneity of Obesity: Clinical Challenges and Implications for Management. Circulation 2018; 137:1391-1406. [PMID: 29581366 PMCID: PMC5875734 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.117.029617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 448] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has increased globally over the last 2 decades. Although the body mass index has been a convenient and simple index of obesity at the population level, studies have shown that obesity defined by body mass index alone is a remarkably heterogeneous condition with varying cardiovascular and metabolic manifestations across individuals. Adipose tissue is an exquisitely active metabolic organ engaged in cross-talk between various systems; perturbation of adipose tissue results in a pathological response to positive caloric balance in susceptible individuals that directly and indirectly contributes to cardiovascular and metabolic disease. Inadequate subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion in the face of dietary triglycerides leads to visceral and ectopic fat deposition, inflammatory/adipokine dysregulation, and insulin resistance. Conversely, preferential fat storage in the lower body depot may act as a metabolic buffer and protect other tissues from lipotoxicity caused by lipid overflow and ectopic fat. Translational, epidemiological, and clinical studies over the past 30 years have clearly demonstrated a strong link between visceral and ectopic fat and the development of a clinical syndrome characterized by atherogenic dyslipidemia, hyperinsulinemia/glucose intolerance, hypertension, atherosclerosis, and adverse cardiac remodeling/heart failure. This relationship is even more nuanced when clinical entities such as metabolically healthy obesity phenotype and the obesity paradox are considered. Although it is clear that the accumulation of visceral/ectopic fat is a major contributor to cardiovascular and metabolic risk above and beyond the body mass index, implementation of fat distribution assessment into clinical practice remains a challenge. Anthropometric indexes of obesity are easily implemented, but newer imaging-based methods offer improved sensitivity and specificity for measuring specific depots. Lifestyle, pharmacological, and surgical interventions allow a multidisciplinary approach to overweight/obesity that may improve outcomes and align with a public health message to combat the growing epidemic of obesity worldwide and to build healthier lives free of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ian J Neeland
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas (I.J.N.)
| | - Paul Poirier
- Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Université Laval, Canada (P.P., J.-P.D.)
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Uchinaka A, Kawashima Y, Sano Y, Ito S, Sano Y, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Yoneda M, Yamada Y, Murohara T, Nagata K. Effects of ramelteon on cardiac injury and adipose tissue pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuri Kawashima
- Department of Medical Technology; Nagoya University School of Health Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuki Sano
- Department of Medical Technology; Nagoya University School of Health Sciences; Nagoya Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences; Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine; Nagoya Japan
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Uchinaka A, Yoneda M, Yamada Y, Murohara T, Nagata K. Effects of mTOR inhibition on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and glucose metabolism in rats with metabolic syndrome. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2017; 5. [PMID: 28805979 PMCID: PMC5684863 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a regulator of metabolism and is implicated in pathological conditions such as obesity and diabetes. We aimed to investigate the role of mTOR in obesity. A new animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS), named DahlS.Z-Leprfa /Leprfa (DS/obese) rats was established previously in our laboratory. In this study, we used this model to evaluate the effects of mTOR inhibition on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and glucose metabolism. DS/obese rats were treated with the mTOR inhibitor, everolimus, (0.83 mg/kg per day, per os) for 4 weeks at 9 weeks of age. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr+ /Lepr+ or DS/lean) littermates of DS/obese rats were used as controls. Treatment with everolimus ameliorated hypertension, left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy and fibrosis, and LV diastolic dysfunction, and attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation in DS/obese rats, but had no effect on these parameters in DS/lean rats. Treatment with everolimus reduced Akt Thr308 phosphorylation in the heart of DS/obese rats. It also alleviated obesity, hyperphagia, adipocyte hypertrophy, and adipose tissue inflammation in DS/obese rats. Everolimus treatment exacerbated glucose intolerance, but did not affect Akt phosphorylation levels in the fat or liver in these rats. Pancreatic β-cell mass was increased in DS/obese rats compared with that in DS/lean rats and this effect was attenuated by everolimus. Activation of mTOR signaling contributes to the pathophysiology of MetS and its associated complications. And mTOR inhibition with everolimus ameliorated obesity as well as cardiac and adipose tissue pathology, but exacerbated glucose metabolism in rats with MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Yamada Y, Takeuchi S, Yoneda M, Ito S, Sano Y, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Uchinaka A, Murohara T, Nagata K. Atorvastatin reduces cardiac and adipose tissue inflammation in rats with metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2017; 240:332-338. [PMID: 28499669 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2017.04.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 02/17/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Statins are strong inhibitors of cholesterol biosynthesis and help to prevent cardiovascular disease. They also exert additional pleiotropic effects that include an anti-inflammatory action and are independent of cholesterol, but the molecular mechanisms underlying these additional effects have remained unclear. We have now examined the effects of atorvastatin on cardiac and adipose tissue inflammation in DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, which we previously established as a model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS AND RESULTS DS/obese rats were treated with atorvastatin (6 or 20mgkg-1day-1) from 9 to 13weeks of age. Atorvastatin ameliorated cardiac fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammation as well as adipose tissue inflammation in these animals at both doses. The high dose of atorvastatin reduced adipocyte hypertrophy to a greater extent than did the low dose. Atorvastatin inhibited the up-regulation of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ gene expression in adipose tissue as well as decreased the serum adiponectin concentration in DS/obese rats. It also activated AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) as well as inactivated nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in the heart of these animals. The down-regulation of AMPK and NF-κB activities in adipose tissue of DS/obese rats was attenuated and further enhanced, respectively, by atorvastatin treatment. CONCLUSIONS The present results suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of atorvastatin on the heart and adipose tissue are attributable at least partly to increased AMPK activity and decreased NF-κB activity in this rat model of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shino Takeuchi
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Mamoru Yoneda
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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32
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Regularly consuming a green/roasted coffee blend reduces the risk of metabolic syndrome. Eur J Nutr 2016; 57:269-278. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-016-1316-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 09/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wong SK, Chin KY, Suhaimi FH, Fairus A, Ima-Nirwana S. Animal models of metabolic syndrome: a review. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2016; 13:65. [PMID: 27708685 PMCID: PMC5050917 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-016-0123-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 213] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) consists of several medical conditions that collectively predict the risk for cardiovascular disease better than the sum of individual conditions. The risk of developing MetS in human depends on synergy of both genetic and environmental factors. Being a multifactorial condition with alarming rate of prevalence nowadays, establishment of appropriate experimental animal models mimicking the disease state in humans is crucial in order to solve the difficulties in evaluating the pathophysiology of MetS in human. This review aims to summarize the underlying mechanisms involved in the pathophysiology of dietary, genetic, and pharmacological models of MetS. Furthermore, we will discuss the usefulness, suitability, pros and cons of these animal models. Even though numerous animal models of MetS have been established, further investigations on the invention of new animal model and clarification of plausible mechanisms are still necessary to confer a better understanding to researchers on the selection of animal models for their studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sok Kuan Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Kok-Yong Chin
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Farihah Hj Suhaimi
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Fairus
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
| | - Soelaiman Ima-Nirwana
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, 56000 Cheras, Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
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Ito S, Sano Y, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Yamada Y, Uchinaka A, Murohara T, Nagata K. Highly purified eicosapentaenoic acid ameliorates cardiac injury and adipose tissue inflammation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Obes Sci Pract 2016; 2:318-329. [PMID: 27708849 PMCID: PMC5043479 DOI: 10.1002/osp4.50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids such as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), which are abundant in fish oil, have been shown to delay the onset of cardiovascular events. We previously established DahlS.Z-Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, which are derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a model of metabolic syndrome. This study has now explored the influence of highly purified EPA on cardiac and adipose tissue pathophysiology in this animal model. MATERIALS AND METHODS DS/obese rats were administered EPA (300 or 1,000 mg kg-1 d-1, per os) or vehicle from age 9 to 13 weeks. Homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr+/Lepr+, or DS/lean) littermates were studied as controls. RESULTS Whereas EPA had no effect on body weight, food intake or systolic blood pressure in DS/obese rats, it attenuated cardiac fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, oxidative stress and inflammation in these animals. In addition, EPA did not affect insulin resistance but reduced adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in visceral fat of DS/obese rats. Moreover, EPA increased circulating levels of adiponectin as well as attenuated both the down-regulation of AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation and the up-regulation of phosphorylation of the p65 subunit of nuclear factor-kB in the heart of DS/obese rats. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of DS/obese rats with EPA did not affect hypertension but reduced cardiac fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, with the latter effects being accompanied by AMP-activated protein kinase activation and inactivation of nuclear factor-kB signalling in the heart, possibly as a result of an increase in adiponectin secretion. EPA may be suitable for the treatment of cardiac injury associated with metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Y Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - K Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - N Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - Y Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - A Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - T Murohara
- Department of Cardiology Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
| | - K Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine Nagoya Japan
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Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Takeshita Y, Ito S, Sano Y, Yamada Y, Uchinaka A, Murohara T, Nagata K. Attenuation of cold stress-induced exacerbation of cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and metabolic disorders in a rat model of metabolic syndrome by the glucocorticoid receptor antagonist RU486. Nutr Diabetes 2016; 6:e207. [PMID: 27110688 PMCID: PMC4855259 DOI: 10.1038/nutd.2016.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2015] [Revised: 03/07/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Chronic stress affects the central nervous system as well as endocrine, metabolic and immune systems. However, the effects of cold stress on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in metabolic syndrome (MetS) have remained unclear. We recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of MetS. We have now investigated the effects of chronic cold stress and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blockade on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology as well as on metabolic parameters in this model. METHODS DS/obese rats were exposed to cold stress (immersion in ice-cold water to a depth of 1-2 cm for 2 h per day) with or without subcutaneous injection of the GR antagonist RU486 (2 mg kg(-1)day(-1)) for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+)) littermates served as a control. RESULTS Chronic cold stress exacerbated hypertension as well as left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction in DS/obese rats in a manner sensitive to RU486 treatment. Cold stress with or without RU486 did not affect body weight or fat mass. In contrast, cold stress further increased cardiac oxidative stress as well as macrophage infiltration and proinflammatory gene expression in LV and visceral fat tissue, with all of these effects being attenuated by RU486. Cold stress also further increased GR and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 mRNA and protein abundance in LV and visceral adipose tissue, and these effects were again inhibited by RU486. In addition, RU486 ameliorated the stress-induced aggravation of dyslipidemia, glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in DS/obese rats. CONCLUSIONS Our results implicate GR signaling in cold stress-induced exacerbation of cardiac and adipose tissue pathology as well as of abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism in a rat model of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - N Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Takeshita
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - S Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - A Uchinaka
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - T Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - K Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
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Conceição G, Heinonen I, Lourenço AP, Duncker DJ, Falcão-Pires I. Animal models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. Neth Heart J 2016; 24:275-86. [PMID: 26936157 PMCID: PMC4796054 DOI: 10.1007/s12471-016-0815-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) constitutes a clinical syndrome in which the diagnostic criteria of heart failure are not accompanied by gross disturbances of systolic function, as assessed by ejection fraction. In turn, under most circumstances, diastolic function is impaired. Although it now represents over 50 % of all patients with heart failure, the mechanisms of HFpEF remain understood, precluding effective therapy. Understanding the pathophysiology of HFpEF has been restricted by both limited access to human myocardial biopsies and by the lack of animal models that fully mimic human pathology. Animal models are valuable research tools to clarify subcellular and molecular mechanisms under conditions where the comorbidities and other confounding factors can be precisely controlled. Although most of the heart failure animal models currently available represent heart failure with reduced ejection fraction, several HFpEF animal models have been proposed. However, few of these fulfil all the features present in human disease. In this review we will provide an overview of the currently available models to study HFpEF from rodents to large animals as well as present advantages and disadvantages of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Conceição
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - I Heinonen
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.,Turku PET Centre, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - A P Lourenço
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Anesthesiology, Centro Hospitalar de São João, Porto, Portugal
| | - D J Duncker
- Division of Experimental Cardiology, Department of Cardiology, Thoraxcenter, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I Falcão-Pires
- Department of Physiology and Cardiothoracic Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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Blockade of glucocorticoid receptors with RU486 attenuates cardiac damage and adipose tissue inflammation in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertens Res 2015; 38:741-50. [PMID: 26155752 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2015.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are stress hormones that modulate metabolic, inflammatory and cardiovascular processes. We recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome (MetS). We have now investigated the effects of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) blockade on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and gene expression, as well as on glucose metabolism in this model. DS/obese rats were treated with the GR blocker RU486 (2 mg kg(-1) per day, subcutaneous) for 4 weeks beginning at 9 weeks of age. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+), or DS/lean) littermates of DS/obese rats served as controls. Treatment of DS/obese rats with RU486 attenuated left ventricular (LV) fibrosis and diastolic dysfunction, as well as cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation, without affecting hypertension or LV hypertrophy. Administration of RU486 to DS/obese rats also inhibited the upregulation of GR and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) expression at the mRNA and protein levels in the heart; it attenuated adiposity and adipose tissue inflammation, as well as the upregulation of GR and 11β-HSD1 mRNA and protein expression in adipose tissue; it ameliorated fasting hyperinsulinemia as well as insulin resistance and glucose intolerance. Our results thus implicate the glucocorticoid-GR axis in the pathophysiology of MetS, and they suggest that GR blockade has therapeutic potential for the treatment of this condition.
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Matsuura N, Nagasawa K, Minagawa Y, Ito S, Sano Y, Yamada Y, Hattori T, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Restraint stress exacerbates cardiac and adipose tissue pathology via β-adrenergic signaling in rats with metabolic syndrome. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2015; 308:H1275-86. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00906.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Restraint stress stimulates sympathetic nerve activity and can affect adiposity and metabolism. However, the effects of restraint stress on cardiovascular and metabolic disorders in metabolic syndrome (MetS) have remained unclear. We investigated the effects of chronic restraint stress and β-adrenergic receptor (β-AR) blockade on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and metabolic disorders in a rat model of MetS. DahlS.Z- Leprfa/ Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats. Rats were exposed to restraint stress (restraint cage, 2 h/day) for 4 wk from 9 wk of age with or without daily subcutaneous administration of the β-AR blocker propranolol (2 mg/kg). Age-matched homozygous lean littermates of DS/obese rats (DahlS.Z- Lepr+ /Lepr+ rats) served as control animals. Chronic restraint stress exacerbated hypertension as well as left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, diastolic dysfunction, and oxidative stress in a manner sensitive to propranolol treatment. Restraint stress attenuated body weight gain in DS/obese rats, and this effect tended to be reversed by propranolol ( P = 0.0682). Restraint stress or propranolol did not affect visceral or subcutaneous fat mass. However, restraint stress potentiated cardiac and visceral adipose tissue inflammation in DS/obese rats, and these effects were ameliorated by propranolol. Restraint stress also exacerbated glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and abnormal lipid metabolism in a manner sensitive to propranolol. In addition, restraint stress increased urinary norepinephrine excretion, and propranolol attenuated this effect. Our results thus implicate β-ARs in the exacerbation of cardiac and adipose tissue pathology and abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism induced by restraint stress in this model of MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Minagawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Hattori T, Murase T, Takatsu M, Nagasawa K, Matsuura N, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Dietary salt restriction improves cardiac and adipose tissue pathology independently of obesity in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. J Am Heart Assoc 2014; 3:e001312. [PMID: 25468654 PMCID: PMC4338725 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.114.001312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Metabolic syndrome (MetS) enhances salt sensitivity of blood pressure and is an important risk factor for cardiovascular disease. The effects of dietary salt restriction on cardiac pathology associated with metabolic syndrome remain unclear. Methods and Results We investigated whether dietary salt restriction might ameliorate cardiac injury in DahlS.Z‐Leprfa/Leprfa (DS/obese) rats, which are derived from a cross between Dahl salt‐sensitive and Zucker rats and represent a model of metabolic syndrome. DS/obese rats were fed a normal‐salt (0.36% NaCl in chow) or low‐salt (0.0466% NaCl in chow) diet from 9 weeks of age and were compared with similarly treated homozygous lean littermates (DahlS.Z‐Lepr+/Lepr+, or DS/lean rats). DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet progressively developed hypertension and showed left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction at 15 weeks. Dietary salt restriction attenuated all of these changes in DS/obese rats. The levels of cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation and the expression of cardiac renin–angiotensin–aldosterone system genes were increased in DS/obese rats fed the normal‐salt diet, and dietary salt restriction downregulated these parameters in both DS/obese and DS/lean rats. In addition, dietary salt restriction attenuated the increase in visceral adipose tissue inflammation and the decrease in insulin signaling apparent in DS/obese rats without reducing body weight or visceral adipocyte size. Dietary salt restriction did not alter fasting serum glucose levels but it markedly decreased the fasting serum insulin concentration in DS/obese rats. Conclusions Dietary salt restriction not only prevents hypertension and cardiac injury but also ameliorates insulin resistance, without reducing obesity, in this model of metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Tamayo Murase
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Miwa Takatsu
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.M.)
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan (T.H., T.M., M.T., K.N., N.M., S.W., K.N.)
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Matsuura N, Asano C, Nagasawa K, Ito S, Sano Y, Minagawa Y, Yamada Y, Hattori T, Watanabe S, Murohara T, Nagata K. Effects of pioglitazone on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in rats with metabolic syndrome. Int J Cardiol 2014; 179:360-9. [PMID: 25464487 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.11.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pioglitazone is a thiazolidinedione drug that acts as an insulin sensitizer. We recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. We have now investigated the effects of pioglitazone on cardiac and adipose tissue pathology in this model. METHODS AND RESULTS DS/obese rats were treated with pioglitazone (2.5 mg/kg per day, per os) from 9 to 13 weeks of age. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+), or DS/lean) littermates served as controls. Pioglitazone increased body weight and food intake in DS/obese rats. It also ameliorated left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction as well as attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation, without lowering blood pressure, in DS/obese rats, but it had no effect on these parameters in DS/lean rats. In addition, pioglitazone increased visceral and subcutaneous fat mass but alleviated adipocyte hypertrophy and inflammation in visceral adipose tissue in DS/obese rats. Furthermore, pioglitazone increased the serum concentration of adiponectin, induced activation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) in the heart, as well as ameliorated glucose intolerance and insulin resistance in DS/obese rats. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of DS/obese rats with pioglitazone exacerbated obesity but attenuated LV hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, with these latter effects being associated with the activation of cardiac AMPK signaling likely as a result of the stimulation of adiponectin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natsumi Matsuura
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Chiharu Asano
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kai Nagasawa
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Ito
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yusuke Sano
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuji Minagawa
- Department of Medical Technology, Nagoya University School of Health Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuichiro Yamada
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takuya Hattori
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shogo Watanabe
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Toyoaki Murohara
- Department of Cardiology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kohzo Nagata
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
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Cavalera M, Wang J, Frangogiannis NG. Obesity, metabolic dysfunction, and cardiac fibrosis: pathophysiological pathways, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic opportunities. Transl Res 2014; 164:323-35. [PMID: 24880146 PMCID: PMC4180761 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2014.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2014] [Revised: 04/28/2014] [Accepted: 05/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac fibrosis is strongly associated with obesity and metabolic dysfunction and may contribute to the increased incidence of heart failure, atrial arrhythmias, and sudden cardiac death in obese subjects. This review discusses the evidence linking obesity and myocardial fibrosis in animal models and human patients, focusing on the fundamental pathophysiological alterations that may trigger fibrogenic signaling, the cellular effectors of fibrosis, and the molecular signals that may regulate the fibrotic response. Obesity is associated with a wide range of pathophysiological alterations (such as pressure and volume overload, metabolic dysregulation, neurohumoral activation, and systemic inflammation); their relative role in mediating cardiac fibrosis is poorly defined. Activation of fibroblasts likely plays a major role in obesity-associated fibrosis; however, inflammatory cells, cardiomyocytes, and vascular cells may also contribute to fibrogenic signaling. Several molecular processes have been implicated in regulation of the fibrotic response in obesity. Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, induction of transforming growth factor β, oxidative stress, advanced glycation end-products, endothelin 1, Rho-kinase signaling, leptin-mediated actions, and upregulation of matricellular proteins (such as thrombospondin 1) may play a role in the development of fibrosis in models of obesity and metabolic dysfunction. Moreover, experimental evidence suggests that obesity and insulin resistance profoundly affect the fibrotic and remodeling response after cardiac injury. Understanding the pathways implicated in obesity-associated fibrosis may lead to the development of novel therapies to prevent heart failure and attenuate postinfarction cardiac remodeling in patients with obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Cavalera
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Junhong Wang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Nikolaos G Frangogiannis
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York.
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Horgan S, Watson C, Glezeva N, Baugh J. Murine models of diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. J Card Fail 2014; 20:984-95. [PMID: 25225111 DOI: 10.1016/j.cardfail.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Revised: 08/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction leads to heart failure with preserved ejection fraction, an increasingly prevalent condition largely driven by modern day lifestyle risk factors. As heart failure with preserved ejection fraction accounts for almost one-half of all patients with heart failure, appropriate nonhuman animal models are required to improve our understanding of the pathophysiology of this syndrome and to provide a platform for preclinical investigation of potential therapies. Hypertension, obesity, and diabetes are major risk factors for diastolic dysfunction and heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. This review focuses on murine models reflecting this disease continuum driven by the aforementioned common risk factors. We describe various models of diastolic dysfunction and highlight models of heart failure with preserved ejection fraction reported in the literature. Strengths and weaknesses of the different models are discussed to provide an aid to translational scientists when selecting an appropriate model. We also bring attention to the fact that heart failure with preserved ejection fraction is difficult to diagnose in animal models and that, therefore, there is a paucity of well described animal models of this increasingly important condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Horgan
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland; Noninvasive Cardiovascular Imaging, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.
| | - C Watson
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - N Glezeva
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
| | - J Baugh
- School of Medicine and Medical Science, UCD Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Nagasawa K, Takahashi K, Matsuura N, Takatsu M, Hattori T, Watanabe S, Harada E, Niinuma K, Murohara T, Nagata K. Comparative effects of valsartan in combination with cilnidipine or amlodipine on cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in Dahl salt-sensitive rats. Hypertens Res 2014; 38:39-47. [DOI: 10.1038/hr.2014.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Zarzoso M, Mironov S, Guerrero-Serna G, Willis BC, Pandit SV. Ventricular remodelling in rabbits with sustained high-fat diet. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:36-47. [PMID: 24304486 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 09/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
AIM Excess weight gain and obesity are one of the most serious health problems in the western societies. These conditions enhance risk of cardiac disease and have been linked with increased prevalence for cardiac arrhythmias and sudden death. Our goal was to study the ventricular remodelling occurring in rabbits fed with high-fat diet (HFD) and its potential arrhythmogenic mechanisms. METHODS We used 15 NZW rabbits that were randomly assigned to a control (n = 7) or HFD group (n = 8) for 18 weeks. In vivo studies included blood glucose, electrocardiographic, and echocardiographic measurements. Optical mapping was performed in Langendorff-perfused isolated hearts. RESULTS Body weight (3.69 ± 0.31 vs. 2.94 ± 0.18 kg, P < 0.001) and blood glucose levels (230 ± 61 vs. 141 ± 14 mg dL(-1) , P < 0.05) were higher in the HFD group vs. controls. The rate-corrected QT interval and its dispersion were increased in HFD rabbits vs. controls (169 ± 10 vs. 146 ± 13 ms and 37 ± 11 vs. 9 ± 2 ms, respectively; P < 0.05). Echocardiographic analysis showed morphological and functional alterations in HFD rabbits indicative of left ventricle (LV) hypertrophy. Isolated heart studies revealed no changes in repolarization and propagation properties under conditions of normal extracellular K(+) , suggesting that extrinsic factors could underlie those electrocardiographic modifications. There were no differences in the dynamics of ventricular fibrillation (frequency, wave breaks) in the presence of isoproterenol. However, HFD rabbits showed a small reduction in action potential duration and an increased incidence of arrhythmias during hyperkalaemia. CONCLUSION High-fat feeding during 18 weeks in rabbits induced a type II diabetes phenotype, LV hypertrophy, abnormalities in repolarization and susceptibility to arrhythmias during hyperkalaemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Zarzoso
- Center for Arrhythmia Research; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
- Department of Physiotherapy; Universitat de València; Valencia Spain
| | - S. Mironov
- Center for Arrhythmia Research; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - G. Guerrero-Serna
- Center for Arrhythmia Research; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - B. Cicero Willis
- Center for Arrhythmia Research; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
| | - S. V. Pandit
- Center for Arrhythmia Research; University of Michigan; Ann Arbor MI USA
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Optimisation of reference genes for gene-expression analysis in a rabbit model of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e89331. [PMID: 24558494 PMCID: PMC3928441 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0089331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2013] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) is characterized by the disturbance of ventricle’s performance due to its abnormal relaxation or to its increased stiffness during the diastolic phase. The molecular mechanisms underlying LVDD remain unknown. We aimed to identify normalization genes for accurate gene-expression analysis of LVDD using quantitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR) in a new rabbit model of LVDD. Eighteen rabbits were fed with a normal diet (n = 7) or a 0.5% cholesterol-enriched diet supplemented with vitamin D2 (n = 11) for an average of 14.5 weeks. We validated the presence of LVDD in this model using echocardiography for diastolic function assessment. RT-PCR was performed using cDNA derived from left ventricle samples to measure the stability of 10 genes as candidate reference genes (Gapdh, Hprt1, Ppia, Sdha, Rpl5, Actb, Eef1e1, Ywhaz, Pgk1, and G6pd). Using geNorm analysis, we report that Sdha, Gapdh and Hprt1 genes had the highest stability (M <0.2). By contrast, Hprt1 and Rpl5 genes were found to represent the best combination for normalization when using the Normfinder algorithm (stability value of 0.042). Comparison of both normalization strategies highlighted an increase of natriuretic peptides (Bnp and Anp), monocytes chemotactic protein-1 (Mcp-1) and NADPH oxidase subunit (Nox-2) mRNA expressions in ventricle samples of the hypercholesterolemic rabbits compared to controls (P<0.05). This increase correlates with LVDD echocardiographic parameters and most importantly it molecularly validates the presence of the disease in our model. This is the first study emphasizing the selection of stable reference genes for RT-PCR normalization in a rabbit model of LVDD.
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Effects of salt status and blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors on aldosterone-induced cardiac injury. Hypertens Res 2013; 37:125-33. [PMID: 24048492 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2013.124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid aldosterone regulates sodium and water homeostasis in the human body. The combination of excess aldosterone and salt loading induces hypertension and cardiac damage. However, little is known of the effects of aldosterone on blood pressure and cardiac pathophysiology in the absence of salt loading. We have now investigated the effects of salt status and blockade of mineralocorticoid receptors (MRs) on cardiac pathophysiology in uninephrectomized Sprague-Dawley rats implanted with an osmotic minipump to maintain hyperaldosteronism. The rats were fed a low-salt (0.0466% NaCl in chow) or high-salt (0.36% NaCl in chow plus 1% NaCl in drinking water) diet in the absence or presence of treatment with a subdepressor dose of the MR antagonist spironolactone (SPL). Aldosterone excess in the setting of low salt intake induced substantial cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction without increasing blood pressure. These effects were accompanied by increased levels of oxidative stress and inflammation as well as increased expression of genes related to the renin-angiotensin and endothelin systems in the heart. All of these cardiac changes were completely blocked by the administration of SPL. On the other hand, aldosterone excess in the setting of high salt intake induced hypertension and a greater extent of cardiac injury, with the cardiac changes being only partially attenuated by SPL in a manner independent of its antihypertensive effect. The combination of dietary salt restriction and MR antagonism is thus a promising therapeutic option for the management of hypertensive patients with hyperaldosteronism or relative aldosterone excess.
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Takatsu M, Nakashima C, Takahashi K, Murase T, Hattori T, Ito H, Murohara T, Nagata K. Calorie restriction attenuates cardiac remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in a rat model of metabolic syndrome. Hypertension 2013; 62:957-65. [PMID: 24041949 DOI: 10.1161/hypertensionaha.113.02093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Calorie restriction (CR) can modulate the features of obesity-related metabolic and cardiovascular diseases. We have recently characterized DahlS.Z-Lepr(fa)/Lepr(fa) (DS/obese) rats, derived from a cross between Dahl salt-sensitive and Zucker rats, as a new animal model of metabolic syndrome. DS/obese rats develop hypertension and manifest left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction, as well as increased cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation. We have now investigated the effects of CR on cardiac pathophysiology in DS/obese rats. DS/obese rats were fed either normal laboratory chow ad libitum or a calorie-restricted diet (65% of the average food intake for ad libitum) from 9 to 13 weeks. Age-matched homozygous lean (DahlS.Z-Lepr(+)/Lepr(+) or DS/lean) littermates served as controls. CR reduced body weight in both DS/obese and DS/lean rats, as well as attenuated the development of hypertension in DS/obese rats without affecting blood pressure in DS/lean rats. CR also reduced body fat content, ameliorated left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, and diastolic dysfunction, and attenuated cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation in DS/obese rats. In addition, it increased serum adiponectin concentration, as well as downregulated the expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme and angiotensin II type 1A receptor genes in the heart of DS/obese rats. Our results thus show that CR attenuated obesity and hypertension, as well as left ventricular remodeling and diastolic dysfunction in DS/obese rats, with these latter effects being associated with reduced cardiac oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miwa Takatsu
- Department of Pathophysiological Laboratory Sciences, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, 1-1-20 Daikominami, Higashi-ku, Nagoya 461-8673, Japan.
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Lehnen AM, Rodrigues B, Irigoyen MC, De Angelis K, Schaan BD. Cardiovascular changes in animal models of metabolic syndrome. J Diabetes Res 2013; 2013:761314. [PMID: 23691518 PMCID: PMC3647579 DOI: 10.1155/2013/761314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 02/06/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome has been defined as a group of risk factors that directly contribute to the development of cardiovascular disease and/or type 2 diabetes. Insulin resistance seems to have a fundamental role in the genesis of this syndrome. Over the past years to the present day, basic and translational research has used small animal models to explore the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome and to develop novel therapies that might slow the progression of this prevalent condition. In this paper we discuss the animal models used for the study of metabolic syndrome, with particular focus on cardiovascular changes, since they are the main cause of death associated with the condition in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre M. Lehnen
- Laboratório de Experimentação Animal e Laboratório de Cardiologia Celular e Molecular, Instituto de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul/Fundação Universitária de Cardiologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Bruno Rodrigues
- Laboratório do Movimento Humano, Universidade São Judas Tadeu, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Maria Cláudia Irigoyen
- Unidade de Hipertensão, Instituto do Coração (InCor), Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kátia De Angelis
- Laboratório de Fisiologia Translacional, Universidade Nove de Julho, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Beatriz D'Agord Schaan
- Divisão de Endocrinologia, Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
- *Beatriz D'Agord Schaan:
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Linz D, Hohl M, Mahfoud F, Reil JC, Linz W, Hübschle T, Juretschke HP, Neumann-Häflin C, Rütten H, Böhm M. Cardiac remodeling and myocardial dysfunction in obese spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Transl Med 2012; 10:187. [PMID: 22963383 PMCID: PMC3508805 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-10-187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The additive effects of obesity and metabolic syndrome on left ventricular (LV) maladaptive remodeling and function in hypertension are not characterized. Methods We compared an obese spontaneously hypertensive rat model (SHR-ob) with lean spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR-lean) and normotensive controls (Ctr). LV-function was investigated by cardiac magnetic resonance imaging and invasive LV-pressure measurements. LV-interstitial fibrosis was quantified and protein levels of phospholamban (PLB), Serca2a and glucose transporters (GLUT1 and GLUT4) were determined by immunohistochemistry. Results Systolic blood pressure was similar in SHR-lean and SHR-ob (252 ± 7 vs. 242 ± 7 mmHg, p = 0.398) but was higher when compared to Ctr (155 ± 2 mmHg, p < 0.01 for both). Compared to SHR-lean and Ctr, SHR-ob showed impaired glucose tolerance and increased body-weight. In SHR-ob, LV-ejection fraction was impaired vs. Ctr (46.2 ± 1.1 vs. 59.6 ± 1.9%, p = 0.007). LV-enddiastolic pressure was more increased in SHR-ob than in SHR-lean (21.5 ± 4.1 vs. 5.9 ± 0.81 mmHg, p = 0.0002) when compared to Ctr (4.3 ± 1.1 mmHg, p < 0.0001 for both), respectively. Increased LV-fibrosis together with increased myocyte diameters and ANF gene expression in SHR-ob were associated with increased GLUT1-protein levels in SHR-ob suggestive for an upregulation of the GLUT1/ANF-axis. Serca2a-protein levels were decreased in SHR-lean but not altered in SHR-ob compared to Ctr. PLB-phosphorylation was not altered. Conclusion In addition to hypertension alone, metabolic syndrome and obesity adds to the myocardial phenotype by aggravating diastolic dysfunction and a progression towards systolic dysfunction. SHR-ob may be a useful model to develop new interventional and pharmacological treatment strategies for hypertensive heart disease and metabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Linz
- Klinik für Innere Medizin III, Kardiologie, Angiologie und Internistische Intensivmedizin, Universitätsklinikum des Saarlandes, Homburg/Saar 66421, Germany.
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