1
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Ma S, Fan Y, Tang Y, He C, Li Q, Zhao Z, Xu T, Zhang Y. Spectral Characteristics of Unsaturated and Supersaturated Inorganic Aerosols: Insights into Deliquescence Kinetics. J Phys Chem A 2024. [PMID: 39042908 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.4c03107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
The deliquescence phase transition of atmospheric aerosols is crucial for radiative forcing and atmospheric chemistry. However, the deliquescence kinetics of micrometer-sized aerosols, especially the formation and evolution of surface solution films, remain poorly understood. In this study, IR spectral characteristics were employed for the first time to quantify the solute concentration evolution in surface solution films. At a constant relative humidity (RH) of ∼65%, solution films on NaCl crystals exhibited a very low solute concentration (3.06 ± 0.18 mol/L), comparable to aqueous NaCl droplets above 90% RH. These films reached saturation at ∼74% RH, i.e., the deliquescence RH of NaCl, maintaining a nearly constant saturation level during deliquescence. In contrast, amorphous NaNO3 solids showed supersaturated solution films before deliquescence. Following deliquescence, the saturation level of solution phases increased due to faster solid dissolution rates than liquid water condensation. These findings address knowledge gaps in the complex nonequilibrium dissolution processes of crystalline or amorphous atmospheric aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaishuai Ma
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Younuo Fan
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Yingying Tang
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Chengxiang He
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Qiong Li
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhiqing Zhao
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Tianyou Xu
- College of Chemical and Material Engineering, Quzhou University, Quzhou 324000, China
| | - Yunhong Zhang
- The Institute of Chemical Physics, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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2
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Shao X, Xue J, Jiang J, Zeng X. Spectroscopic Characterization and Photochemistry of the Atmospherically Relevant Methanesulfenic Acid. J Phys Chem Lett 2024; 15:7327-7334. [PMID: 38985131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.4c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
Methanesulfenic acid, CH3SOH, is a fleeting intermediate in the ·OH-initiated oxidation reactions of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) in the atmosphere. Herein, we report the characterization and photochemistry of CH3SOH in Ar- and N2-matrices at 10 K. The characterization of CH3SOH with matrix-isolation IR and UV-vis spectroscopy is supported by D and 13C isotope labeling experiments and quantum chemical calculations. In line with the observed absorption at 260 nm for CH3SOH, its photolysis at 254 nm leads to dissociation by yielding the novel water complex H2CS···H2O, which exhibits a five-membered ring structure with intermolecular S···HO and CH···O hydrogen bonding interactions. Upon further irradiation at 193 nm, the H2CS···H2O complex undergoes dehydrogenation to form CS···H2O, which can further convert to HC(O)SH under irradiation at 254 nm. When the photolysis of CH3SOH was performed in an O2-doped Ar-matrix, methanesulfonic acid (MSA, CH3SO3H) was obtained as the oxidation product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Shao
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junfei Xue
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Junjie Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xiaoqing Zeng
- Department of Chemistry, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Molecular Catalysis and Innovative Materials, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
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3
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Zhao B, Donahue NM, Zhang K, Mao L, Shrivastava M, Ma PL, Shen J, Wang S, Sun J, Gordon H, Tang S, Fast J, Wang M, Gao Y, Yan C, Singh B, Li Z, Huang L, Lou S, Lin G, Wang H, Jiang J, Ding A, Nie W, Qi X, Chi X, Wang L. Global variability in atmospheric new particle formation mechanisms. Nature 2024; 631:98-105. [PMID: 38867037 PMCID: PMC11222162 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
A key challenge in aerosol pollution studies and climate change assessment is to understand how atmospheric aerosol particles are initially formed1,2. Although new particle formation (NPF) mechanisms have been described at specific sites3-6, in most regions, such mechanisms remain uncertain to a large extent because of the limited ability of atmospheric models to simulate critical NPF processes1,7. Here we synthesize molecular-level experiments to develop comprehensive representations of 11 NPF mechanisms and the complex chemical transformation of precursor gases in a fully coupled global climate model. Combined simulations and observations show that the dominant NPF mechanisms are distinct worldwide and vary with region and altitude. Previously neglected or underrepresented mechanisms involving organics, amines, iodine oxoacids and HNO3 probably dominate NPF in most regions with high concentrations of aerosols or large aerosol radiative forcing; such regions include oceanic and human-polluted continental boundary layers, as well as the upper troposphere over rainforests and Asian monsoon regions. These underrepresented mechanisms also play notable roles in other areas, such as the upper troposphere of the Pacific and Atlantic oceans. Accordingly, NPF accounts for different fractions (10-80%) of the nuclei on which cloud forms at 0.5% supersaturation over various regions in the lower troposphere. The comprehensive simulation of global NPF mechanisms can help improve estimation and source attribution of the climate effects of aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Zhao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China.
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA.
| | - Neil M Donahue
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kai Zhang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Lizhuo Mao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | | | - Po-Lun Ma
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jiewen Shen
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Hamish Gordon
- Center for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Shuaiqi Tang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jerome Fast
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, China
| | - Chao Yan
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Zeqi Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Lyuyin Huang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Sijia Lou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Guangxing Lin
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
- College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, USA
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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4
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Zhang B, Chellman NJ, Kaplan JO, Mickley LJ, Ito T, Wang X, Wensman SM, McCrimmon D, Steffensen JP, McConnell JR, Liu P. Improved biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using ice core records and inverse modeling. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3651. [PMID: 38688918 PMCID: PMC11061293 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47864-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Estimating fire emissions prior to the satellite era is challenging because observations are limited, leading to large uncertainties in the calculated aerosol climate forcing following the preindustrial era. This challenge further limits the ability of climate models to accurately project future climate change. Here, we reconstruct a gridded dataset of global biomass burning emissions from 1750 to 2010 using inverse analysis that leveraged a global array of 31 ice core records of black carbon deposition fluxes, two different historical emission inventories as a priori estimates, and emission-deposition sensitivities simulated by the atmospheric chemical transport model GEOS-Chem. The reconstructed emissions exhibit greater temporal variabilities which are more consistent with paleoclimate proxies. Our ice core constrained emissions reduced the uncertainties in simulated cloud condensation nuclei and aerosol radiative forcing associated with the discrepancy in preindustrial biomass burning emissions. The derived emissions can also be used in studies of ocean and terrestrial biogeochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingqing Zhang
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Nathan J Chellman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth, Energy, and Environment, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Loretta J Mickley
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Takamitsu Ito
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Xuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Sophia M Wensman
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Drake McCrimmon
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Jørgen Peder Steffensen
- Physics of Ice, Climate, and Earth, Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Joseph R McConnell
- Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV, USA
| | - Pengfei Liu
- School of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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5
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Huang W, Junninen H, Garmash O, Lehtipalo K, Stolzenburg D, Lampilahti JLP, Ezhova E, Schallhart S, Rantala P, Aliaga D, Ahonen L, Sulo J, Quéléver LLJ, Cai R, Alekseychik P, Mazon SB, Yao L, Blichner SM, Zha Q, Mammarella I, Kirkby J, Kerminen VM, Worsnop DR, Kulmala M, Bianchi F. Potential pre-industrial-like new particle formation induced by pure biogenic organic vapors in Finnish peatland. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadm9191. [PMID: 38569045 PMCID: PMC10990286 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adm9191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Pure biogenic new particle formation (NPF) induced by highly oxygenated organic molecules (HOMs) could be an important mechanism for pre-industrial aerosol formation. However, it has not been unambiguously confirmed in the ambient due to the scarcity of truly pristine continental locations in the present-day atmosphere or the lack of chemical characterization of NPF precursors. Here, we report ambient observations of pure biogenic HOM-driven NPF over a peatland in southern Finland. Meteorological decoupling processes formed an "air pocket" (i.e., a very shallow surface layer) at night and favored NPF initiated entirely by biogenic HOM from this peatland, whose atmospheric environment closely resembles that of the pre-industrial era. Our study sheds light on pre-industrial aerosol formation, which represents the baseline for estimating the impact of present and future aerosol on climate, as well as on future NPF, the features of which may revert toward pre-industrial-like conditions due to air pollution mitigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huang
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Heikki Junninen
- Institute of Physics, University of Tartu, Tartu 50411, Estonia
| | - Olga Garmash
- Aerosol Physics Laboratory, Physics Unit, Tampere University, Tampere 33720, Finland
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | | | - Janne L. P. Lampilahti
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Ekaterina Ezhova
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Simon Schallhart
- Atmospheric Composition Unit, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki 00101, Finland
| | - Pekka Rantala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Diego Aliaga
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lauri Ahonen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Juha Sulo
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lauriane L. J. Quéléver
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Runlong Cai
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Pavel Alekseychik
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Bioeconomy and Environment, Natural Resources Institute Finland, Helsinki 00790, Finland
| | - Stephany B. Mazon
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Lei Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention (LAP3), Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Sara M. Blichner
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
- Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm University, Stockholm 11418, Sweden
| | - Qiaozhi Zha
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ivan Mammarella
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main 60438, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneve 23, Switzerland
| | - Veli-Matti Kerminen
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
- Aerodyne Research Inc., Billerica, MA 01821, USA
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research / Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki 00014, Finland
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6
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Zhang J, Peng J, Song A, Du Z, Guo J, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wu L, Wang T, Song K, Guo S, Collins D, Mao H. Secondary Organic Aerosol Formation Potential from Vehicular Non-tailpipe Emissions under Real-World Driving Conditions. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:5419-5429. [PMID: 38390902 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c06475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Traffic emissions are a dominant source of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) in urban environments. Though tailpipe exhaust has drawn extensive attention, the impact of non-tailpipe emissions on atmospheric SOA has not been well studied. Here, a closure study was performed combining urban tunnel experiments and dynamometer tests using an oxidation flow reactor in situ photo-oxidation. Results show a significant gap between field and laboratory research; the average SOA formation potential from real-world fleet is 639 ± 156 mg kg fuel-1, higher than the reconstructed result (188 mg kg fuel-1) based on dynamometer tests coupled with fleet composition inside the tunnel. Considering the minimal variation of SOA/CO in emission standards, we also reconstruct CO and find the critical role of high-emitting events in the real-world SOA burden. Different profiles of organic gases are detected inside the tunnel than tailpipe exhaust, such as more abundant C6-C9 aromatics, C11-C16 species, and benzothiazoles, denoting contributions from non-tailpipe emissions to SOA formation. Using these surrogate chemical compounds, we roughly estimate that high-emitting, evaporative emission, and asphalt-related and tire sublimation share 14, 20, and 10% of the SOA budget, respectively, partially explaining the gap between field and laboratory research. These experimental results highlight the importance of non-tailpipe emissions to atmospheric SOA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinsheng Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jianfei Peng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ainan Song
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhuofei Du
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- School of Environmental Science and Safety Engineering, Tianjin University of Technology, Tianjin 300382, China
| | - Jiliang Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yicheng Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Lin Wu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ting Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Kai Song
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Don Collins
- Bourns College of Engineering, Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT), University of California, 1084 Columbia Avenue, Riverside, California 92507, United States
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Hongjun Mao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Urban Transport Emission Research, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
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7
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Blichner SM, Yli-Juuti T, Mielonen T, Pöhlker C, Holopainen E, Heikkinen L, Mohr C, Artaxo P, Carbone S, Meller BB, Quaresma Dias-Júnior C, Kulmala M, Petäjä T, Scott CE, Svenhag C, Nieradzik L, Sporre M, Partridge DG, Tovazzi E, Virtanen A, Kokkola H, Riipinen I. Process-evaluation of forest aerosol-cloud-climate feedback shows clear evidence from observations and large uncertainty in models. Nat Commun 2024; 15:969. [PMID: 38326341 PMCID: PMC10850362 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45001-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural aerosol feedbacks are expected to become more important in the future, as anthropogenic aerosol emissions decrease due to air quality policy. One such feedback is initiated by the increase in biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions with higher temperatures, leading to higher secondary organic aerosol (SOA) production and a cooling of the surface via impacts on cloud radiative properties. Motivated by the considerable spread in feedback strength in Earth System Models (ESMs), we here use two long-term observational datasets from boreal and tropical forests, together with satellite data, for a process-based evaluation of the BVOC-aerosol-cloud feedback in four ESMs. The model evaluation shows that the weakest modelled feedback estimates can likely be excluded, but highlights compensating errors making it difficult to draw conclusions of the strongest estimates. Overall, the method of evaluating along process chains shows promise in pin-pointing sources of uncertainty and constraining modelled aerosol feedbacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M Blichner
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden.
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Taina Yli-Juuti
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tero Mielonen
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, Multiphase Chemistry Dept., 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Eemeli Holopainen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
- Institute for Chemical Engineering Sciences, Foundation for Research and Technology - Hellas (FORTH/ICE-HT), Patras, Greece
| | - Liine Heikkinen
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Claudia Mohr
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Environmental System Science, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, 05508-090, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Samara Carbone
- Federal University of Uberlândia, Institute of Agrarian Sciences, Uberlândia, MG, Brazil
| | - Bruno Backes Meller
- Universidade de Sao Paulo, Instituto de Fisica, 05508-090, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Markku Kulmala
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- University of Helsinki, Institute for Atmospheric and Earth System Research (INAR), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Catherine E Scott
- University of Leeds, School of Earth and Environment, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Carl Svenhag
- Lund University, Department of Physics, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lars Nieradzik
- Lund University, Dept of Physical Geography and Ecosystem Science, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Moa Sporre
- Lund University, Department of Physics, 221-00, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel G Partridge
- University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Emanuele Tovazzi
- University of Exeter, Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Annele Virtanen
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Harri Kokkola
- University of Eastern Finland, Department of Technical Physics, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Kuopio, FI-70211, Finland
| | - Ilona Riipinen
- Stockholm University, Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm, SE-106 91, Sweden
- Stockholm University, Bolin Centre for Climate Research, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Goss MB, Kroll JH. Chamber studies of OH + dimethyl sulfoxide and dimethyl disulfide: insights into the dimethyl sulfide oxidation mechanism. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2024; 24:1299-1314. [PMID: 38726054 PMCID: PMC11081431 DOI: 10.5194/acp-24-1299-2024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2024]
Abstract
The oxidation of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) in the marine atmosphere represents an important natural source of non-sea-salt sulfate aerosol, but the chemical mechanisms underlying this process remain uncertain. While recent studies have focused on the role of the peroxy radical isomerization channel in DMS oxidation, this work revisits the impact of the other channels (OH addition and OH abstraction followed by bimolecular RO2 reaction) on aerosol formation from DMS. Due to the presence of common intermediate species, the oxidation of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethyl disulfide (DMDS) can shed light on these two DMS reaction channels; they are also both atmospherically relevant species in their own right. This work examines the OH oxidation of DMSO and DMDS, using chamber experiments monitored by chemical ionization mass spectrometry and aerosol mass spectrometry to study the full range of sulfur-containing products across a range of NO concentrations. The oxidation of both compounds is found to lead to rapid aerosol formation (which does not involve the intermediate formation of SO2), with a substantial fraction (14%-47 % S yield for DMSO and 5 %-21 % for DMDS) of reacted sulfur ending up in the particle phase and the highest yields observed under elevated NO conditions. Aerosol is observed to consist mainly of sulfate, methanesulfonic acid, and methanesulfinic acid. In the gas phase, the NOx dependence of several products, including SO2 and S2-containing organosulfur species, suggest reaction pathways not included in current mechanisms. Based on the commonalities with the DMS oxidation mechanism, DMSO and DMDS results are used to reconstruct DMS aerosol yields; these reconstructions roughly match DMS aerosol yield measurements from the literature but differ in composition, underscoring remaining uncertainties in sulfur chemistry. This work indicates that both the abstraction and addition channels contribute to rapid aerosol formation from DMS and highlights the need for more study into the fate of small sulfur radical intermediates (e.g., CH3S, CH3SO2, and CH3SO3) that are thought to play central roles in the DMS oxidation mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew B. Goss
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
| | - Jesse H. Kroll
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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9
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Jang J, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Ha SY, Jang E, Cho KH, Lee JY, Park J. Molecular-level chemical composition of aerosol and its potential source tracking at Antarctic Peninsula. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 239:117217. [PMID: 37775002 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.117217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
Marine organic aerosols play crucial roles in global climatic systems. However, their chemical properties and relationships with various potential organic sources still need clarification. This study employed high-resolution mass spectrometry to investigate the identity, origin, and transportation of organic aerosols in pristine Antarctic environments (King Sejong Station; 62.2°S, 58.8°W), where complex ocean-cryosphere-atmosphere interactions occur. First, we classified the aerosol samples into three clusters based on their air mass transport history. Next, we investigated the relationship between organic aerosols and their potential sources, including organic matter dissolved in the open ocean, coastal waters, and runoff waters. Cluster 1 (C1), in which the aerosols mainly originated from the open ocean area (i.e., pelagic zone-influenced), exhibited a higher abundance of lipid-like and protein-like organic aerosols than cluster 3 (C3), with ratios 1.8- and 1.6-times higher, respectively. In contrast, C3, characterized by longer air mass retention over sea ice and land areas (i.e., inshore-influenced), had higher lignin- and condensed aromatic structures (CAS)-like organic aerosols by 2.2- and 3.4-times compared to C1. Cluster 2 (C2) has intermediate characteristics between C1 and C3 concerning the chemical properties of the aerosols and air mass travel history. Notably, the chemical properties of the aerosols assigned to C1 are closely related to those of phytoplankton-derived organics enriched in the open ocean. In contrast, those of C3 are comparable to those of terrestrial plant-derived organics enriched in coastal and runoff waters. These findings help evaluate the source-dependent properties of organic aerosols in changing Antarctic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyi Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea.
| | - Young Jun Yoon
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sun-Yong Ha
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea
| | - Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon, South Korea
| | | | - Ji Yi Lee
- Ewha Womans University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute (KOPRI), Incheon, South Korea.
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10
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Tebbe DA, Gruender C, Dlugosch L, Lõhmus K, Rolfes S, Könneke M, Chen Y, Engelen B, Schäfer H. Microbial drivers of DMSO reduction and DMS-dependent methanogenesis in saltmarsh sediments. THE ISME JOURNAL 2023; 17:2340-2351. [PMID: 37880542 PMCID: PMC10689795 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-023-01539-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Saltmarshes are highly productive environments, exhibiting high abundances of organosulfur compounds. Dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is produced in large quantities by algae, plants, and bacteria and is a potential precursor for dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and dimethylsulfide (DMS). DMSO serves as electron acceptor for anaerobic respiration leading to DMS formation, which is either emitted or can be degraded by methylotrophic prokaryotes. Major products of these reactions are trace gases with positive (CO2, CH4) or negative (DMS) radiative forcing with contrasting effects on the global climate. Here, we investigated organic sulfur cycling in saltmarsh sediments and followed DMSO reduction in anoxic batch experiments. Compared to previous measurements from marine waters, DMSO concentrations in the saltmarsh sediments were up to ~300 fold higher. In batch experiments, DMSO was reduced to DMS and subsequently consumed with concomitant CH4 production. Changes in prokaryotic communities and DMSO reductase gene counts indicated a dominance of organisms containing the Dms-type DMSO reductases (e.g., Desulfobulbales, Enterobacterales). In contrast, when sulfate reduction was inhibited by molybdate, Tor-type DMSO reductases (e.g., Rhodobacterales) increased. Vibrionales increased in relative abundance in both treatments, and metagenome assembled genomes (MAGs) affiliated to Vibrio had all genes encoding the subunits of DMSO reductases. Molar conversion ratios of <1.3 CH4 per added DMSO were accompanied by a predominance of the methylotrophic methanogens Methanosarcinales. Enrichment of mtsDH genes, encoding for DMS methyl transferases in metagenomes of batch incubations indicate their role in DMS-dependent methanogenesis. MAGs affiliated to Methanolobus carried the complete set of genes encoding for the enzymes in methylotrophic methanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Alexander Tebbe
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | | | - Leon Dlugosch
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Kertu Lõhmus
- Institute of Biology and Environmental Sciences, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Sönke Rolfes
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Martin Könneke
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Yin Chen
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK
| | - Bert Engelen
- Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment, University of Oldenburg, Carl-von-Ossietzky-Str. 9-11, 26129, Oldenburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Schäfer
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, CV4 7AL, Coventry, UK.
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11
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Jongebloed UA, Schauer AJ, Cole-Dai J, Larrick CG, Porter WC, Tashmim L, Zhai S, Salimi S, Edouard SR, Geng L, Alexander B. Industrial-era decline in Arctic methanesulfonic acid is offset by increased biogenic sulfate aerosol. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2307587120. [PMID: 37976260 PMCID: PMC10666112 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2307587120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton are primary producers in ocean ecosystems and emit dimethyl sulfide (DMS) into the atmosphere. DMS emissions are the largest biological source of atmospheric sulfur and are one of the largest uncertainties in global climate modeling. DMS is oxidized to methanesulfonic acid (MSA), sulfur dioxide, and hydroperoxymethyl thioformate, all of which can be oxidized to sulfate. Ice core records of MSA are used to investigate past DMS emissions but rely on the implicit assumption that the relative yield of oxidation products from DMS remains constant. However, this assumption is uncertain because there are no long-term records that compare MSA to other DMS oxidation products. Here, we share the first long-term record of both MSA and DMS-derived biogenic sulfate concentration in Greenland ice core samples from 1200 to 2006 CE. While MSA declines on average by 0.2 µg S kg-1 over the industrial era, biogenic sulfate from DMS increases by 0.8 µg S kg-1. This increasing biogenic sulfate contradicts previous assertions of declining North Atlantic primary productivity inferred from decreasing MSA concentrations in Greenland ice cores over the industrial era. The changing ratio of MSA to biogenic sulfate suggests that trends in MSA could be caused by time-varying atmospheric chemistry and that MSA concentrations alone should not be used to infer past primary productivity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andrew J. Schauer
- Department of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Jihong Cole-Dai
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD57007
| | - Carleigh G. Larrick
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, South Dakota State University, Brookings, SD57007
| | - William C. Porter
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Linia Tashmim
- Department of Environmental Science, University of California, Riverside, CA92521
| | - Shuting Zhai
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Sara Salimi
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Shana R. Edouard
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
| | - Lei Geng
- Deep Space Exploration Laboratory, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, China230052
| | - Becky Alexander
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA98195
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12
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Yuan T, Song H, Wood R, Oreopoulos L, Platnick S, Wang C, Yu H, Meyer K, Wilcox E. Observational evidence of strong forcing from aerosol effect on low cloud coverage. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadh7716. [PMID: 37939179 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adh7716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
Aerosols cool Earth's climate indirectly by increasing low cloud brightness and their coverage (Cf), constituting the aerosol indirect forcing (AIF). The forcing partially offsets the greenhouse warming and positively correlates with the climate sensitivity. However, it remains highly uncertain. Here, we show direct observational evidence for strong forcing from Cf adjustment to increased aerosols and weak forcing from cloud liquid water path adjustment. We estimate that the Cf adjustment drives between 52% and 300% of additional forcing to the Twomey effect over the ocean and a total AIF of -1.1 ± 0.8 W m-2. The Cf adjustment follows a power law as a function of background cloud droplet number concentration, Nd. It thus depends on time and location and is stronger when Nd is low. Cf only increases substantially when background clouds start to drizzle, suggesting a role for aerosol-precipitation interactions. Our findings highlight the Cf adjustment as the key process for reducing the uncertainty of AIF and thus future climate projections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianle Yuan
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Hua Song
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
- SSAI Inc., Lanham, MD, USA
| | - Robert Wood
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Lazaros Oreopoulos
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Steven Platnick
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Chenxi Wang
- Goddard Earth Sciences Technology and Research (GESTAR) II, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Hongbin Yu
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
| | - Kerry Meyer
- Sciences and Exploration Directorate, Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD, USA
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13
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Pöhlker ML, Pöhlker C, Quaas J, Mülmenstädt J, Pozzer A, Andreae MO, Artaxo P, Block K, Coe H, Ervens B, Gallimore P, Gaston CJ, Gunthe SS, Henning S, Herrmann H, Krüger OO, McFiggans G, Poulain L, Raj SS, Reyes-Villegas E, Royer HM, Walter D, Wang Y, Pöschl U. Global organic and inorganic aerosol hygroscopicity and its effect on radiative forcing. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6139. [PMID: 37783680 PMCID: PMC10545666 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41695-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The climate effects of atmospheric aerosol particles serving as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) depend on chemical composition and hygroscopicity, which are highly variable on spatial and temporal scales. Here we present global CCN measurements, covering diverse environments from pristine to highly polluted conditions. We show that the effective aerosol hygroscopicity, κ, can be derived accurately from the fine aerosol mass fractions of organic particulate matter (ϵorg) and inorganic ions (ϵinorg) through a linear combination, κ = ϵorg ⋅ κorg + ϵinorg ⋅ κinorg. In spite of the chemical complexity of organic matter, its hygroscopicity is well captured and represented by a global average value of κorg = 0.12 ± 0.02 with κinorg = 0.63 ± 0.01 as the corresponding value for inorganic ions. By showing that the sensitivity of global climate forcing to changes in κorg and κinorg is small, we constrain a critically important aspect of global climate modelling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira L Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany.
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Christopher Pöhlker
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Johannes Quaas
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Mülmenstädt
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Andrea Pozzer
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate and Atmosphere Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Meinrat O Andreae
- Biogeochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Paulo Artaxo
- Instituto de Física, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Karoline Block
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig Institute for Meteorology, Leipzig University, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hugh Coe
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Barbara Ervens
- Université Clermont Auvergne, CNRS, Institut de Chimie de Clermont-Ferrand, 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Peter Gallimore
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Cassandra J Gaston
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - Sachin S Gunthe
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
- Center for Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Silvia Henning
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Ovid O Krüger
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Gordon McFiggans
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
| | - Laurent Poulain
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Subha S Raj
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Environmental Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Ernesto Reyes-Villegas
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- School of Engineering and Sciences, Tecnologico de Monterrey, Guadalajara, 45201, Mexico
| | - Haley M Royer
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33149-1031, USA
| | - David Walter
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
- Climate Geochemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
| | - Yuan Wang
- Atmospheric Microphysics Department, Leibniz Institute for Tropospheric Research, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Western Ecological Safety, Lanzhou University, 730000, Lanzhou, China
| | - Ulrich Pöschl
- Multiphase Chemistry Department, Max Planck Institute for Chemistry, 55128, Mainz, Germany
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14
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Hefets Y, Haspel C. Flexible scattering order formulation of the discrete dipole approximation. APPLIED OPTICS 2023; 62:6093-6105. [PMID: 37707076 DOI: 10.1364/ao.496245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 07/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
The discrete dipole approximation (DDA) is a well-known method for computation of the scattering of light from nonspherical particles. Here, we present a new scattering order formulation (SOF) of the DDA that allows the user to represent the scattering particle with higher flexibility than in conventional DDAs, while the computer memory required always scales as O(N). In our new SOF, the user can locate each dipole independently, or off-grid, in space, assign each dipole a unique size and a unique dipole shape as appropriate, and assign each dipole a unique magnetoelectric polarizability with no constraints. The cost of this flexibility is that the computation time is increased from O(N l o g N) to O(N 2). To compensate, our model allows the user to vary the range of dipole interaction in a unique manner. We find that, in cases in which the scatterer has at least one dimension that is sufficiently small compared with the wavelength, a relatively small number of iterations is required for convergence of the simulation, and in addition, a small dipole interaction range can be invoked to reduce the computation time to O(N) while still producing results that are sufficiently accurate.
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15
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Deal A, Smith AE, Oyala KM, Campolo GH, Rugeley BE, Mose TA, Talley DL, Cooley CB, Rapf RJ. Infrared Reflection-Absorption Spectroscopy of α-Keto Acids at the Air-Water Interface: Effects of Chain Length and Headgroup on Environmentally Relevant Surfactant Films. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:4137-4151. [PMID: 37103984 PMCID: PMC10184673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c01266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
A variety of organic surfactants are found at air-water interfaces in natural environments, including on the surfaces of aqueous aerosols. The structure and morphology of these organic films can have profound impacts on material transfer between the gas and condensed phases, the optical properties of atmospheric aerosol, and chemical processing at air-water interfaces. Combined, these effects can have significant impacts on climate via radiative forcing, but our understanding of organic films at air-water interfaces is incomplete. Here, we examine the impact of the polar headgroup and alkyl tail length on the structure and morphology of organic monolayers at the air-water interfaces. First, we focus on the substituted carboxylic acids, α-keto acids, using Langmuir isotherms and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IR-RAS) to elucidate key structures and phase behaviors of α-keto acids with a range of surface activities. We show that the structure of α-keto acids, both soluble and insoluble, at water surfaces is a compromise between van der Waals interactions of the hydrocarbon tail and hydrogen bonding interactions involving the polar headgroup. Then, we use this new data set regarding α-keto acid films at water surfaces to examine the role of the polar headgroup on organic films using a similar substituted carboxylic acid (α-hydroxystearic acid), an unsubstituted carboxylic acid (stearic acid), and an alcohol (stearyl alcohol). We show that the polar headgroup and its hydrogen bonding interactions can significantly affect the orientation of amphiphiles at air-water interfaces. Here, we provide side-by-side comparisons of Langmuir isotherms and IR-RA spectra for a set of environmentally relevant organic amphiphiles with a range of alkyl tail lengths and polar headgroup structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra
M. Deal
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Abigail E. Smith
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Krista M. Oyala
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Giovanna H. Campolo
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Burgess E. Rugeley
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Tim A. Mose
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Denver L. Talley
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Christina B. Cooley
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Rapf
- Department
of Chemistry, Trinity University, San Antonio, Texas 78212, United States
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16
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Yu C, Liu T, Ge D, Nie W, Chi X, Ding A. Ionic Strength Enhances the Multiphase Oxidation Rate of Sulfur Dioxide by Ozone in Aqueous Aerosols: Implications for Sulfate Production in the Marine Atmosphere. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6609-6615. [PMID: 37040454 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c00212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Multiphase oxidation of sulfur dioxide (SO2) by ozone (O3) in alkaline sea salt aerosols is an important source of sulfate aerosols in the marine atmosphere. However, a recently reported low pH of fresh supermicron sea spray aerosols (mainly sea salt) would argue against the importance of this mechanism. Here, we investigated the impact of ionic strength on the kinetics of multiphase oxidation of SO2 by O3 in proxies of aqueous acidified sea salt aerosols with buffered pH of ∼4.0 via well-controlled flow tube experiments. We find that the sulfate formation rate for the O3 oxidation pathway proceeds 7.9 to 233 times faster under high ionic strength conditions of 2-14 mol kg-1 compared to the dilute bulk solutions. The ionic strength effect is likely to sustain the importance of multiphase oxidation of SO2 by O3 in sea salt aerosols in the marine atmosphere. Our results indicate that atmospheric models should consider the ionic strength effects on the multiphase oxidation of SO2 by O3 in sea salt aerosols to improve the predictions of the sulfate formation rate and the sulfate aerosol budget in the marine atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Yu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tengyu Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Dafeng Ge
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xuguang Chi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023, China
- Frontiers Science Center for Critical Earth Material Cycling, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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17
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Li Y, Zhou Y, Guo W, Zhang X, Huang Y, He E, Li R, Yan B, Wang H, Mei F, Liu M, Zhu Z. Molecular Imaging Reveals Two Distinct Mixing States of PM 2.5 Particles Sampled in a Typical Beijing Winter Pollution Case. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:6273-6283. [PMID: 37022139 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mixing states of aerosol particles are crucial for understanding the role of aerosols in influencing air quality and climate. However, a fundamental understanding of the complex mixing states is still lacking because most traditional analysis techniques only reveal bulk chemical and physical properties with limited surface and 3-D information. In this research, 3-D molecular imaging enabled by ToF-SIMS was used to elucidate the mixing states of PM2.5 samples obtained from a typical Beijing winter haze event. In light pollution cases, a thin organic layer covers separated inorganic particles; while in serious pollution cases, ion exchange and an organic-inorganic mixing surface on large-area particles were observed. The new results provide key 3-D molecular information of mixing states, which is highly potential for reducing uncertainty and bias in representing aerosol-cloud interactions in current Earth System Models and improving the understanding of aerosols on air quality and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Li
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Yadong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Wenxiao Guo
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Xin Zhang
- Physical and Computational Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Ye Huang
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Erkai He
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Runkui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System, Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Beizhan Yan
- Division of Geochemistry, Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory of Columbia University, Palisades, New York 10964, United States
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Fan Mei
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Geographic Information Science of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic Sciences, East China Normal University, 500 Dongchuan Road, Minhang District, Shanghai 200241, China
| | - Zihua Zhu
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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18
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Wohl C, Li Q, Cuevas CA, Fernandez RP, Yang M, Saiz-Lopez A, Simó R. Marine biogenic emissions of benzene and toluene and their contribution to secondary organic aerosols over the polar oceans. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd9031. [PMID: 36706174 PMCID: PMC9882975 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add9031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Reactive trace gas emissions from the polar oceans are poorly characterized, even though their effects on atmospheric chemistry and aerosol formation are crucial for assessing current and preindustrial aerosol forcing on climate. Here, we present seawater and atmospheric measurements of benzene and toluene, two gases typically associated with pollution, in the remote Southern Ocean and the Arctic marginal ice zone. Their distribution suggests a marine biogenic source. Calculated emission fluxes were 0.023 ± 0.030 (benzene) and 0.039 ± 0.036 (toluene) and 0.023 ± 0.028 (benzene) and 0.034 ± 0.041 (toluene) μmol m-2 day-1 for the Southern Ocean and the Arctic, respectively. Including these average emissions in a chemistry-climate model increased secondary organic aerosol mass concentrations only by 0.1% over the Arctic but by 7.7% over the Southern Ocean, with transient episodes of up to 77.3%. Climate models should consider the hitherto overlooked emissions of benzene and toluene from the polar oceans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charel Wohl
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Qinyi Li
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Carlos A. Cuevas
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafael P. Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza 5500, Argentina
| | - Mingxi Yang
- Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Plymouth PL1 3DH, UK
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, IQFR-CSIC, Madrid 28006, Spain
| | - Rafel Simó
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institut de Ciències del Mar, ICM-CSIC, Barcelona 08003, Catalonia, Spain
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19
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Chemistry-driven changes strongly influence climate forcing from vegetation emissions. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7202. [PMID: 36418337 PMCID: PMC9684129 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34944-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) affect climate via changes to aerosols, aerosol-cloud interactions (ACI), ozone and methane. BVOCs exhibit dependence on climate (causing a feedback) and land use but there remains uncertainty in their net climatic impact. One factor is the description of BVOC chemistry. Here, using the earth-system model UKESM1, we quantify chemistry's influence by comparing the response to doubling BVOC emissions in the pre-industrial with standard and state-of-science chemistry. The net forcing (feedback) is positive: ozone and methane increases and ACI changes outweigh enhanced aerosol scattering. Contrary to prior studies, the ACI response is driven by cloud droplet number concentration (CDNC) reductions from suppression of gas-phase SO2 oxidation. With state-of-science chemistry the feedback is 43% smaller as lower oxidant depletion yields smaller methane increases and CDNC decreases. This illustrates chemistry's significant influence on BVOC's climatic impact and the more complex pathways by which BVOCs influence climate than currently recognised.
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20
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Kaluarachchi C, Or VW, Lan Y, Hasenecz ES, Kim D, Madawala CK, Dorcé GP, Mayer KJ, Sauer JS, Lee C, Cappa CD, Bertram TH, Stone EA, Prather KA, Grassian VH, Tivanski AV. Effects of Atmospheric Aging Processes on Nascent Sea Spray Aerosol Physicochemical Properties. ACS EARTH & SPACE CHEMISTRY 2022; 6:2732-2744. [PMID: 36425339 PMCID: PMC9677592 DOI: 10.1021/acsearthspacechem.2c00258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The effects of atmospheric aging on single-particle nascent sea spray aerosol (nSSA) physicochemical properties, such as morphology, composition, phase state, and water uptake, are important to understanding their impacts on the Earth's climate. The present study investigates these properties by focusing on the aged SSA (size range of 0.1-0.6 μm) and comparing with a similar size range nSSA, both generated at a peak of a phytoplankton bloom during a mesocosm study. The aged SSAs were generated by exposing nSSA to OH radicals with exposures equivalent to 4-5 days of atmospheric aging. Complementary filter-based thermal optical analysis, atomic force microscopy (AFM), and AFM photothermal infrared spectroscopy were utilized. Both nSSA and aged SSA showed an increase in the organic mass fraction with decreasing particle sizes. In addition, aging results in a further increase of the organic mass fraction, which can be attributed to new particle formation and oxidation of volatile organic compounds followed by condensation on pre-existing particles. The results are consistent with single-particle measurements that showed a relative increase in the abundance of aged SSA core-shells with significantly higher organic coating thickness, relative to nSSA. Increased hygroscopicity was observed for aged SSA core-shells, which had more oxygenated organic species. Rounded nSSA and aged SSA had similar hygroscopicity and no apparent changes in the composition. The observed changes in aged SSA physicochemical properties showed a significant size-dependence and particle-to-particle variability. Overall, results showed that the atmospheric aging can significantly influence the nSSA physicochemical properties, thus altering the SSA effects on the climate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Victor W. Or
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Yiling Lan
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Elias S. Hasenecz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Deborah Kim
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Chamika K. Madawala
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Glorianne P. Dorcé
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kathryn J. Mayer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Jonathan S. Sauer
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cappa
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Elizabeth A. Stone
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A. Prather
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Vicki H. Grassian
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps
Institution of Oceanography, University
of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Alexei V. Tivanski
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
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21
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Huusko L, Modak A, Mauritsen T. Stronger Response to the Aerosol Indirect Effect Due To Cooling in Remote Regions. GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH LETTERS 2022; 49:e2022GL101184. [PMID: 36589776 PMCID: PMC9788190 DOI: 10.1029/2022gl101184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
It is often assumed that effective radiative forcings, regardless of forcing agent, are additive in the temperature change. Using climate model simulations with abruptly applied aerosol forcing we find that the temperature response per unit forcing is larger if induced by aerosol-cloud interactions than directly by aerosols. The spatial patterns of forcing and temperature change show that aerosol-cloud interactions induce cooling over remote oceans in the extratropics, whereas the effect of increased emissions is localized around the emission sources primarily over tropical land. The results are consistent with ideas of how the patterns of sea surface temperature impact radiative feedbacks, and a large forcing efficacy of aerosol-cloud interactions could help explain previously observed intermodel spread in the response to aerosols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linnea Huusko
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
| | - Angshuman Modak
- Department of MeteorologyStockholm UniversityStockholmSweden
- Now at Interdisciplinary Programme in Climate StudiesIndian Institute of Technology BombayMumbaiIndia
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22
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Alpert PA, Kilthau WP, O’Brien RE, Moffet RC, Gilles MK, Wang B, Laskin A, Aller JY, Knopf DA. Ice-nucleating agents in sea spray aerosol identified and quantified with a holistic multimodal freezing model. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabq6842. [PMID: 36322651 PMCID: PMC9629709 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abq6842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sea spray aerosol (SSA) is a widely recognized important source of ice-nucleating particles (INPs) in the atmosphere. However, composition-specific identification, nucleation processes, and ice nucleation rates of SSA-INPs have not been well constrained. Microspectroscopic characterization of ambient and laboratory-generated SSA confirms that water-borne exudates from planktonic microorganisms composed of a mixture of proteinaceous and polysaccharidic compounds act as ice-nucleating agents (INAs). These data and data from previously published mesocosm and wave channel studies are subsequently used to further develop the stochastic freezing model (SFM) producing ice nucleation rate coefficients for SSA-INPs. The SFM simultaneously predicts immersion freezing and deposition and homogeneous ice nucleation by SSA particles under tropospheric conditions. Predicted INP concentrations agree with ambient and laboratory measurements. In addition, this holistic freezing model is independent of the source and exact composition of the SSA particles, making it well suited for implementation in cloud and climate models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter A. Alpert
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Laboratory for Environmental Chemistry, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Wendy P. Kilthau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Rachel E. O’Brien
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Chemistry, College of William & Mary, Williamsburg, VA 23185, USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Ryan C. Moffet
- Department of Chemistry, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA 95211, USA
- Sonoma Technology, Petaluma, CA 94954, USA
| | - Mary K. Gilles
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Bingbing Wang
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Alexander Laskin
- W. R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, WA 99352, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Josephine Y. Aller
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Daniel A. Knopf
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
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23
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Abstract
Ship tracks have long been studied as a clear manifestation of broader anthropogenic aerosol effects, but typically only in specific regions or for relatively short periods of time. Now, with the help of a machine-learning algorithm we have detected all of the tracks across the world’s oceans over two decades—more than 1 million in total. This allows us to determine where tracks are more likely to form and the sensitivity of clouds to such perturbations. Crucially, we see a sharp reduction in tracks due to the more stringent ship emission regulations since 2020. This constitutes clear evidence of a global cloud response to environmental regulations despite no such change being observed in other cloud properties. Global shipping accounts for 13% of global emissions of SO2, which, once oxidized to sulfate aerosol, acts to cool the planet both directly by scattering sunlight and indirectly by increasing the albedo of clouds. This cooling due to sulfate aerosol offsets some of the warming effect of greenhouse gasses and is the largest uncertainty in determining the change in the Earth’s radiative balance by human activity. Ship tracks—the visible manifestation of the indirect of effect of ship emissions on clouds as quasi-linear features—have long provided an opportunity to quantify these effects. However, they have been arduous to catalog and typically studied only in particular regions for short periods of time. Using a machine-learning algorithm to automate their detection we catalog more than 1 million ship tracks to provide a global climatology. We use this to investigate the effect of stringent fuel regulations introduced by the International Maritime Organization in 2020 on their global prevalence since then, while accounting for the disruption in global commerce caused by COVID-19. We find a marked, but clearly nonlinear, decline in ship tracks globally: An 80% reduction in SOx emissions causes only a 25% reduction in the number of tracks detected.
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24
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Shen J, Scholz W, He XC, Zhou P, Marie G, Wang M, Marten R, Surdu M, Rörup B, Baalbaki R, Amorim A, Ataei F, Bell DM, Bertozzi B, Brasseur Z, Caudillo L, Chen D, Chu B, Dada L, Duplissy J, Finkenzeller H, Granzin M, Guida R, Heinritzi M, Hofbauer V, Iyer S, Kemppainen D, Kong W, Krechmer JE, Kürten A, Lamkaddam H, Lee CP, Lopez B, Mahfouz NGA, Manninen HE, Massabò D, Mauldin RL, Mentler B, Müller T, Pfeifer J, Philippov M, Piedehierro AA, Roldin P, Schobesberger S, Simon M, Stolzenburg D, Tham YJ, Tomé A, Umo NS, Wang D, Wang Y, Weber SK, Welti A, Wollesen de Jonge R, Wu Y, Zauner-Wieczorek M, Zust F, Baltensperger U, Curtius J, Flagan RC, Hansel A, Möhler O, Petäjä T, Volkamer R, Kulmala M, Lehtipalo K, Rissanen M, Kirkby J, El-Haddad I, Bianchi F, Sipilä M, Donahue NM, Worsnop DR. High Gas-Phase Methanesulfonic Acid Production in the OH-Initiated Oxidation of Dimethyl Sulfide at Low Temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:13931-13944. [PMID: 36137236 PMCID: PMC9535848 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c05154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) influences climate via cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) formation resulting from its oxidation products (mainly methanesulfonic acid, MSA, and sulfuric acid, H2SO4). Despite their importance, accurate prediction of MSA and H2SO4 from DMS oxidation remains challenging. With comprehensive experiments carried out in the Cosmics Leaving Outdoor Droplets (CLOUD) chamber at CERN, we show that decreasing the temperature from +25 to -10 °C enhances the gas-phase MSA production by an order of magnitude from OH-initiated DMS oxidation, while H2SO4 production is modestly affected. This leads to a gas-phase H2SO4-to-MSA ratio (H2SO4/MSA) smaller than one at low temperatures, consistent with field observations in polar regions. With an updated DMS oxidation mechanism, we find that methanesulfinic acid, CH3S(O)OH, MSIA, forms large amounts of MSA. Overall, our results reveal that MSA yields are a factor of 2-10 higher than those predicted by the widely used Master Chemical Mechanism (MCMv3.3.1), and the NOx effect is less significant than that of temperature. Our updated mechanism explains the high MSA production rates observed in field observations, especially at low temperatures, thus, substantiating the greater importance of MSA in the natural sulfur cycle and natural CCN formation. Our mechanism will improve the interpretation of present-day and historical gas-phase H2SO4/MSA measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Shen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Wiebke Scholz
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Xu-Cheng He
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Putian Zhou
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Guillaume Marie
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Mingyi Wang
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Ruby Marten
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Mihnea Surdu
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Birte Rörup
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rima Baalbaki
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Antonio Amorim
- CENTRA
and Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, 1749-016 Campo
Grande, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Farnoush Ataei
- Leibniz
Institute for Tropospheric Research, Permoserstrasse 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - David M. Bell
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Bertozzi
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Zoé Brasseur
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lucía Caudillo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dexian Chen
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Biwu Chu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Lubna Dada
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan Duplissy
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Henning Finkenzeller
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Manuel Granzin
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roberto Guida
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Martin Heinritzi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Victoria Hofbauer
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Siddharth Iyer
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Deniz Kemppainen
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Weimeng Kong
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | | | - Andreas Kürten
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Houssni Lamkaddam
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Chuan Ping Lee
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Brandon Lopez
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Naser G. A. Mahfouz
- Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, Princeton
University, Princeton, New Jersey 08540, United States
| | - Hanna E. Manninen
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Dario Massabò
- Department
of Physics, University of Genoa & INFN, 16146 Genoa, Italy
| | - Roy L. Mauldin
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Bernhard Mentler
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Tatjana Müller
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Joschka Pfeifer
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Maxim Philippov
- P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Ana A. Piedehierro
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Lund University, 22100 Lund, Sweden
| | | | - Mario Simon
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Dominik Stolzenburg
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Yee Jun Tham
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- School of Marine Sciences, Sun Yat-sen
University, 519082 Zhuhai, China
| | - António Tomé
- Institute Infante Dom Luíz, University
of Beira Interior, 6200-001 Covilhã, Portugal
| | - Nsikanabasi Silas Umo
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Dongyu Wang
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Yonghong Wang
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefan K. Weber
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - André Welti
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | - Yusheng Wu
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marcel Zauner-Wieczorek
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Felix Zust
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Urs Baltensperger
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Joachim Curtius
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Richard C. Flagan
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Armin Hansel
- Institute
of Ion Physics and Applied Physics, University
of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ottmar Möhler
- Institute
of Meteorology and Climate Research, Karlsruhe
Institute of Technology, 76344 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tuukka Petäjä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Rainer Volkamer
- Department
of Chemistry and Cooperative Institute for Research in the Environmental
Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Markku Kulmala
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Helsinki
Institute of Physics, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Joint
International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System
Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, 210023 Nanjing, China
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Beijing Advanced Innovation
Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, 100029 Beijing, China
| | - Katrianne Lehtipalo
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Finnish Meteorological Institute, Erik Palmenin aukio 1, 00560 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Matti Rissanen
- Aerosol Physics
Laboratory, Physics Unit, Faculty of Engineering
and Natural Sciences, Tampere University, 33014 Tampere, Finland
| | - Jasper Kirkby
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- CERN, the European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-1211 Geneva
23, Switzerland
| | - Imad El-Haddad
- Laboratory
of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer
Institute, CH-5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Federico Bianchi
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Sipilä
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Neil M. Donahue
- Center
for Atmospheric Particle Studies, Carnegie
Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Carnegie Mellon
University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
- Department of Engineering and Public Policy, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213, United States
| | - Douglas R. Worsnop
- Institute
for Atmospheric and Earth System Research/Physics, Faculty of Science, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
- Aerodyne Research, Inc., Billerica, Massachusetts 01821, United States
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25
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Burney J, Persad G, Proctor J, Bendavid E, Burke M, Heft-Neal S. Geographically resolved social cost of anthropogenic emissions accounting for both direct and climate-mediated effects. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabn7307. [PMID: 36149961 PMCID: PMC9506714 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abn7307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude and distribution of physical and societal impacts from long-lived greenhouse gases are insensitive to the emission source location; the same is not true for major coemitted short-lived pollutants such as aerosols. Here, we combine novel global climate model simulations with established response functions to show that a given aerosol emission from different regions produces divergent air quality and climate changes and associated human system impacts, both locally and globally. The marginal global damages to infant mortality, crop productivity, and economic growth from aerosol emissions and their climate effects differ by more than an order of magnitude depending on source region, with certain regions creating global external climate changes and impacts much larger than those felt locally. The complex distributions of aerosol-driven societal impacts emerge from geographically distinct and region-specific aerosol-climate interactions, estimation of which is enabled by the full Earth System Modeling Framework used here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Burney
- School of Global Policy and Strategy, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Geeta Persad
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jonathan Proctor
- Center for the Environment and Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Eran Bendavid
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Marshall Burke
- Department of Earth System Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sam Heft-Neal
- Center on Food Security and the Environment, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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26
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Abundance and activity of sympagic viruses near the Western Antarctic Peninsula. Polar Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s00300-022-03073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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27
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DeRepentigny P, Jahn A, Holland MM, Kay JE, Fasullo J, Lamarque JF, Tilmes S, Hannay C, Mills MJ, Bailey DA, Barrett AP. Enhanced simulated early 21st century Arctic sea ice loss due to CMIP6 biomass burning emissions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabo2405. [PMID: 35895816 PMCID: PMC9328692 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abo2405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms underlying decadal variability in Arctic sea ice remain actively debated. Here, we show that variability in boreal biomass burning (BB) emissions strongly influences simulated Arctic sea ice on multidecadal time scales. In particular, we find that a strong acceleration in sea ice decline in the early 21st century in the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) is related to increased variability in prescribed BB emissions in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) through summertime aerosol-cloud interactions. Furthermore, we find that more than half of the reported improvement in sea ice sensitivity to CO2 emissions and global warming from CMIP5 to CMIP6 can be attributed to the increased BB variability, at least in the CESM. These results highlight a new kind of uncertainty that needs to be considered when incorporating new observational data into model forcing while also raising questions about the role of BB emissions on the observed Arctic sea ice loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia DeRepentigny
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Alexandra Jahn
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Institute of Arctic and Alpine Research, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Marika M. Holland
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jennifer E. Kay
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Cooperative Institute for Research in Environmental Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - John Fasullo
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Jean-François Lamarque
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Simone Tilmes
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Cécile Hannay
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Michael J. Mills
- Atmospheric Chemistry Observations and Modeling Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - David A. Bailey
- Climate and Global Dynamics Laboratory, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Andrew P. Barrett
- National Snow and Ice Data Center, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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28
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Climatic–Environmental Effects of Aerosols and Their Sensitivity to Aerosol Mixing States in East Asia in Winter. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14153539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
To establish the direct climatic and environmental effect of anthropogenic aerosols in East Asia in winter under external, internal, and partial internal mixing (EM, IM and PIM) states, a well-developed regional climate–chemical model RegCCMS is used by carrying out sensitive numerical simulations. Different aerosol mixing states yield different aerosol optical and radiative properties. The regional averaged EM aerosol single scattering albedo is approximately 1.4 times that of IM. The average aerosol effective radiative forcing in the atmosphere ranges from −0.35 to +1.40 W/m2 with increasing internal mixed aerosols. Due to the absorption of black carbon aerosol, lower air temperatures are increased, which likely weakens the EAWM circulations and makes the atmospheric boundary more stable. Consequently, substantial accumulations of aerosols further appear in most regions of China. This type of interaction will be intensified when more aerosols are internally mixed. Overall, the aerosol mixing states may be important for regional air pollution and climate change assessments. The different aerosol mixing states in East Asia in winter will result in a variation from 0.04 to 0.11 K for the averaged lower air temperature anomaly and from approximately 0.45 to 2.98 μg/m3 for the aerosol loading anomaly, respectively, due to the different mixing aerosols.
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29
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Dall'Osto M, Sotomayor-Garcia A, Cabrera-Brufau M, Berdalet E, Vaqué D, Zeppenfeld S, van Pinxteren M, Herrmann H, Wex H, Rinaldi M, Paglione M, Beddows D, Harrison R, Avila C, Martin-Martin RP, Park J, Barbosa A. Leaching material from Antarctic seaweeds and penguin guano affects cloud-relevant aerosol production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 831:154772. [PMID: 35364145 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/12/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Within the Southern Ocean, the greatest warming is occurring on the Antarctic Peninsula (AP) where clear cryospheric and biological consequences are being observed. Antarctic coastal systems harbour a high diversity of marine and terrestrial ecosystems heavily influenced by Antarctic seaweeds (benthonic macroalgae) and bird colonies (mainly penguins). Primary sea spray aerosols (SSA) formed by the outburst of bubbles via the sea-surface microlayer depend on the organic composition of the sea water surface. In order to gain insight into the influence of ocean biology and biogeochemistry on atmospheric aerosol, we performed in situ laboratory aerosol bubble chamber experiments to study the effect of different leachates of biogenic material - obtained from common Antarctic seaweeds as well as penguin guano - on primary SSA. The addition of different leachate materials on a seawater sample showed a dichotomous effect depending on the leachate material added - either suppressing (up to 52%) or enhancing (22-88%) aerosol particle production. We found high ice nucleating particle number concentrations resulting from addition of guano leachate material. Given the evolution of upper marine polar coastal ecosystems in the AP, further studies on ocean-atmosphere coupling are needed in order to represent the currently poorly understood climate feedback processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Dall'Osto
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain.
| | - Ana Sotomayor-Garcia
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Miguel Cabrera-Brufau
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Elisa Berdalet
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Dolors Vaqué
- Department of Marine Biology and Oceanography, Institute of Marine Sciences (CSIC), Pg. Marítim de la Barceloneta, 37-49, E-08003 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Sebastian Zeppenfeld
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Manuela van Pinxteren
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hartmut Herrmann
- Atmospheric Chemistry Department (ACD), Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Heike Wex
- Experimental Aerosol and Cloud Microphysics Department, Leibniz-Institute for Tropospheric Research (TROPOS), D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
| | - Marco Paglione
- National Research Council, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate, Bologna, Italy
| | - David Beddows
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Roy Harrison
- National Centre for Atmospheric Science Division of Environmental Health & Risk Management School of Geography, Earth & Environmental Sciences University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
| | - Conxita Avila
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael P Martin-Martin
- Department of Evolutionary Biology, Ecology, and Environmental Sciences, University of Barcelona & Biodiversity Research Institute (IRBio), Av. Diagonal 643, 08028 Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, 26 Songdomirae-ro, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon 21990, South Korea
| | - Andrés Barbosa
- Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva, Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales, CSIC, C/José Gutiérrez Abascal, 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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30
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Crocker DR, Kaluarachchi CP, Cao R, Dinasquet J, Franklin EB, Morris CK, Amiri S, Petras D, Nguyen T, Torres RR, Martz TR, Malfatti F, Goldstein AH, Tivanski AV, Prather KA, Thiemens MH. Isotopic Insights into Organic Composition Differences between Supermicron and Submicron Sea Spray Aerosol. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9947-9958. [PMID: 35763461 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c02154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the seawater biological and physicochemical factors driving differences in organic composition between supermicron and submicron sea spray aerosol (SSAsuper and SSAsub), carbon isotopic composition (δ13C) measurements were performed on size-segregated, nascent SSA collected during a phytoplankton bloom mesocosm experiment. The δ13C measurements indicate that SSAsuper contains a mixture of particulate and dissolved organic material in the bulk seawater. After phytoplankton growth, a greater amount of freshly produced carbon was observed in SSAsuper with the proportional contribution being modulated by bacterial activity, emphasizing the importance of the microbial loop in controlling the organic composition of SSAsuper. Conversely, SSAsub exhibited no apparent relationship with biological activity but tracked closely with surface tension measurements probing the topmost ∼0.2-1.5 μm of the sea surface microlayer. This probing depth is similar to a bubble's film thickness at the ocean surface, suggesting that SSAsub organic composition may be influenced by the presence of surfactants at the air-sea interface that are transferred into SSAsub by bubble bursting. Our findings illustrate the substantial impact of seawater dynamics on the pronounced organic compositional differences between SSAsuper and SSAsub and demonstrate that these two SSA populations should be considered separately when assessing their contribution to marine aerosols and climate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | | | - Ruochen Cao
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Tran Nguyen
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Ralph R Torres
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- University of Trieste, Trieste 34100, Italy
- OGS (Istituto Nazionale di Oceanografia e di Geofisica Sperimentale), Trieste 34100, Italy
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Mark H Thiemens
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
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31
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Holopainen E, Kokkola H, Faiola C, Laakso A, Kühn T. Insect Herbivory Caused Plant Stress Emissions Increases the Negative Radiative Forcing of Aerosols. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2022JD036733. [PMID: 36249538 PMCID: PMC9540253 DOI: 10.1029/2022jd036733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Plant stress in a changing climate is predicted to increase plant volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions and thus can affect the formed secondary organic aerosol (SOA) concentrations, which in turn affect the radiative properties of clouds and aerosol. However, global aerosol-climate models do not usually consider plant stress induced VOCs in their emission schemes. In this study, we modified the monoterpene emission factors in biogenic emission model to simulate biotic stress caused by insect herbivory on needleleaf evergreen boreal and broadleaf deciduous boreal trees and studied the consequent effects on SOA formation, aerosol-cloud interactions as well as direct radiative effects of formed SOA. Simulations were done altering the fraction of stressed and healthy trees in the latest version of ECHAM-HAMMOZ (ECHAM6.3-HAM2.3-MOZ1.0) global aerosol-climate model. Our simulations showed that increasing the extent of stress to the aforementioned tree types, substantially increased the SOA burden especially over the areas where these trees are located. This indicates that increased VOC emissions due to increasing stress enhance the SOA formation via oxidation of VOCs to low VOCs. In addition, cloud droplet number concentration at the cloud top increased with increasing extent of biotic stress. This indicates that as SOA formation increases, it further enhances the number of particles acting as cloud condensation nuclei. The increase in SOA formation also decreased both all-sky and clear-sky radiative forcing. This was due to a shift in particle size distributions that enhanced aerosol reflecting and scattering of incoming solar radiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Holopainen
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
- Aerosol Physics Research GroupUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
| | - H. Kokkola
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
| | - C. Faiola
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of California IrvineIrvineCAUSA
| | - A. Laakso
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
| | - T. Kühn
- Atmospheric Research Centre of Eastern FinlandFinnish Meteorological InstituteKuopioFinland
- Aerosol Physics Research GroupUniversity of Eastern FinlandKuopioFinland
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32
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Peterson BN, Alfieri ME, Hood DJ, Hettwer CD, Costantino DV, Tabor DP, Kidwell NM. Solvent-Mediated Charge Transfer Dynamics of a Model Brown Carbon Aerosol Chromophore: Photophysics of 1-Phenylpyrrole Induced by Water Solvation. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4313-4325. [PMID: 35776530 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Nitrogen heterocycles are known to be important light-absorbing chromophores in a newly discovered class of aerosols, commonly referred to as "brown carbon" (BrC) aerosols. Due to their significant absorption and spectral overlap with the solar actinic flux, these BrC chromophores steer the physical and optical properties of aerosols. To model the local aqueous solvation environment surrounding BrC chromophores, we generated cold molecular complexes with water and a prototypical BrC chromophore, 1-phenylpyrrole (1PhPy), using supersonic jet-cooling and explored their intermolecular interactions using single-conformation spectroscopy. Herein, we utilized resonant two-photon ionization (R2PI) and UV holeburning (UV HB) double-resonance spectroscopies to obtain a molecular-level understanding of the role of water microsolvation in charge transfer upon photoexcitation of 1PhPy. Quantum chemical calculations and one-dimensional discrete variable representation simulations revealed insights into the charge transfer efficacy of 1PhPy with and without addition of a single water molecule. Taken together, our results indicate that the intermolecular interactions with water guide the geometry of 1PhPy to adopt a more twisted intramolecular charge transfer (TICT) configuration, thus facilitating charge transfer from the pyrrole donor to the phenyl ring acceptor. Furthermore, the water network surrounding 1PhPy reports on the charge transfer such that the H2O solvent primarily interacts with the pyrrole ring donor in the ground state, whereas it preferentially interacts with the phenyl ring acceptor in the excited state. Large Franck-Condon activity is evident in the 1PhPy + 1H2O excitation spectrum for the water-migration vibronic bands, supporting H2O solvent reorganization upon excitation of the 1PhPy chromophore. Fluorescence measurements with increasing H2O % volume corroborated our gas-phase studies by indicating that a polar water solvation environment stabilizes the TICT configuration of 1PhPy in the excited electronic state, from which emission is observed at a lower energy compared to the locally excited configuration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brianna N Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Megan E Alfieri
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - David J Hood
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Christian D Hettwer
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Daniel V Costantino
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
| | - Daniel P Tabor
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Nathanael M Kidwell
- Department of Chemistry, The College of William and Mary, Williamsburg, Virginia 23187-8795, United States
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33
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Jernigan CM, Cappa CD, Bertram TH. Reactive Uptake of Hydroperoxymethyl Thioformate to Sodium Chloride and Sodium Iodide Aerosol Particles. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:4476-4481. [PMID: 35764531 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The oxidation products of dimethyl sulfide (DMS) contribute to the production and growth of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) in the marine boundary layer. Recent work demonstrates that DMS is oxidized by OH radicals to the stable intermediate hydroperoxymethyl thioformate (HPMTF), which is both globally ubiquitous and efficiently lost to multiphase processes in the marine atmosphere. At present, there are no experimental measurements of the reactive uptake of HPMTF to aerosol particles, limiting model implementation of multiphase HPMTF chemistry. Using an entrained aerosol flow reactor combined with chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS), we measured the reactive uptake coefficient (γ) of HPMTF to dry sodium chloride (NaCl), wet NaCl, and wet sodium iodide (NaI) particles to be (1.9 ± 1.3) × 10-4, (1.6 ± 0.6) × 10-3, and (9.2 ± 2.3) × 10-1, respectively. While we did not directly measure the condensed-phase products of HPMTF reactive uptake in this experiment, the ionization products observed in the CIMS instrument provide mechanistic insight on the reaction mechanism of HPMTF with halides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher M Jernigan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, 95616, California United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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34
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Olenius T, Roldin P. Role of gas-molecular cluster-aerosol dynamics in atmospheric new-particle formation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:10135. [PMID: 35710742 PMCID: PMC9203563 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14525-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
New-particle formation from vapors through molecular cluster formation is a central process affecting atmospheric aerosol and cloud condensation nuclei numbers, and a significant source of uncertainty in assessments of aerosol radiative forcing. While advances in experimental and computational methods provide improved assessments of particle formation rates from different species, the standard approach to implement these data in aerosol models rests on highly simplifying assumptions concerning gas-cluster-aerosol dynamics. To quantify the effects of the simplifications, we develop an open-source tool for explicitly simulating the dynamics of the complete particle size spectrum from vapor molecules and molecular clusters to larger aerosols for multi-compound new-particle formation. We demonstrate that the simplified treatment is a reasonable approximation for particle formation from weakly clustering chemical compounds, but results in overprediction of particle numbers and of the contribution of new-particle formation to cloud condensation nuclei for strongly clustering, low-concentration trace gases. The new explicit approach circumvents these issues, thus enabling robust model-measurement comparisons, improved assessment of the importance of different particle formation agents, and construction of optimal simplifications for large-scale models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tinja Olenius
- Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute, 60176, Norrköping, Sweden.
| | - Pontus Roldin
- Division of Nuclear Physics, Department of Physics, Lund University, P. O. Box 118, 221 00, Lund, Sweden
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35
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Conibear L, Reddington CL, Silver BJ, Chen Y, Knote C, Arnold SR, Spracklen DV. Sensitivity of Air Pollution Exposure and Disease Burden to Emission Changes in China Using Machine Learning Emulation. GEOHEALTH 2022; 6:e2021GH000570. [PMID: 35765412 PMCID: PMC9207901 DOI: 10.1029/2021gh000570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Machine learning models can emulate chemical transport models, reducing computational costs and enabling more experimentation. We developed emulators to predict annual-mean fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and ozone (O3) concentrations and their associated chronic health impacts from changes in five major emission sectors (residential, industrial, land transport, agriculture, and power generation) in China. The emulators predicted 99.9% of the variance in PM2.5 and O3 concentrations. We used these emulators to estimate how emission reductions can attain air quality targets. In 2015, we estimate that PM2.5 exposure was 47.4 μg m-3 and O3 exposure was 43.8 ppb, associated with 2,189,700 (95% uncertainty interval, 95UI: 1,948,000-2,427,300) premature deaths per year, primarily from PM2.5 exposure (98%). PM2.5 exposure and the associated disease burden were most sensitive to industry and residential emissions. We explore the sensitivity of exposure and health to different combinations of emission reductions. The National Air Quality Target (35 μg m-3) for PM2.5 concentrations can be attained nationally with emission reductions of 72% in industrial, 57% in residential, 36% in land transport, 35% in agricultural, and 33% in power generation emissions. We show that complete removal of emissions from these five sectors does not enable the attainment of the WHO Annual Guideline (5 μg m-3) due to remaining air pollution from other sources. Our work provides the first assessment of how air pollution exposure and disease burden in China varies as emissions change across these five sectors and highlights the value of emulators in air quality research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Conibear
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Carly L. Reddington
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ben J. Silver
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Ying Chen
- College of EngineeringMathematics and Physical SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
| | | | - Stephen R. Arnold
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
| | - Dominick V. Spracklen
- School of Earth and EnvironmentInstitute for Climate and Atmospheric ScienceUniversity of LeedsLeedsUK
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36
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Watts T, Brugger SO. Paleofire Data for Public Health Nursing Wildfire Planning: A Planetary Perspective. Am J Public Health 2022; 112:S241-S244. [PMID: 35679548 PMCID: PMC9184895 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.2022.306760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Theresa Watts
- Theresa Watts is with the Orvis School of Nursing, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV. Sandra O. Bruegger is with the Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
| | - Sandra O Brugger
- Theresa Watts is with the Orvis School of Nursing, University of Nevada, Reno, Reno, NV. Sandra O. Bruegger is with the Division of Hydrologic Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, NV
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Mansour K, Rinaldi M, Preißler J, Decesari S, Ovadnevaite J, Ceburnis D, Paglione M, Facchini MC, O'Dowd C. Phytoplankton Impact on Marine Cloud Microphysical Properties Over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. JOURNAL OF GEOPHYSICAL RESEARCH. ATMOSPHERES : JGR 2022; 127:e2021JD036355. [PMID: 35860437 PMCID: PMC9285769 DOI: 10.1029/2021jd036355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 04/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The current understanding of the impact of natural cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) variability on cloud properties in marine air is low, thus contributing to climate prediction uncertainty. By analyzing cloud remote sensing observations (2009-2015) at Mace Head (west coast of Ireland), we show the oceanic biota impact on the microphysical properties of stratiform clouds over the Northeast Atlantic Ocean. During spring to summer (seasons of enhanced oceanic biological activity), clouds typically host a higher number of smaller droplets resulting from increased aerosol number concentration in the CCN relevant-size range. The induced increase in cloud droplet number concentration (+100%) and decrease in their radius (-14%) are comparable in magnitude to that generated by the advection of anthropogenically influenced air masses over the background marine boundary layer. Cloud water content and albedo respond to marine CCN perturbations with positive adjustments, making clouds brighter as the number of droplets increases. Cloud susceptibility to marine aerosols overlaps with a large variability of cloud macrophysical and optical properties primarily affected by the meteorological conditions. The above findings suggest the existence of a potential feedback mechanism between marine biota and the marine cloud-climate system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karam Mansour
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
- Oceanography Department, Faculty of ScienceAlexandria UniversityAlexandriaEgypt
| | - Matteo Rinaldi
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | | | - Stefano Decesari
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Jurgita Ovadnevaite
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Darius Ceburnis
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - Marco Paglione
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Maria C. Facchini
- Italian National Research Council ‐ Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate (CNR‐ISAC)BolognaItaly
| | - Colin O'Dowd
- School of PhysicsRyan Institute's Centre for Climate and Air Pollution StudiesNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
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38
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Fan W, Chen T, Zhu Z, Zhang H, Qiu Y, Yin D. A review of secondary organic aerosols formation focusing on organosulfates and organic nitrates. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 430:128406. [PMID: 35149506 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.128406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are crucial constitution of fine particulate matter (PM), which are mainly derived from photochemical oxidation products of primary organic matter and volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and can induce terrible impacts to human health, air quality and climate change. As we know, organosulfates (OSs) and organic nitrates (ON) are important contributors for SOA formation, which could be possibly produced through various pathways, resulting in extremely complex formation mechanism of SOA. Although plenty of research has been focused on the origins, spatial distribution and formation mechanisms of SOA, a comprehensive and systematic understanding of SOA formation in the atmosphere remains to be detailed explored, especially the most important OSs and ON dedications. Thus, in this review, we systematically summarize the recent research about origins and formation mechanisms of OSs and ON, and especially focus on their contribution to SOA, so as to have a clearer understanding of the origin, spatial distribution and formation principle of SOA. Importantly, we interpret the complex interaction with coexistence effect of SOx and NOx on SOA formation, and emphasize the future insights for SOA research to expect a more comprehensive theory and practice to alleviate SOA burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wulve Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ting Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zhiliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Hua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yanling Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Safety, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Aruffo E, Wang J, Ye J, Ohno P, Qin Y, Stewart M, McKinney K, Di Carlo P, Martin ST. Partitioning of Organonitrates in the Production of Secondary Organic Aerosols from α-Pinene Photo-Oxidation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:5421-5429. [PMID: 35413185 PMCID: PMC9069682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The chemical pathways for the production of secondary organic aerosols (SOA) are influenced by the concentration of nitrogen oxides (NOx), including the production of organonitrates (ON). Herein, a series of experiments conducted in an environmental chamber investigated the production and partitioning of total organonitrates from α-pinene photo-oxidation from <1 to 24 ppb NOx. Gas-phase and particle-phase organonitrates (gON and pON, respectively) were measured by laser-induced fluorescence (LIF). The composition of the particle phase and the particle mass concentration were simultaneously characterized by online aerosol mass spectrometry. The LIF and MS measurements of pON concentrations had a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.91 from 0.3 to 1.1 μg m-3. For 1-6 ppb NOx, the yield of SOA particle mass concentration increased from 0.02 to 0.044 with NOx concentration. For >6 ppb NOx, the yield steadily dropped, reaching 0.034 at 24 ppb NOx. By comparison, the yield of pON steadily increased from 0.002 to 0.022 across the range of investigated NOx concentrations. The yield of gON likewise increased from 0.005 to 0.148. The gas-to-particle partitioning ratio (pON/(pON + gON)) depended strongly on the NOx concentration, changing from 0.27 to 0.13 as the NOx increased from <1 to 24 ppb. In the atmosphere, there is typically a cross-over point between clean and polluted conditions that strongly affects SOA production, and the results herein quantitatively identify 6 ppb NOx as that point for α-pinene photo-oxidation under these study conditions, including the production and partitioning of organonitrates. The trends in SOA yield and partitioning ratio as a function of NOx occur because of the changes in pON volatility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Aruffo
- Department
of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
- Center
for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Junfeng Wang
- Jiangsu
Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution
Control, Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment
and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 211544, China
| | - Jianhuai Ye
- School
of Environmental Science & Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 5180551, China
| | - Paul Ohno
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Yiming Qin
- Department
of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
| | - Matthew Stewart
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
| | - Karena McKinney
- Department
of Chemistry, Colby College, Waterville, Maine 04901, United States
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Department
of Advanced Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, University “G. d’Annunzio” of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti 66100, Italy
- Center
for Advanced Studies and Technology-CAST, Chieti 66100, Italy
| | - Scot T. Martin
- School
of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
- Department
of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Harvard
University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, United States
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Shu Z, Zhao T, Liu Y, Zhang L, Ma X, Kuang X, Li Y, Huo Z, Ding Q, Sun X, Shen L. Impact of deep basin terrain on PM 2.5 distribution and its seasonality over the Sichuan Basin, Southwest China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 300:118944. [PMID: 35121013 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2021] [Revised: 01/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The terrain effect on atmospheric environment is poorly understood in particular for the polluted region with underlying complex topography. Therefore, this study targeted the Sichuan Basin (SCB), a deep basin with severe PM2.5 pollution enclosed by the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP), Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus (YGP) and mountains over Southwest China, and we investigated the terrain effect on seasonal PM2.5 distribution and the meteorological mechanism based on the WRF-Chem simulation with stuffing the basin topography. It is characterized that the three-dimensional distribution of topography-induced PM2.5 concentrations over the SCB with the seasonal shift of regional PM2.5 averages from approximately 30 μg m-3 in summer to 90 μg m-3 in winter at surface layer and from summertime 10 μg m-3 to wintertime 30 μg m-3 in the lower free troposphere. Such basin-forced PM2.5 changes presented the vertically monotonical declines concentrated within the lower troposphere below 3.6 km in spring, 2.3 km in summer, 2.6 km in autumn and 4.8 km in winter. Impacts of deep basin aggravated PM2.5 accumulation within the SCB and transport toward the surrounding plateaus contributing approximately 50-90% to PM2.5 levels over the regions of eastern TP and northern YGP. In the SCB, atmospheric thermal structure in the lower troposphere could build a vertical convergence layer between the boundary layer and free troposphere, acting as a lid inhibiting air diffusion, which was regulated by the terrain effects on interactions of westerlies and Asian monsoons, especially the wintertime strong warm lid deteriorating air pollution in the SCB. Furthermore, warm and humid air conditions within the basin prompted sulfur oxidation ratio by +0.02 and nitrogen oxidation ratio by +0.22 effectively producing the secondary PM2.5 in atmospheric environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuozhi Shu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Tianliang Zhao
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Yubao Liu
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Xiaodan Ma
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiang Kuang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yang Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaoyang Huo
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - QiuJi Ding
- Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Xiaoyun Sun
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China; Precision Regional Earth Modeling and Information Center, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
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Blanco-Alegre C, Pont V, Calvo AI, Castro A, Oduber F, Pimienta-Del-Valle D, Fraile R. Links between aerosol radiative forcing and rain characteristics: Stratiform and convective precipitation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 819:152970. [PMID: 35007569 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.152970] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The radiative forcing before and after rain events was studied between 12 February 2016 and 14 March 2017 in León, Spain. For this purpose, the radiative forcing fluxes were calculated using the Radiative Transfer Model Global Atmospheric ModEl (RTM GAME). After the application of a set of selection criteria (based on the availability of AERONET data, rain characteristics and lightning maps), 16 stratiform rain events were identified, concentrated in spring and winter, and 15 convective rain events were found concentrated in spring and summer. Rainfall events were grouped according to the atmospheric forcing (ΔFATM) before rain: "low" or "high" (lower or higher than 30 W m-2). The threshold has been set at this value because it is the mean ΔFATM of all the selected events before rain. There were significant statistical differences between stratiform and convective events in rain duration, mean raindrop diameter and parameters a and b of radar reflectivity Z and rainfall intensity R relationship (Z = a Rb). When comparing "low" and "high" groups, raindrop diameter was similar in stratiform (0.51 ± 0.08 vs 0.48 ± 0.12 mm) and convective events (0.96 ± 0.98 vs 0.83 ± 0.63 mm), registering higher values for the latter. In stratiform events, the rain scavenging effect on aerosol particles is clearly observed in the "high" group with a decrease of radiative forcing of -27.0 ± 25.3%, and to a lesser extent, in the "low" group, probably because of a lower aerosol load in the atmosphere. In stratiform events, the mode of the raindrop size gamma distribution presented statistical differences between "low" (0.25 ± 0.13 mm) and "high" (0.35 ± 0.05 mm) groups. We claim that this points towards a relationship between radiative forcing before rain and the specific characteristics of rainfall measured at ground level. This study increases our knowledge on the important role of rainwater as a clean agent of the atmosphere and its impact on climate (through radiative forcing).
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blanco-Alegre
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - V Pont
- Université Toulouse III, Laboratoire d'Aérologie UMR 5560, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - A I Calvo
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - A Castro
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - F Oduber
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
| | - D Pimienta-Del-Valle
- Information Processing and Telecommunications Center, Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - R Fraile
- Department of Physics, IMARENAB University of León, 24071 León, Spain.
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Wang J, Xing J, Wang S, Mathur R, Wang J, Zhang Y, Liu C, Pleim J, Ding D, Chang X, Jiang J, Zhao P, Sahu SK, Jin Y, Wong DC, Hao J. The pathway of impacts of aerosol direct effects on secondary inorganic aerosol formation. ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS 2022; 22:5147-5156. [PMID: 36033648 PMCID: PMC9413026 DOI: 10.5194/acp-22-5147-2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Airborne aerosols reduce surface solar radiation through light scattering and absorption (aerosol direct effects, ADEs), influence regional meteorology, and further affect atmospheric chemical reactions and aerosol concentrations. The inhibition of turbulence and the strengthened atmospheric stability induced by ADEs increases surface primary aerosol concentration, but the pathway of ADE impacts on secondary aerosol is still unclear. In this study, the online coupled meteorological and chemistry model (WRF-CMAQ; Weather Research and Forecasting-Community Multiscale Air Quality) with integrated process analysis was applied to explore how ADEs affect secondary aerosol formation through changes in atmospheric dynamics and photolysis processes. The meteorological condition and air quality in the Jing-Jin-Ji area (denoted JJJ, including Beijing, Tianjin, and Hebei Province in China) in January and July 2013 were simulated to represent winter and summer conditions, respectively. Our results show that ADEs through the photolysis pathway inhibit sulfate formation during winter in the JJJ region and promote sulfate formation in July. The differences are attributed to the alteration of effective actinic flux affected by single-scattering albedo (SSA). ADEs through the dynamics pathway act as an equally or even more important route compared with the photolysis pathway in affecting secondary aerosol concentration in both summer and winter. ADEs through dynamics traps formed sulfate within the planetary boundary layer (PBL) which increases sulfate concentration in winter. Meanwhile, the impact of ADEs through dynamics is mainly reflected in the increase of gaseous-precursor concentrations within the PBL which enhances secondary aerosol formation in summer. For nitrate, reduced upward transport of precursors restrains the formation at high altitude and eventually lowers the nitrate concentration within the PBL in winter, while such weakened vertical transport of precursors increases nitrate concentration within the PBL in summer, since nitrate is mainly formed near the surface ground.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiandong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol and Cloud Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jia Xing
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Rohit Mathur
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jiaping Wang
- Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center for Climate Change, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yuqiang Zhang
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Chao Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol and Cloud Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jonathan Pleim
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Dian Ding
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Xing Chang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jingkun Jiang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Department of Health and Environmental Sciences, Xi’an Jiaotong-Liverpool University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Shovan Kumar Sahu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yuzhi Jin
- Key Laboratory of Aerosol and Cloud Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, School of Atmospheric Physics, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - David C. Wong
- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, USA
| | - Jiming Hao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Bouzidi H, Fayad L, Coeur C, Houzel N, Petitprez D, Faccinetto A, Wu J, Tomas A, Ondráček J, Schwarz J, Ždímal V, Zuend A. Hygroscopic growth and CCN activity of secondary organic aerosol produced from dark ozonolysis of γ-terpinene. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:153010. [PMID: 35026240 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The hygroscopic growth factor (GF) and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) particles produced during dark ozonolysis of γ-terpinene under different reaction conditions were investigated. The SOA particles were produced in the presence or absence of cyclohexane, an OH scavenger; 1,3,5-trimethylbenzene, an anthropogenic volatile organic compound; and (NH4)2SO4 seed particles. A hygroscopicity tandem differential mobility analyzer was used to determine the GFs of the SOA particles at RHs ≤ 93%. For some experiments, a CCN counter was used for size-resolved measurement of CCN activation at supersaturation (S) in the range of 0.1 to 1%. The single hygroscopicity parameter κ was derived from both the GF and CCN measurements. Under subsaturated conditions, all the SOA (except those in the presence of the (NH4)2SO4 seeds) showed small GF values. These GFs demonstrated that SOA mass loading affected the GF. A decrease in the SOA mass loading led to increased GF and corresponding κGFvalues. However, in a supersaturation regime, the SOA mass loading and the size of the particles did not significantly alter the CCN activity of the SOA. Our CCN measurements showed higher κCCN values (κCCN = 0.20-0.24) than those observed in most monoterpene ozonolysis studies (κCCN = 0.1-0.14). This difference may have been due to the presence of the two endocyclic double bonds in the γ-terpinene structure, which may have affected the SOA chemical composition, in contrast to monoterpenes that contain an exocyclic double bond. Our comparisons of sub- and supersaturated conditions showed a larger range of κ values than other experiments. Average κCCN/κGF ratios of ~7 and 14 were obtained in the unseeded SOA experiments at low and high SOA mass loadings, respectively. The average κCCN of 0.23 indicated that the SOA produced during ozonolysis of γ-terpinene exhibited fairly high CCN activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hichem Bouzidi
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France; Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic; IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France.
| | - Layal Fayad
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Cecile Coeur
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | - Nicolas Houzel
- Laboratoire de Physico-Chimie de l'Atmosphère, Université du Littoral Côte d'Opale, Dunkerque 59140, France
| | | | | | - Junteng Wu
- Univ. Lille, CNRS PC2A, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Alexandre Tomas
- IMT Lille Douai, Institut Mines-Télécom, Univ. Lille, Centre for Energy and Environment, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jakub Ondráček
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Schwarz
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Vladimír Ždímal
- Institute of Chemical Process Fundamentals of the CAS, Department of Aerosols Chemistry and Physics, Prague CZ-16502, Czech Republic
| | - Andreas Zuend
- Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3A 0B9, Canada
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44
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Li H, Yang Y, Wang H, Wang P, Yue X, Liao H. Projected Aerosol Changes Driven by Emissions and Climate Change Using a Machine Learning Method. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:3884-3893. [PMID: 35294173 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Projection of future aerosols and understanding the driver of the aerosol changes are of great importance in improving the atmospheric environment and climate change mitigation. The latest Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 6 (CMIP6) provides various climate projections but limited aerosol output. In this study, future near-surface aerosol concentrations from 2015 to 2100 are predicted based on a machine learning method. The machine learning model is trained with global atmospheric chemistry model results and projects aerosols with CMIP6 multi-model simulations, creatively estimating future aerosols with all important species considered. PM2.5 (particulate matter less than 2.5 μm in diameter) concentrations in 2095 (2091-2100 mean) are projected to decrease by 40% in East Asia, 20-35% in South Asia, and 15-25% in Europe and North America, compared to those in 2020 (2015-2024 mean), under low-emission scenarios (SSP1-2.6 and SSP2-4.5), which are mainly due to the presumed emission reductions. Driven by the climate change alone, PM2.5 concentrations would increase by 10-25% in northern China and western U.S. and decrease by 0-25% in southern China, South Asia, and Europe under the high forcing scenario (SSP5-8.5). A warmer climate exerts a stronger modulation on global aerosols. Climate-driven global future aerosol changes are found to be comparable to those contributed by changes in anthropogenic emissions over many regions of the world in high forcing scenarios, highlighting the importance of climate change in regulating future air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huimin Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hailong Wang
- Atmospheric Sciences and Global Change Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Pinya Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Xu Yue
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
| | - Hong Liao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Environment Monitoring and Pollution Control, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Atmospheric Environment and Equipment Technology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing 210044, China
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Smith P, Arneth A, Barnes DKA, Ichii K, Marquet PA, Popp A, Pörtner HO, Rogers AD, Scholes RJ, Strassburg B, Wu J, Ngo H. How do we best synergize climate mitigation actions to co-benefit biodiversity? GLOBAL CHANGE BIOLOGY 2022; 28:2555-2577. [PMID: 34951743 DOI: 10.1111/gcb.16056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of actions to protect, sustainably manage and restore natural and modified ecosystems can have co-benefits for both climate mitigation and biodiversity conservation. Reducing greenhouse emissions to limit warming to less than 1.5 or 2°C above preindustrial levels, as outlined in the Paris Agreement, can yield strong co-benefits for land, freshwater and marine biodiversity and reduce amplifying climate feedbacks from ecosystem changes. Not all climate mitigation strategies are equally effective at producing biodiversity co-benefits, some in fact are counterproductive. Moreover, social implications are often overlooked within the climate-biodiversity nexus. Protecting biodiverse and carbon-rich natural environments, ecological restoration of potentially biodiverse and carbon-rich habitats, the deliberate creation of novel habitats, taking into consideration a locally adapted and meaningful (i.e. full consequences considered) mix of these measures, can result in the most robust win-win solutions. These can be further enhanced by avoidance of narrow goals, taking long-term views and minimizing further losses of intact ecosystems. In this review paper, we first discuss various climate mitigation actions that evidence demonstrates can negatively impact biodiversity, resulting in unseen and unintended negative consequences. We then examine climate mitigation actions that co-deliver biodiversity and societal benefits. We give examples of these win-win solutions, categorized as 'protect, restore, manage and create', in different regions of the world that could be expanded, upscaled and used for further innovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pete Smith
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK
| | - Almut Arneth
- Atmospheric Environmental Research, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Garmisch-Partenkirchen, Germany
| | | | - Kazuhito Ichii
- Center for Environmental Remote Sensing (CeRES), Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Pablo A Marquet
- Center for Applied Ecology and Sustainability (CAPES), Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alexander Popp
- Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research (PIK), Potsdam, Germany
| | - Hans-Otto Pörtner
- Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research, Bremerhaven, Germany
| | - Alex D Rogers
- Somerville College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- REV Ocean, Lysaker, Norway
| | - Robert J Scholes
- Global Change Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernardo Strassburg
- Rio Conservation and Sustainability Science Centre, Department of Geography and Environment, Pontifical Catholic University, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- International Institute for Sustainability, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jianguo Wu
- The Institute of Environmental Ecology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Hien Ngo
- Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Rome, Italy
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46
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Lidar and Radar Signal Simulation: Stability Assessment of the Aerosol–Cloud Interaction Index. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14061333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Aerosol–cloud interactions (ACI) are in the spotlight of atmospheric science since the limited knowledge about these processes produces large uncertainties in climate predictions. These interactions can be quantified by the aerosol–cloud interaction index (ACI index), which establishes a relationship between aerosol and cloud microphysics. The experimental determination of the ACI index through a synergistic combination of lidar and cloud radar is still quite challenging due to the difficulties in disentangling the aerosol influence on cloud formation from other processes and in retrieving aerosol-particle and cloud microphysics from remote sensing measurements. For a better understanding of the ACI and to evaluate the optimal experimental conditions for the measurement of these processes, a Lidar and Radar Signal Simulator (LARSS) is presented. LARSS simulate vertically-resolved lidar and cloud-radar signals during the formation process of a convective cloud, from the aerosol hygroscopic enhancement to the condensation droplet growth. Through LARSS simulations, it is observed a dependence of the ACI index with height, associated with the increase in number (ACINd) and effective radius (ACIreff) of the droplets with altitude. Furthermore, ACINd and ACIreff for several aerosol types (such as ammonium sulfate, biomass burning, and dust) are estimated using LARSS, presenting different values as a function of the aerosol model. Minimum ACINd values are obtained when the activation of new droplets stops, while ACIreff reaches its maximum values several meters above. These simulations are carried out considering standard atmospheric conditions, with a relative humidity of 30% at the surface, reaching the supersaturation of the air mass at 3500 m. To assess the stability of the ACI index, a sensitivity study using LARSS is performed. It is obtained that the dry modal aerosol radius presents a strong influence on the ACI index fluctuations of 18% cause an ACI variability of 30% while the updraft velocity within the cloud and the wet modal aerosol radius have a weaker impact. LARSS ACI index uncertainty is obtained through the Monte Carlo technique, obtaining ACIreff uncertainty below 16% for the uncertainty of all LARSS input parameters of 10%. Finally, a new ACI index is introduced in this study, called the remote-sensing ACI index (ACIRs), to simplify the quantification of the ACI processes with remote sensors. This new index presents a linear relationship with the ACIreff, which depends on the Angstrom exponent. The use of ACIRs to derive ACIreff presents the advantage that it is possible to quantify the aerosol–cloud interaction without the need to perform microphysical inversion retrievals, thus reducing the uncertainty sources.
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Dual-field-of-view high-spectral-resolution lidar: Simultaneous profiling of aerosol and water cloud to study aerosol-cloud interaction. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2110756119. [PMID: 35235447 PMCID: PMC8915832 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2110756119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerosol–cloud interaction affects the cooling of Earth’s climate, mostly by activation of aerosols as cloud condensation nuclei that can increase the amount of sunlight reflected back to space. But the controlling physical processes remain uncertain in current climate models. We present a lidar-based technique as a unique remote-sensing tool without thermodynamic assumptions for simultaneously profiling diurnal aerosol and water cloud properties with high resolution. Direct lateral observations of cloud properties show that the vertical structure of low-level water clouds can be far from being perfectly adiabatic. Furthermore, our analysis reveals that, instead of an increase of liquid water path (LWP) as proposed by most general circulation models, elevated aerosol loading can cause a net decrease in LWP. Aerosol–cloud interaction (ACI) is complex and difficult to be well represented in current climate models. Progress on understanding ACI processes, such as the influence of aerosols on water cloud droplet formation, is hampered by inadequate observational capability. Hitherto, high-resolution and simultaneous observations of diurnal aerosol loading and cloud microphysical properties are challenging for current remote-sensing techniques. To overcome this conundrum, we introduce the dual-field-of-view (FOV) high-spectral-resolution lidar (HSRL) for simultaneously profiling aerosol and water cloud properties, especially water cloud microphysical properties. Continuous observations of aerosols and clouds using this instrument, verified by the Monte Carlo simulation and coincident observations of other techniques, were conducted to investigate the interactions between aerosol loading and water cloud microphysical properties. A case study over Beijing highlights the scientific potential of dual-FOV HSRL to become a significant contributor to the ACI investigations. The observed water cloud profiles identify that due to air entrainment its vertical structure is not perfectly adiabatic, as assumed by many current retrieval methods. Our ACI analysis shows increased aerosol loading led to increased droplet number concentration and decreased droplet effective radius—consistent with expectations—but had no discernible increase on liquid water path. This finding supports the hypothesis that aerosol-induced cloud water increase caused by suppressed rain formation can be canceled out by enhanced evaporation. Thus, these observations obtained from the dual-FOV HSRL constitute substantial and significant additions to understanding ACI process. This technique is expected to represent a significant step forward in characterizing ACI.
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Sauer JS, Mayer KJ, Lee C, Alves MR, Amiri S, Bahaveolos CJ, Franklin EB, Crocker DR, Dang D, Dinasquet J, Garofalo LA, Kaluarachchi CP, Kilgour DB, Mael LE, Mitts BA, Moon DR, Moore AN, Morris CK, Mullenmeister CA, Ni CM, Pendergraft MA, Petras D, Simpson RMC, Smith S, Tumminello PR, Walker JL, DeMott PJ, Farmer DK, Goldstein AH, Grassian VH, Jaffe JS, Malfatti F, Martz TR, Slade JH, Tivanski AV, Bertram TH, Cappa CD, Prather KA. The Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution study (SeaSCAPE): overview and experimental methods. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2022; 24:290-315. [PMID: 35048927 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00260k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Marine aerosols strongly influence climate through their interactions with solar radiation and clouds. However, significant questions remain regarding the influences of biological activity and seawater chemistry on the flux, chemical composition, and climate-relevant properties of marine aerosols and gases. Wave channels, a traditional tool of physical oceanography, have been adapted for large-scale ocean-atmosphere mesocosm experiments in the laboratory. These experiments enable the study of aerosols under controlled conditions which isolate the marine system from atmospheric anthropogenic and terrestrial influences. Here, we present an overview of the 2019 Sea Spray Chemistry and Particle Evolution (SeaSCAPE) study, which was conducted in an 11 800 L wave channel which was modified to facilitate atmospheric measurements. The SeaSCAPE campaign sought to determine the influence of biological activity in seawater on the production of primary sea spray aerosols, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and secondary marine aerosols. Notably, the SeaSCAPE experiment also focused on understanding how photooxidative aging processes transform the composition of marine aerosols. In addition to a broad range of aerosol, gas, and seawater measurements, we present key results which highlight the experimental capabilities during the campaign, including the phytoplankton bloom dynamics, VOC production, and the effects of photochemical aging on aerosol production, morphology, and chemical composition. Additionally, we discuss the modifications made to the wave channel to improve aerosol production and reduce background contamination, as well as subsequent characterization experiments. The SeaSCAPE experiment provides unique insight into the connections between marine biology, atmospheric chemistry, and climate-relevant aerosol properties, and demonstrates how an ocean-atmosphere-interaction facility can be used to isolate and study reactions in the marine atmosphere in the laboratory under more controlled conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon S Sauer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Kathryn J Mayer
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Christopher Lee
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Michael R Alves
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Sarah Amiri
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Marine Science Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106, USA
| | | | - Emily B Franklin
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Daniel R Crocker
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Duyen Dang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Julie Dinasquet
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Lauren A Garofalo
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | | | - Delaney B Kilgour
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Liora E Mael
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Brock A Mitts
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Daniel R Moon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
- Institute for Chemical Science, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh EH14 4AS, UK
| | - Alexia N Moore
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Clare K Morris
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Catherine A Mullenmeister
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Chi-Min Ni
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Matthew A Pendergraft
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Daniel Petras
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Rebecca M C Simpson
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Stephanie Smith
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul R Tumminello
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Joseph L Walker
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Paul J DeMott
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Delphine K Farmer
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, USA
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Vicki H Grassian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jules S Jaffe
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Francesca Malfatti
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
- Universita' degli Studi di Trieste, Department of Life Sciences, Trieste, 34127, Italy
| | - Todd R Martz
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
| | - Jonathan H Slade
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
| | - Alexei V Tivanski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, USA
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - Christopher D Cappa
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, USA
| | - Kimberly A Prather
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA.
- Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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Jang E, Park KT, Yoon YJ, Kim K, Gim Y, Chung HY, Lee K, Choi J, Park J, Park SJ, Koo JH, Fernandez RP, Saiz-Lopez A. First-year sea ice leads to an increase in dimethyl sulfide-induced particle formation in the Antarctic Peninsula. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 803:150002. [PMID: 34482143 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) produced by marine algae represents the largest natural emission of sulfur to the atmosphere. The oxidation of DMS is a key process affecting new particle formation that contributes to the radiative forcing of the Earth. In this study, atmospheric DMS and its major oxidation products (methanesulfonic acid, MSA; non-sea-salt sulfate, nss-SO42-) and particle size distributions were measured at King Sejong station located in the Antarctic Peninsula during the austral spring-summer period in 2018-2020. The observatory was surrounded by open ocean and first-year and multi-year sea ice. Importantly, oceanic emissions and atmospheric oxidation of DMS showed distinct differences depending on source regions. A high mixing ratio of atmospheric DMS was observed when air masses were influenced by the open ocean and first-year sea ice due to the abundance of DMS producers such as pelagic phaeocystis and ice algae. However, the concentrations of MSA and nss-SO42- were distinctively increased for air masses originating from first-year sea ice as compared to those originating from the open ocean and multi-year sea ice, suggesting additional influences from the source regions of atmospheric oxidants. Heterogeneous chemical processes that actively occur over first-year sea ice tend to accelerate the release of bromine monoxide (BrO), which is the most efficient DMS oxidant in Antarctica. Model-estimates for surface BrO confirmed that high BrO mixing ratios were closely associated with first-year sea ice, thus enhancing DMS oxidation. Consequently, the concentration of newly formed particles originated from first-year sea ice, which was a strong source area for both DMS and BrO was greater than from open ocean (high DMS but low BrO). These results indicate that first-year sea ice plays an important yet overlooked role in DMS-induced new particle formation in polar environments, where warming-induced sea ice changes are pronounced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eunho Jang
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Ki-Tae Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea.
| | | | - Kitae Kim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Yeontae Gim
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Young Chung
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea; University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Kitack Lee
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
| | - Jinhee Choi
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jiyeon Park
- Korea Polar Research Institute, Incheon, South Korea
| | | | - Ja-Ho Koo
- Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Rafael P Fernandez
- Institute for Interdisciplinary Science (ICB), National Research Council (CONICET), FCEN-UNCuyo, Mendoza, Argentina
| | - Alfonso Saiz-Lopez
- Department of Atmospheric Chemistry and Climate, Institute of Physical Chemistry Rocasolano, CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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50
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Chen J. Theoretical analysis of sulfuric acid–dimethylamine–oxalic acid–water clusters and implications for atmospheric cluster formation. RSC Adv 2022; 12:22425-22434. [PMID: 36106005 PMCID: PMC9364903 DOI: 10.1039/d2ra03492a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, organic compounds potentially involved in atmospheric particle formation have received increased attention. However, the contributions of organic acids as precursors in nucleation remain ambiguous. In this study, the low-lying structures and thermodynamics of the sulfuric acid–dimethylamine–oxalic acid–water system are obtained at the M06-2X/6-311+G(2d,p) level, and the single point energy of the clusters has been calculated at the DF-LMP2-F12/VDZ-F12 level. The formations of the multicomponent clusters are predicted based on thermodynamics, involving proton transfer and hydrogen bonding interactions. Oxalic acid can synergistically promote the formation of the sulfuric acid–dimethylamine–oxalic acid–water system while inhibiting this with the addition of more sulfuric acid molecules. The results of hydrate distribution show that un-hydrate clusters play a dominant role during formation. Moreover, dimethylamine and oxalic acid have similar effects on Rayleigh scattering properties, and the clusters involving complex mixtures of compounds can have high optical activities. The structure of SA2.DMA.OA.W4 cluster.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Chen
- Anhui Meteorological Observatory, Hefei, Anhui 230031, China
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