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Nunes M, Vlok M, Proal A, Kell DB, Pretorius E. Data-independent LC-MS/MS analysis of ME/CFS plasma reveals a dysregulated coagulation system, endothelial dysfunction, downregulation of complement machinery. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2024; 23:254. [PMID: 39014464 PMCID: PMC11253362 DOI: 10.1186/s12933-024-02315-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/16/2024] [Indexed: 07/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis/chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS) is a debilitating chronic condition that is characterized by unresolved fatigue, post-exertion symptom exacerbation (PESE), cognitive dysfunction, orthostatic intolerance, and other symptoms. ME/CFS lacks established clinical biomarkers and requires further elucidation of disease mechanisms. A growing number of studies demonstrate signs of hematological and cardiovascular pathology in ME/CFS cohorts, including hyperactivated platelets, endothelial dysfunction, vascular dysregulation, and anomalous clotting processes. To build on these findings, and to identify potential biomarkers that can be related to pathophysiology, we measured differences in protein expression in platelet-poor plasma (PPP) samples from 15 ME/CFS study participants and 10 controls not previously infected with SARS-CoV-2, using DIA LC-MS/MS. We identified 24 proteins that are significantly increased in the ME/CFS group compared to the controls, and 21 proteins that are significantly downregulated. Proteins related to clotting processes - thrombospondin-1 (important in platelet activation), platelet factor 4, and protein S - were differentially expressed in the ME/CFS group, suggestive of a dysregulated coagulation system and abnormal endothelial function. Complement machinery was also significantly downregulated, including C9 which forms part of the membrane attack complex. Additionally, we identified a significant upregulation of lactotransferrin, protein S100-A9, and an immunoglobulin variant. The findings from this experiment further implicate the coagulation and immune system in ME/CFS, and bring to attention the pathology of or imposed on the endothelium. This study highlights potential systems and proteins that require further research with regards to their contribution to the pathogenesis of ME/CFS, symptom manifestation, and biomarker potential, and also gives insight into the hematological and cardiovascular risk for ME/CFS individuals affected by diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Nunes
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa
| | - Mare Vlok
- Central Analytical Facility: Mass Spectrometry, Stellenbosch University, Tygerberg Campus, Room 6054, Clinical Building, Francie Van Zijl Drive Tygerberg, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Amy Proal
- PolyBio Research Foundation, 7900 SE 28th ST, Suite 412, Mercer Island, DC, 98040, USA
| | - Douglas B Kell
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
- The Novo Nordisk Foundation Centre for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Building 220, Chemitorvet 200, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
| | - Etheresia Pretorius
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1 Matieland, Stellenbosch, 7602, South Africa.
- Department of Biochemistry and Systems Biology, Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, University of Liverpool, Crown St, Liverpool, L69 7ZB, UK.
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2
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Isailă OM, Ion OM, Luta R, Catinas R, Ionita A, Haisan D, Hostiuc S. Postmortem Immunohistochemical Findings in Early Acute Myocardial Infarction: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7625. [PMID: 39062865 PMCID: PMC11277133 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2024] [Revised: 07/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The diagnosis of early acute myocardial infarction is of particular importance in forensic practice considering the frequency of sudden cardiac death and the difficulty of positively identifying it through classical histological methods if survival is less than 6 h. This article aims to analyze potential immunohistochemical markers that could be useful in diagnosing acute myocardial infarction within the first 6 h of its onset. We conducted an extensive evaluation of the literature according to the PRISMA guidelines for reporting systematic literature reviews. We searched the Web of Science and PubMed databases from their inception to 2023 using the following keywords: "myocardial infarction" and "immunohistochemistry". Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Immunohistochemical markers as complement factors and CD59, myoglobin, fibrinogen, desmin, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), P-38, JNK (Jun N Terminal Kinase), transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1), cardiac troponins, fibronectin, H-FABP (heart fatty acid binding protein), dityrosine, fibronectin, CD15, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, IL-8, MCP-1, ICAM-1, CD18, and tryptase can be used to identify the first six hours of acute myocardial infarction. These markers are mostly studied in experimental animal models. It is necessary to conduct extensive studies on human myocardial tissue fragments, which will involve the analysis of several immunohistochemical markers and careful analysis of the available data on perimortem events, resuscitation, and postmortem intervals in the context of a uniform laboratory methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oana-Maria Isailă
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (O.-M.I.); (O.M.I.)
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Oana Mihaela Ion
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (O.-M.I.); (O.M.I.)
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Robert Luta
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Raluca Catinas
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Ana Ionita
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Diana Haisan
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Faculty of Dental Medicine, Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, University of Medicine and Pharmacy ”Carol Davila” Bucharest, 050474 Bucharest, Romania; (O.-M.I.); (O.M.I.)
- National Institute of Legal Medicine “Mina Minovici”, 042122 Bucharest, Romania; (R.L.); (R.C.); (A.I.); (D.H.)
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3
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Govender S, David M, Naicker T. Is the Complement System Dysregulated in Preeclampsia Comorbid with HIV Infection? Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6232. [PMID: 38892429 PMCID: PMC11172754 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25116232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
South Africa is the epicentre of the global HIV pandemic, with 13.9% of its population infected. Preeclampsia (PE), a hypertensive disorder of pregnancy, is often comorbid with HIV infection, leading to multi-organ dysfunction and convulsions. The exact pathophysiology of preeclampsia is triggered by an altered maternal immune response or defective development of maternal tolerance to the semi-allogenic foetus via the complement system. The complement system plays a vital role in the innate immune system, generating inflammation, mediating the clearance of microbes and injured tissue materials, and a mediator of adaptive immunity. Moreover, the complement system has a dual effect, of protecting the host against HIV infection and enhancing HIV infectivity. An upregulation of regulatory proteins has been implicated as an adaptive phenomenon in response to elevated complement-mediated cell lysis in HIV infection, further aggravated by preeclamptic complement activation. In light of the high prevalence of HIV infection and preeclampsia in South Africa, this review discusses the association of complement proteins and their role in the synergy of HIV infection and preeclampsia in South Africa. It aims to identify women at elevated risk, leading to early diagnosis and better management with targeted drug therapy, thereby improving the understanding of immunological dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thajasvarie Naicker
- Optics and Imaging Centre, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban 4000, South Africa; (S.G.); (M.D.)
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4
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Johnson AG, Mayer ML, Schaefer SL, McNamara-Bordewick NK, Hummer G, Kranzusch PJ. Structure and assembly of a bacterial gasdermin pore. Nature 2024; 628:657-663. [PMID: 38509367 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-024-07216-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
In response to pathogen infection, gasdermin (GSDM) proteins form membrane pores that induce a host cell death process called pyroptosis1-3. Studies of human and mouse GSDM pores have revealed the functions and architectures of assemblies comprising 24 to 33 protomers4-9, but the mechanism and evolutionary origin of membrane targeting and GSDM pore formation remain unknown. Here we determine a structure of a bacterial GSDM (bGSDM) pore and define a conserved mechanism of pore assembly. Engineering a panel of bGSDMs for site-specific proteolytic activation, we demonstrate that diverse bGSDMs form distinct pore sizes that range from smaller mammalian-like assemblies to exceptionally large pores containing more than 50 protomers. We determine a cryo-electron microscopy structure of a Vitiosangium bGSDM in an active 'slinky'-like oligomeric conformation and analyse bGSDM pores in a native lipid environment to create an atomic-level model of a full 52-mer bGSDM pore. Combining our structural analysis with molecular dynamics simulations and cellular assays, our results support a stepwise model of GSDM pore assembly and suggest that a covalently bound palmitoyl can leave a hydrophobic sheath and insert into the membrane before formation of the membrane-spanning β-strand regions. These results reveal the diversity of GSDM pores found in nature and explain the function of an ancient post-translational modification in enabling programmed host cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex G Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Megan L Mayer
- Harvard Center for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stefan L Schaefer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | | | - Gerhard Hummer
- Department of Theoretical Biophysics, Max Planck Institute of Biophysics, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- Institute of Biophysics, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Philip J Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy at Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
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5
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Zha D, Wang S, Monaghan-Nichols P, Qian Y, Sampath V, Fu M. Mechanisms of Endothelial Cell Membrane Repair: Progress and Perspectives. Cells 2023; 12:2648. [PMID: 37998383 PMCID: PMC10670313 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells are the crucial inner lining of blood vessels, which are pivotal in vascular homeostasis and integrity. However, these cells are perpetually subjected to a myriad of mechanical, chemical, and biological stresses that can compromise their plasma membranes. A sophisticated repair system involving key molecules, such as calcium, annexins, dysferlin, and MG53, is essential for maintaining endothelial viability. These components orchestrate complex mechanisms, including exocytosis and endocytosis, to repair membrane disruptions. Dysfunctions in this repair machinery, often exacerbated by aging, are linked to endothelial cell death, subsequently contributing to the onset of atherosclerosis and the progression of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and stroke, major causes of mortality in the United States. Thus, identifying the core machinery for endothelial cell membrane repair is critically important for understanding the pathogenesis of CVD and stroke and developing novel therapeutic strategies for combating CVD and stroke. This review summarizes the recent advances in understanding the mechanisms of endothelial cell membrane repair. The future directions of this research area are also highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duoduo Zha
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (D.Z.); (P.M.-N.)
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Rd, Honggu District, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Shizhen Wang
- Division of Biological and Biomedical Systems, School of Science and Engineering, University of Missouri Kansas City, 5009 Rockhill Road, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA;
| | - Paula Monaghan-Nichols
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (D.Z.); (P.M.-N.)
| | - Yisong Qian
- The National Engineering Research Center for Bioengineering Drugs and Technologies, Institute of Translational Medicine, Nanchang University, 1299 Xuefu Rd, Honggu District, Nanchang 330031, China;
| | - Venkatesh Sampath
- Department of Pediatric, Children’s Mercy Hospital, Children’s Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA;
| | - Mingui Fu
- Department of Biomedical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, 2411 Holmes Street, Kansas City, MO 64108, USA; (D.Z.); (P.M.-N.)
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Ma Y, Zhang K, Wu Y, Fu X, Liang S, Peng M, Guo J, Liu M. Revisiting the relationship between complement and ulcerative colitis. Scand J Immunol 2023; 98:e13329. [PMID: 38441324 DOI: 10.1111/sji.13329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disorder (IBD) characterized by relapsing chronic inflammation of the colon that causes continuous mucosal inflammation. The global incidence of UC is steadily increasing. Immune mechanisms are involved in the pathogenesis of UC, of which complement is shown to play a critical role by inducing local chronic inflammatory responses that promote tissue damage. However, the function of various complement components in the development of UC is complex and even paradoxical. Some components (e.g. C1q, CD46, CD55, CD59, and C6) are shown to safeguard the intestinal barrier and reduce intestinal inflammation, while others (e.g. C3, C5, C5a) can exacerbate intestinal damage and accelerate the development of UC. The complement system was originally thought to function primarily in an extracellular mode; however, recent evidence indicates that it can also act intracellularly as the complosome. The current study provides an overview of current studies on complement and its role in the development of UC. While there are few studies that describe how intracellular complement contributes to UC, we discuss potential future directions based on related publications. We also highlight novel methods that target complement for IBD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujie Ma
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Kaicheng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Yuanyuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Fu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Shujuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Meiyu Peng
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Juntang Guo
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
| | - Meifang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Immune Microenvironment and Inflammatory Disease Research in Universities of Shandong Province, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Weifang Medical University, Weifang, China
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Leimi L, Koski JR, Kilpivaara O, Vettenranta K, Lokki AI, Meri S. Rare variants in complement system genes associate with endothelial damage after pediatric allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1249958. [PMID: 37771589 PMCID: PMC10525714 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1249958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Complement system has a postulated role in endothelial problems after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). In this retrospective, singlecenter study we studied genetic complement system variants in patients with documented endotheliopathy. In our previous study among pediatric patients with an allogeneic HSCT (2001-2013) at the Helsinki University Children´s Hospital, Finland, we identified a total of 19/122 (15.6%) patients with vascular complications, fulfilling the criteria of capillary leak syndrome (CLS), venoocclusive disease/sinusoidal obstruction syndrome (VOD/SOS) or thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA). Methods We performed whole exome sequencing (WES) on 109 patients having an adequate pre-transplantation DNA for the analysis to define possible variations and mutations potentially predisposing to functional abnormalities of the complement system. In our data analysis, we focused on 41 genes coding for complement components. Results 50 patients (45.9%) had one or several, nonsynonymous, rare germline variants in complement genes. 21/66 (31.8%) of the variants were in the terminal pathway. Patients with endotheliopathy had variants in different complement genes: in the terminal pathway (C6 and C9), lectin pathway (MASP1) and receptor ITGAM (CD11b, part of CR3). Four had the same rare missense variant (rs183125896; Thr279Ala) in the C9 gene. Two of these patients were diagnosed with endotheliopathy and one with capillary leak syndrome-like problems. The C9 variant Thr279Ala has no previously known disease associations and is classified by the ACMG guidelines as a variant of uncertain significance (VUS). We conducted a gene burden test with gnomAD Finnish (fin) as the reference population. Complement gene variants seen in our patient population were investigated and Total Frequency Testing (TFT) was used for execution of burden tests. The gene variants seen in our patients with endotheliopathy were all significantly (FDR < 0.05) enriched compared to gnomAD. Overall, 14/25 genes coding for components of the complement system had an increased burden of missense variants among the patients when compared to the gnomAD Finnish population (N=10 816). Discussion Injury to the vascular endothelium is relatively common after HSCT with different phenotypic appearances suggesting yet unidentified underlying mechanisms. Variants in complement components may be related to endotheliopathy and poor prognosis in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilli Leimi
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jessica R. Koski
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Outi Kilpivaara
- Applied Tumor Genomics Research Program, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Medical and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Medicum, Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kim Vettenranta
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - A. Inkeri Lokki
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Marini G, Poland B, Leininger C, Lukoyanova N, Spielbauer D, Barry JK, Altier D, Lum A, Scolaro E, Ortega CP, Yalpani N, Sandahl G, Mabry T, Klever J, Nowatzki T, Zhao JZ, Sethi A, Kassa A, Crane V, Lu AL, Nelson ME, Eswar N, Topf M, Saibil HR. Structural journey of an insecticidal protein against western corn rootworm. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4171. [PMID: 37443175 PMCID: PMC10344926 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39891-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The broad adoption of transgenic crops has revolutionized agriculture. However, resistance to insecticidal proteins by agricultural pests poses a continuous challenge to maintaining crop productivity and new proteins are urgently needed to replace those utilized for existing transgenic traits. We identified an insecticidal membrane attack complex/perforin (MACPF) protein, Mpf2Ba1, with strong activity against the devastating coleopteran pest western corn rootworm (WCR) and a novel site of action. Using an integrative structural biology approach, we determined monomeric, pre-pore and pore structures, revealing changes between structural states at high resolution. We discovered an assembly inhibition mechanism, a molecular switch that activates pre-pore oligomerization upon gut fluid incubation and solved the highest resolution MACPF pore structure to-date. Our findings demonstrate not only the utility of Mpf2Ba1 in the development of biotechnology solutions for protecting maize from WCR to promote food security, but also uncover previously unknown mechanistic principles of bacterial MACPF assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guendalina Marini
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Brad Poland
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Chris Leininger
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Syngenta, Research Triangle Park, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Natalya Lukoyanova
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK
| | | | | | - Dan Altier
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Amy Lum
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Willow Biosciences, 319 N Bernardo Ave #4, Mountain View, CA, 94043, USA
| | | | - Claudia Pérez Ortega
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Hologic, Inc., 250 Campus Drive, Marlborough, MA, 01752, USA
| | - Nasser Yalpani
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
- Dept. of Biology, University of British Columbia Okanagan, 3187 University Way, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | | | - Tim Mabry
- Corteva Agriscience, Ivesdale, IL, 61851, USA
| | | | | | | | - Amit Sethi
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | - Adane Kassa
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | - Albert L Lu
- Corteva Agriscience, Johnston, IA, 50131, USA
| | | | | | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology (CSSB), Leibniz-Institut für Virologie (LIV), Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Helen R Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London, WC1E 7HX, UK.
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Tamasi V, Németh K, Csala M. Role of Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Diseases. Life (Basel) 2023; 13:life13051117. [PMID: 37240762 DOI: 10.3390/life13051117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures that are formed by budding from the plasma membrane or originate from the endosomal system. These microparticles (100 nm-100 µm) or nanoparticles (>100 nm) can transport complex cargos to other cells and, thus, provide communication and intercellular regulation. Various cells, such as hepatocytes, liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) or hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), secrete and take up EVs in the healthy liver, and the amount, size and content of these vesicles are markedly altered under pathophysiological conditions. A comprehensive knowledge of the modified EV-related processes is very important, as they are of great value as biomarkers or therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarize the latest knowledge on hepatic EVs and the role they play in the homeostatic processes in the healthy liver. In addition, we discuss the characteristic changes of EVs and their potential exacerbating or ameliorating effects in certain liver diseases, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), drug induced liver injury (DILI), autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), hepatocarcinoma (HCC) and viral hepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Viola Tamasi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Krisztina Németh
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, 1089 Budapest, Hungary
- ELKH-SE Translational Extracellular Vesicle Research Group, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miklós Csala
- Department of Molecular Biology, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary
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10
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Chen Y, Lonergan S, Lim KS, Cheng J, Putz AM, Dyck MK, Canada P, Fortin F, Harding JCS, Plastow GS, Dekkers JCM. Plasma protein levels of young healthy pigs as indicators of disease resilience. J Anim Sci 2023; 101:6987177. [PMID: 36638126 PMCID: PMC9977353 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skad014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Selection for disease resilience, which refers to the ability of an animal to maintain performance when exposed to disease, can reduce the impact of infectious diseases. However, direct selection for disease resilience is challenging because nucleus herds must maintain a high health status. A possible solution is indirect selection of indicators of disease resilience. To search for such indicators, we conducted phenotypic and genetic quantitative analyses of the abundances of 377 proteins in plasma samples from 912 young and visually healthy pigs and their relationships with performance and subsequent disease resilience after natural exposure to a polymicrobial disease challenge. Abundances of 100 proteins were significantly heritable (false discovery rate (FDR) <0.10). The abundance of some proteins was or tended to be genetically correlated (rg) with disease resilience, including complement system proteins (rg = -0.24, FDR = 0.001) and IgG heavy chain proteins (rg = -0.68, FDR = 0.22). Gene set enrichment analyses (FDR < 0.2) based on phenotypic and genetic associations of protein abundances with subsequent disease resilience revealed many pathways related to the immune system that were unfavorably associated with subsequent disease resilience, especially the innate immune system. It was not possible to determine whether the observed levels of these proteins reflected baseline levels in these young and visually healthy pigs or were the result of a response to environmental disturbances that the pigs were exposed to before sample collection. Nevertheless, results show that, under these conditions, the abundance of proteins in some immune-related pathways can be used as phenotypic and genetic predictors of disease resilience and have the potential for use in pig breeding and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yulu Chen
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Steven Lonergan
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Kyu-Sang Lim
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Department of Animal Resources Science, Kongju National University, Yesan, Republic of Korea
| | - Jian Cheng
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
| | - Austin M Putz
- Department of Animal Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA,Hendrix Genetics, Swine Business Unit, Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | - Michael K Dyck
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - PigGen Canada
- PigGen Canada Research Consortium, Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Frederic Fortin
- Centre de Développement du Porc du Québec Inc., Québec City, Canada
| | - John C S Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Science, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, Canada
| | - Graham S Plastow
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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The neoepitope of the complement C5b-9 Membrane Attack Complex is formed by proximity of adjacent ancillary regions of C9. Commun Biol 2023; 6:42. [PMID: 36639734 PMCID: PMC9838529 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-04431-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The Membrane Attack Complex (MAC) is responsible for forming large β-barrel channels in the membranes of pathogens, such as gram-negative bacteria. Off-target MAC assembly on endogenous tissue is associated with inflammatory diseases and cancer. Accordingly, a human C5b-9 specific antibody, aE11, has been developed that detects a neoepitope exposed in C9 when it is incorporated into the C5b-9 complex, but not present in the plasma native C9. For nearly four decades aE11 has been routinely used to study complement, MAC-related inflammation, and pathophysiology. However, the identity of C9 neoepitope remains unknown. Here, we determined the cryo-EM structure of aE11 in complex with polyC9 at 3.2 Å resolution. The aE11 binding site is formed by two separate surfaces of the oligomeric C9 periphery and is therefore a discontinuous quaternary epitope. These surfaces are contributed by portions of the adjacent TSP1, LDLRA, and MACPF domains of two neighbouring C9 protomers. By substituting key antibody interacting residues to the murine orthologue, we validated the unusual binding modality of aE11. Furthermore, aE11 can recognise a partial epitope in purified monomeric C9 in vitro, albeit weakly. Taken together, our results reveal the structural basis for MAC recognition by aE11.
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12
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Li H, Xie X, Bai G, Qiang D, Zhang L, Liu H, He Y, Tang Y, Li L. Vitamin D deficiency leads to the abnormal activation of the complement system. Immunol Res 2023; 71:29-38. [PMID: 36178657 PMCID: PMC9845165 DOI: 10.1007/s12026-022-09324-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D deficiency can damage the human immune system, and the complement system is a key component of the immune system. This study aimed to elucidate the mechanism by which vitamin D affects the immune system by analyzing the changes in the protein expression of the complement system under different vitamin D levels. We selected 40 participants and divided them into three groups according to their serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)VD): group A, 25(OH)VD ≥ 40 ng/mL; group B, 30 ng/mL ≤ 25(OH)VD < 40 ng/mL; and group C, 25(OH)VD < 30 ng/mL. Serum samples were subjected to biochemical analysis, followed by proteomic analysis using high-throughput untargeted proteomic techniques. Vitamin D deficiency increased the levels of fasting blood sugar, fasting serum insulin, and homeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of insulin resistance and decreased the secretion of HOMA of β-cell function, which led to insulin resistance and glucose metabolism disorder. Moreover, vitamin D deficiency resulted in the abnormal expression of 56 differential proteins, among which the expression levels of complement factor B, complement component C9, inducible co-stimulator ligand, and peptidase inhibitor 16 significantly changed with the decrease in vitamin D content. Functional enrichment analysis of these differential proteins showed that they were mainly concentrated in functions and pathways related to insulin secretion and inflammation. In conclusion, vitamin D deficiency not only contributes to insulin resistance and glucose metabolism disorder but also causes abnormal protein expression, resulting in the abnormal activation of the complement system. This study provides a novel theoretical basis for further studies on the relationship between vitamin D and the immune system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Xiaomin Xie
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People's Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001, China.
| | - Guirong Bai
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Dan Qiang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Huili Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Yanting He
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Yanpan Tang
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
| | - Ling Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First People’s Hospital of Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, No. 2, Liqun West Street, Xingqing District, Yinchuan, 750001 China
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13
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Lu J, Duan J, Han Y, Gou M, Li J, Li Q, Pang Y. A novel serum spherical lectin from lamprey reveals a more efficient mechanism of immune initiation and regulation in jawless vertebrates. Cell Mol Biol Lett 2022; 27:102. [PMID: 36418956 PMCID: PMC9682848 DOI: 10.1186/s11658-022-00401-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The innate immune system is the body's first line of defense against pathogens and involves antibody and complement system-mediated antigen removal. Immune-response-related complement molecules have been identified in lamprey, and the occurrence of innate immune response via the mannose-binding lectin-associated serine proteases of the lectin cascade has been reported. We have previously shown that lamprey (Lampetra japonica) serum can efficiently and specifically eliminate foreign pathogens. Therefore, we aimed to understand the immune mechanism of lamprey serum in this study. We identified and purified a novel spherical lectin (LSSL) from lamprey serum. LSSL had two structural calcium ions coordinated with conserved amino acids, as determined through cryogenic electron microscopy. LSSL showed high binding capacity with microbial and mammalian glycans and demonstrated agglutination activity against bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that LSSL was transferred from phage transposons to the lamprey genome via horizontal gene transfer. Furthermore, LSSL was associated with mannose-binding lectin-associated serine protease 1 and promoted the deposition of the C3 fragment on the surface of target cells upon binding. These results led us to conclude that LSSL initiates and regulates agglutination, resulting in exogenous pathogen and tumor cell eradication. Our observations will give a greater understanding of the origin and evolution of the complement system in higher vertebrates and lead to the identification of novel immune molecules and pathways for defense against pathogens and tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiali Lu
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
| | - Jinsong Duan
- grid.12527.330000 0001 0662 3178State Key Laboratory of Membrane Biology, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Structural Biology, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Yinglun Han
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
| | - Meng Gou
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
| | - Jun Li
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
| | - Qingwei Li
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
| | - Yue Pang
- grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China ,grid.440818.10000 0000 8664 1765Lamprey Research Center, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116081 China
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14
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Zhao J, Jiang J, Wang Y, Liu D, Li T, Zhang M. Significance of urine complement proteins in monitoring lupus activity. PeerJ 2022; 10:e14383. [PMID: 36420131 PMCID: PMC9677877 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.14383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Complement activation is a critical feature in the development of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Whether there are changes of complement components in the urine of SLE has not been reported. The aim of the study was to evaluate the complement-related proteins in the urine of SLE, verify differentially expressed proteins(DEPs) in the active phase of SLE, further explore their clinical application value. Methods First, we used bioinformatics and functional enrichment to screen and identify the urine protein profile of SLE patients. Then, analyzed and verified the proteins related to the complement pathway by western-blot and Parallel Reaction Monitoring (PRM) technology. Further evaluated the relationship between urinary DEPs related to complement pathway and disease activity. Results A total of 14 complement pathway-related proteins were screened for differences in expression between the active group and the stable group, eight of these DEPs were up-regulated and six were down-regulated. These DEPs may play a key role in SLE disease activity. We used PRM technology to verify the eight up-regulated proteins, and found that four of these complement proteins, namely C9, C8A, C4B, and C8G, were significantly increased in active group. Furthermore, these four DEPs were highly correlated with disease activity. In the urine of SLE patients, AUCs of 0.750, 0.840, 0.757 and 0.736 were achieved with C9, C8A, C4B, and C8G, respectively. Conclusions Complement-related DEPs in urine have a certain correlation with SLE disease activity. Urine C9, C8A, C4B and C8G present promising non-invasive biomarkers for monitoring lupus activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhao
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jun Jiang
- Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yuhua Wang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Li
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Man Zhang
- Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,Peking University Ninth School of Clinical Medicine, Beijing, China,Beijing Key Laboratory of Urinary Cellular Molecular Diagnostics, Beijing, China
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15
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Dai B, Zhang R, Qi S, Liu L, Zhang X, Deng D, Zhang J, Xu Y, Liu F, Liu Z, Luo Q, Zhang Z. Intravital molecular imaging reveals that ROS-caspase-3-GSDME-induced cell punching enhances humoral immunotherapy targeting intracellular tumor antigens. Theranostics 2022; 12:7603-7623. [PMID: 36438480 PMCID: PMC9691348 DOI: 10.7150/thno.75966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor antigens (TAs)-induced humoral immune responses or TAs-specific antibodies have great application prospects for tumor therapy. However, more than half of TAs are intracellular antigens (intra-Ags) that are hardly recognized by antibodies. It is worthy to develop immunotherapeutic strategies for targeting intra-Ags. Methods: We used the far-red fluorescent protein tfRFP as an intracellular antigen to immunize mice and generated a liver metastasis model by injecting tfRFP-expressing B16 melanoma cells (tfRFP-B16) via the spleen. Intravital molecular imaging and atomic force microscopy were performed to visualize the formation of tfRFP antigen-antibody complexes (also known as immune complexes) and punched holes in cell membranes. Results: The results showed that the tfRFP-elicited immune responses inhibited the metastasis of tfRFP-expressing melanoma cells in the liver. In the circulating tfRFP-B16 tumor cells, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) induced slight caspase-3 activation, a probable key factor in the cleavage of gasdermin E (GSDME) proteins and punching of holes in the tumor cell membrane. Increased tumor cell membrane permeability led to the release of intra-Ag tfRFP and binding with anti-tfRFP antibodies. The formation of tfRFP antigen-antibody complexes on the membranes of tfRFP-B16 cells activated complement components to form membrane attack complexes to further destroy the cell membrane. Neutrophils were rapidly recruited, and F4/80+ macrophages phagocytized the dying tumor cells. Conclusion: The process of circulating tumor cell elimination in the tfRFP-immunized mice was triggered through the ROS-caspase-3-GSDME pathway to form intra-Ag-antibody immune complexes, which were involved in the activation of the complement system, as well as the recruitment of neutrophils and F4/80+ macrophages. An intra-Ag-elicited humoral immune response is a potent strategy for eliminating liver metastasis, which is unaffected by the liver immune tolerogenic status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bolei Dai
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Ren Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Shuhong Qi
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Xian Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Deqiang Deng
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Jie Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Yilun Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Fanxuan Liu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
| | - Qingming Luo
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
| | - Zhihong Zhang
- Britton Chance Center and MoE Key Laboratory for Biomedical Photonics, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics-Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430074, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Hainan University, Haikou, Hainan 570228, China
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16
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Russell CM, Schaefer KG, Dixson A, Gray ALH, Pyron RJ, Alves DS, Moore N, Conley EA, Schuck RJ, White TA, Do TD, King GM, Barrera FN. The Candida albicans virulence factor candidalysin polymerizes in solution to form membrane pores and damage epithelial cells. eLife 2022; 11:e75490. [PMID: 36173096 PMCID: PMC9522247 DOI: 10.7554/elife.75490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans causes severe invasive candidiasis. C. albicans infection requires the virulence factor candidalysin (CL) which damages target cell membranes. However, the mechanism that CL uses to permeabilize membranes is unclear. We reveal that CL forms membrane pores using a unique mechanism. Unexpectedly, CL readily assembled into polymers in solution. We propose that the basic structural unit in polymer formation is a CL oligomer, which is sequentially added into a string configuration that can close into a loop. CL loops appear to spontaneously insert into the membrane to become pores. A CL mutation (G4W) inhibited the formation of polymers in solution and prevented pore formation in synthetic lipid systems. Epithelial cell studies showed that G4W CL failed to activate the danger response pathway, a hallmark of the pathogenic effect of CL. These results indicate that CL polymerization in solution is a necessary step for the damage of cellular membranes. Analysis of CL pores by atomic force microscopy revealed co-existence of simple depressions and more complex pores, which are likely formed by CL assembled in an alternate oligomer orientation. We propose that this structural rearrangement represents a maturation mechanism that stabilizes pore formation to achieve more robust cellular damage. To summarize, CL uses a previously unknown mechanism to damage membranes, whereby pre-assembly of CL loops in solution leads to formation of membrane pores. Our investigation not only unravels a new paradigm for the formation of membrane pores, but additionally identifies CL polymerization as a novel therapeutic target to treat candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles M Russell
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Katherine G Schaefer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Andrew Dixson
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Amber LH Gray
- Department of Chemistry, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Robert J Pyron
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Daiane S Alves
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Nicholas Moore
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Elizabeth A Conley
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Ryan J Schuck
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Tommi A White
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
- Electron Microscopy Core, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Thanh D Do
- Department of Chemistry, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
| | - Gavin M King
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
- Department of Biochemistry, University of MissouriColumbiaUnited States
| | - Francisco N Barrera
- Department of Biochemistry & Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of TennesseeKnoxvilleUnited States
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17
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Song G, Wang S, Barkestani MN, Mullan C, Fan M, Jiang B, Jiang Q, Li X, Jane-wit D. Membrane attack complexes, endothelial cell activation, and direct allorecognition. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1020889. [PMID: 36211400 PMCID: PMC9539657 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1020889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial cells (ECs) form a critical immune interface regulating both the activation and trafficking of alloreactive T cells. In the setting of solid organ transplantation, donor-derived ECs represent sites where alloreactive T cells encounter major and minor tissue-derived alloantigens. During this initial encounter, ECs may formatively modulate effector responses of these T cells through expression of inflammatory mediators. Direct allorecognition is a process whereby recipient T cells recognize alloantigen in the context of donor EC-derived HLA molecules. Direct alloresponses are strongly modulated by human ECs and are galvanized by EC-derived inflammatory mediators. Complement are immune proteins that mark damaged or foreign surfaces for immune cell activation. Following labeling by natural IgM during ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) or IgG during antibody-mediated rejection (ABMR), the complement cascade is terminally activated in the vicinity of donor-derived ECs to locally generate the solid-phase inflammatory mediator, the membrane attack complex (MAC). Via upregulation of leukocyte adhesion molecules, costimulatory molecules, and cytokine trans-presentation, MAC strengthen EC:T cell direct alloresponses and qualitatively shape the alloimmune T cell response. These processes together promote T cell-mediated inflammation during solid organ transplant rejection. In this review we describe molecular pathways downstream of IgM- and IgG-mediated MAC assembly on ECs in the setting of IRI and ABMR of tissue allografts, respectively. We describe work demonstrating that MAC deposition on ECs generates ‘signaling endosomes’ that sequester and post-translationally enhance the stability of inflammatory signaling molecules to promote EC activation, a process potentiating EC-mediated direct allorecognition. Additionally, with consideration to first-in-human xenotransplantation procedures, we describe clinical therapeutics based on inhibition of the complement pathway. The complement cascade critically mediates EC activation and improved understanding of relevant effector pathways will uncover druggable targets to obviate dysregulated alloimmune T cell infiltration into tissue allografts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiyu Song
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shaoxun Wang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Mahsa Nouri Barkestani
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Clancy Mullan
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Matthew Fan
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Surgery, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Vascular Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
| | - Xue Li
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Nephrology, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Jane-wit
- Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Dept of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States
- Department of Cardiology, West Haven VA Medical Center, West Haven, CT, United States
- *Correspondence: Dan Jane-wit,
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18
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Jiao F, Dehez F, Ni T, Yu X, Dittman JS, Gilbert R, Chipot C, Scheuring S. Perforin-2 clockwise hand-over-hand pre-pore to pore transition mechanism. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5039. [PMID: 36028507 PMCID: PMC9418332 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32757-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Perforin-2 (PFN2, MPEG1) is a pore-forming protein that acts as a first line of defense in the mammalian immune system, rapidly killing engulfed microbes within the phagolysosome in macrophages. PFN2 self-assembles into hexadecameric pre-pore rings that transition upon acidification into pores damaging target cell membranes. Here, using high-speed atomic force microscopy (HS-AFM) imaging and line-scanning and molecular dynamics simulation, we elucidate PFN2 pre-pore to pore transition pathways and dynamics. Upon acidification, the pre-pore rings (pre-pore-I) display frequent, 1.8 s-1, ring-opening dynamics that eventually, 0.2 s-1, initiate transition into an intermediate, short-lived, ~75 ms, pre-pore-II state, inducing a clockwise pre-pore-I to pre-pore-II propagation. Concomitantly, the first pre-pore-II subunit, undergoes a major conformational change to the pore state that propagates also clockwise at a rate ~15 s-1. Thus, the pre-pore to pore transition is a clockwise hand-over-hand mechanism that is accomplished within ~1.3 s. Our findings suggest a clockwise mechanism of membrane insertion that with variations may be general for the MACPF/CDC superfamily.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Jiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Laboratory of Soft Matter Physics, Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.
| | - François Dehez
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
| | - Tao Ni
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
| | - Xiulian Yu
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Jeremy S Dittman
- Department of Biochemistry, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Robert Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Oxford, UK
- Calleva Research Centre for Evolution and Human Sciences, Magdalen College, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Christophe Chipot
- Laboratoire International Associé, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Unité Mixte de Recherche no 7019, Université de Lorraine, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy cedex, France
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Simon Scheuring
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York City, NY, USA.
- Kavli Institute at Cornell for Nanoscale Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, USA.
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19
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Ye B, Shen Y, Chen H, Lin S, Mao W, Dong Y, Li X. Differential proteomic analysis of plasma-derived exosomes as diagnostic biomarkers for chronic HBV-related liver disease. Sci Rep 2022; 12:14428. [PMID: 36002595 PMCID: PMC9402575 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-13272-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is still a major public health problem worldwide. We aimed to identify new, non-invasive biomarkers for the early diagnosis of chronic HBV-related diseases, reveal alterations in the progression of chronic hepatitis B (CHB), liver cirrhosis (LC), and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Here, exosomes were isolated and characterized through size exclusion chromatography and nanoparticle tracking analysis. Profiles of differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were analyzed through liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS), Gene Ontology, and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analyses. Results showed that the DEPs, including CO9, LBP, SVEP1, and VWF levels in extracellular vesicles (EVs) were significantly higher in CHB than in healthy controls (HCs). VWF expression levels in EVs were significantly lower in CHB than in those with LC. KV311 expression levels in EVs were significantly higher, whereas LBP levels were significantly lower in patients with CHB than in those with HCC. All biomarkers seemed to exhibit a high diagnostic capacity for HBV-related liver disease. Patients with HBV-induced chronic liver disease exhibit characteristic protein profiles in their EVs. Thus, serum exosomes may be used as novel, liquid biopsy biomarkers to provide useful clinical information for the diagnosis of HBV-related liver diseases at different stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Ye
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yifei Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Weilin Mao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejiao Dong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuefen Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Key Laboratory of Clinical In Vitro Diagnostic Techniques of Zhejiang Province, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, No. 79 Qingchun Road, Hangzhou, 310003, People's Republic of China.
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20
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Overexpression of the Arabidopsis MACPF Protein AtMACP2 Promotes Pathogen Resistance by Activating SA Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23158784. [PMID: 35955922 PMCID: PMC9369274 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23158784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune response in plants is tightly regulated by the coordination of the cell surface and intracellular receptors. In animals, the membrane attack complex/perforin-like (MACPF) protein superfamily creates oligomeric pore structures on the cell surface during pathogen infection. However, the function and molecular mechanism of MACPF proteins in plant pathogen responses remain largely unclear. In this study, we identified an Arabidopsis MACP2 and investigated the responsiveness of this protein during both bacterial and fungal pathogens. We suggest that MACP2 induces programmed cell death, bacterial pathogen resistance, and necrotrophic fungal pathogen sensitivity by activating the biosynthesis of tryptophan-derived indole glucosinolates and the salicylic acid signaling pathway dependent on the activity of enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1). Moreover, the response of MACP2 mRNA isoforms upon pathogen attack is differentially regulated by a posttranscriptional mechanism: alternative splicing. In comparison to previously reported MACPFs in Arabidopsis, MACP2 shares a redundant but nonoverlapping role in plant immunity. Thus, our findings provide novel insights and genetic tools for the MACPF family in maintaining SA accumulation in response to pathogens in Arabidopsis.
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21
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Sharma A, Gupta S, Patil AB, Vijay N. Birth and death in terminal complement pathway. Mol Immunol 2022; 149:174-187. [PMID: 35908437 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
Abstract
The cytolytic activity of the membrane attack complex (MAC) is pivotal in the complement-mediated elimination of pathogens. Terminal complement pathway (TCP) genes encode the proteins that form the MAC. Although the TCP genes are well conserved within most vertebrate species, the early evolution of the TCP genes is poorly understood. Based on the comparative genomic analysis of the early evolutionary history of the TCP homologs, we evaluated four possible scenarios that could have given rise to the vertebrate TCP. Currently available genomic data support a scheme of complex sequential protein domain gains that may be responsible for the birth of the vertebrate C6 gene. The subsequent duplication and divergence of this vertebrate C6 gene formed the C7, C8α, C8β, and C9 genes. Compared to the widespread conservation of TCP components within vertebrates, we discovered that C9 has disintegrated in the genomes of galliform birds. Publicly available genome and transcriptome sequencing datasets of chicken from Illumina short read, PacBio long read, and Optical mapping technologies support the validity of the genome assembly at the C9 locus. In this study, we have generated a > 120X coverage whole-genome Chromium 10x linked-read sequencing dataset for the chicken and used it to verify the loss of the C9 gene in the chicken. We find multiple CR1 (chicken repeat 1) element insertions within and near the remnant exons of C9 in several galliform bird genomes. The reconstructed chronology of events shows that the CR1 insertions occurred after C9 gene loss in an early galliform ancestor. Loss of C9 in galliform birds, in contrast to conservation in other vertebrates, may have implications for host-pathogen interactions. Our study of C6 gene birth in an early vertebrate ancestor and C9 gene death in galliform birds provides insights into the evolution of the TCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Sharma
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Saumya Gupta
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Ajinkya Bharatraj Patil
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India
| | - Nagarjun Vijay
- Computational Evolutionary Genomics Lab, Department of Biological Sciences, IISER Bhopal, Bhauri, Madhya Pradesh, India.
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22
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Abdolahzadeh H, Mohammadi P, Ghasemi M, Mousavi SA, Bajouri A, Ataei-Fashtami L, Totonchi M, Rezvani M, Aghdami N, Shafieyan S. Comparison of Skin Transcriptome between Responder and Non-Responder Vitiligo Lesions to Cell Transplantation: A Clinical Trial Study. CELL JOURNAL 2022; 24:316-322. [PMID: 35892236 PMCID: PMC9315216 DOI: 10.22074/cellj.2022.7893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Autologous transplantation of epidermal cells has been used increasingly to treat vitiligo patients and is a simple, safe, and relatively efficient method. However, the outcome is not always satisfactory, and some patients show less or no response to this treatment. This study was evaluated to identify genes expressed differently among responders and non-responders to cell transplantation to find potential markers that could predict 'patients' responses to this type of cell therapy. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eleven stable vitiligo patients who received autologous epidermal cell transplantation were included in this clinical trial study. Before cell transplantation, skin samples were obtained from the recipient's vitiligo lesions. After epidermal cell transplantation, patients were followed for at least six months to assess the response to epidermal cell injection. RNA sequencing was used to determine potential gene expression profile differences between responder and non-responder vitiligo patients. RESULTS The RNA sequencing results showed differences in expression levels of 470 genes between the skin specimens of responder versus non-responder patients. There were 269 up-regulated genes and 201 down-regulated genes. Upregulated genes were involved in processes, such as Fatty Acid Omega Oxidation. Down-regulated genes were related to PPAR signaling pathway, and estrogen signaling pathway. Among the most differentially expressed genes (DEGs) with the most altered RNA expression levels in responders versus non-responder patients, we selected three genes (up-regulated genes KRTAP10-11 and down-regulated genes IP6K2 and C9) as potential biomarkers, which are involved in associated pathways. CONCLUSION Based on our findings, it is estimated that proposed genes might predict the response of vitiligo patients to cell therapy. However, further studies are required to clarify the role of these genes in pathogenesis and to characterize gene expression in a larger number of vitiligo patients in the context of epidermal cell transplantation therapy (registration number: IRCT201508201031N16).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hadis Abdolahzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Faculty of Basic Sciences and Advanced Technologies in Biology, University of Science
and Culture, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Parvaneh Mohammadi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mahshid Ghasemi
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Ahmad Mousavi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Bajouri
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran ,Skin and Stem Cell Research Center, Tehran University of medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Ataei-Fashtami
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Totonchi
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and
Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran ,Department of Genetics, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR,
Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Rezvani
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nasser Aghdami
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran ,P.O.Box: 16635-148Department of Regenerative BiomedicineCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem
Cell Biology and TechnologyACECRTehranIran
Emails:,
| | - Saeed Shafieyan
- Department of Regenerative Biomedicine, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology,
ACECR, Tehran, Iran ,P.O.Box: 16635-148Department of Regenerative BiomedicineCell Science Research CenterRoyan Institute for Stem
Cell Biology and TechnologyACECRTehranIran
Emails:,
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23
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Zhang X, Li Z, Liu W, Du J, Liu Y, Yu N, Liu C, Zeng M, Zhang X. The Complement and Coagulation Cascades Pathway is Associated with Acute Necrotizing Pancreatitis by Genomics and Proteomics Analysis. J Inflamm Res 2022; 15:2349-2363. [PMID: 35444447 PMCID: PMC9014310 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s351416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Zhang
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zenghui Li
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wei Liu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juanjuan Du
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ningjun Yu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chao Liu
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
| | - Mei Zeng
- Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
- Mei Zeng, Institute of Rheumatology and Immunology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, 63 Wenhua Road, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13990807850, Email
| | - Xiaoming Zhang
- Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Xiaoming Zhang, Medical Imaging Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province and Department of Radiology, Affiliated Hospital of North Sichuan Medical College, No.1 South Maoyuan Road, Nanchong, Sichuan, 637000, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 13808271001, Email
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24
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Sahu D, Bishwal SC, Malik MZ, Sahu S, Kaushik SR, Sharma S, Saini E, Arya R, Rastogi A, Sharma S, Sen S, Singh RKB, Liu CJ, Nanda RK, Panda AK. Troxerutin-Mediated Complement Pathway Inhibition is a Disease-Modifying Treatment for Inflammatory Arthritis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:845457. [PMID: 35433699 PMCID: PMC9009527 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.845457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Troxerutin (TXR) is a phytochemical reported to possess anti-inflammatory and hepatoprotective effects. In this study, we aimed to exploit the antiarthritic properties of TXR using an adjuvant-induced arthritic (AIA) rat model. AIA-induced rats showed the highest arthritis score at the disease onset and by oral administration of TXR (50, 100, and 200 mg/kg body weight), reduced to basal level in a dose-dependent manner. Isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitative (iTRAQ) proteomics tool were employed to identify deregulated joint homogenate proteins in AIA and TXR-treated rats to decipher the probable mechanism of TXR action in arthritis. iTRAQ analysis identified a set of 434 proteins with 65 deregulated proteins (log2 case/control≥1.5) in AIA. Expressions of a set of important proteins (AAT, T-kininogen, vimentin, desmin, and nucleophosmin) that could classify AIA from the healthy ones were validated using Western blot analysis. The Western blot data corroborated proteomics findings. In silico protein–protein interaction study of tissue-proteome revealed that complement component 9 (C9), the major building blocks of the membrane attack complex (MAC) responsible for sterile inflammation, get perturbed in AIA. Our dosimetry study suggests that a TXR dose of 200 mg/kg body weight for 15 days is sufficient to bring the arthritis score to basal levels in AIA rats. We have shown the importance of TXR as an antiarthritic agent in the AIA model and after additional investigation, its arthritic ameliorating properties could be exploited for clinical usability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasis Sahu
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
- *Correspondence: Debasis Sahu, ; Ranjan Kumar Nanda, ; Amulya Kumar Panda,
| | - Subasa Chandra Bishwal
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Md. Zubbair Malik
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Sukanya Sahu
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Rai Kaushik
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Shikha Sharma
- Amity Institute of Forensic Sciences, Amity University, Noida, India
| | - Ekta Saini
- Malaria Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Arya
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
| | - Archana Rastogi
- Department of Pathology, Institute of Liver and Biliary Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Sandeep Sharma
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, India
| | - Shanta Sen
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
| | - R. K. Brojen Singh
- School of Computational & Integrative Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Chuan-Ju Liu
- Department of Orthopedics Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Ranjan Kumar Nanda
- Translational Health Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Debasis Sahu, ; Ranjan Kumar Nanda, ; Amulya Kumar Panda,
| | - Amulya Kumar Panda
- Product Development Cell, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi, India
- *Correspondence: Debasis Sahu, ; Ranjan Kumar Nanda, ; Amulya Kumar Panda,
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25
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Ivanova ME, Lukoyanova N, Malhotra S, Topf M, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Saibil HR. The pore conformation of lymphocyte perforin. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabk3147. [PMID: 35148176 PMCID: PMC8836823 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk3147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore-forming protein that facilitates rapid killing of pathogen-infected or cancerous cells by the immune system. Perforin is released from cytotoxic lymphocytes, together with proapoptotic granzymes, to bind to a target cell membrane where it oligomerizes and forms pores. The pores allow granzyme entry, which rapidly triggers the apoptotic death of the target cell. Here, we present a 4-Å resolution cryo-electron microscopy structure of the perforin pore, revealing previously unidentified inter- and intramolecular interactions stabilizing the assembly. During pore formation, the helix-turn-helix motif moves away from the bend in the central β sheet to form an intermolecular contact. Cryo-electron tomography shows that prepores form on the membrane surface with minimal conformational changes. Our findings suggest the sequence of conformational changes underlying oligomerization and membrane insertion, and explain how several pathogenic mutations affect function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina E. Ivanova
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
- Imperial College London, Hammersmith Campus, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, UK
| | - Natalya Lukoyanova
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
| | - Sony Malhotra
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
- Scientific Computing Department, Science and Technology Facilities Council, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, Fermi Ave, Harwell, Didcot OX11 0QX, UK
| | - Maya Topf
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
- Centre for Structural Systems Biology, Leibniz-Institut für Experimentelle Virologie and Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Joseph A. Trapani
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan St, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Helen R. Saibil
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, Birkbeck, University of London, Malet St, London WC1E 7HX, UK
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26
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Nissa MU, Pinto N, Mukherjee A, Reddy PJ, Ghosh B, Sun Z, Ghantasala S, Chetanya C, Shenoy SV, Moritz RL, Goswami M, Srivastava S. Organ-Based Proteome and Post-Translational Modification Profiling of a Widely Cultivated Tropical Water Fish, Labeo rohita. J Proteome Res 2021; 21:420-437. [PMID: 34962809 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.1c00759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics has enormous applications in human and animal research. However, proteomic studies in fisheries science are quite scanty particularly for economically important species. Few proteomic studies have been carried out in model fish species, but comprehensive proteomics of aquaculture species are still scarce. This study aimed to perform a comprehensive organ-based protein profiling of important tissue samples for one of the most important aquaculture species,Labeo rohita.Deep proteomic profiling of 17 histologically normal tissues, blood plasma, and embryo provided mass-spectrometric evidence for 8498 proteins at 1% false discovery rate that make up about 26% of the total annotated protein-coding sequences in Rohu. Tissue-wise expression analysis was performed, and the presence of several biologically important proteins was also verified using a targeted proteomic approach. We identified the global post-translational modifications (PTMs) in terms of acetylation (N-terminus and lysine), methylation (N-terminus, lysine, and arginine), and phosphorylation (serine, threonine, and tyrosine) to present a comprehensive proteome resource. An interactive web-based portal has been developed for an overall landscape of protein expression across the studied tissues of Labeo rohita (www.fishprot.org). This draft proteome map of Labeo rohita would advance basic and applied research in aquaculture to meet the most critical challenge of providing food and nutritional security to an increasing world population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mehar Un Nissa
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Nevil Pinto
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Arijit Mukherjee
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | | | - Biplab Ghosh
- Regional Centre for Biotechnology, Faridabad 121001, India
| | - Zhi Sun
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Saicharan Ghantasala
- Centre for Research in Nanotechnology and Science, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Chetanya Chetanya
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Sanjyot Vinayak Shenoy
- Department of Mathematics, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Robert L Moritz
- Institute for Systems Biology, Seattle, Washington 98109, United States
| | - Mukunda Goswami
- Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Indian Council of Agricultural Research, Versova, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400061, India
| | - Sanjeeva Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
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27
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Hodel AW, Rudd-Schmidt JA, Trapani JA, Voskoboinik I, Hoogenboom BW. Lipid specificity of the immune effector perforin. Faraday Discuss 2021; 232:236-255. [PMID: 34545865 PMCID: PMC8704153 DOI: 10.1039/d0fd00043d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Perforin is a pore forming protein used by cytotoxic T lymphocytes to remove cancerous or virus-infected cells during the immune response. During the response, the lymphocyte membrane becomes refractory to perforin function by accumulating densely ordered lipid rafts and externalizing negatively charged lipid species. The dense membrane packing lowers the capacity of perforin to bind, and the negatively charged lipids scavenge any residual protein before pore formation. Using atomic force microscopy on model membrane systems, we here provide insight into the molecular basis of perforin lipid specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Hodel
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Jesse A Rudd-Schmidt
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Joseph A Trapani
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
- Cancer Cell Death Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Ilia Voskoboinik
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia.
- Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3000, Australia
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK.
- Institute of Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, UK
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Feng P, Yang G, Zhang W, Zhang L, Wu J, Yang L. Early pregnancy regulates expression of complement components in ovine liver. Anim Sci J 2021; 92:e13660. [PMID: 34786795 DOI: 10.1111/asj.13660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Complement pathways participate in the regulation of innate immune system, and complement activation is inhibited in normal pregnancy. The liver plays key roles in the modulation of immunity and tolerance, but it is unclear that early pregnancy induces the changes in expression of complement components in the ovine maternal liver. The aim of the present study was to explore the expression of complement components in the liver using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Western blot, and immunohistochemistry. Maternal livers were collected on Day 16 of the estrous cycle and Days 13, 16, and 25 of gestation. The results indicated that early pregnancy suppressed the expression of C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C4a, C5b, and C9 in the maternal liver, but C3 expression was increased. In addition, C3 protein was located in the endothelial cells of the proper hepatic arteries and portal veins and hepatocytes. In summary, the downregulaltion of C1q, C1r, C1s, C2, C4a, C5b, and C9 may be involved in the suppression of complement activation, and upregulation of C3 is related to the modulation of maternal immune tolerance in ovine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Feng
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Gengxin Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Weifeng Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Leying Zhang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Jiaxuan Wu
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Ling Yang
- School of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Yang L, Wang L, Wu J, Wang H, Yang G, Zhang L. Changes in Expression of Complement Components in the Ovine Spleen during Early Pregnancy. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11113183. [PMID: 34827915 PMCID: PMC8614503 DOI: 10.3390/ani11113183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
During early gestation in humans, complement regulation is essential for normal fetal growth. It is supposed that a complement pathway participates in maternal splenic immune regulation at the early stage of gestation in ewes. The aim of this study was to analyze the effects of early pregnancy on the expression of complement components in the maternal spleen of ewes. In this study, ovine spleens were sampled on day 16 of nonpregnancy, and days 13, 16 and 25 of gestation. RT-qPCR, Western blot and immunohistochemical analysis were used to detect the changes in expression of complement components in the ovine maternal spleens. Our results reveal that C1q was upregulated during early gestation, C1r, C1s, C2, C3 and C5b increased at day 25 of gestation and C4a and C9 peaked at days 13 and 16 of gestation. In addition, C3 protein was located in the capsule, trabeculae and splenic cords. In conclusion, our results show for the first time that there was modification in the expression of complement components in the ovine spleen at the early stage of gestation, and complement pathways may participate in modulating splenic immune responses at the early stage of gestation.
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Juárez OE, Lafarga-De la Cruz F, Lazo JP, Delgado-Vega R, Chávez-García D, López-Landavery E, Tovar-Ramírez D, Galindo-Sánchez CE. Transcriptomic assessment of dietary fishmeal partial replacement by soybean meal and prebiotics inclusion in the liver of juvenile Pacific yellowtail (Seriola lalandi). Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:7127-7140. [PMID: 34515920 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seriola lalandi is an important species for aquaculture, due to its rapid growth, adaptation to captivity and formulated diets, and high commercial value. Due to the rise in fishmeal (FM) price, efforts have been and still are made to replace it partially or entirely with vegetable meals in diets for carnivorous fish. The use of prebiotics when feeding vegetable meals has improved fish health. METHODS Four experimental diets were assessed in juveniles, the control diet consisted of FM as the main protein source, the second diet included 2% of GroBiotic®-A (FM-P), in the third diet FM was partially replaced (25%) by soybean meal (SM25), and the fourth consisted of SM25 with 2% of GroBiotic®-A (SM25-P). Growth was evaluated and RNA-seq of the liver tissue was performed, including differential expression analysis and functional annotation to identify genes affected by the diets. RESULTS Growth was not affected by this level of FM replacement, but it was improved by prebiotics. Annotation was achieved for 59,027 transcripts. Gene expression was affected by the factors: 225 transcripts due to FM replacement, 242 due to prebiotics inclusion, and 62 due to the interaction of factors. The SM25-P diet showed the least amount of differentially expressed genes against the control diet. CONCLUSION The replacement of FM (25%) by soybean meal combined with prebiotics (2%) represents a good cost-benefit balance for S. lalandi juveniles since the fish growth increased and important metabolic and immune system genes in the liver were upregulated with this diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Juárez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Fabiola Lafarga-De la Cruz
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Juan Pablo Lazo
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Rigoberto Delgado-Vega
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Denisse Chávez-García
- Department of Aquaculture, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Edgar López-Landavery
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México
| | - Dariel Tovar-Ramírez
- Aquaculture Program, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste (CIBNOR), Av. Instituto Politécnico Nacional #195, Playa Palo de Santa Rita Sur, 23096, La Paz, Baja California Sur, México
| | - Clara Elizabeth Galindo-Sánchez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigación Científica y de Educación Superior de Ensenada (CICESE), Carretera Ensenada-Tijuana #3918, Zona Playitas, 22860, Ensenada, Baja California, México.
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Daskalov A, Glass NL. Gasdermin and Gasdermin-Like Pore-Forming Proteins in Invertebrates, Fungi and Bacteria. J Mol Biol 2021; 434:167273. [PMID: 34599942 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2021.167273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The gasdermin family of pore-forming proteins (PFPs) has recently emerged as key molecular players controlling immune-related cell death in mammals. Characterized mammalian gasdermins are activated through proteolytic cleavage by caspases or serine proteases, which remove an inhibitory carboxy-terminal domain, allowing the pore-formation process. Processed gasdermins form transmembrane pores permeabilizing the plasma membrane, which often results in lytic and inflammatory cell death. While the gasdermin-dependent cell death (pyroptosis) has been predominantly characterized in mammals, it now has become clear that gasdermins also control cell death in early vertebrates (teleost fish) and invertebrate animals such as corals (Cnidaria). Moreover, gasdermins and gasdermin-like proteins have been identified and characterized in taxa outside of animals, notably Fungi and Bacteria. Fungal and bacterial gasdermins share many features with mammalian gasdermins including their mode of activation through proteolysis. It has been shown that in some cases the proteolytic activation is executed by evolutionarily related proteases acting downstream of proteins resembling immune receptors controlling pyroptosis in mammals. Overall, these findings establish gasdermins and gasdermin-regulated cell death as an extremely ancient mechanism of cellular suicide and build towards an understanding of the evolution of regulated cell death in the context of immunology. Here, we review the broader gasdermin family, focusing on recent discoveries in invertebrates, fungi and bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asen Daskalov
- Institut de Biochimie et Génétique Cellulaires, University of Bordeaux, France.
| | - N Louise Glass
- The Plant and Microbial Biology Department, The University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3102, United States
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Mondal AK, Chattopadhyay K. Structures and functions of the membrane-damaging pore-forming proteins. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2021; 128:241-288. [PMID: 35034720 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2021.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) of the diverse life forms have emerged as the potent cell-killing entities owing to their specialized membrane-damaging properties. PFPs have the unique ability to perforate the plasma membranes of their target cells, and they exert this functionality by creating oligomeric pores in the membrane lipid bilayer. Pathogenic bacteria employ PFPs as toxins to execute their virulence mechanisms, whereas in the higher vertebrates PFPs are deployed as the part of the immune system and to generate inflammatory responses. PFPs are the unique dimorphic proteins that are generally synthesized as water-soluble molecules, and transform into membrane-inserted oligomeric pore assemblies upon interacting with the target membranes. In spite of sharing very little sequence similarity, PFPs from diverse organisms display incredible structural similarity. Yet, at the same time, structure-function mechanisms of the PFPs document remarkable versatility. Such notions establish PFPs as the fascinating model system to explore variety of unsolved issues pertaining to the structure-function paradigm of the proteins that interact and act in the membrane environment. In this article, we discuss our current understanding regarding the structural basis of the pore-forming functions of the diverse class of PFPs. We attempt to highlight the similarities and differences in their structures, membrane pore-formation mechanisms, and their implications for the various biological processes, ranging from the bacterial virulence mechanisms to the inflammatory immune response generation in the higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India
| | - Kausik Chattopadhyay
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Mohali, Mohali, Punjab, India.
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Lukassen MV, Franc V, Hevler JF, Heck AJR. Similarities and differences in the structures and proteoform profiles of the complement proteins C6 and C7. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000310. [PMID: 34241972 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The human complement system provides a first line of defence against pathogens. It requires a well-orchestrated sequential assembly of an array of terminal complement components (C5, C6, C7, C8, and C9), ultimately forming the membrane attack complex (MAC). Although much information about MAC assembly is available, the structure of the soluble C7 has remained elusive. The complement proteins C7 and C6 share very high sequence homology and exhibit several conserved domains, disulphide bridges, and C-mannosylation sites. Here, we used an integrative structural MS-based approach combining native MS, glycopeptide-centric MS, in-gel cross-linking MS (IGX-MS) and structural modelling to describe structural features, including glycosylation, of human serum soluble C7. We compare this data with structural and glycosylation data for human serum C6. The new structural model for C7 shows that it adopts a compact conformation in solution. Although C6 and C7 share many similarities, our data reveals distinct O-, and N-linked glycosylation patterns in terms of location and glycan composition. Cumulatively, our data provide valuable new insight into the structure and proteoforms of C7, solving an essential piece of the puzzle in our understanding of MAC assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie V Lukassen
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Vojtech Franc
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Johannes F Hevler
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
| | - Albert J R Heck
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research and Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Utrecht, The Netherlands.,Netherlands Proteomics Center, The Netherlands
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Webster JA, Wuethrich A, Shanmugasundaram KB, Richards RS, Zelek WM, Shah AK, Gordon LG, Kendall BJ, Hartel G, Morgan BP, Trau M, Hill MM. Development of EndoScreen Chip, a Microfluidic Pre-Endoscopy Triage Test for Esophageal Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2865. [PMID: 34201241 PMCID: PMC8229863 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The current endoscopy and biopsy diagnosis of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and its premalignant condition Barrett's esophagus (BE) is not cost-effective. To enable EAC screening and patient triaging for endoscopy, we developed a microfluidic lectin immunoassay, the EndoScreen Chip, which allows sensitive multiplex serum biomarker measurements. Here, we report the proof-of-concept deployment for the EAC biomarker Jacalin lectin binding complement C9 (JAC-C9), which we previously discovered and validated by mass spectrometry. A monoclonal C9 antibody (m26 3C9) was generated and validated in microplate ELISA, and then deployed for JAC-C9 measurement on EndoScreen Chip. Cohort evaluation (n = 46) confirmed the expected elevation of serum JAC-C9 in EAC, along with elevated total serum C9 level. Next, we asked if the small panel of serum biomarkers improves detection of EAC in this cohort when used in conjunction with patient risk factors (age, body mass index and heartburn history). Using logistic regression modeling, we found that serum C9 and JAC-C9 significantly improved EAC prediction from AUROC of 0.838 to 0.931, with JAC-C9 strongly predictive of EAC (vs. BE OR = 4.6, 95% CI: 1.6-15.6, p = 0.014; vs. Healthy OR = 4.1, 95% CI: 1.2-13.7, p = 0.024). This proof-of-concept study confirms the microfluidic EndoScreen Chip technology and supports the potential utility of blood biomarkers in improving triaging for diagnostic endoscopy. Future work will expand the number of markers on EndoScreen Chip from our list of validated EAC biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A. Webster
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Alain Wuethrich
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane City, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.W.); (K.B.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Karthik B. Shanmugasundaram
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane City, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.W.); (K.B.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Renee S. Richards
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Wioleta M. Zelek
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (W.M.Z.); (B.P.M.)
| | - Alok K. Shah
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Louisa G. Gordon
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
| | - Bradley J. Kendall
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
- Department of Gastroenterolgy and Hepatology, Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
| | - Gunter Hartel
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
| | - B. Paul Morgan
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Cardiff University, Heath Park, Cardiff CF10 3AX, UK; (W.M.Z.); (B.P.M.)
| | - Matt Trau
- Centre for Personalised Nanomedicine, Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane City, QLD 4072, Australia; (A.W.); (K.B.S.); (M.T.)
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michelle M. Hill
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Herston, QLD 4006, Australia; (J.A.W.); (R.S.R.); (A.K.S.); (L.G.G.); (B.J.K.); (G.H.)
- Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, QLD 4102, Australia
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The function of adipsin and C9 protein in the complement system in HIV-associated preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet 2021; 304:1467-1473. [PMID: 33881585 DOI: 10.1007/s00404-021-06069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE In preeclampsia, there are excessive complement components expressed due to increased complement activation; therefore, this study investigated the concentration of adipsin and C9 in HIV-associated preeclampsia. METHOD The study population (n = 76) was stratified by pregnancy type (normotensive pregnant and preeclampsia) and by HIV status. Serum was assayed for the concentration of adipsin and C9 using a Bioplex immunoassay procedure. RESULTS Maternal weight did not differ (p = 0.1196) across the study groups. The concentration of adipsin was statistically different between the PE vs normotensive pregnant groups, irrespective of HIV status (p = 0.0439). There was no significant difference in adipsin concentration between HIV-negative vs HIV-positive groups, irrespective of pregnancy type (p = 0.6290). Additionally, there was a significant difference in adipsin concentration between HIV-negative normotensive vs HIV-negative preeclampsia (p < 0.05), as well as a difference between HIV-negative preeclampsia vs HIV-positive preeclampsia (p < 0.05). C9 protein expression was not statistically different between the normotensive and PE groups, regardless of HIV status (p = 0.5365). No statistical significance in C9 expression was found between HIV-positive vs HIV-negative groups, regardless of pregnancy type (p = 0.3166). Similarly, no statistical significance was noted across all study groups (p = 0.0774). CONCLUSION This study demonstrates that there is a strong correlation between the up-regulation of adipsin and PE and that adipsin is a promising biomarker to use as a diagnostic tool for PE.
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Ammendolia DA, Bement WM, Brumell JH. Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC Biol 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33849525 PMCID: PMC8042475 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a whole-body perspective. We highlight the role of tissue-specific stressors in health and disease and examine membrane repair pathways across diverse cell types. Furthermore, we outline the impact of genetic and environmental factors on plasma membrane integrity and how these contribute to disease pathogenesis in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Roumia AF, Tsirigos KD, Theodoropoulou MC, Tamposis IA, Hamodrakas SJ, Bagos PG. OMPdb: A Global Hub of Beta-Barrel Outer Membrane Proteins. FRONTIERS IN BIOINFORMATICS 2021; 1:646581. [PMID: 36303794 PMCID: PMC9581022 DOI: 10.3389/fbinf.2021.646581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
OMPdb (www.ompdb.org) was introduced as a database for β-barrel outer membrane proteins from Gram-negative bacteria in 2011 and then included 69,354 entries classified into 85 families. The database has been updated continuously using a collection of characteristic profile Hidden Markov Models able to discriminate between the different families of prokaryotic transmembrane β-barrels. The number of families has increased ultimately to a total of 129 families in the current, second major version of OMPdb. New additions have been made in parallel with efforts to update existing families and add novel families. Here, we present the upgrade of OMPdb, which from now on aims to become a global repository for all transmembrane β-barrel proteins, both eukaryotic and bacterial.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed F. Roumia
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | | | | | - Ioannis A. Tamposis
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
| | - Stavros J. Hamodrakas
- Section of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Department of Biology, School of Sciences, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Pantelis G. Bagos
- Department of Computer Science and Biomedical Informatics, University of Thessaly, Lamia, Greece
- *Correspondence: Pantelis G. Bagos
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Li L, Shen Y, Xu X, Yang W, Li J. Tracing and exploring the evolutionary origin and systematic function of fish complement C9. Mol Genet Genomics 2021; 296:665-676. [PMID: 33718983 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-021-01773-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Complement C9, as a member of terminal complement component (TCC) protein, plays important roles in innate immunity. However, some complement components appear to show difference and evolutionary complexity between higher and lower vertebrates. Hence, it is essential to carry on a study of evolutionary origin and systematic function of C9 in fish and non-fish vertebrates. This study aims to explore the complement gene evolution and potential function in fish based on molecular and structural biology. Herein, we found complete divergence of C9 throughout the gene evolution. The optimal codons of C9 sequences tended to be closer to the genomes of lower vertebrates compared to higher vertebrates. Further, conserved amino acids in the C9 TMH1 region were identified, implying their potential functional association with MAC growth and pore formation. Transposons and simple repeats, as gene elements, exhibited a differential distribution in the genomic regions in different animal groups but were sparsely scattered around the sixth exon (TMH1 region). Notably, this demonstrated the regulatory complexity of the C9 gene in higher vertebrates. The negative selection pressures on fish and non-fish groups improved both the sequence conservation and similarity. Through gene/protein regulatory network and pathway analyses, the systematic function of C9 protein was showcased; thus, we could reveal the divergence of the systematic function of C9 across species from different evolutionary positions. In addition, more complicated functions of C9 in higher vertebrates could established by the altered spatial conformation of the protein. Collectively, the present study illustrates the C9 gene evolutionary process and the difference in its systematic function across multiple species. Such advances provide new insights for understanding the evolutionary and potential functions of complement C9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisen Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Yubang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
| | - Xiaoyan Xu
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Weining Yang
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China
| | - Jiale Li
- Key Laboratory of Freshwater Aquatic Genetic Resources, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Aquaculture and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Aquaculture, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, 201306, China.
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Gilbert RJC. Electron microscopy as a critical tool in the determination of pore forming mechanisms in proteins. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:71-102. [PMID: 33712203 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Electron microscopy has consistently played an important role in the description of pore-forming protein systems. The discovery of pore-forming proteins has depended on visualization of the structural pores formed by their oligomeric protein complexes, and as electron microscopy has advanced technologically so has the degree of insight it has been able to give. This review considers a large number of published studies of pore-forming complexes in prepore and pore states determined using single-particle cryo-electron microscopy. Sample isolation and preparation, imaging and image analysis, structure determination and optimization of results are all discussed alongside challenges which pore-forming proteins particularly present. The review also considers the use made of cryo-electron tomography to study pores within their membrane environment and which will prove an increasingly important approach for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J C Gilbert
- Division of Structural Biology, Wellcome Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.
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Spicer BA, Dunstone MA. Going full circle: Determining the structures of complement component 9. Methods Enzymol 2021; 649:103-123. [PMID: 33712184 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pore forming proteins (PFPs) undergo dramatic conformational changes to punch holes in the target membrane. These PFPs have the ability to self-assemble, by way of oligomerization, and have the capacity to transform from a water soluble state (commonly referred to as fluid phase) to a membrane adhered form. Accordingly, PFPs are metastable, that is they are inert until the right conditions cause the release of potential energy stored in the conformational fold leading to a vast structural rearrangement into a membrane-inserted oligomeric form. However, the metastable state of PFPs poses a problem of leading to aggregation and precipitation in conditions typically required for structural biology techniques. Here, we discuss the protein chemistry of the MACPF protein complement component 9 (C9). C9 is part of a larger complex assembly known as the membrane attack complex (MAC) that has been studied extensively for its ability to form pores in bacteria. An unusual artifact of human C9 is the ability to form a soluble oligomeric state of the channel portion of the MAC, called polyC9. PolyC9 formation does not require the presence of membranes or other complement factors. It is only in recent years that structural studies of the MAC have become successful owing to improved recombinant DNA expression systems and the improvement of high-resolution techniques (both X-ray crystallography and single particle cryo-EM). We discuss the expression and purification of recombinant C9, crystallization of the soluble monomeric form of C9 and the preparation of the oligomeric polyC9.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley A Spicer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia.
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Merselis LC, Rivas ZP, Munson GP. Breaching the Bacterial Envelope: The Pivotal Role of Perforin-2 (MPEG1) Within Phagocytes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:597951. [PMID: 33692780 PMCID: PMC7937864 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.597951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement system and Perforin-1 are well characterized innate immune effectors. MAC is composed of C9 and other complement proteins that target the envelope of gram-negative bacteria. Perforin-1 is deployed when killer lymphocytes degranulate to destroy virally infected or cancerous cells. These molecules polymerize with MAC-perforin/cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (MACPF/CDC) domains of each monomer deploying amphipathic β-strands to form pores through target lipid bilayers. In this review we discuss one of the most recently discovered members of this family; Perforin-2, the product of the Mpeg1 gene. Since their initial description more than 100 years ago, innumerable studies have made macrophages and other phagocytes some of the best understood cells of the immune system. Yet remarkably it was only recently revealed that Perforin-2 underpins a pivotal function of phagocytes; the destruction of phagocytosed microbes. Several studies have established that phagocytosed bacteria persist and in some cases flourish within phagocytes that lack Perforin-2. When challenged with either gram-negative or gram-positive pathogens Mpeg1 knockout mice succumb to infectious doses that the majority of wild-type mice survive. As expected by their immunocompromised phenotype, bacterial pathogens replicate and disseminate to deeper tissues of Mpeg1 knockout mice. Thus, this evolutionarily ancient gene endows phagocytes with potent bactericidal capability across taxa spanning sponges to humans. The recently elucidated structures of mammalian Perforin-2 reveal it to be a homopolymer that depends upon low pH, such as within phagosomes, to transition to its membrane-spanning pore conformation. Clinical manifestations of Mpeg1 missense mutations further highlight the pivotal role of Perforin-2 within phagocytes. Controversies and gaps within the field of Perforin-2 research are also discussed as well as animal models that may be used to resolve the outstanding issues. Our review concludes with a discussion of bacterial counter measures against Perforin-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leidy C Merselis
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Zachary P Rivas
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - George P Munson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
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Abstract
Pore forming proteins are released as water-soluble monomers that form-mostly oligomeric-pores in target membranes. Our understanding of such pore formation relies in part on the direct visualization of their assemblies on and in the membrane. Here, we discuss the application of atomic force microscopy (AFM) to visualize and understand membrane pore formation, illustrated specifically by studies of proteins of the MACPF/CDC superfamily on supported lipid bilayers. Besides detailed protocols, we also point out common imaging artefacts and strategies to avoid them, and briefly outline how AFM can be effectively used in conjunction with other methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian W Hodel
- Killer Cell Biology Laboratory, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Katharine Hammond
- National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, United Kingdom; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Bart W Hoogenboom
- London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Department of Physics & Astronomy, University College London, London, United Kingdom.
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Brioschi M, Gianazza E, Agostoni P, Zoanni B, Mallia A, Banfi C. Multiplexed MRM-Based Proteomics Identified Multiple Biomarkers of Disease Severity in Human Heart Failure. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22020838. [PMID: 33467687 PMCID: PMC7830442 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart failure (HF) is a complex disease due to the intricate interplay of several mechanisms, which therefore implies the need for a multimarker strategy to better personalize the care of patients with HF. In this study, we developed a targeted mass spectrometry approach based on multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) to measure multiple circulating protein biomarkers, involved in cardiovascular disease, to address their relevance in the human HF, intending to assess the feasibility of the workflow in the disease monitoring and risk stratification. In this study, we analyzed a total of 60 plasma proteins in 30 plasma samples from eight control subjects and 22 age- and gender- matched HF patients. We identified a panel of four plasma proteins, namely Neuropilin-2, Beta 2 microglobulin, alpha-1-antichymotrypsin, and complement component C9, that were more abundant in HF patients in relation to disease severity and pulmonary dysfunction. Moreover, we showed the ability of the combination of these candidate proteins to discriminate, with sufficient accuracy, HF patients from healthy subjects. In conclusion, we demonstrated the feasibility and potential of a proteomic workflow based on MRM mass spectrometry for the evaluation of multiple proteins in human plasma and the identification of a panel of biomarkers of HF severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maura Brioschi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Erica Gianazza
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Piergiuseppe Agostoni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e di Comunità, Sezione Cardiovascolare, Università di Milano, 20122 Milano, Italy
| | - Beatrice Zoanni
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Alice Mallia
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Cristina Banfi
- Centro Cardiologico Monzino, IRCCS, 20138 Milano, Italy; (M.B.); (E.G.); (P.A.); (B.Z.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0258002403; Fax: +39-0258002623
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Krawczyk PA, Laub M, Kozik P. To Kill But Not Be Killed: Controlling the Activity of Mammalian Pore-Forming Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:601405. [PMID: 33281828 PMCID: PMC7691655 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.601405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pore-forming proteins (PFPs) are present in all domains of life, and play an important role in host-pathogen warfare and in the elimination of cancers. They can be employed to deliver specific effectors across membranes, to disrupt membrane integrity interfering with cell homeostasis, and to lyse membranes either destroying intracellular organelles or entire cells. Considering the destructive potential of PFPs, it is perhaps not surprising that mechanisms controlling their activity are remarkably complex, especially in multicellular organisms. Mammalian PFPs discovered to date include the complement membrane attack complex (MAC), perforins, as well as gasdermins. While the primary function of perforin-1 and gasdermins is to eliminate infected or cancerous host cells, perforin-2 and MAC can target pathogens directly. Yet, all mammalian PFPs are in principle capable of generating pores in membranes of healthy host cells which-if uncontrolled-could have dire, and potentially lethal consequences. In this review, we will highlight the strategies employed to protect the host from destruction by endogenous PFPs, while enabling timely and efficient elimination of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja A Krawczyk
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marco Laub
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Patrycja Kozik
- MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry Division, Cambridge Biomedical Campus, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Bayly-Jones C, Pang SS, Spicer BA, Whisstock JC, Dunstone MA. Ancient but Not Forgotten: New Insights Into MPEG1, a Macrophage Perforin-Like Immune Effector. Front Immunol 2020; 11:581906. [PMID: 33178209 PMCID: PMC7593815 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.581906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophage-expressed gene 1 [MPEG1/Perforin-2 (PRF2)] is an ancient metazoan protein belonging to the Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) branch of the MACPF/Cholesterol Dependent Cytolysin (CDC) superfamily of pore-forming proteins (PFPs). MACPF/CDC proteins are a large and extremely diverse superfamily that forms large transmembrane aqueous channels in target membranes. In humans, MACPFs have known roles in immunity and development. Like perforin (PRF) and the membrane attack complex (MAC), MPEG1 is also postulated to perform a role in immunity. Indeed, bioinformatic studies suggest that gene duplications of MPEG1 likely gave rise to PRF and MAC components. Studies reveal partial or complete loss of MPEG1 causes an increased susceptibility to microbial infection in both cells and animals. To this end, MPEG1 expression is upregulated in response to proinflammatory signals such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Furthermore, germline mutations in MPEG1 have been identified in connection with recurrent pulmonary mycobacterial infections in humans. Structural studies on MPEG1 revealed that it can form oligomeric pre-pores and pores. Strikingly, the unusual domain arrangement within the MPEG1 architecture suggests a novel mechanism of pore formation that may have evolved to guard against unwanted lysis of the host cell. Collectively, the available data suggest that MPEG1 likely functions as an intracellular pore-forming immune effector. Herein, we review the current understanding of MPEG1 evolution, regulation, and function. Furthermore, recent structural studies of MPEG1 are discussed, including the proposed mechanisms of action for MPEG1 bactericidal activity. Lastly limitations, outstanding questions, and implications of MPEG1 models are explored in the context of the broader literature and in light of newly available structural data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Bayly-Jones
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siew Siew Pang
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Bradley A Spicer
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - James C Whisstock
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,John Curtin School of Medical Research, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia
| | - Michelle A Dunstone
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Biomedicine Discovery Institute, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Dulipati V, Meri S, Panelius J. Complement evasion strategies of Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2645-2656. [PMID: 32748966 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Borreliosis (Lyme disease) is a spirochetal disease caused by the species complex of Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by Ixodes spp. ticks. Recorded to be the most common tick-borne disease in the world, the last two decades have seen an increase in disease incidence and distribution, exceeding 360 000 cases in Europe alone. If untreated, infection may cause skin symptoms, arthritis, and neurological or cardiac complications. Borrelia spirochetes have developed strategies to evade the mammalian host immune system. These include the complement system, which is an important first-line defense mechanism against invading microbes. To evade the complement, spirochetes bind soluble complement regulators factor H (FH), factor H-like protein, and C4bp to their outer surfaces. B. burgdorferi spirochetes can inhibit the classical pathway of complement by the outer surface protein (Osp) BBK32, which blocks the activation of the C1 complex, composed of C1q, C1r, and C1s. The FH-binding proteins of borreliae include Osps OspE, CspA, and CspZ. Following repeated infections, antibodies against these proteins develop and may provide functional immunity against borreliosis. This review discusses critical immune evasion strategies, focusing on complement evasion by borreliae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinaya Dulipati
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Seppo Meri
- Department of Bacteriology and Immunology and Translational Immunology Research Program, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,HUSLAB, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaana Panelius
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
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Donalisio M, Cirrincione S, Rittà M, Lamberti C, Civra A, Francese R, Tonetto P, Sottemano S, Manfredi M, Lorenzato A, Moro GE, Giribaldi M, Cavallarin L, Giuffrida MG, Bertino E, Coscia A, Lembo D. Extracellular Vesicles in Human Preterm Colostrum Inhibit Infection by Human Cytomegalovirus In Vitro. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8071087. [PMID: 32708203 PMCID: PMC7409124 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8071087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast milk is a complex biofluid that nourishes infants, supports their growth and protects them from diseases. However, at the same time, breastfeeding is a transmission route for human cytomegalovirus (HCMV), with preterm infants being at a great risk of congenital disease. The discrepancy between high HCMV transmission rates and the few reported cases of infants with severe clinical illness is likely due to the protective effect of breast milk. The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-HCMV activity of human preterm colostrum and clarify the role of colostrum-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs). Preterm colostrum samples were collected and the EVs were purified and characterized. The in vitro anti-HCMV activity of both colostrum and EVs was tested against HCMV, and the viral replication step inhibited by colostrum-purified EVs was examined. We investigated the putative role EV surface proteins play in impairing HCMV infection using shaving experiments and proteomic analysis. The obtained results confirmed the antiviral action of colostrum against HCMV and demonstrated a remarkable antiviral activity of colostrum-derived EVs. Furthermore, we demonstrated that EVs impair the attachment of HCMV to cells, with EV surface proteins playing a role in mediating this action. These findings contribute to clarifying the mechanisms that underlie the protective role of human colostrum against HCMV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Donalisio
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (R.F.); (D.L.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (A.C.); Tel.: +39-011-6705427 (M.D.); +39-011-3134437 (A.C.)
| | - Simona Cirrincione
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.C.); (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Massimo Rittà
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (R.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Cristina Lamberti
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.C.); (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Andrea Civra
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (R.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Rachele Francese
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (R.F.); (D.L.)
| | - Paola Tonetto
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (P.T.); (S.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Stefano Sottemano
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (P.T.); (S.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Marcello Manfredi
- Center for Translational Research on Autoimmune and Allergic Disease (CAAD), University of Piemonte Orientale, 28100 Novara, Italy;
| | - Annalisa Lorenzato
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy;
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Guido E. Moro
- Italian Association of Human Milk Banks, 20126 Milano, Italy;
| | - Marzia Giribaldi
- Research Centre for Engineering and Agro-food Processing (CREA), 10135 Torino, Italy;
| | - Laura Cavallarin
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.C.); (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Maria Gabriella Giuffrida
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto di Scienze delle Produzioni Alimentari, 10095 Grugliasco (TO), Italy; (S.C.); (C.L.); (L.C.); (M.G.G.)
| | - Enrico Bertino
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (P.T.); (S.S.); (E.B.)
| | - Alessandra Coscia
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Pediatrics, University of Turin, 10126 Torino, Italy; (P.T.); (S.S.); (E.B.)
- Correspondence: (M.D.); (A.C.); Tel.: +39-011-6705427 (M.D.); +39-011-3134437 (A.C.)
| | - David Lembo
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, 10043 Orbassano, Italy; (M.R.); (A.C.); (R.F.); (D.L.)
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Keb G, Fields KA. An Ancient Molecular Arms Race: Chlamydia vs. Membrane Attack Complex/Perforin (MACPF) Domain Proteins. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1490. [PMID: 32760406 PMCID: PMC7371996 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic interactions that govern the balance between host and pathogen determine the outcome of infection and are shaped by evolutionary pressures. Eukaryotic hosts have evolved elaborate and formidable defense mechanisms that provide the basis for innate and adaptive immunity. Proteins containing a membrane attack complex/Perforin (MACPF) domain represent an important class of immune effectors. These pore-forming proteins induce cell killing by targeting microbial or host membranes. Intracellular bacteria can be shielded from MACPF-mediated killing, and Chlamydia spp. represent a successful paradigm of obligate intracellular parasitism. Ancestors of present-day Chlamydia likely originated at evolutionary times that correlated with or preceded many host defense pathways. We discuss the current knowledge regarding how chlamydiae interact with the MACPF proteins Complement C9, Perforin-1, and Perforin-2. Current evidence indicates a degree of resistance by Chlamydia to MACPF effector mechanisms. In fact, chlamydiae have acquired and adapted their own MACPF-domain protein to facilitate infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle Keb
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Kenneth A Fields
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, University of Kentucky College of Medicine, Lexington, KY, United States
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Hua XT, Fan K, Zhang Z, Li X, Xia Y, Liu PF, Liu Y. Characterization and expression analysis of the C8α and C9 terminal complement components from pufferfish (Takifugu rubripes). DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2020; 106:103634. [PMID: 32004542 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2020.103634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
C8α and C9 mediate the membrane attack complex formation and bacterial lysis and are important components in the complement system. The cDNA sequences of the C8α and C9 genes were cloned from Takifugu rubripes. The full-length cDNA of Tr-C8α was 1893 bp and included a 5'-UTR of 69 bp and 3'-UTR of 83 bp. The full-length cDNA of Tr-C9 was 2083 bp and included a 5'-UTR of 72 bp and 3'-UTR of 250 bp. The expression of Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 was detected in newly fertilized eggs of T. rubripes. The expression of these two genes was at a higher level in the liver than in other tissues tested. After lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge, the gene expression of Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 increased more significantly in the liver. With these combined results, we further understood how Tr-C8α and Tr-C9 function in the innate immunity of pufferfish. Our findings could deepen the understanding of immune regulation in pufferfish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tong Hua
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Kunpeng Fan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Xiaohao Li
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Yuqing Xia
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China
| | - Peng-Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture (KLECA), Ministry of Education, 52 Heishijiao Street, Dalian, 116023, China; College of Marine Technology and Environment, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, 116023, China; Pilot National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology (Qingdao), Qingdao, 266071, China.
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50
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Abstract
Immune cells use a variety of membrane-disrupting proteins [complement, perforin, perforin-2, granulysin, gasdermins, mixed lineage kinase domain-like pseudokinase (MLKL)] to induce different kinds of death of microbes and host cells, some of which cause inflammation. After activation by proteolytic cleavage or phosphorylation, these proteins oligomerize, bind to membrane lipids, and disrupt membrane integrity. These membrane disruptors play a critical role in both innate and adaptive immunity. Here we review our current knowledge of the functions, specificity, activation, and regulation of membrane-disrupting immune proteins and what is known about the mechanisms behind membrane damage, the structure of the pores they form, how the cells expressing these lethal proteins are protected, and how cells targeted for destruction can sometimes escape death by repairing membrane damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xing Liu
- Center for Microbes, Development and Health; Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology; Institut Pasteur of Shanghai; Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China;
| | - Judy Lieberman
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital and Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA;
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