1
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Chatzileontiadou DSM, Lobos CA, Robson H, Almedia CA, Szeto C, Castley A, D'Orsogna LJ, Gras S. Public T cell clonotypes are selected in HLA-B ∗57:01 +/HIV + patients independently of the viral load. Cell Rep 2024; 43:114555. [PMID: 39083376 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.114555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
HIV controllers can control viral replication and remain healthy, but the mechanism behind this control is unknown. Despite human leukocyte antigen (HLA) diversity in the population, almost 50% of HIV controllers express the HLA-B∗57:01 molecule, which presents, among others, the Gag-derived epitope TW10. Given TW10's presentation in early infection, TW10-specific T cells could participate in the control of HIV. Here, we study the strength and functionality of TW10-specific T cells from HLA-B∗57:01+/HIV+ controller and non-controller individuals. We determine the TW10-specific T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire, revealing a bias in TCR gene usage with the presence of a public TCR. We determine that the T cell response is polyfunctional regardless of the viral load, despite the low affinity of TW10-specific TCRs. We solve the crystal structure of HLA-B∗57:01-TW10 in complex with a TCR, providing the basis of recognition that underpins the strong TRBV5 bias observed in TW10-specific clonotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Demetra S M Chatzileontiadou
- Immunity and Infection Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
| | - Christian A Lobos
- Immunity and Infection Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Hayden Robson
- Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Coral-Ann Almedia
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Christopher Szeto
- Immunity and Infection Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia
| | - Alison Castley
- Department of Clinical Immunology and PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Lloyd J D'Orsogna
- School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Nedlands, WA 6009, Australia; Department of Clinical Immunology and PathWest, Fiona Stanley Hospital, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Stephanie Gras
- Immunity and Infection Program, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Chemistry, School of Agriculture, Biomedicine and Environment, La Trobe University, Bundoora, VIC 3086, Australia; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia.
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2
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Phan T, Conway JM, Pagane N, Kreig J, Sambaturu N, Iyaniwura S, Li JZ, Ribeiro RM, Ke R, Perelson AS. Understanding early HIV-1 rebound dynamics following antiretroviral therapy interruption: The importance of effector cell expansion. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012236. [PMID: 39074163 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 06/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Most people living with HIV-1 experience rapid viral rebound once antiretroviral therapy is interrupted; however, a small fraction remain in viral remission for an extended duration. Understanding the factors that determine whether viral rebound is likely after treatment interruption can enable the development of optimal treatment regimens and therapeutic interventions to potentially achieve a functional cure for HIV-1. We built upon the theoretical framework proposed by Conway and Perelson to construct dynamic models of virus-immune interactions to study factors that influence viral rebound dynamics. We evaluated these models using viral load data from 24 individuals following antiretroviral therapy interruption. The best-performing model accurately captures the heterogeneity of viral dynamics and highlights the importance of the effector cell expansion rate. Our results show that post-treatment controllers and non-controllers can be distinguished based on the effector cell expansion rate in our models. Furthermore, these results demonstrate the potential of using dynamic models incorporating an effector cell response to understand early viral rebound dynamics post-antiretroviral therapy interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tin Phan
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jessica M Conway
- Department of Mathematics, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Pennsylvania State University, College Township, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nicole Pagane
- Program in Computational and Systems Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard; Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jasmine Kreig
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Narmada Sambaturu
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Sarafa Iyaniwura
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Jonathan Z Li
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Ruy M Ribeiro
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Ruian Ke
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Alan S Perelson
- Theoretical Biology and Biophysics, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico, United States of America
- Santa Fe Institute, Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States of America
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3
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Collins DR, Olatotse MJ, Racenet ZJ, Arshad U, Çakan E, Gaiha GD, Clayton KL, Walker BD. Expanded Antigen-Specific Elimination Assay to Measure Human CD8 + T Cell Cytolytic Potential. Curr Protoc 2024; 4:e1109. [PMID: 39023416 PMCID: PMC11295945 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Durable cellular immunity against pathogens is dependent upon a coordinated recall response to antigen by memory CD8+ T cells, involving their proliferation and the generation of secondary cytotoxic effector cells. Conventional assays measuring ex vivo cytotoxicity fail to capture this secondary cytolytic potential, especially in settings where cells have not been recently exposed to their cognate antigen in vivo. Here we describe the expanded antigen-specific elimination assay (EASEA), a flow cytometric endpoint assay to measure the capacity of human CD8+ T cells to expand in vitro upon antigen re-exposure and generate secondary effector cells capable of selectively eliminating autologous antigen-pulsed target cells across a range of effector-to-target ratios. Unlike alternative assays, EASEA avoids the hazards of radioactive labeling and viral infection and can be used to study responses to individual or pooled antigens of interest. © 2024 The Author(s). Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol: Expanded antigen-specific elimination assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | | | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Elif Çakan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Gaurav D. Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School, Worcester, MA, USA
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT & Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences, MIT, Cambridge, MA, USA
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4
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Sánchez-Martínez A, Giraldo Hoyos S, Alzate-Ángel JC, Guzmán F, Roman T, Velilla PA, Acevedo-Sáenz L. CD8 +T-cell response to mutated HLA-B*35-restricted Gag HY9 and HA9 epitopes from HIV-1 variants from Medellin, Colombia. Heliyon 2024; 10:e33143. [PMID: 39027459 PMCID: PMC11254536 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
The HLA-B*35 alleles have been associated with a slow or rapid progression of HIV-1 infection. However, the mechanisms related to HIV-1 progression have yet to be entirely understood. Several reports indicate that the binding affinity between the HLA-I molecule and peptides could be associated with an increased CD8+ T-cell response. Novel HLA-B*35-restricted mutated variants have been described from HSNQVSQNY (HY9) and HPVHAGPIA (HA9) epitopes. Bioinformatic analysis has indicated that these mutated epitopes show low and high binding affinity towards HLA-B*35, respectively. However, the polyfunctionality of CD8+ T-cells stimulated with these mutated and wild-type epitopes has yet to be reported. The results suggest that the low-binding affinity H124 N/S125 N/N126S mutated peptide in the HY9 epitope induced a lower percentage of CD107a+CD8+ T-cells than the wild-type epitope. Instead, the high-binding affinity peptides I223V and I223A in the HA9 epitope induced a significantly higher frequency of polyfunctional CD8+ T-cells. Also, a higher proportion of CD8+ T-cells with two functions, with Granzyme B+ Perforin+ being the predominant profile, was observed after stimulation with mutated peptides associated with high binding affinity in the HA9 epitope. These results suggest that the high-affinity mutated peptides induced a more polyfunctional CD8+ T-cell response, which could be related to the control of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Sánchez-Martínez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Udea, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Sofía Giraldo Hoyos
- Unidad de Investigación Clínica, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Juan Carlos Alzate-Ángel
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Udea, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
- Unidad de Micología Médica y Experimental, Corporación para Investigaciones Biológicas – Universidad de Santander (CIB-UDES), Colombia
| | - Fanny Guzmán
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Tanya Roman
- Núcleo de Biotecnología Curauma, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Paula A. Velilla
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Udea, Calle 70 No 52-21, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Liliana Acevedo-Sáenz
- Grupo Cuidado Enfermería-CES, Facultad de Enfermería, Universidad CES, Medellín, Colombia
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5
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Scott TM, Arnold LM, Powers JA, McCann DA, Christensen DE, Pereira MJ, Zhou W, Torrez RM, Iwasa JH, Kranzusch PJ, Sundquist WI, Johnson JS. Cell-free assays reveal the HIV-1 capsid protects reverse transcripts from cGAS. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.22.590513. [PMID: 38712059 PMCID: PMC11071359 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.22.590513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Retroviruses can be detected by the innate immune sensor cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS), which recognizes reverse-transcribed DNA and activates an antiviral response. However, the extent to which HIV-1 shields its genome from cGAS recognition remains unclear. To study this process in mechanistic detail, we reconstituted reverse transcription, genome release, and innate immune sensing of HIV-1 in a cell-free system. We found that wild-type HIV-1 capsids protect their genomes from cGAS even after completion of reverse transcription. Viral DNA could be "deprotected" by thermal stress, capsid mutations, or reduced concentrations of inositol hexakisphosphate (IP6) that destabilize the capsid. Strikingly, capsid inhibitors also disrupted viral cores and dramatically potentiated cGAS activity, both in vitro and in cellular infections. Our results provide biochemical evidence that the HIV-1 capsid lattice conceals the genome from cGAS and that chemical or physical disruption of the viral core can expose HIV-1 DNA and activate innate immune signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiana M. Scott
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Lydia M. Arnold
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jordan A. Powers
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Delaney A. McCann
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Devin E. Christensen
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Miguel J. Pereira
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wen Zhou
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, School of Life Sciences, Southern University of Science and Technology; Shenzhen, Guangdong 518055, China
| | - Rachel M. Torrez
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Janet H. Iwasa
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Philip J. Kranzusch
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School; Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute; Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Wesley I. Sundquist
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Jarrod S. Johnson
- Division of Microbiology and Immunology, Department of Pathology, University of Utah School of Medicine; Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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6
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Al-Talib M, Dimonte S, Humphreys IR. Mucosal T-cell responses to chronic viral infections: Implications for vaccine design. Cell Mol Immunol 2024:10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2. [PMID: 38459243 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-024-01140-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Mucosal surfaces that line the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genitourinary tracts are the major interfaces between the immune system and the environment. Their unique immunological landscape is characterized by the necessity of balancing tolerance to commensal microorganisms and other innocuous exposures against protection from pathogenic threats such as viruses. Numerous pathogenic viruses, including herpesviruses and retroviruses, exploit this environment to establish chronic infection. Effector and regulatory T-cell populations, including effector and resident memory T cells, play instrumental roles in mediating the transition from acute to chronic infection, where a degree of viral replication is tolerated to minimize immunopathology. Persistent antigen exposure during chronic viral infection leads to the evolution and divergence of these responses. In this review, we discuss advances in the understanding of mucosal T-cell immunity during chronic viral infections and how features of T-cell responses develop in different chronic viral infections of the mucosa. We consider how insights into T-cell immunity at mucosal surfaces could inform vaccine strategies: not only to protect hosts from chronic viral infections but also to exploit viruses that can persist within mucosal surfaces as vaccine vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Al-Talib
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
- Bristol Medical School, University of Bristol, 5 Tyndall Avenue, Bristol, BS8 1UD, UK
| | - Sandra Dimonte
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK
| | - Ian R Humphreys
- Systems Immunity University Research Institute/Division of Infection and Immunity, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF14 4XN, UK.
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7
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Grasberger P, Sondrini AR, Clayton KL. Harnessing immune cells to eliminate HIV reservoirs. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2024; 19:62-68. [PMID: 38167784 PMCID: PMC10908255 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite decades of insights about how CD8 + T cells and natural killer (NK) cells contribute to natural control of infection, additional hurdles (mutational escape from cellular immunity, sequence diversity, and hard-to-access tissue reservoirs) will need to be overcome to develop a cure. In this review, we highlight recent findings of novel mechanisms of antiviral cellular immunity and discuss current strategies for therapeutic deisgn. RECENT FINDINGS Of note are the apparent converging roles of viral antigen-specific MHC-E-restricted CD8 + T cells and NK cells, interleukin (IL)-15 biologics to boost cytotoxicity, and broadly neutralizing antibodies in their native form or as anitbody fragments to neutralize virus and engage cellular immunity, respectively. Finally, renewed interest in myeloid cells as relevant viral reservoirs is an encouraging sign for designing inclusive therapeutic strategies. SUMMARY Several studies have shown promise in many preclinical models of disease, including simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)/SHIV infection in nonhuman primates and HIV infection in humanized mice. However, each model comes with its own limitations and may not fully predict human responses. We eagerly await the results of clinical trails assessing the efficacy of these strategies to achieve reductions in viral reservoirs, delay viral rebound, or ultimately elicit immune based control of infection without combination antiretroviral therapy (cART).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Grasberger
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
| | | | - Kiera L. Clayton
- Department of Pathology, University of Massachusetts Chan Medical School
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8
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Maecker HT. Multiparameter Flow Cytometry Monitoring of T Cell Responses. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2807:325-342. [PMID: 38743238 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3862-0_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2024]
Abstract
Multiparameter flow cytometry is a common tool for assessing responses of T, B, and other cells to pathogens or vaccines. Such responses are likely to be important for predicting the efficacy of an HIV vaccine, despite the elusive findings in HIV vaccine trials to date. Fortunately, flow cytometry has evolved to be capable of readily measuring 30-40 parameters, providing the ability to dissect detailed phenotypes and functions that may be correlated with disease protection. Nevertheless, technical hurdles remain, and standardization of assays is still largely lacking. Here an optimized protocol for antigen-specific T cell monitoring is presented, with specific variations for particular markers. It covers the analysis of multiple cytokines, cell surface proteins, and other functional markers such as CD107, CD154, CD137, etc. References are given to published panels of 8-28 colors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holden T Maecker
- Institute for Immunity, Transplantation, and Infection, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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9
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Migueles SA, Nettere DM, Gavil NV, Wang LT, Toulmin SA, Kelly EP, Ward AJ, Lin S, Thompson SA, Peterson BA, Abdeen CS, Sclafani CR, Pryal PF, Leach BG, Ludwig AK, Rogan DC, Przygonska PA, Cattani A, Imamichi H, Sachs A, Cafri G, Huang NN, Patamawenu A, Liang CJ, Hallahan CW, Kambach DM, Han EX, Coupet T, Chen J, Moir SL, Chun TW, Coates EE, Ledgerwood J, Schmidt J, Taillandier-Coindard M, Michaux J, Pak H, Bassani-Sternberg M, Frahm N, McElrath MJ, Connors M. HIV vaccines induce CD8 + T cells with low antigen receptor sensitivity. Science 2023; 382:1270-1276. [PMID: 38096385 DOI: 10.1126/science.adg0514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023]
Abstract
Current HIV vaccines designed to stimulate CD8+ T cells have failed to induce immunologic control upon infection. The functions of vaccine-induced HIV-specific CD8+ T cells were investigated here in detail. Cytotoxic capacity was significantly lower than in HIV controllers and was not a consequence of low frequency or unaccumulated functional cytotoxic proteins. Low cytotoxic capacity was attributable to impaired degranulation in response to the low antigen levels present on HIV-infected targets. The vaccine-induced T cell receptor (TCR) repertoire was polyclonal and transduction of these TCRs conferred the same reduced functions. These results define a mechanism accounting for poor antiviral activity induced by these vaccines and suggest that an effective CD8+ T cell response may require a vaccination strategy that drives further TCR clonal selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen A Migueles
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Danielle M Nettere
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Noah V Gavil
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lawrence T Wang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sushila A Toulmin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Elizabeth P Kelly
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Addison J Ward
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Siying Lin
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah A Thompson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bennett A Peterson
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Cassidy S Abdeen
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Carina R Sclafani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Patrick F Pryal
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Benjamin G Leach
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda K Ludwig
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel C Rogan
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Paulina A Przygonska
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Angela Cattani
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hiromi Imamichi
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Abraham Sachs
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gal Cafri
- Surgery Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ning-Na Huang
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Andy Patamawenu
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - C Jason Liang
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Claire W Hallahan
- Biostatistics Research Branch, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Susan L Moir
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Tae-Wook Chun
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Emily E Coates
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julie Ledgerwood
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Julien Schmidt
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Marie Taillandier-Coindard
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Justine Michaux
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - HuiSong Pak
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michal Bassani-Sternberg
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Frahm
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - M Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division and the HIV Vaccine Trials Network, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mark Connors
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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10
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van Paassen PM, van Pul L, van der Straten K, Buchholtz NV, Grobben M, van Nuenen AC, van Dort KA, Boeser-Nunnink BD, van den Essenburg MD, Burger JA, van Luin M, Jurriaans S, Sanders RW, Swelsen WT, Symons J, Klouwens MJ, Nijhuis M, van Gils MJ, Prins JM, de Bree GJ, Kootstra NA. Virological and immunological correlates of HIV posttreatment control after temporal antiretroviral therapy during acute HIV infection. AIDS 2023; 37:2297-2304. [PMID: 37702421 PMCID: PMC10653294 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE People with HIV rarely control viral replication after cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). We present a person with HIV with extraordinary posttreatment control (PTC) for over 23 years after temporary ART during acute HIV infection (AHI) leading to a new insight in factors contributing to PTC. DESIGN/METHODS Viral reservoir was determined by HIV qPCR, Intact Proviral DNA Assay, and quantitative viral outgrowth assay. Viral replication kinetics were determined in autologous and donor PBMC. IgG levels directed against HIV envelope and neutralizing antibodies were measured. Immune phenotyping of T cells and HIV-specific T-cell responses were analyzed by flow cytometry. RESULTS The case presented with AHI and a plasma viral load of 2.7 million copies/ml. ART was initiated 2 weeks after diagnosis and interrupted after 26 months. Replicating virus was isolated shortly after start ART. At 18 years after treatment interruption, HIV-DNA in CD4 + T cells and low levels of HIV-RNA in plasma (<5 copies/ml) were detectable. Stable HIV envelope glycoprotein-directed IgG was present during follow-up, but lacked neutralizing activity. Strong antiviral CD8 + T-cell responses, in particular targeting HIV-gag, were detected during 25 years follow-up. Moreover, we found a P255A mutation in an HLA-B∗44 : 02 restricted gag-epitope, which was associated with decreased replication. CONCLUSION We describe an exceptional case of PTC, which is likely associated with sustained potent gag-specific CD8 + T-cell responses in combination with a replication attenuating escape mutation in gag. Understanding the initiation and preservation of the HIV-specific T-cell responses could guide the development of strategies to induce HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pien M. van Paassen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
| | - Lisa van Pul
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
| | - Karlijn van der Straten
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Ninée V.J.E. Buchholtz
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Translational Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Marloes Grobben
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Ad C. van Nuenen
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
| | - Karel A. van Dort
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
| | - Brigitte D. Boeser-Nunnink
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
| | | | - Judith A. Burger
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Matthijs van Luin
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Division Laboratories, Pharmacy and Biomedical Genetics, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht
| | - Suzanne Jurriaans
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Rogier W. Sanders
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Wendy T. Swelsen
- Department of Immunogenetics, Sanquin Diagnostic Services, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Jori Symons
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Translational Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Michelle J. Klouwens
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Monique Nijhuis
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Translational Virology, University Medical Center Utrecht
| | - Marit J. van Gils
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Laboratory of Experimental Virology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam
| | - Jan M. Prins
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godelieve J. de Bree
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A. Kootstra
- Amsterdam UMC location University of Amsterdam, Experimental Immunology, Meibergdreef 9
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Infectious Diseases
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11
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Borgo GM, Rutishauser RL. Generating and measuring effective vaccine-elicited HIV-specific CD8 + T cell responses. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:331-341. [PMID: 37751362 PMCID: PMC10552829 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW There is growing consensus that eliciting CD8 + T cells in addition to antibodies may be required for an effective HIV vaccine for both prevention and cure. Here, we review key qualities of vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells as well as major CD8 + T cell-based delivery platforms used in recent HIV vaccine clinical trials. RECENT FINDINGS Much progress has been made in improving HIV immunogen design and delivery platforms to optimize CD8 + T cell responses. With regards to viral vectors, recent trials have tested newer chimp and human adenovirus vectors as well as a CMV vector. DNA vaccine immunogenicity has been increased by delivering the vaccines by electroporation and together with adjuvants as well as administering them as part of a heterologous regimen. In preclinical models, self-amplifying RNA vaccines can generate durable tissue-based CD8 + T cells. While it may be beneficial for HIV vaccines to recapitulate the functional and phenotypic features of HIV-specific CD8 + T cells isolated from elite controllers, most of these features are not routinely measured in HIV vaccine clinical trials. SUMMARY Identifying a vaccine capable of generating durable T cell responses that target mutationally vulnerable epitopes and that can rapidly intercept infecting or rebounding virus remains a challenge for HIV. Comprehensive assessment of HIV vaccine-elicited CD8 + T cells, as well as comparisons between different vaccine platforms, will be critical to advance our understanding of how to design better CD8 + T cell-based vaccines for HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gina M Borgo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, California, USA
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12
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van Duijn J, Stieh D, Fernandez N, King D, Gilmour J, Tolboom J, Callewaert K, Willems W, Pau MG, De Rosa SC, McElrath MJ, Barouch DH, Hayes P. Mosaic HIV-1 vaccination induces anti-viral CD8 + T cell functionality in the phase 1/2a clinical trial APPROACH. J Virol 2023; 97:e0112623. [PMID: 37811993 PMCID: PMC10617392 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01126-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The functionality of CD8+ T cells against human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) antigens is indicative of HIV-progression in both animal models and people living with HIV. It is, therefore, of interest to assess CD8+ T cell responses in a prophylactic vaccination setting, as this may be an important component of the immune system that inhibits HIV-1 replication. T cell responses induced by the adenovirus serotype 26 (Ad26) mosaic vaccine regimen were assessed previously by IFN-γ ELISpot and flow cytometric assays, yet these assays only measure cytokine production but not the capacity of CD8+ T cells to inhibit replication of HIV-1. In this study, we demonstrate direct anti-viral function of the clinical Ad26 mosaic vaccine regimen through ex vivo inhibition of replication of diverse clades of HIV-1 isolates in the participant's own CD4+ T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel Stieh
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deborah King
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Maria G. Pau
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention B.V., Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Stephen C. De Rosa
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Dan H. Barouch
- Center for Virology and Vaccine Research, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
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13
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Rincón DS, Flórez-Álvarez L, Taborda NA, Hernandez JC, Rugeles MT, Zapata-Builes W. NK cells from Men Who Have Sex with Men at high risk for HIV-1 infection exhibit higher effector capacity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:16766. [PMID: 37798386 PMCID: PMC10556081 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-44054-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite being under constant exposure to HIV-1, some individuals do not show serological or clinical evidence of infection and are known as HESN (HIV-Exposed Seronegative). Multiple studies in different HESN cohorts have linked the NK cells as a correlate of resistance; however, little is known about the role of these cells in Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) with high risk sexual behaviors. We evaluated a general overview of activation and effector features of NK cells of MSM co-cultured with LT CD4+ HIV+ in which MSM at high risk of HIV-1 infection (HR-MSM) exhibit higher capacity to eliminate infected cells, reduced percentages of CD69+ cells when compared to MSM at low risk of infection (LR-MSM). In addition, we found that, despite the lower levels of CD69+ NK cells on HR-MSM group, within this population, higher percentages of CD69+ IFN-γ+ and CD69+ NKG2D+ NK cells were found together with higher levels of RANTES and Granzyme B production with higher antiviral capacity, resulting in a lower concentration of p24 protein and p24+ CD4+ T cells. Altogether, this information suggests that NK cells of MSM could impact the capacity to face the viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel S Rincón
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | - Lizdany Flórez-Álvarez
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | | | - Juan C Hernandez
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia
| | - María T Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia
| | - Wildeman Zapata-Builes
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Medellín, 050010, Colombia.
- Grupo Infettare, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Cooperativa de Colombia, Medellín, 050016, Colombia.
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14
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Copertino DC, Holmberg CS, Weiler J, Ward AR, Howard JN, Levinger C, Pang AP, Corley MJ, Dündar F, Zumbo P, Betel D, Gandhi RT, McMahon DK, Bosch RJ, Linden N, Macatangay BJ, Cyktor JC, Eron JJ, Mellors JW, Kovacs C, Benko E, Bosque A, Jones RB. The latency-reversing agent HODHBt synergizes with IL-15 to enhance cytotoxic function of HIV-specific T cells. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e169028. [PMID: 37581929 PMCID: PMC10561764 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.169028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
IL-15 is under clinical investigation toward the goal of curing HIV infection because of its abilities to reverse HIV latency and enhance immune effector function. However, increased potency through combination with other agents may be needed. 3-Hydroxy-1,2,3-benzotriazin-4(3H)-one (HODHBt) enhances IL-15-mediated latency reversal and NK cell function by increasing STAT5 activation. We hypothesized that HODHBt would also synergize with IL-15, via STAT5, to directly enhance HIV-specific cytotoxic T cell responses. We showed that ex vivo IL-15 + HODHBt treatment markedly enhanced HIV-specific granzyme B-releasing T cell responses in PBMCs from antiretroviral therapy-suppressed (ART-suppressed) donors. We also observed upregulation of antigen processing and presentation in CD4+ T cells and increased surface MHC-I. In ex vivo PBMCs, IL-15 + HODHBt was sufficient to reduce intact proviruses in 1 of 3 ART-suppressed donors. Our findings reveal the potential for second-generation IL-15 studies incorporating HODHBt-like therapeutics. Iterative studies layering on additional latency reversal or other agents are needed to achieve consistent ex vivo reservoir reductions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C. Copertino
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Carissa S. Holmberg
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Jared Weiler
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Adam R. Ward
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - J. Natalie Howard
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Callie Levinger
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Alina P.S. Pang
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Michael J. Corley
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Friederike Dündar
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Catenion GmbH, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Doron Betel
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
- Applied Bioinformatics Core and
- Institute for Computational Biomedicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Rajesh T. Gandhi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Deborah K. McMahon
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Ronald J. Bosch
- Center for Biostatistics in AIDS Research, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Noemi Linden
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Bernard J. Macatangay
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joshua C. Cyktor
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Joseph J. Eron
- Department of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - John W. Mellors
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Colin Kovacs
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Erika Benko
- Maple Leaf Medical Clinic, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Alberto Bosque
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Tropical Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - R. Brad Jones
- Infectious Diseases Division, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, New York, USA
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15
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Takata H, Mitchell JL, Pacheco J, Pagliuzza A, Pinyakorn S, Buranapraditkun S, Sacdalan C, Leyre L, Nathanson S, Kakazu JC, Intasan J, Prueksakaew P, Chomchey N, Phanuphak N, de Souza M, Haddad EK, Rolland M, Tovanabutra S, Vasan S, Hsu DC, Chomont N, Trautmann L. An active HIV reservoir during ART is associated with maintenance of HIV-specific CD8 + T cell magnitude and short-lived differentiation status. Cell Host Microbe 2023; 31:1494-1506.e4. [PMID: 37708852 PMCID: PMC10564289 DOI: 10.1016/j.chom.2023.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Before initiation of antiretroviral therapy (ART), HIV-specific CD8+ T cells are dysfunctional and short lived. To better understand the relationship between the HIV reservoir in CD4+ T cells and the magnitude and differentiation status of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, we investigated these cells from acute and chronic HIV-infected individuals after 2 years of ART. Although both the HIV reservoir and the CD8+ T cell responses declined significantly after 2 years of ART, sustained HIV-specific CD8+ T cell responses correlated with a greater reduction of integrated HIV provirus. However, the magnitude of CD8+ T cells specific for HIV Gag, Pol, Nef, and Vif proteins positively associated with the active reservoir size during ART, measured as cell-associated RNA. Importantly, high HIV DNA levels strongly associate with maintenance of short-lived HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, regardless of ART initiation time. Our data suggest that the active reservoir maintains HIV-specific CD8+ T cell magnitude but prevents their differentiation into functional cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Takata
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Julie L Mitchell
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Julian Pacheco
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Amélie Pagliuzza
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Suteeraporn Pinyakorn
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | - Carlo Sacdalan
- SEARCH Research Foundation, Bangkok, Thailand; Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Louise Leyre
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Sam Nathanson
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA
| | - Juyeon C Kakazu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Elias K Haddad
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and HIV Medicine, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Morgane Rolland
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sodsai Tovanabutra
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Sandhya Vasan
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Denise C Hsu
- U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA
| | - Nicolas Chomont
- Centre de Recherche du CHUM and Department of Microbiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Lydie Trautmann
- Vaccine and Gene Therapy Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Beaverton, OR 97006, USA; U.S. Military HIV Research Program, Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, Silver Spring, MD 20910, USA; Henry M. Jackson Foundation for the Advancement of Military Medicine, Inc., Bethesda, MD 20817, USA.
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16
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Grant-McAuley W, Morgenlander W, Hudelson SE, Thakar M, Piwowar-Manning E, Clarke W, Breaud A, Blankson J, Wilson E, Ayles H, Bock P, Moore A, Kosloff B, Shanaube K, Meehan SA, van Deventer A, Fidler S, Hayes R, Ruczinski I, Kammers K, Laeyendecker O, Larman HB, Eshleman SH. Comprehensive profiling of pre-infection antibodies identifies HIV targets associated with viremic control and viral load. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1178520. [PMID: 37744365 PMCID: PMC10512082 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1178520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background High HIV viral load (VL) is associated with increased transmission risk and faster disease progression. HIV controllers achieve viral suppression without antiretroviral (ARV) treatment. We evaluated viremic control in a community-randomized trial with >48,000 participants. Methods A massively multiplexed antibody profiling system, VirScan, was used to quantify pre- and post-infection antibody reactivity to HIV peptides in 664 samples from 429 participants (13 controllers, 135 viremic non-controllers, 64 other non-controllers, 217 uninfected persons). Controllers had VLs <2,000 copies/mL with no ARV drugs detected at the first HIV-positive visit and one year later. Viremic non-controllers had VLs 2,000 copies/mL with no ARV drugs detected at the first HIV-positive visit. Other non-controllers had either ARV drugs detected at the first HIV-positive visit (n=47) or VLs <2,000 copies/mL with no ARV drugs detected at only one HIV-positive visit (n=17). Results We identified pre-infection HIV antibody reactivities that correlated with post-infection VL. Pre-infection reactivity to an epitope in the HR2 domain of gp41 was associated with controller status and lower VL. Pre-infection reactivity to an epitope in the C2 domain of gp120 was associated with non-controller status and higher VL. Different patterns of antibody reactivity were observed over time for these two epitopes. Conclusion These studies suggest that pre-infection HIV antibodies are associated with controller status and modulation of HIV VL. These findings may inform research on antibody-based interventions for HIV treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Grant-McAuley
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William Morgenlander
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Sarah E. Hudelson
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Manjusha Thakar
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Estelle Piwowar-Manning
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - William Clarke
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Autumn Breaud
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Joel Blankson
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Ethan Wilson
- Statistical Center for HIV/AIDS Research and Prevention, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, United States
| | - Helen Ayles
- Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Bock
- Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | | | - Barry Kosloff
- Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia
- Clinical Research Department, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kwame Shanaube
- Zambart, University of Zambia School of Public Health, Lusaka, Zambia
| | - Sue-Ann Meehan
- Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Anneen van Deventer
- Desmond Tutu TB Center, Department of Paediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Western Cape, South Africa
| | - Sarah Fidler
- Department of Infectious Disease, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Richard Hayes
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ingo Ruczinski
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Kai Kammers
- Quantitative Sciences Division, Department of Oncology, Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Oliver Laeyendecker
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Laboratory of Immunoregulation, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - H. Benjamin Larman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Susan H. Eshleman
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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17
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Herbert NG, Goulder PJR. Impact of early antiretroviral therapy, early life immunity and immune sex differences on HIV disease and posttreatment control in children. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:229-236. [PMID: 37421384 PMCID: PMC10399946 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review recent insights into the factors affecting HIV disease progression in children living with HIV, contrasting outcomes: following early ART initiation with those in natural, antiretroviral therapy (ART)-naive infection; in children versus adults; and in female individuals versus male individuals. RECENT FINDINGS Early life immune polarization and several factors associated with mother-to-child transmission of HIV result in an ineffective HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response and rapid disease progression in most children living with HIV. However, the same factors result in low immune activation and antiviral efficacy mediated mainly through natural killer cell responses in children and are central features of posttreatment control. By contrast, rapid activation of the immune system and generation of a broad HIV-specific CD8+ T-cell response in adults, especially in the context of 'protective' HLA class I molecules, are associated with superior disease outcomes in ART-naive infection but not with posttreatment control. The higher levels of immune activation in female individuals versus male individuals from intrauterine life onwards increase HIV infection susceptibility in females in utero and may favour ART-naive disease outcomes rather than posttreatment control. SUMMARY Early-life immunity and factors associated with mother-to-child transmission typically result in rapid HIV disease progression in ART-naive infection but favour posttreatment control in children following early ART initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Herbert
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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18
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Bhattacharyya S, Crain CR, Goldberg B, Gaiha GD. Features of functional and dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to guide HIV vaccine development. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2023; 18:257-263. [PMID: 37535040 PMCID: PMC10503300 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0000000000000812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW CD8+ T cell responses are a key component of the host immune response to human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) but vary significantly across individuals with distinct clinical outcomes. These differences help inform the qualitative features of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells that we should aim to induce by vaccination. RECENT FINDINGS We review previous and more recent findings on the features of dysfunctional and functional CD8+ T cell responses that develop in individuals with uncontrolled and controlled HIV infection, with particular emphasis on proliferation, cytotoxic effector function, epitope specificity, and responses in lymph nodes. We also discuss the implications of these findings for both prophylactic and therapeutic T cell vaccine development within the context of T cell vaccine trials. SUMMARY The induction of HIV specific CD8+ T cell responses is an important goal of ongoing vaccine efforts. Emerging data on the key features of CD8+ T cell responses that distinguish individuals who spontaneously control from those with progressive disease continues to provide key guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaown Bhattacharyya
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Charles R Crain
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Benjamin Goldberg
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of Mass General, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115
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19
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Beavis AC, Wee EGT, Akis Yildirim BM, Borthwick N, He B, Hanke T. Combined intranasal and intramuscular parainfluenza 5-, simian adenovirus ChAdOx1- and poxvirus MVA-vectored vaccines induce synergistically HIV-1-specific T cells in the mucosa. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1186478. [PMID: 37529048 PMCID: PMC10390215 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1186478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction The primary goal of this work is to broaden and enhance the options for induction of protective CD8+ T cells against HIV-1 and respiratory pathogens. Methods We explored the advantages of the parainfluenza virus 5 (PIV5) vector for delivery of pathogen-derived transgenes alone and in combination with the in-human potent regimen of simian adenovirus ChAdOx1 prime-poxvirus MVA boost delivering bi-valent mosaic of HIV-1 conserved regions designated HIVconsvX. Results We showed in BALB/c mice that the PIV5 vector expressing the HIVconsvX immunogens could be readily incorporated with the other two vaccine modalities into a single regimen and that for specific vector combinations, mucosal CD8+ T-cell induction was enhanced synergistically by a combination of the intranasal and intramuscular routes of administration. Discussion Encouraging safety and immunogenicity data from phase 1 human trials of ChAdOx1- and MVA-vectored vaccines for HIV-1, and PIV5-vectored vaccines for SARS-CoV-2 and respiratory syncytial virus pave the way for combining these vectors for HIV-1 and other indications in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley C. Beavis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Edmund G. -T. Wee
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Belkis M. Akis Yildirim
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Borthwick
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Biao He
- Department of Infectious Diseases, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tomáš Hanke
- The Jenner Institute, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Joint Research Center for Human Retrovirus Infection, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Japan
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20
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Jiang N, Malone M, Chizari S. Antigen-specific and cross-reactive T cells in protection and disease. Immunol Rev 2023; 316:120-135. [PMID: 37209375 PMCID: PMC10524458 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Human T cells have a diverse T-cell receptor (TCR) repertoire that endows them with the ability to identify and defend against a broad spectrum of antigens. The universe of possible antigens that T cells may encounter, however, is even larger. To effectively surveil such a vast universe, the T-cell repertoire must adopt a high degree of cross-reactivity. Likewise, antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses play pivotal roles in both protective and pathological immune responses in numerous diseases. In this review, we explore the implications of these antigen-driven T-cell responses, with a particular focus on CD8+ T cells, using infection, neurodegeneration, and cancer as examples. We also summarize recent technological advances that facilitate high-throughput profiling of antigen-specific and cross-reactive T-cell responses experimentally, as well as computational biology approaches that predict these interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Jiang
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for Immunology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
- Institute for RNA Innovation, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Michael Malone
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
| | - Shahab Chizari
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104
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21
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Arenas VR, Rugeles MT, Perdomo-Celis F, Taborda N. Recent advances in CD8 + T cell-based immune therapies for HIV cure. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17481. [PMID: 37441388 PMCID: PMC10333625 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Achieving a cure for HIV infection is a global priority. There is substantial evidence supporting a central role for CD8+ T cells in the natural control of HIV, suggesting the rationale that these cells may be exploited to achieve remission or cure of this infection. In this work, we review the major challenges for achieving an HIV cure, the models of HIV remission, and the mechanisms of HIV control mediated by CD8+ T cells. In addition, we discuss strategies based on this cell population that could be used in the search for an HIV cure. Finally, we analyze the current challenges and perspectives to translate this basic knowledge toward scalable HIV cure strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María T. Rugeles
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
| | | | - Natalia Taborda
- Grupo Inmunovirología, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia, Medellin, Colombia
- Grupo de Investigaciones Biomédicas Uniremington, Programa de Medicina, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Corporación Universitaria Remington, Medellin, Colombia
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22
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Li X, Singh NK, Collins DR, Ng R, Zhang A, Lamothe-Molina PA, Shahinian P, Xu S, Tan K, Piechocka-Trocha A, Urbach JM, Weber JK, Gaiha GD, Takou Mbah OC, Huynh T, Cheever S, Chen J, Birnbaum M, Zhou R, Walker BD, Wang JH. Molecular basis of differential HLA class I-restricted T cell recognition of a highly networked HIV peptide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2929. [PMID: 37217466 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38573-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytotoxic-T-lymphocyte (CTL) mediated control of HIV-1 is enhanced by targeting highly networked epitopes in complex with human-leukocyte-antigen-class-I (HLA-I). However, the extent to which the presenting HLA allele contributes to this process is unknown. Here we examine the CTL response to QW9, a highly networked epitope presented by the disease-protective HLA-B57 and disease-neutral HLA-B53. Despite robust targeting of QW9 in persons expressing either allele, T cell receptor (TCR) cross-recognition of the naturally occurring variant QW9_S3T is consistently reduced when presented by HLA-B53 but not by HLA-B57. Crystal structures show substantial conformational changes from QW9-HLA to QW9_S3T-HLA by both alleles. The TCR-QW9-B53 ternary complex structure manifests how the QW9-B53 can elicit effective CTLs and suggests sterically hindered cross-recognition by QW9_S3T-B53. We observe populations of cross-reactive TCRs for B57, but not B53 and also find greater peptide-HLA stability for B57 in comparison to B53. These data demonstrate differential impacts of HLAs on TCR cross-recognition and antigen presentation of a naturally arising variant, with important implications for vaccine design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Li
- School of Life Sciences, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230027, China.
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
| | - Nishant Kumar Singh
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | - Robert Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Angela Zhang
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | | | - Peter Shahinian
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Shutong Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Kemin Tan
- Structural Biology Center, X-ray Science Division, Advanced Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Alicja Piechocka-Trocha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey K Weber
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | | | - Tien Huynh
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
| | - Sophia Cheever
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - James Chen
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Michael Birnbaum
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
- Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research at MIT, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Ruhong Zhou
- IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Computational Biology Center, Yorktown Heights, NY, 10598, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10025, USA
- Institute of Quantitative Biology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310058, China
| | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, 20815, USA.
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Science and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA.
| | - Jia-Huai Wang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02215, USA.
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23
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Collins DR, Hitschfel J, Urbach JM, Mylvaganam GH, Ly NL, Arshad U, Racenet ZJ, Yanez AG, Diefenbach TJ, Walker BD. Cytolytic CD8 + T cells infiltrate germinal centers to limit ongoing HIV replication in spontaneous controller lymph nodes. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eade5872. [PMID: 37205767 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.ade5872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Follicular CD8+ T cells (fCD8) mediate surveillance in lymph node (LN) germinal centers against lymphotropic infections and cancers, but the precise mechanisms by which these cells mediate immune control remain incompletely resolved. To address this, we investigated functionality, clonotypic compartmentalization, spatial localization, phenotypic characteristics, and transcriptional profiles of LN-resident virus-specific CD8+ T cells in persons who control HIV without medications. Antigen-induced proliferative and cytolytic potential consistently distinguished spontaneous controllers from noncontrollers. T cell receptor analysis revealed complete clonotypic overlap between peripheral and LN-resident HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. Transcriptional analysis of LN CD8+ T cells revealed gene signatures of inflammatory chemotaxis and antigen-induced effector function. In HIV controllers, the cytotoxic effectors perforin and granzyme B were elevated among virus-specific CXCR5+ fCD8s proximate to foci of HIV RNA within germinal centers. These results provide evidence consistent with cytolytic control of lymphotropic infection supported by inflammatory recruitment, antigen-specific proliferation, and cytotoxicity of fCD8s.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R Collins
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Julia Hitschfel
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | | | - Geetha H Mylvaganam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | - Ngoc L Ly
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Umar Arshad
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Adrienne G Yanez
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD, USA
- Institute for Medical Engineering and Sciences and Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
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24
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Li Z, Yan P, Wang R, Lu X, Zhang Y, Su B, Zhang X, Yuan L, Liu Z, Jiang W, Zhang T, Wu H, Huang X. Persistent T cell proliferation and MDSCs expansion precede incomplete CD4 + T cell recovery in people with acute HIV-1 infection with early ART. Heliyon 2023; 9:e15590. [PMID: 37153387 PMCID: PMC10160758 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e15590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2022] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV-1 infection causes T cell dysfunction that cannot be fully restored by anti-retroviral therapy (ART). Myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) expand and suppress T cell function during viral infection. In this study, we evaluated the dynamics of phenotypes and function of T cells and MDSCs and the effects of their interaction on CD4+ T cell reconstitution in people with acute HIV-1 infection (PWAH) with early ART. Flow cytometry was used to detect the phenotypic dynamics and function of T cells and MDSCs at pre-ART, 4, 24, 48, and 96 weeks of ART. We observed that T cells were hyper-activated and hyper-proliferative in PWAH at pre-ART. Early ART normalized T cell activation but not their proliferation. T cell proliferation, enriched in PD-1+ T cells, was persisted and negatively associated with CD4+ T-cell counts after ART. Moreover, M-MDSCs frequency was increased and positively correlated with T cell proliferation after 96 weeks of ART. M-MDSCs persisted and inhibited T cell proliferation ex vivo, which could be partially reversed by PD-L1 blockade. Further, we found higher frequencies of proliferative CD4+ T cells and M-MDSCs in PWAH with lower CD4+ T cell numbers (<500 cells/μL) compared to PWAH with higher CD4+ T cell numbers (>600 cells/μL) after 96 weeks of ART. Our findings indicate that persistent T cell proliferation, MDSCs expansion, and their interaction may affect CD4+ T-cell recovery in PWAH with early ART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Ping Yan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaofan Lu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Bin Su
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhiying Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Jiang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Tong Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
| | - Xiaojie Huang
- Beijing Key Laboratory for HIV/AIDS Research, Clinical and Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
- Corresponding author.
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25
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Michelo CM, Fiore-Gartland A, Dalel JA, Hayes P, Tang J, McGowan E, Kilembe W, Fernandez N, Gilmour J, Hunter E. Cohort-Specific Peptide Reagents Broaden Depth and Breadth Estimates of the CD8 T Cell Response to HIV-1 Gag Potential T Cell Epitopes. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:472. [PMID: 36851349 PMCID: PMC9961105 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
An effective HIV vaccine will need to stimulate immune responses against the sequence diversity presented in circulating virus strains. In this study, we evaluate breadth and depth estimates of potential T-cell epitopes (PTEs) in transmitted founder virus sequence-derived cohort-specific peptide reagents against reagents representative of consensus and global sequences. CD8 T-cells from twenty-six HIV-1+ PBMC donor samples, obtained at 1-year post estimated date of infection, were evaluated. ELISpot assays compared responses to 15mer consensus (n = 121), multivalent-global (n = 320), and 10mer multivalent cohort-specific (n = 300) PTE peptides, all mapping to the Gag antigen. Responses to 38 consensus, 71 global, and 62 cohort-specific PTEs were confirmed, with sixty percent of common global and cohort-specific PTEs corresponding to consensus sequences. Both global and cohort-specific peptides exhibited broader epitope coverage compared to commonly used consensus reagents, with mean breadth estimates of 3.2 (global), 3.4 (cohort) and 2.2 (consensus) epitopes. Global or cohort peptides each identified unique epitope responses that would not be detected if these peptide pools were used alone. A peptide set designed around specific virologic and immunogenetic characteristics of a target cohort can expand the detection of CD8 T-cell responses to epitopes in circulating viruses, providing a novel way to better define the host response to HIV-1 with implications for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive M. Michelo
- Center for Family Health Research Zambia, PostNet 412, P/Bag E891, B22/737 Bwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Andrew Fiore-Gartland
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Jama A. Dalel
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Peter Hayes
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jianming Tang
- Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Edward McGowan
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - William Kilembe
- Center for Family Health Research Zambia, PostNet 412, P/Bag E891, B22/737 Bwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
| | - Natalia Fernandez
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Jill Gilmour
- IAVI Human Immunology Laboratory, Imperial College, London SW10 9NH, UK
| | - Eric Hunter
- Center for Family Health Research Zambia, PostNet 412, P/Bag E891, B22/737 Bwembelelo, Emmasdale, Lusaka 10101, Zambia
- Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
- Emory National Primate Research Center, Emory University, 954 Gatewood Road NE, Atlanta, GA 30329, USA
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26
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Vieira V, Lim N, Singh A, Leitman E, Dsouza R, Adland E, Muenchhoff M, Roider J, Marin Lopez M, Carabelli J, Giandhari J, Groll A, Jooste P, Prado JG, Thobakgale C, Dong K, Kiepiela P, Prendergast AJ, Tudor-Williams G, Frater J, Walker BD, Ndung’u T, Ramsuran V, Leslie A, Kløverpris HN, Goulder P. Slow progression of pediatric HIV associates with early CD8+ T cell PD-1 expression and a stem-like phenotype. JCI Insight 2023; 8:e156049. [PMID: 36602861 PMCID: PMC9977437 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.156049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
HIV nonprogression despite persistent viremia is rare among adults who are naive to antiretroviral therapy (ART) but relatively common among ART-naive children. Previous studies indicate that ART-naive pediatric slow progressors (PSPs) adopt immune evasion strategies similar to those described in natural hosts of SIV. However, the mechanisms underlying this immunophenotype are not well understood. In a cohort of early-treated infants who underwent analytical treatment interruption (ATI) after 12 months of ART, expression of PD-1 on CD8+ T cells immediately before ATI was the main predictor of slow progression during ATI. PD-1+CD8+ T cell frequency was also negatively correlated with CCR5 and HLA-DR expression on CD4+ T cells and predicted stronger HIV-specific T lymphocyte responses. In the CD8+ T cell compartment of PSPs, we identified an enrichment of stem-like TCF-1+PD-1+ memory cells, whereas pediatric progressors and viremic adults had a terminally exhausted PD-1+CD39+ population. TCF-1+PD-1+ expression on CD8+ T cells was associated with higher proliferative activity and stronger Gag-specific effector functionality. These data prompted the hypothesis that the proliferative burst potential of stem-like HIV-specific cytotoxic cells could be exploited in therapeutic strategies to boost the antiviral response and facilitate remission in infants who received early ART with a preserved and nonexhausted T cell compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius Vieira
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Lim
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alveera Singh
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
| | - Ellen Leitman
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Reena Dsouza
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia Roider
- German Center for Infection Research, Munich, Germany
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | | | | | - Jennifer Giandhari
- KwaZulu-Natal Research Innovation and Sequencing Platform, Nelson R. Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Andreas Groll
- Department of Statistics, TU Dortmund University, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Pieter Jooste
- Department of Paediatrics, Kimberley Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa
| | - Julia G. Prado
- IrsiCaixa AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute, Badalona, Spain; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Christina Thobakgale
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Centre for HIV and STIs, National Institute for Communicable Diseases, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Krista Dong
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Photini Kiepiela
- South African Medical Research Council, Durban, South Africa
- Wits Health Consortium, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Andrew J. Prendergast
- Blizard Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
- Zvitambo Institute for Maternal and Child Health Research, Harare, Zimbabwe
| | - Gareth Tudor-Williams
- Centre for Paediatrics and Child Health, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Bruce D. Walker
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Thumbi Ndung’u
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Veron Ramsuran
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- Centre for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban, South Africa
| | - Alasdair Leslie
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- School of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Henrik N. Kløverpris
- Africa Health Research Institute, Durban, South Africa
- Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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Yuan X, Lai Y. Bibliometric and visualized analysis of elite controllers based on CiteSpace: landscapes, hotspots, and frontiers. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1147265. [PMID: 37124043 PMCID: PMC10130382 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1147265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background A unique subset of people living with HIV, known as elite controllers, possess spontaneous and consistent control over viral replication and disease progression in the absence of antiviral intervention. In-depth research on elite controllers is conducive to designing better treatment strategies for HIV. However, comprehensive and illuminating bibliometric reports on elite controllers are rare. Methods Articles on elite controllers were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection. A visualized analysis of this domain was conducted by CiteSpace software. Taking count, betweenness centrality, and burst value as criteria, we interpreted the visualization results and predicted future new directions and emerging trends. Results By December 31, 2022, 843 articles related to elite controllers had been published. The largest contributors in terms of country, institution, and author were the United States (485), Univ Calif San Francisco (87), and Walker B.D. (65), respectively. Migueles S.A. (325) and Journal of Virology (770) were the most cocited author and journal, respectively. Additionally, by summarizing the results of our CiteSpace software analysis on references and keywords, we considered that the research hotspots and frontiers on elite controllers mainly focus on three aspects: deciphering the mechanisms of durable control, delineating the implications for the development of treatments for HIV infection, and highlighting the clinical risks faced by elite controllers and coping strategies. Conclusion This study performed a bibliometric and visual analysis of elite controllers, identified the main characteristics and emerging trends, and provided insightful references for further development of this rapidly evolving and complex field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyue Yuan
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lai
- School of Basic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Yu Lai,
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Chandrasekar AP, Cummins NW, Natesampillai S, Misra A, Alto A, Laird G, Badley AD. The BCL-2 Inhibitor Venetoclax Augments Immune Effector Function Mediated by Fas Ligand, TRAIL, and Perforin/Granzyme B, Resulting in Reduced Plasma Viremia and Decreased HIV Reservoir Size during Acute HIV Infection in a Humanized Mouse Model. J Virol 2022; 96:e0173022. [PMID: 36448802 PMCID: PMC9769373 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01730-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The BCL-2 prosurvival protein is implicated in HIV persistence and is a potential therapeutic target for HIV eradication efforts. We now know that cells harboring HIV are preferentially enriched for high BCL-2 expression, enabling their survival, and that the BCL-2 inhibitor venetoclax promotes the death of actively replicating HIV-infected cells in vitro and ex vivo. Herein, we assess the effect of venetoclax on immune clearance of infected cells and show that BCL-2 inhibition significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL (tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand), and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK (natural killer) and CD8 cells' killing of target cells. In a humanized mouse model of acute HIV infection, venetoclax monotherapy significantly decreases plasma viremia and normalizes CD4:CD8 ratios, and results in more mice with undetectable provirus levels than control. In this model, treatment was associated with leukopenia, as has been described clinically in patients receiving venetoclax for other indications. These data confirm meaningful anti-HIV effects of venetoclax during HIV infection but suggest that venetoclax use should be combined with ART (antiretroviral therapy) to reduce toxicity. IMPORTANCE This study is the first to examine the applicability of BCL-2 inhibition in the setting of active HIV infection in vivo. Furthermore, this study demonstrates that venetoclax significantly enhances target cell killing induced by Fas ligand, TRAIL, and perforin/granzyme B and synergistically enhances autologous NK and CD8 cells' killing of target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nathan W. Cummins
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | | | - Anisha Misra
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Alecia Alto
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Greg Laird
- Accelevir Diagnostics, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Andrew D. Badley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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Martin-Gayo E, Gao C, Calvet-Mirabent M, Ouyang Z, Lichterfeld M, Yu XG. Cooperation between cGAS and RIG-I sensing pathways enables improved innate recognition of HIV-1 by myeloid dendritic cells in elite controllers. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1017164. [PMID: 36569826 PMCID: PMC9768436 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1017164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Spontaneous control of HIV-1 replication in the absence of anti-retroviral therapy (ART) naturally occurs in a small proportion of HIV-1-infected individuals known as elite controllers (EC), likely as a result of improved innate and adaptive immune mechanisms. Previous studies suggest that enhanced cytosolic immune recognition of HIV-1 reverse transcripts in conventional dendritic cells (mDC) from EC enables effective induction of antiviral effector T cell responses. However, the specific molecular circuits responsible for such improved innate recognition of HIV-1 in mDC from these individuals remain unknown. Results and methods Here, we identified a subpopulation of EC whose mDC displayed higher baseline abilities to respond to intracellular HIV-1 dsDNA stimulation. A computational analysis of transcriptional signatures from such high responder EC, combined with functional studies, suggested cytosolic recognition of HIV-1 dsDNA by cGAS, combined with sensing of viral mRNA by RIG-I after polymerase III-mediated HIV-1 DNA transcription. Discussion Together, our work identifies collaborative networks of innate sensing pathways that enhance cell-intrinsic abilities of mDC to induce antiviral innate responses against HIV-1; these observations might be useful for the therapeutic induction of effective antiviral immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrique Martin-Gayo
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States,Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain,*Correspondence: Enrique Martin-Gayo, ; Xu G. Yu,
| | - Ce Gao
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States,Infectious Disease Divisions, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Immunology Unit, Hospital Universitario de la Princesa, Madrid, Spain
| | - Zhengyu Ouyang
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States,Infectious Disease Divisions, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Mathias Lichterfeld
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States,Infectious Disease Divisions, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Xu G. Yu
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital (MGH), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) and Harvard, Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, United States,Infectious Disease Divisions, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, United States,*Correspondence: Enrique Martin-Gayo, ; Xu G. Yu,
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Chan YT, Cheong HC, Tang TF, Rajasuriar R, Cheng KK, Looi CY, Wong WF, Kamarulzaman A. Immune Checkpoint Molecules and Glucose Metabolism in HIV-Induced T Cell Exhaustion. Biomedicines 2022; 10:0. [PMID: 36359329 PMCID: PMC9687279 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10112809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The progressive decline of CD8+ cytotoxic T cells in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients due to infection-triggered cell exhaustion and cell death is significantly correlated with disease severity and progression into the life-threatening acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) stage. T cell exhaustion is a condition of cell dysfunction despite antigen engagement, characterized by augmented surface expression of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), which suppress T cell receptor (TCR) signaling and negatively impact the proliferative and effector activities of T cells. T cell function is tightly modulated by cellular glucose metabolism, which produces adequate energy to support a robust reaction when battling pathogen infection. The transition of the T cells from an active to an exhausted state following pathogen persistence involves a drastic change in metabolic activity. This review highlights the interplay between immune checkpoint molecules and glucose metabolism that contributes to T cell exhaustion in the context of chronic HIV infection, which could deliver an insight into the rational design of a novel therapeutic strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Teng Chan
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Heng Choon Cheong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Ting Fang Tang
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Reena Rajasuriar
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology (ICA), Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Pagoh 84600, Malaysia;
| | - Chung Yeng Looi
- School of Bioscience, Taylor’s University, Subang Jaya 47500, Malaysia;
| | - Won Fen Wong
- Department of Medical Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (Y.T.C.); (H.C.C.); (T.F.T.)
| | - Adeeba Kamarulzaman
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (R.R.); (A.K.)
- Centre of Excellence for Research in AIDS (CERiA), University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
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Long-term antiretroviral therapy initiated in acute HIV infection prevents residual dysfunction of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells. EBioMedicine 2022; 84:104253. [PMID: 36088683 PMCID: PMC9471490 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2022.104253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Harnessing CD8+ T cell responses is being explored to achieve HIV remission. Although HIV-specific CD8+ T cells become dysfunctional without treatment, antiretroviral therapy (ART) partially restores their function. However, the extent of this recovery under long-term ART is less understood. Methods We analyzed the differentiation status and function of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells after long-term ART initiated in acute or chronic HIV infection ex vivo and upon in vitro recall. Findings ART initiation in any stage of acute HIV infection promoted the persistence of long-lived HIV-specific CD8+ T cells with high expansion (P<0·0008) and cytotoxic capacity (P=0·02) after in vitro recall, albeit at low cell number (P=0·003). This superior expansion capacity correlated with stemness (r=0·90, P=0·006), measured by TCF-1 expression, similar to functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells found in spontaneous controllers. Importanly, TCF-1 expression in these cells was associated with longer time to viral rebound ranging from 13 to 48 days after ART interruption (r =0·71, P=0·03). In contrast, ART initiation in chronic HIV infection led to more differentiated HIV-specific CD8+ T cells lacking stemness properties and exhibiting residual dysfunction upon recall, with reduced proliferation and cytolytic activity. Interpretation ART initiation in acute HIV infection preserves functional HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, albeit at numbers too low to control viral rebound post-ART. HIV remission strategies may need to boost HIV-specific CD8+ T cell numbers and induce stem cell-like properties to reverse the residual dysfunction persisting on ART in people treated after acute infection prior to ART release. Funding U.S. National Institutes of Health and U.S. Department of Defense.
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Contribution of the HIV-1 Envelope Glycoprotein to AIDS Pathogenesis and Clinical Progression. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10092172. [PMID: 36140273 PMCID: PMC9495913 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10092172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the absence of antiviral therapy, HIV-1 infection progresses to a wide spectrum of clinical manifestations that are the result of an entangled contribution of host, immune and viral factors. The contribution of these factors is not completely established. Several investigations have described the involvement of the immune system in the viral control. In addition, distinct HLA-B alleles, HLA-B27, -B57-58, were associated with infection control. The combination of these elements and antiviral host restriction factors results in different clinical outcomes. The role of the viral proteins in HIV-1 infection has been, however, less investigated. We will review contributions dedicated to the pathogenesis of HIV-1 infection focusing on studies identifying the function of the viral envelope glycoprotein (Env) in the clinical progression because of its essential role in the initial events of the virus life-cycle. Some analysis showed that inefficient viral Envs were dominant in non-progressor individuals. These poorly-functional viral proteins resulted in lower cellular activation, viral replication and minor viral loads. This limited viral antigenic production allows a better immune response and a lower immune exhaustion. Thus, the properties of HIV-1 Env are significant in the clinical outcome of the HIV-1 infection and AIDS pathogenesis.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immunological studies of spontaneous HIV and simian virus (SIV) controllers have identified virus-specific CD8 + T cells as a key immune mechanism of viral control. The purpose of this review is to consider how knowledge about the mechanisms that are associated with CD8 + T cell control of HIV/SIV in natural infection can be harnessed in HIV remission strategies. RECENT FINDINGS We discuss characteristics of CD8 + T-cell responses that may be critical for suppressing HIV replication in spontaneous controllers comprising HIV antigen recognition including specific human leukocyte antigen types, broadly cross-reactive T cell receptors and epitope targeting, enhanced expansion and antiviral functions, and localization of virus-specific T cells near sites of reservoir persistence. We also discuss the need to better understand the timing of CD8 + T-cell responses associated with viral control of HIV/SIV during acute infection and after treatment interruption as well as the mechanisms by which HIV/SIV-specific CD8 + T cells coordinate with other immune responses to achieve control. SUMMARY We propose implications as to how this knowledge from natural infection can be applied in the design and evaluation of CD8 + T-cell-based remission strategies and offer questions to consider as these strategies target distinct CD8 + T-cell-dependent mechanisms of viral control.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The quest for HIV-1 cure could take advantage of the study of rare individuals that control viral replication spontaneously (elite controllers) or after an initial course of antiretroviral therapy (posttreatment controllers, PTCs). In this review, we will compare back-to-back the immunological and virological features underlying viral suppression in elite controllers and PTCs, and explore their possible contributions to the HIV-1 cure research. RECENT FINDINGS HIV-1 control in elite controllers shows hallmarks of an effective antiviral response, favored by genetic background and possibly associated to residual immune activation. The immune pressure in elite controllers might select against actively transcribing intact proviruses, allowing the persistence of a small and poorly inducible reservoir. Evidence on PTCs is less abundant but preliminary data suggest that antiviral immune responses may be less pronounced. Therefore, these patients may rely on distinct mechanisms, not completely elucidated to date, suppressing HIV-1 transcription and replication. SUMMARY PTCs and elite controllers may control HIV replication using distinct pathways, the elucidation of which may contribute to design future interventional strategies aiming to achieve a functional cure.
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Kumar Singh A, Padwal V, Palav H, Velhal S, Nagar V, Patil P, Patel V. Highly dampened HIV-specific cytolytic effector T cell responses define viremic non-progression. Immunobiology 2022; 227:152234. [PMID: 35671626 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2022.152234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
This study reports on HIV-specific T cell responses in HIV-1 infected Viremic Non-Progressors (VNPs), a rare group of people living with HIV that exhibit asymptomatic infection over several years accompanied by stable CD4+ T cell counts in spite of ongoing viral replication. We attempted to identify key virus-specific functional attributes that could underlie the apparently paradoxical virus-host equilibrium observed in VNPs. Our results revealed modulation of HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ effector T cell responses in VNPs towards a dominant non-cytolytic profile with concomitantly diminished degranulation (CD107a+) ability. Further, the HIV specific CD8+ effector T cell response was primarily enriched for MIP-1β producing cells. As expected, concordant with better viral suppression, VCs exhibit a robust cytolytic T cell response. Interestingly, PuPs shared features common to both these responses but did not exhibit a CD4+ central memory IFN-γ producing Gag-specific response that was shared by both non-progressor (VC and VNP) groups, suggesting CD4 helper response is critical for non-progression. Our study also revealed that cytolytic response in VNPs is primarily limited to polyfunctional cells while both monofunctional and polyfunctional cells significantly contribute to cytolytic responses in VCs. To further understand mechanisms underlying the unique HIV-specific effector T cell response described here in VNPs we also evaluated and demonstrated a possible role for altered gut homing in these individuals. Our findings inform immunotherapeutic interventions to achieve functional cures in the context of ART resistance and serious non AIDS events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Kumar Singh
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Varsha Padwal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Harsha Palav
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shilpa Velhal
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vidya Nagar
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Priya Patil
- Department of Medicine, Grant Medical College & Sir J. J. Group of Hospitals, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vainav Patel
- Viral Immunopathogenesis Laboratory, ICMR-National Institute for Research in Reproductive Health, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India.
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Perdomo-Celis F, Passaes C, Monceaux V, Volant S, Boufassa F, de Truchis P, Marcou M, Bourdic K, Weiss L, Jung C, Bourgeois C, Goujard C, Meyer L, Müller-Trutwin M, Lambotte O, Sáez-Cirión A. Reprogramming dysfunctional CD8+ T cells to promote properties associated with natural HIV control. J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e157549. [PMID: 35380989 PMCID: PMC9151687 DOI: 10.1172/jci157549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Virus-specific CD8+ T cells play a central role in HIV-1 natural controllers to maintain suppressed viremia in the absence of antiretroviral therapy. These cells display a memory program that confers them stemness properties, high survival, polyfunctionality, proliferative capacity, metabolic plasticity, and antiviral potential. The development and maintenance of such qualities by memory CD8+ T cells appear crucial to achieving natural HIV-1 control. Here, we show that targeting the signaling pathways Wnt/transcription factor T cell factor 1 (Wnt/TCF-1) and mTORC through GSK3 inhibition to reprogram HIV-specific CD8+ T cells from noncontrollers promoted functional capacities associated with natural control of infection. Features of such reprogrammed cells included enrichment in TCF-1+ less-differentiated subsets, a superior response to antigen, enhanced survival, polyfunctionality, metabolic plasticity, less mTORC1 dependency, an improved response to γ-chain cytokines, and a stronger HIV-suppressive capacity. Thus, such CD8+ T cell reprogramming, combined with other available immunomodulators, might represent a promising strategy for adoptive cell therapy in the search for an HIV-1 cure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Caroline Passaes
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Valérie Monceaux
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Stevenn Volant
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Hub Bioinformatique et Biostatistique, Paris, France
| | - Faroudy Boufassa
- Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) U1018, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Public Health, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Pierre de Truchis
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Morgane Marcou
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP Hôpital Raymond Poincaré, Garches, France
| | - Katia Bourdic
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Weiss
- Université de Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris Centre, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Corinne Jung
- Université de Paris Cité, AP-HP, Paris Centre, Hôtel Dieu, Paris, France
| | - Christine Bourgeois
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Cécile Goujard
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Hôpital Bicêtre, Départements Médico-Universitaires (DMU) 7, INSERM U1018, CESP, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris Saclay, INSERM Centre de Recherche en Épidémiologie et Santé des Populations (CESP) U1018, Assistance Publique–Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Department of Public Health, Bicêtre Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Michaela Müller-Trutwin
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris-Saclay, AP-HP, Bicêtre Hospital, UMR1184 INSERM Commissariat à l’énergie atomique et aux énergies alternatives (CEA), Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Asier Sáez-Cirión
- Institut Pasteur, Université Paris Cité, Unité HIV Inflammation et Persistance, Paris, France
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Takata H, Trautmann L. Transforming dysfunctional CD8+ T cells into natural controller-like CD8+ T cells: can TCF-1 be the magic wand? J Clin Invest 2022; 132:e160474. [PMID: 35642630 PMCID: PMC9151690 DOI: 10.1172/jci160474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
HIV infection results in defective CD8+ T cell functions that are incompletely resolved by antiretroviral therapy (ART) except in natural controllers, who have functional CD8+ T cells associated with viral control. In this issue of the JCI, Perdomo-Celis et al. demonstrated that targeting the Wnt/transcription factor T cell factor 1 (Wnt/TCF-1) pathway in dysfunctional CD8+ T cells led to gains in stemness phenotype, metabolic quiescence, survival potential, response to homeostatic γ-chain cytokines, and antiviral capacities, similar to profiles of functional CD8+ T cells in natural controllers. Although reprogramming might not sufficiently reverse the imprinted dysfunction of CD8+ T cells in HIV infection, these findings outline the Wnt/TCF-1 pathway as a potential target to reprogram dysfunctional CD8+ T cells in efforts to achieve HIV remission.
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Bernard NF, Kant S, Kiani Z, Tremblay C, Dupuy FP. Natural Killer Cells in Antibody Independent and Antibody Dependent HIV Control. Front Immunol 2022; 13:879124. [PMID: 35720328 PMCID: PMC9205404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.879124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), when left untreated, typically leads to disease progression towards acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Some people living with HIV (PLWH) control their virus to levels below the limit of detection of standard viral load assays, without treatment. As such, they represent examples of a functional HIV cure. These individuals, called Elite Controllers (ECs), are rare, making up <1% of PLWH. Genome wide association studies mapped genes in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region as important in HIV control. ECs have potent virus specific CD8+ T cell responses often restricted by protective MHC class I antigens. Natural Killer (NK) cells are innate immune cells whose activation state depends on the integration of activating and inhibitory signals arising from cell surface receptors interacting with their ligands on neighboring cells. Inhibitory NK cell receptors also use a subset of MHC class I antigens as ligands. This interaction educates NK cells, priming them to respond to HIV infected cell with reduced MHC class I antigen expression levels. NK cells can also be activated through the crosslinking of the activating NK cell receptor, CD16, which binds the fragment crystallizable portion of immunoglobulin G. This mode of activation confers NK cells with specificity to HIV infected cells when the antigen binding portion of CD16 bound immunoglobulin G recognizes HIV Envelope on infected cells. Here, we review the role of NK cells in antibody independent and antibody dependent HIV control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole F. Bernard
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Clinical Immunology, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- *Correspondence: Nicole F. Bernard,
| | - Sanket Kant
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Zahra Kiani
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Cécile Tremblay
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l’Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Microbiology Infectiology and Immunology, University of Montreal, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Franck P. Dupuy
- Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Infectious Diseases, Immunology and Global Health Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Vieira VA, Herbert N, Cromhout G, Adland E, Goulder P. Role of Early Life Cytotoxic T Lymphocyte and Natural Killer Cell Immunity in Paediatric HIV Cure/Remission in the Anti-Retroviral Therapy Era. Front Immunol 2022; 13:886562. [PMID: 35634290 PMCID: PMC9130627 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.886562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Only three well-characterised cases of functional cure have been described in paediatric HIV infection over the past decade. This underlines the fact that early initiation of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART), whilst minimising the size of the viral reservoir, is insufficient to achieve cure, unless other factors contribute. In this review, we consider these additional factors that may facilitate functional cure in paediatric infection. Among the early life immune activity, these include HIV-specific cytotoxic T-lymphocyte (CTL) and natural killer (NK) cell responses. The former have less potent antiviral efficacy in paediatric compared with adult infection, and indeed, in early life, NK responses have greater impact in suppressing viral replication than CTL. This fact may contribute to a greater potential for functional cure to be achieved in paediatric versus adult infection, since post-treatment control in adults is associated less with highly potent CTL activity, and more with effective antiviral NK cell responses. Nonetheless, antiviral CTL responses can play an increasingly effective role through childhood, especially in individuals expressing then 'protective' HLA-I molecules HLA-B*27/57/58:01/8101. The role of the innate system on preventing infection, in shaping the particular viruses transmitted, and influencing outcome is discussed. The susceptibility of female fetuses to in utero mother-to-child transmission, especially in the setting of recent maternal infection, is a curiosity that also provides clues to mechanisms by which cure may be achieved, since initial findings are that viral rebound is less frequent among males who interrupt cART. The potential of broadly neutralising antibody therapy to facilitate cure in children who have received early cART is discussed. Finally, we draw attention to the impact of the changing face of the paediatric HIV epidemic on cure potential. The effect of cART is not limited to preventing AIDS and reducing the risk of transmission. cART also affects which mothers transmit. No longer are mothers who transmit those who carry genes associated with poor immune control of HIV. In the cART era, a high proportion (>70% in our South African study) of transmitting mothers are those who seroconvert in pregnancy or who for social reasons are diagnosed late in pregnancy. As a result, now, genes associated with poor immune control of HIV are not enriched in mothers who transmit HIV to their child. These changes will likely influence the effectiveness of HLA-associated immune responses and therefore cure potential among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinicius A. Vieira
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicholas Herbert
- Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa
| | - Gabriela Cromhout
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily Adland
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Philip Goulder
- Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom,Africa Health Research Institute (AHRI), Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, Durban, South Africa,HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, Nelson R Mandela School of Medicine, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa,*Correspondence: Philip Goulder,
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40
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Sugawara S, Reeves RK, Jost S. Learning to Be Elite: Lessons From HIV-1 Controllers and Animal Models on Trained Innate Immunity and Virus Suppression. Front Immunol 2022; 13:858383. [PMID: 35572502 PMCID: PMC9094575 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.858383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although antiretroviral therapy (ART) has drastically changed the lives of people living with human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1), long-term treatment has been associated with a vast array of comorbidities. Therefore, a cure for HIV-1 remains the best option to globally eradicate HIV-1/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). However, development of strategies to achieve complete eradication of HIV-1 has been extremely challenging. Thus, the control of HIV-1 replication by the host immune system, namely functional cure, has long been studied as an alternative approach for HIV-1 cure. HIV-1 elite controllers (ECs) are rare individuals who naturally maintain undetectable HIV-1 replication levels in the absence of ART and whose immune repertoire might be a desirable blueprint for a functional cure. While the role(s) played by distinct human leukocyte antigen (HLA) expression and CD8+ T cell responses expressing cognate ligands in controlling HIV-1 has been widely characterized in ECs, the innate immune phenotype has been decidedly understudied. Comparably, in animal models such as HIV-1-infected humanized mice and simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected non-human primates (NHP), viremic control is known to be associated with specific major histocompatibility complex (MHC) alleles and CD8+ T cell activity, but the innate immune response remains incompletely characterized. Notably, recent work demonstrating the existence of trained innate immunity may provide new complementary approaches to achieve an HIV-1 cure. Herein, we review the known characteristics of innate immune responses in ECs and available animal models, identify gaps of knowledge regarding responses by adaptive or trained innate immune cells, and speculate on potential strategies to induce EC-like responses in HIV-1 non-controllers.
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Mishra KP, Singh M, Saraswat D, Ganju L, Varshney R. Dysfunctional State of T Cells or Exhaustion During Chronic Viral Infections and COVID-19: A Review. Viral Immunol 2022; 35:284-290. [PMID: 35325564 DOI: 10.1089/vim.2022.0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continuously affecting the lives of millions of people. The virus is spread through the respiratory route to an uninfected person, causing mild-to-moderate respiratory disease-like symptoms that sometimes progress to severe form and can be fatal. When the host is infected with the virus, both innate and adaptive immunity comes into play. The effector T cells act as the master player of adaptive immune response in eradicating the virus from the system. But during cancer and chronic viral infections, the fate of an effector T cell is altered, and the T cell may enters a state of exhaustion, which is marked by loss of effector function, depleted proliferative capacity and cytotoxic effect accomplished by an increased expression of numerous inhibitory receptors such as programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1), lymphocyte-activation protein 3 (LAG-3), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) on their surface. Various other transcriptional and epigenetic changes take place inside the T cell when it enters into an exhausted state. Latest studies point toward the induction of an abnormal immune response such as lymphopenia, cytokine storm, and T cell exhaustion during SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2) infection. This review sheds light on the dysfunctional state of T cells during chronic viral infection and COVID-19. Understanding the cause and the effect of T cell exhaustion observed during COVID-19 may help resolve new therapeutic potentials for treating chronic infections and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- K P Mishra
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Singh
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Deepika Saraswat
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Lilly Ganju
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Varshney
- Division of Experimental Biology, Defence Institute of Physiology and Allied Sciences, Delhi, India
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Naranbhai V, Nathan A, Kaseke C, Berrios C, Khatri A, Choi S, Getz MA, Tano-Menka R, Ofoman O, Gayton A, Senjobe F, Zhao Z, St Denis KJ, Lam EC, Carrington M, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB, Walker BD, Iafrate AJ, Gaiha GD. T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is preserved in most but not all individuals. Cell 2022; 185:1041-1051.e6. [PMID: 35202566 PMCID: PMC8810349 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2022.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) contains mutations that mediate escape from antibody responses, although the extent to which these substitutions in spike and non-spike proteins affect T cell recognition is unknown. In this study, we show that T cell responses in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, both prior infection and vaccination, and boosted vaccination are largely preserved to Omicron spike and non-spike proteins. However, we also identify a subset of individuals (∼21%) with a >50% reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike. Evaluation of functional CD4+ and CD8+ memory T cell responses confirmed these findings and revealed that reduced recognition to Omicron spike is primarily observed within the CD8+ T cell compartment potentially due to escape from HLA binding. Booster vaccination enhanced T cell responses to Omicron spike. In contrast to neutralizing immunity, these findings suggest preservation of T cell responses to the Omicron variant, although with reduced reactivity in some individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Naranbhai
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa.
| | - Anusha Nathan
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Clarety Kaseke
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Cristhian Berrios
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Ashok Khatri
- Massachusetts General Hospital Endocrine Division and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Shawn Choi
- Massachusetts General Hospital Endocrine Division and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Matthew A Getz
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rhoda Tano-Menka
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Onosereme Ofoman
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alton Gayton
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Fernando Senjobe
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Zezhou Zhao
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Program in Health Sciences & Technology, Harvard Medical School, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Kerri J St Denis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Evan C Lam
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Wilfredo F Garcia-Beltran
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | | - Bruce D Walker
- Center for the AIDS Programme of Research in South Africa, Durban 4001, South Africa; Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; The Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A John Iafrate
- Department of Pathology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gaurav D Gaiha
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Gastroenterology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Klingler J, Paul N, Laumond G, Schmidt S, Mayr LM, Decoville T, Lambotte O, Autran B, Bahram S, Moog C. Distinct antibody profiles in HLA-B∗57+, HLA-B∗57- HIV controllers and chronic progressors. AIDS 2022; 36:487-499. [PMID: 34581307 PMCID: PMC8876439 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Spontaneous control of HIV replication without treatment in HIV-1 controllers (HICs) was associated with the development of an efficient T-cell response. In addition, increasing data suggest that the humoral response participates in viral clearance. DESIGN In-depth characterization of Ab response in HICs may help to define new parameters associated with this control. METHODS We assessed the levels of total and HIV-specific IgA and IgG subtypes induction and their functional potencies - that is, neutralization, phagocytosis, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), according to the individual's major histocompatibility complex class I (HLA)-B∗57 status, and compared it with nontreated chronic progressors. RESULTS We found that despite an undetectable viral load, HICs displayed HIV-specific IgG levels similar to those of chronic progressors. Interestingly, our compelling multifunctional analysis demonstrates that the functional Ab profile, by itself, allowed to discriminate HLA-B∗57+ HICs from HLA-B∗57- HICs and chronic progressors. CONCLUSION These results show that HICs display a particular HIV-specific antibody (Ab) profile that may participate in HIV control and emphasize the relevance of multifunctional Ab response analysis in future Ab-driven vaccine studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéromine Klingler
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Nicodème Paul
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Géraldine Laumond
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Sylvie Schmidt
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Luzia M. Mayr
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Thomas Decoville
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil
| | - Olivier Lambotte
- Université Paris Sud
- INSERM UMR-1184, Center for Immunology of Viral Infections and Autoimmune Diseases, Le Kremlin Bicêtre
- CEA, DSV/iMETI, Division of Immuno-Virology, IDMIT, Fontenay-aux-Roses
- AP-HP, Service de Méecine Interne-Immunologie Clinique, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Sud, Le Kremlin Bicêtre
| | - Brigitte Autran
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM U1135, Center for Immunology and Microbial Infections – CIMI-Paris
- AP-HP, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtière, Department of Immunology, Paris, France
| | - Seiamak Bahram
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
| | - Christiane Moog
- INSERM UMR_S 1109, Centre de Recherche en Immunologie et Hématologie, Faculté de Médecine, Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg (FMTS), LabEx Transplantex, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg
- Vaccine Research Institute (VRI), Créteil
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Rout SS, Di Y, Dittmer U, Sutter K, Lavender KJ. Distinct effects of treatment with two different interferon-alpha subtypes on HIV-1-associated T-cell activation and dysfunction in humanized mice. AIDS 2022; 36:325-336. [PMID: 35084382 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Interferon-alpha (IFN-α) has been associated with excessive immune activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. However, evidence suggests specific IFN-α subtypes may be beneficial rather than detrimental. This study compared the effects of treatment with two different IFN-α subtypes on indicators of T-cell activation and dysfunction during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN Humanized mice were infected with HIV-1 for 5 weeks and then treated with two different IFN-α subtypes for an additional 3 weeks. Splenic T cells were assessed both immediately posttreatment and again 6 weeks after treatment cessation. METHODS HIV-1 infected triple-knockout bone marrow-liver-thymus mice received daily intraperitoneal injections of either IFN-α14 or the clinically approved subtype, IFN-α2. T cells were analysed directly ex vivo for indicators of activation and dysfunction or stimulated to determine their proliferative capacity and ability to produce functional mediators. RESULTS Unlike IFN-α2, IFN-α14 treatment reduced viremia and resulted in less activated CD4+ T cells and a lower naïve to effector CD8+ T-cell ratio. Despite exhibiting a reduced proliferative response, the frequency of CD8+ T cells from IFN-α14 treated mice that produced functional mediators and expressed markers of dysfunction was more similar to healthy controls than untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice. Frequencies of exhaustion marker expression remained higher in untreated and IFN-α2 treated mice 6 weeks posttreatment despite similar viral loads between groups at this timepoint. CONCLUSIONS Treatment with different IFN-α subtypes had distinctive effects on T cells during HIV-1 infection. IFN-α14 was associated with fewer indicators of T-cell dysfunction whereas IFN-α2 treatment had little impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav S Rout
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Yunyun Di
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Ulf Dittmer
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kathrin Sutter
- Institute of Virology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Kerry J Lavender
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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Differential Expression of CREM/ICER Isoforms Is Associated with the Spontaneous Control of HIV Infection. mBio 2022; 13:e0197921. [PMID: 35041523 PMCID: PMC8725591 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01979-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rare subset of HIV-infected individuals, termed elite controllers (ECs), can maintain long-term control over HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). To elucidate the biological mechanism of resistance to HIV replication at the molecular and cellular levels, we performed RNA sequencing and identified alternative splicing variants from ECs, HIV-infected individuals undergoing ART, ART-naive HIV-infected individuals, and healthy controls. We identified differential gene expression patterns that are specific to ECs and may influence HIV resistance, including alternative RNA splicing and exon usage variants of the CREM/ICER gene (cyclic AMP [cAMP]-responsive element modulator/inducible cAMP early repressors). The knockout and knockdown of specific ICER exons that were found to be upregulated in ECs resulted in significantly increased HIV infection in a CD4+ T cell line and primary CD4+ T cells. Overexpression of ICER isoforms decreased HIV infection in primary CD4+ T cells. Furthermore, ICER regulated HIV long terminal repeat (LTR) promoter activity in a Tat-dependent manner. Together, these results suggest that ICER is an HIV host factor that may contribute to the HIV resistance of ECs. These findings will help elucidate the mechanisms of HIV control by ECs and may yield a new approach for treatment of HIV. IMPORTANCE A small group of HIV-infected individuals, termed elite controllers (ECs), display control of HIV replication in the absence of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, the mechanism of ECs' resistance to HIV replication is not clear. In our work, we found an increased expression of specific, small isoforms of ICER in ECs. Further experiments proved that ICER is a robust host factor to regulate viral replication. Furthermore, we found that ICER regulates HIV LTR promoter activity in a Tat-dependent manner. These findings suggest that ICER is related to spontaneous control of HIV infection in ECs. This study may help elucidate a novel target for treatment of HIV.
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Naranbhai V, Nathan A, Kaseke C, Berrios C, Khatri A, Choi S, Getz MA, Tano-Menka R, Ofoman O, Gayton A, Senjobe F, Denis KJS, Lam EC, Garcia-Beltran WF, Balazs AB, Walker BD, Iafrate AJ, Gaiha GD. T cell reactivity to the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant is preserved in most but not all prior infected and vaccinated individuals. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2022:2022.01.04.21268586. [PMID: 35018386 PMCID: PMC8750712 DOI: 10.1101/2022.01.04.21268586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) contains mutations that mediate escape from infection and vaccine-induced antibody responses, although the extent to which these substitutions in spike and non-spike proteins affect T cell recognition is unknown. Here we show that T cell responses in individuals with prior infection, vaccination, both prior infection and vaccination, and boosted vaccination are largely preserved to Omicron spike and non-spike proteins. However, we also identify a subset of individuals (∼21%) with a >50% reduction in T cell reactivity to the Omicron spike. Evaluation of functional CD4 + and CD8 + memory T cell responses confirmed these findings and reveal that reduced recognition to Omicron spike is primarily observed within the CD8 + T cell compartment. Booster vaccination substantially enhanced T cell responses to Omicron spike. In contrast to neutralizing immunity, these findings suggest preservation of T cell responses to the Omicron variant, although with reduced reactivity in some individuals.
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Sandgaard KS, Gkouleli T, Attenborough T, Adams S, Gibbons D, Holm M, Eisen S, Baxendale H, De Rossi A, Pahwa S, Chain B, Gkazi AS, Klein N. The importance of taking ART appropriately in children and adolescents with HIV-1 to reach the highest capacity of immune function later in life. Front Immunol 2022; 13:860316. [PMID: 35967315 PMCID: PMC9364750 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.860316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Current antiretroviral therapy (ART) guidelines recommend treating all children with HIV-1 infection. This has changed from the broader use of ART to treat children to improve morbidity and minimise mortality. However, prior to current recommendations, not everyone with HIV-1 received timely treatment. What happens to the paediatric immune system when HIV-1 replication is not appropriately supressed remains unclear. 11 samples from adolescents with HIV-1 on ART and uninfected controls in the UK, aged 12-25 years, were examined; overall, adolescents with CD4+ counts > 500/μl and a viral load < 50 copies/ml were compared with adolescents with CD4+ counts < 500/μl and a viral load > 50 copies/ml at time of sampling. Measurements of thymic output were combined with high throughput next generation sequencing and bioinformatics to systematically organize CD4+ and CD8+ T cell receptor (TCR) repertoires. TCR repertoire diversity, clonal expansions, TCR sequence sharing, and formation of TCR clusters in HIV-1 infected adolescents with successful HIV-1 suppression were compared to adolescents with ineffective HIV-1 suppression. Thymic output and CD4+ T cell numbers were decreased in HIV-1 infected adolescents with poor HIV-1 suppression. A strong homeostatic TCR response, driven by the decreased CD4+ T cell compartment and reduced thymic output was observed in the virally uncontrolled HIV-1-infected adolescents. Formation of abundant robust TCR clusters and structurally related TCRs were found in the adolescents with effective HIV-1 suppression. Numerous CD4+ T cell numbers in the virally controlled adolescents emphasize the importance of high thymic output and formation of robust TCR clusters in the maintenance of HIV-1 suppression. While the profound capacity for immune recovery in children may allow better opportunity to deal with immunological stress, when ART is taken appropriately, this study demonstrates new insights into the unique paediatric immune system and the immunological changes when HIV-1 replication is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Schou Sandgaard
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Triantafylia Gkouleli
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom.,University College London (UCL) Zayed Centre for Research into Rare Disease in Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Teresa Attenborough
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Adams
- Genetics and Rare Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Deena Gibbons
- Peter Gorer Department of Immunobiology, Kings College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mette Holm
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Sarah Eisen
- Tropical Diseases, University College London Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Baxendale
- Clinical Immunology Department, Royal Papworth Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Anita De Rossi
- Department of Mother and Child Health, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Savita Pahwa
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Benny Chain
- University College London (UCL) Division of Infection and Immunity, University College London (UCL) Cruciform Building, London, United Kingdom
| | - Athina S Gkazi
- Genetics and Rare Diseases, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nigel Klein
- Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, University College London (UCL) Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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48
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Vieira VA, Millar J, Adland E, Muenchhoff M, Roider J, Guash CF, Peluso D, Thomé B, Garcia-Guerrero MC, Puertas MC, Bamford A, Brander C, Carrington M, Martinez-Picado J, Frater J, Tudor-Williams G, Goulder P. Robust HIV-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell responses distinguish elite control in adolescents living with HIV from viremic nonprogressors. AIDS 2022; 36:95-105. [PMID: 34581306 PMCID: PMC8654249 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Revised: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Elite controllers are therapy-naive individuals living with HIV capable of spontaneous control of plasma viraemia for at least a year. Although viremic nonprogressors are more common in vertical HIV-infection than in adults' infection, elite control has been rarely characterized in the pediatric population. DESIGN We analyzed the T-cell immunophenotype and the HIV-specific response by flow cytometry in four pediatric elite controllers (PECs) compared with age-matched nonprogressors (PNPs), progressors and HIV-exposed uninfected (HEUs) adolescents. RESULTS PECs T-cell populations had lower immune activation and exhaustion levels when compared with progressors, reflected by a more sustained and preserved effector function. The HIV-specific T-cell responses among PECs were characterized by high-frequency Gag-specific CD4+ T-cell activity, and markedly more polyfunctional Gag-specific CD8+ activity, compared with PNPs and progressors. These findings were consistently observed even in the absence of protective HLA-I molecules such as HLA-B∗27/57/81. CONCLUSION Pediatric elite control is normally achieved after years of infection, and low immune activation in PNPs precedes the increasing ability of CD8+ T-cell responses to achieve immune control of viraemia over the course of childhood, whereas in adults, high immune activation in acute infection predicts subsequent CD8+ T-cell mediated immune control of viremia, and in adult elite controllers, low immune activation is therefore the consequence of the rapid CD8+ T-cell mediated immune control generated after acute infection. This distinct strategy adopted by PECs may help identify pathways that facilitate remission in posttreatment controllers, in whom protective HLA-I molecules are not the main factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jane Millar
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
| | - Emily Adland
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer-Institute, Department of Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
| | - Julia Roider
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF)
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Fortuny Guash
- Unidad de Enfermedades Infecciosas, Servicio de Pediatría, Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Beatriz Thomé
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Alasdair Bamford
- Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Christian Brander
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Carrington
- Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Basic Science Program, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Integrative Cancer Immunology, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Javier Martinez-Picado
- IrsiCaixa - AIDS Research Institute, Badalona, Spain
- Universitat de Vic-Universitat Central de Catalunya, Vic
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - John Frater
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
- Oxford NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford
| | | | - Philip Goulder
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- HIV Pathogenesis Programme, Doris Duke Medical Research Institute, University of KwaZulu-Natal (UKZN), Durban, South Africa
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49
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Tasca KI, Souza LDRD. Asymptomatic HIV-Infected Patients Present Blood Parameters Changed, According to Use of Therapy and the CD4+ T Cells Count. BRAZ J PHARM SCI 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s2175-97902022e20808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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50
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Calvet-Mirabent M, Claiborne DT, Deruaz M, Tanno S, Serra C, Delgado-Arévalo C, Sánchez-Cerrillo I, de Los Santos I, Sanz J, García-Fraile L, Sánchez-Madrid F, Alfranca A, Muñoz-Fernández MÁ, Allen TM, Buzón MJ, Balazs A, Vrbanac V, Martín-Gayo E. Poly I:C and STING agonist-primed DC increase lymphoid tissue polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8 + T cells and limit CD4 + T cell loss in BLT mice. Eur J Immunol 2021; 52:447-461. [PMID: 34935145 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202149502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Effective function of CD8+ T cells and enhanced innate activation of dendritic cells (DC) in response to HIV-1 is linked to protective antiviral immunity in controllers. Manipulation of DC targeting the master regulator TANK-binding Kinase 1 (TBK1) might be useful to acquire controller-like properties. Here, we evaluated the impact of the combination of 2´3´-c´diAM(PS)2 and Poly I:C as potential adjuvants capable of potentiating DC´s abilities to induce polyfunctional HIV-1 specific CD8+ T cell responses in vitro and in vivo using a humanized BLT mouse model. Adjuvant combination enhanced TBK-1 phosphorylation and IL-12 and IFNβ expression on DC and increased their ability to activate polyfunctional HIV-1-specific CD8+ T cells in vitro. Moreover, higher proportions of hBLT mice vaccinated with ADJ-DC exhibited less severe CD4+ T cell depletion following HIV-1 infection compared to control groups. This was associated with infiltration of CD8+ T cells in the white pulp from the spleen, reduced spread of infected p24+ cells to lymph node and with preserved abilities of CD8+ T cells from the spleen and blood of vaccinated animals to induce specific polyfunctional responses upon antigen stimulation. Therefore, priming of DC with Poly I:C and STING agonists might be useful for future HIV-1 vaccine studies. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Calvet-Mirabent
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | | | - Maud Deruaz
- Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston.,Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, 02114, USA
| | - Serah Tanno
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Carla Serra
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Cristina Delgado-Arévalo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | - Ildefonso Sánchez-Cerrillo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Ignacio de Los Santos
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Jesús Sanz
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Lucio García-Fraile
- Infectious Diseases Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - Francisco Sánchez-Madrid
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
| | - Arantzazu Alfranca
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa
| | - María Ángeles Muñoz-Fernández
- Immunology Section, Instituto Investigación Sanitaria Gregorio Marañón (IiSGM), Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón. Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Maria J Buzón
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Institut de Recerca (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona
| | - Alejandro Balazs
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Vladimir Vrbanac
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard.,Human Immune System Mouse Program from Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston
| | - Enrique Martín-Gayo
- Immunology Unit from Hospital Universitario de la Princesa and Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Princesa.,Universidad Autónoma of Madrid, Medicine Department Spain
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