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Lee YT, Senturk M, Guan Y, Wang MC. Bacteria-organelle communication in physiology and disease. J Cell Biol 2024; 223:e202310134. [PMID: 38748249 PMCID: PMC11096858 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202310134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, omnipresent in our environment and coexisting within our body, exert dual beneficial and pathogenic influences. These microorganisms engage in intricate interactions with the human body, impacting both human health and disease. Simultaneously, certain organelles within our cells share an evolutionary relationship with bacteria, particularly mitochondria, best known for their energy production role and their dynamic interaction with each other and other organelles. In recent years, communication between bacteria and mitochondria has emerged as a new mechanism for regulating the host's physiology and pathology. In this review, we delve into the dynamic communications between bacteria and host mitochondria, shedding light on their collaborative regulation of host immune response, metabolism, aging, and longevity. Additionally, we discuss bacterial interactions with other organelles, including chloroplasts, lysosomes, and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Tang Lee
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Integrative Program of Molecular and Biochemical Sciences, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Mumine Senturk
- Huffington Center on Aging, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Youchen Guan
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
| | - Meng C. Wang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, VA, USA
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Xiao S, Wang J, Bai Z, Pan Y, Li Q, Zhao D, Zhang D, Yang Z, Zhu J. Alternaria solani effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 reveal novel functions in pathogenicity and conidiogenesis. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0421423. [PMID: 38912810 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04214-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Previous work identified a pair of specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 in Alternaria solani as contributors to the virulence of A. solani. Here, we constructed AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 deletion mutants in A. solani strain HWC168 to further reveal the effects of these genes on the biology and pathogenicity of A. solani. Deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 did not affect vegetative growth but did affect conidial maturation, with an increase in the percentage of abnormal conidia produced. Furthermore, we determined the expression patterns of genes involved in the conidiogenesis pathway and found that the regulatory gene abaA was significantly upregulated and chsA, a positive regulator for conidiation, was significantly downregulated in the mutant strains compared to the wild-type strain. These results suggest that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 indirectly affect the conidial development and maturation of A. solani. Pathogenicity assays revealed significantly impaired virulence of ΔAsCEP19, ΔAsCEP20, and ΔAsCEP19 + AsCEP20 mutants on potato and tomato plants. Moreover, we performed localization assays with green fluorescent protein-tagged proteins in chili pepper leaves. We found that AsCEP19 can specifically localize to the chloroplasts of chili pepper epidermal cells, while AsCEP20 can localize to both chloroplasts and the plasma membrane. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed enrichment of genes of this module in the photosynthesis pathway, with many hub genes associated with chloroplast structure and photosynthesis. These results suggest that chloroplasts are the targets for AsCEP19 and AsCEP20. IMPORTANCE Alternaria solani is an important necrotrophic pathogen causing potato early blight. Previous studies have provide preliminary evidence that specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 contribute to virulence, but their respective functions, localization, and pathogenic mechanisms during the infection process of A. solani remain unclear. Here, we have systematically studied the specific effectors AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 for the first time, which are essential for conidial maturation. The deletion of AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 can significantly impair fungal pathogenicity. Additionally, we preliminarily revealed that AsCEP19 and AsCEP20 target the chloroplasts of host cells. Our findings further enhance our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence of necrotrophic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyu Xiao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jinhui Wang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zihan Bai
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Yang Pan
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Qian Li
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dongmei Zhao
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Dai Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Zhihui Yang
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
| | - Jiehua Zhu
- College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding, Hebei, China
- Technological Innovation Center for Biological Control of Crop Diseases and Insect Pests of Hebei Province, Baoding, Hebei, China
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Kallemi P, Verret F, Andronis C, Ioannidis N, Glampedakis N, Kotzabasis K, Kalantidis K. Stress-related transcriptomic changes associated with GFP transgene expression and active transgene silencing in plants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:13314. [PMID: 38858413 PMCID: PMC11164987 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-63527-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plants respond to biotic and abiotic stress by activating and interacting with multiple defense pathways, allowing for an efficient global defense response. RNA silencing is a conserved mechanism of regulation of gene expression directed by small RNAs important in acquired plant immunity and especially virus and transgene repression. Several RNA silencing pathways in plants are crucial to control developmental processes and provide protection against abiotic and biotic stresses as well as invasive nucleic acids such as viruses and transposable elements. Various notable studies have shed light on the genes, small RNAs, and mechanisms involved in plant RNA silencing. However, published research on the potential interactions between RNA silencing and other plant stress responses is limited. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that spreading and maintenance of systemic post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) of a GFP transgene are associated with transcriptional changes that pertain to non-RNA silencing-based stress responses. To this end, we analyzed the structure and function of the photosynthetic apparatus and conducted whole transcriptome analysis in a transgenic line of Nicotiana benthamiana that spontaneously initiates transgene silencing, at different stages of systemic GFP-PTGS. In vivo analysis of chlorophyll a fluorescence yield and expression levels of key photosynthetic genes indicates that photosynthetic activity remains unaffected by systemic GFP-PTGS. However, transcriptomic analysis reveals that spreading and maintenance of GFP-PTGS are associated with transcriptional reprogramming of genes that are involved in abiotic stress responses and pattern- or effector-triggered immunity-based stress responses. These findings suggest that systemic PTGS may affect non-RNA-silencing-based defense pathways in N. benthamiana, providing new insights into the complex interplay between different plant stress responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paraskevi Kallemi
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Frederic Verret
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Christos Andronis
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Kriton Kalantidis
- Department of Biology, University of Crete, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Foundation for Research and Technology-Hellas, 70013, Heraklion, Greece.
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Stojilković B, Xiang H, Chen Y, Maulana MI, Bauters L, Van de Put H, Steppe K, Liao J, de Almeida Engler J, Gheysen G. The nematode effector Mj-NEROSs interacts with Rieske's iron-sulfur protein influencing plastid ROS production to suppress plant immunity. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2024; 242:2787-2802. [PMID: 38693568 DOI: 10.1111/nph.19781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024]
Abstract
Root-knot nematodes (RKN; Meloidogyne species) are plant pathogens that introduce several effectors in their hosts to facilitate infection. The actual targets and functioning mechanism of these effectors largely remain unexplored. This study illuminates the role and interplay of the Meloidogyne javanica nematode effector ROS suppressor (Mj-NEROSs) within the host plant environment. Mj-NEROSs suppresses INF1-induced cell death as well as flg22-induced callose deposition and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. A transcriptome analysis highlighted the downregulation of ROS-related genes upon Mj-NEROSs expression. NEROSs interacts with the plant Rieske's iron-sulfur protein (ISP) as shown by yeast-two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Secreted from the subventral pharyngeal glands into giant cells, Mj-NEROSs localizes in the plastids where it interacts with ISP, subsequently altering electron transport rates and ROS production. Moreover, our results demonstrate that isp Arabidopsis thaliana mutants exhibit increased susceptibility to M. javanica, indicating ISP importance for plant immunity. The interaction of a nematode effector with a plastid protein highlights the possible role of root plastids in plant defense, prompting many questions on the details of this process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boris Stojilković
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
- Cell and Developmental Biology, John Innes Centre, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Hui Xiang
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Yujin Chen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Muhammad Iqbal Maulana
- Laboratory of Nematology, Wageningen University, Droevendaalsesteeg 1, 6708 PB, Wageningen, the Netherlands
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Gadjah Mada, Jl. Flora, Bulaksumur, Yogyakarta, 55281, Indonesia
| | - Lander Bauters
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
| | - Hans Van de Put
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Kathy Steppe
- Laboratory of Plant Ecology, Department of Plants and Crops, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Jinling Liao
- Laboratory of Plant Nematology, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Microbial Signals and Disease Control, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
- Guangdong Vocational College of Ecological Engineering, Guangzhou, 510520, China
| | | | - Godelieve Gheysen
- Department of Biotechnology, Ghent University, Proeftuinstraat 86, Ghent, 9000, Belgium
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Horton KN, Gassmann W. Greater than the sum of their parts: an overview of the AvrRps4 effector family. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 15:1400659. [PMID: 38799092 PMCID: PMC11116571 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1400659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Phytopathogenic microbes use secreted effector proteins to increase their virulence in planta. If these effectors or the results of their activity are detected by the plant cell, the plant will mount an immune response which applies evolutionary pressure by reducing growth and success of the pathogen. Bacterial effector proteins in the AvrRps4 family (AvrRps4, HopK1, and XopO) have commonly been used as tools to investigate plant immune components. At the same time, the in planta functions of this family of effectors have yet to be fully characterized. In this minireview we summarize current knowledge about the AvrRps4 effector family with emphasis on properties of the proteins themselves. We hypothesize that the HopK1 C-terminus and the AvrRps4 C-terminus, though unrelated in sequence and structure, are broadly related in functions that counteract plant defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Walter Gassmann
- Division of Plant Science and Technology, Bond Life Sciences Center, and Interdisciplinary Plant Group, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, United States
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Liu J, Gong P, Lu R, Lozano-Durán R, Zhou X, Li F. Chloroplast immunity: A cornerstone of plant defense. MOLECULAR PLANT 2024; 17:686-688. [PMID: 38509708 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Pan Gong
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ruobin Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Centre for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen 72076, Germany
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China; State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China.
| | - Fangfang Li
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
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Song L, Yang T, Wang X, Ye W, Lu G. Magnaporthe oryzae Effector AvrPik-D Targets Rice Rubisco Small Subunit OsRBCS4 to Suppress Immunity. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1214. [PMID: 38732428 PMCID: PMC11085154 DOI: 10.3390/plants13091214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Rice blast, caused by the fungal pathogen Magnaporthe oryzae (M. oryzae), is a highly destructive disease that significantly impacts rice yield and quality. During the infection, M. oryzae secretes effector proteins to subvert the host immune response. However, the interaction between the effector protein AvrPik-D and its target proteins in rice, and the mechanism by which AvrPik-D exacerbates disease severity to facilitate infection, remains poorly understood. In this study, we found that the M. oryzae effector AvrPik-D interacts with the Rubisco (ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase) small subunit OsRBCS4. The overexpression of the OsRBCS4 gene in transgenic rice not only enhances resistance to M. oryzae but also induces more reactive oxygen species following chitin treatment. OsRBCS4 localizes to chloroplasts and co-localizes with AvrPik-D within these organelles. AvrPik-D suppresses the transcriptional expression of OsRBCS4 and inhibits Rubisco activity in rice. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that the M. oryzae effector AvrPik-D targets the Rubisco small subunit OsRBCS4 and inhibits its carboxylase and oxygenase activity, thereby suppressing rice innate immunity to facilitate infection. This provides a novel mechanism for the M. oryzae effector to subvert the host immunity to promote infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linlin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Tao Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Xinxiao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (X.W.)
| | - Wenyu Ye
- China National Engineering Research Center of JUNCAO Technology, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China
| | - Guodong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Ecological Pest Control for Fujian and Taiwan Crops, College of Plant Protection, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China; (L.S.); (T.Y.); (X.W.)
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8
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Mei Y, Hu T, Wang Y, Lozano-Durán R, Yang X, Zhou X. Two viral proteins translated from one open reading frame target different layers of plant defense. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100788. [PMID: 38160257 PMCID: PMC11009156 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Multilayered defense responses are activated upon pathogen attack. Viruses utilize a number of strategies to maximize the coding capacity of their small genomes and produce viral proteins for infection, including suppression of host defense. Here, we reveal translation leakage as one of these strategies: two viral effectors encoded by tomato golden mosaic virus, chloroplast-localized C4 (cC4) and membrane-associated C4 (mC4), are translated from two in-frame start codons and function cooperatively to suppress defense. cC4 localizes in chloroplasts, to which it recruits NbPUB4 to induce ubiquitination of the outer membrane; as a result, this organelle is degraded, and chloroplast-mediated defenses are abrogated. However, chloroplast-localized cC4 induces the production of singlet oxygen (1O2), which in turn promotes translocation of the 1O2 sensor NbMBS1 from the cytosol to the nucleus, where it activates expression of the CERK1 gene. Importantly, an antiviral effect exerted by CERK1 is countered by mC4, localized at the plasma membrane. mC4, like cC4, recruits NbPUB4 and promotes the ubiquitination and subsequent degradation of CERK1, suppressing membrane-based, receptor-like kinase-dependent defenses. Importantly, this translation leakage strategy seems to be conserved in multiple viral species and is related to host range. This finding suggests that stacking of different cellular antiviral responses could be an effective way to abrogate viral infection and engineer sustainable resistance to major crop viral diseases in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuzhen Mei
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Yaqin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rosa Lozano-Durán
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Center for Plant Molecular Biology (ZMBP), Eberhard Karls University, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Xiuling Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Xueping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Rice Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China; State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100193, China.
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Roussin-Léveillée C, Rossi CAM, Castroverde CDM, Moffett P. The plant disease triangle facing climate change: a molecular perspective. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024:S1360-1385(24)00060-8. [PMID: 38580544 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2024.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Variations in climate conditions can dramatically affect plant health and the generation of climate-resilient crops is imperative to food security. In addition to directly affecting plants, it is predicted that more severe climate conditions will also result in greater biotic stresses. Recent studies have identified climate-sensitive molecular pathways that can result in plants being more susceptible to infection under unfavorable conditions. Here, we review how expected changes in climate will impact plant-pathogen interactions, with a focus on mechanisms regulating plant immunity and microbial virulence strategies. We highlight the complex interactions between abiotic and biotic stresses with the goal of identifying components and/or pathways that are promising targets for genetic engineering to enhance adaptation and strengthen resilience in dynamically changing environments.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christina A M Rossi
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3C5, Canada
| | | | - Peter Moffett
- Centre SÈVE, Département de Biologie, Université de Sherbrooke, Sherbrooke, Québec, Canada.
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Shi J, Wang H, Li M, Mi L, Gao Y, Qiang S, Zhang Y, Chen D, Dai X, Ma H, Lu H, Kim C, Chen S. Alternaria TeA toxin activates a chloroplast retrograde signaling pathway to facilitate JA-dependent pathogenicity. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2024; 5:100775. [PMID: 38050356 PMCID: PMC10943587 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2023.100775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023]
Abstract
The chloroplast is a critical battleground in the arms race between plants and pathogens. Among microbe-secreted mycotoxins, tenuazonic acid (TeA), produced by the genus Alternaria and other phytopathogenic fungi, inhibits photosynthesis, leading to a burst of photosynthetic singlet oxygen (1O2) that is implicated in damage and chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. Despite the significant crop damage caused by Alternaria pathogens, our understanding of the molecular mechanism by which TeA promotes pathogenicity and cognate plant defense responses remains fragmentary. We now reveal that A. alternata induces necrotrophic foliar lesions by harnessing EXECUTER1 (EX1)/EX2-mediated chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling activated by TeA toxin-derived photosynthetic 1O2 in Arabidopsis thaliana. Mutation of the 1O2-sensitive EX1-W643 residue or complete deletion of the EX1 singlet oxygen sensor domain compromises expression of 1O2-responsive nuclear genes and foliar lesions. We also found that TeA toxin rapidly induces nuclear genes implicated in jasmonic acid (JA) synthesis and signaling, and EX1-mediated retrograde signaling appears to be critical for establishing a signaling cascade from 1O2 to JA. The present study sheds new light on the foliar pathogenicity of A. alternata, during which EX1-dependent 1O2 signaling induces JA-dependent foliar cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Shi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - He Wang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Liru Mi
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yazhi Gao
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Sheng Qiang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Dan Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Xinbin Dai
- Bioinformatics and Computational Biology Laboratory, Noble Research Institute, 2510 Sam Noble Parkway, Ardmore, OK 73401, USA
| | - Hongyu Ma
- College of Plant Protection, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Huan Lu
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Shiguo Chen
- Weed Research Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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11
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Su F, Zhao B, Dhondt-Cordelier S, Vaillant-Gaveau N. Plant-Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria Modulate Carbohydrate Metabolism in Connection with Host Plant Defense Mechanism. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1465. [PMID: 38338742 PMCID: PMC10855160 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2023] [Revised: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Plant-growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) could potentially enhance photosynthesis and benefit plant growth by improving soil nutrient uptake and affecting plant hormone balance. Several recent studies have unveiled a correlation between alterations in photosynthesis and host plant resistance levels. Photosynthesis provides materials and energy for plant growth and immune defense and affects defense-related signaling pathways. Photosynthetic organelles, which could be strengthened by PGPR inoculation, are key centers for defense signal biosynthesis and transmission. Although endophytic PGPRs metabolize plant photosynthates, they can increase soluble sugar levels and alternate sugar type and distribution. Soluble sugars clearly support plant growth and can act as secondary messengers under stressed conditions. Overall, carbohydrate metabolism modifications induced by PGPR may also play a key role in improving plant resistance. We provide a concise overview of current knowledge regarding PGPR-induced modulation in carbohydrate metabolism under both pathogen-infected and pathogen-free conditions. We highlight PGPR application as a cost-saving strategy amidst unpredictable pathogen pressures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Su
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Tianjin Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Tianjin 300071, China;
| | - Bin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of North China Crop Improvement and Regulation, College of Plant Protection, Hebei Agricultural University, Baoding 071001, China;
| | - Sandrine Dhondt-Cordelier
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes—USC INRAE 1488, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
| | - Nathalie Vaillant-Gaveau
- Unité de Recherche Résistance Induite et Bioprotection des Plantes—USC INRAE 1488, Université de Reims Champagne Ardenne, 51100 Reims, France;
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12
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Li W, Liu Z, Huang Y, Zheng J, Yang Y, Cao Y, Ding L, Meng Y, Shan W. Phytophthora infestans RXLR effector Pi23014 targets host RNA-binding protein NbRBP3a to suppress plant immunity. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2024; 25:e13416. [PMID: 38279850 PMCID: PMC10777756 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/07/2023] [Accepted: 12/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Phytophthora infestans is a destructive oomycete that causes the late blight of potato and tomato worldwide. It secretes numerous small proteins called effectors in order to manipulate host cell components and suppress plant immunity. Identifying the targets of these effectors is crucial for understanding P. infestans pathogenesis and host plant immunity. In this study, we show that the virulence RXLR effector Pi23014 of P. infestans targets the host nucleus and chloroplasts. By using a liquid chromatogrpahy-tandem mass spectrometry assay and co-immunoprecipitation assasys, we show that it interacts with NbRBP3a, a putative glycine-rich RNA-binding protein. We confirmed the co-localization of Pi23014 and NbRBP3a within the nucleus, by using bimolecular fluorescence complementation. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR assays showed that the expression of NbRBP3a was induced in Nicotiana benthamiana during P. infestans infection and the expression of marker genes for multiple defence pathways were significantly down-regulated in NbRBP3-silenced plants compared with GFP-silenced plants. Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient overexpression of NbRBP3a significantly enhanced plant resistance to P. infestans. Mutations in the N-terminus RNA recognition motif (RRM) of NbRBP3a abolished its interaction with Pi23014 and eliminated its capability to enhance plant resistance to leaf colonization by P. infestans. We further showed that silencing NbRBP3 reduced photosystem II activity, reduced host photosynthetic efficiency, attenuated Pi23014-mediated suppression of cell death triggered by P. infestans pathogen-associated molecular pattern elicitor INF1, and suppressed plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Zeming Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuli Huang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Jie Zheng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yimeng Cao
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Liwen Ding
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Weixing Shan
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of AgronomyNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory for Crop Stress Resistance and High‐Efficiency Production, and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Yuan X, Gdanetz K, Outwater CA, Slack SM, Sundin GW. Evaluation of Plant Defense Inducers and Plant Growth Regulators for Fire Blight Management Using Transcriptome Studies and Field Assessments. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2023; 113:2152-2164. [PMID: 37399041 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-04-23-0147-kc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Fire blight, caused by Erwinia amylovora, is a destructive disease of pome fruit trees. In the United States, apple and pear growers rely on applications of copper and antibiotics during bloom to control fire blight, but such methods have already led to regional instances of resistance. In this study, we used transcriptome analyses and field trials to evaluate the effectiveness of three commercially available plant defense elicitors and one plant growth regulator for fire blight management. Our data indicated that foliar applications of acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM; Actigard 50WG) triggered a strong defense-related response in apple leaves, whereas applications of Bacillus mycoides isolate J (LifeGard WG) or Reynoutria sachalinensis extract (Regalia) did not. Genes upregulated by ASM were enriched in the biological processes associated with plant immunity, such as defense response and protein phosphorylation. The expression of several pathogenesis-related (PR) genes was induced by ASM as well. Surprisingly, many differentially expressed genes in ASM-treated apple leaves overlapped with those induced by treatment with prohexadione-calcium (ProCa; Apogee), a plant growth regulator that suppresses shoot elongation. Further analysis suggested that ProCa likely acts similarly to ASM to stimulate plant immunity because genes involved in plant defense were shared and significantly upregulated (more than twofold) by both treatments. Our field trials agreed with the transcriptome study, demonstrating that ASM and ProCa exhibit the best control performance relative to the other biopesticides. Taken together, these data are pivotal for the understanding of plant response and shed light on future improvements of strategies for fire blight management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Yuan
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
- Department of Plant Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - Kristi Gdanetz
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Cory A Outwater
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
| | - Suzanne M Slack
- Department of Horticulture, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824
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14
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Bao X, Hu Y, Li Y, Chen X, Shang H, Hu X. The interaction of two Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici effectors modulates high-temperature seedling-plant resistance in wheat. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2023; 24:1522-1534. [PMID: 37786323 PMCID: PMC10632793 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Wheat cultivar Xiaoyan 6 (XY6) has high-temperature seedling-plant (HTSP) resistance to Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst). However, the molecular mechanism of Pst effectors involved in HTSP resistance remains unclear. In this study, we determined the interaction between two Pst effectors, PstCEP1 and PSTG_11208, through yeast two-hybrid (Y2H), bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), and pull-down assays. Transient overexpression of PSTG_11208 enhanced HTSP resistance in different temperature treatments. The interaction between PstCEP1 and PSTG_11208 inhibited the resistance enhancement by PSTG_11208. Furthermore, the wheat apoplastic thaumatin-like protein 1 (TaTLP1) appeared to recognize Pst invasion by interacting with PSTG_11208 and initiate the downstream defence response by the pathogenesis-related protein TaPR1. Silencing of TaTLP1 and TaPR1 separately or simultaneously reduced HTSP resistance to Pst in XY6. Moreover, we found that PstCEP1 targeted wheat ferredoxin 1 (TaFd1), a homologous protein of rice OsFd1. Silencing of TaFd1 affected the stability of photosynthesis in wheat plants, resulting in chlorosis on the leaves and reducing HTSP resistance. Our findings revealed the synergistic mechanism of effector proteins in the process of pathogen infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyue Bao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Yangshan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Bio‐Resources in YunnanYunnan Agricultural UniversityKunmingYunnanChina
| | - Yuxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xianming Chen
- Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture and Department of Plant PathologyWashington State UniversityPullmanWashingtonUSA
| | - Hongsheng Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
| | - Xiaoping Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas and College of Plant ProtectionNorthwest A&F UniversityYanglingShaanxiChina
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Wang Y, Sun Q, Zhao J, Liu T, Du H, Shan W, Wu K, Xue X, Yang C, Liu J, Chen Z, Hu K, Feng Z, Zuo S. Fine mapping and candidate gene analysis of qSB12 YSB, a gene conferring major quantitative resistance to rice sheath blight. TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2023; 136:246. [PMID: 37973669 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-023-04482-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
KEY MESSAGE qSB12YSB, a major quantitative sheath blight resistance gene originated from rice variety YSBR1 with good breeding potential, was mapped to a 289-Kb region on chromosome 12. Sheath blight (ShB), caused by Rhizoctonia solani kühn, is one of the most serious global rice diseases. Rice resistance to ShB is a typical of quantitative trait controlled by multiple quantitative trait loci (QTLs). Many QTLs for ShB resistance have been reported while only few of them were fine-mapped. In this study, we identified a QTL on chromosome 12, in which the qSB12YSB resistant allele shows significant ShB resistance, by using 150 BC4 backcross inbred lines employing the resistant rice variety YSBR1 as the donor and the susceptible variety Lemont (LE) as the recurrent parent. We further fine-mapped qSB12YSB to a 289-kb region by generating 34 chromosomal segment substitution lines and identified a total of 18 annotated genes as the most likely candidates for qSB12YSB after analyzing resequencing and transcriptomic data. KEGG analysis suggested that qSB12YSB might activate secondary metabolites biosynthesis and ROS scavenging system to improve ShB resistance. qSB12YSB conferred significantly stable resistance in three commercial rice cultivars (NJ9108, NJ5055 and NJ44) in field trials when introduced through marker assisted selection. Under severe ShB disease conditions, qSB12YSB significantly reduced yield losses by up to 13.5% in the LE background, indicating its great breeding potential. Our results will accelerate the isolation of qSB12YSB and its utilization in rice breeding programs against ShB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Quanyi Sun
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianhua Zhao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Taixuan Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Haibo Du
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenfeng Shan
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Keting Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiang Xue
- Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Safety and Environment Technology and Equipment for Planting and Breeding Industry Engineering Research Center, Yangzhou Polytechnic College, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Chao Yang
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Liu
- MOA Key Laboratory of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongxiang Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Keming Hu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiming Feng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
| | - Shimin Zuo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Crop Genomics and Molecular Breeding/Zhongshan Biological Breeding Laboratory/Key Laboratory of Plant Functional Genomics of the Ministry of Education, Agricultural College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
- Co-Innovation Center for Modern Production Technology of Grain Crops of Jiangsu Province/Key Laboratory of Crop Genetics and Physiology of Jiangsu Province, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Ministry of Education of China/Institutes of Agricultural Science and Technology Development, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, People's Republic of China.
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16
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Abukhalaf M, Proksch C, Thieme D, Ziegler J, Hoehenwarter W. Changing turn-over rates regulate abundance of tryptophan, GS biosynthesis, IAA transport and photosynthesis proteins in Arabidopsis growth defense transitions. BMC Biol 2023; 21:249. [PMID: 37940940 PMCID: PMC10634109 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-023-01739-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Shifts in dynamic equilibria of the abundance of cellular molecules in plant-pathogen interactions need further exploration. We induced PTI in optimally growing Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings for 16 h, returning them to growth conditions for another 16 h. METHODS Turn-over and abundance of 99 flg22 responding proteins were measured chronologically using a stable heavy nitrogen isotope partial labeling strategy and targeted liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (PRM LC-MS). These experiments were complemented by measurements of mRNA and phytohormone levels. RESULTS Changes in synthesis and degradation rate constants (Ks and Kd) regulated tryptophane and glucosinolate, IAA transport, and photosynthesis-associated protein (PAP) homeostasis in growth/PTI transitions independently of mRNA levels. Ks values increased after elicitation while protein and mRNA levels became uncorrelated. mRNA returned to pre-elicitation levels, yet protein abundance remained at PTI levels even 16 h after media exchange, indicating protein levels were robust and unresponsive to transition back to growth. The abundance of 23 PAPs including FERREDOXIN-NADP( +)-OXIDOREDUCTASE (FNR1) decreased 16 h after PAMP exposure, their depletion was nearly abolished in the myc234 mutant. FNR1 Kd increased as mRNA levels decreased early in PTI, its Ks decreased in prolonged PTI. FNR1 Kd was lower in myc234, mRNA levels decreased as in wild type. CONCLUSIONS Protein Kd and Ks values change in response to flg22 exposure and constitute an additional layer of protein abundance regulation in growth defense transitions next to changes in mRNA levels. Our results suggest photosystem remodeling in PTI to direct electron flow away from the photosynthetic carbon reaction towards ROS production as an active defense mechanism controlled post-transcriptionally and by MYC2 and homologs. Target proteins accumulated later and PAP and auxin/IAA depletion was repressed in myc234 indicating a positive effect of the transcription factors in the establishment of PTI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abukhalaf
- Present address: Institute for Experimental Medicine, Christian-Albrechts University Kiel, Niemannsweg 11, 24105, Kiel, Germany
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Carsten Proksch
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Domenika Thieme
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Jörg Ziegler
- Department Molecular Signal Processing, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hoehenwarter
- Department Biochemistry of Plant Interactions, Leibniz Institute of Plant Biochemistry, Weinberg 3, 06122, Halle (Saale), Germany.
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17
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He YH, Chen SY, Chen XY, Xu YP, Liang Y, Cai XZ. RALF22 promotes plant immunity and amplifies the Pep3 immune signal. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2023; 65:2519-2534. [PMID: 37698076 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.13566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Rapid alkalinization factors (RALFs) in plants have been reported to dampen pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP)-triggered immunity via suppressing PAMP-induced complex formation between the pattern recognition receptor (PRR) and its co-receptor BAK1. However, the direct and positive role of RALFs in plant immunity remains largely unknown. Herein, we report the direct and positive roles of a typical RALF, RALF22, in plant immunity. RALF22 alone directly elicited a variety of typical immune responses and triggered resistance against the devastating necrotrophic fungal pathogen Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in a FERONIA (FER)-dependent manner. LORELEI (LRE)-like glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored protein 1 (LLG1) and NADPH oxidase RBOHD were required for RALF22-elicited reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. The mutation of cysteines conserved in the C terminus of RALFs abolished, while the constitutive formation of two disulfide bridges between these cysteines promoted the RALF22-elicited ROS production and resistance against S. sclerotiorum, demonstrating the requirement of these cysteines in the functions of RALF22 in plant immunity. Furthermore, RALF22 amplified the Pep3-induced immune signal by dramatically increasing the abundance of PROPEP3 transcript and protein. Supply with RALF22 induced resistance against S. sclerotiorum in Brassica crop plants. Collectively, our results reveal that RALF22 triggers immune responses and augments the Pep3-induced immune signal in a FER-dependent manner, and exhibits the potential to be exploited as an immune elicitor in crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Han He
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Song-Yu Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xing-Yan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - You-Ping Xu
- Centre of Analysis and Measurement, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xin-Zhong Cai
- Key Laboratory of Biology of Crop Pathogens and Insects of Zhejiang Province, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, 866 Yu Hang Tang Road, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Hainan Institute, Zhejiang University, Sanya, 572025, China
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18
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Wu B, Qi F, Liang Y. Fuels for ROS signaling in plant immunity. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 28:1124-1131. [PMID: 37188557 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2023.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling has an important role in plant innate immune responses and is primarily mediated by NADPH oxidase, also known as respiratory burst oxidase homologs (RBOHs) in plants. NADPH serves as a fuel for RBOHs and limits the rate or amount of ROS production. Molecular regulation of RBOHs has been extensively studied; however, the source of NADPH for RBOHs has received little attention. Here, we review ROS signaling and the regulation of RBOHs in the plant immune system with a focus on NADPH regulation to achieve ROS homeostasis. We propose an idea to regulate the levels of NADPH as part of a new strategy to control ROS signaling and the corresponding downstream defense responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binyan Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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19
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Mu B, Teng Z, Tang R, Lu M, Chen J, Xu X, Wen YQ. An effector of Erysiphe necator translocates to chloroplasts and plasma membrane to suppress host immunity in grapevine. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2023; 10:uhad163. [PMID: 37746307 PMCID: PMC10516348 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhad163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
The powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a prevalent pathogen hampering grapevine growth in the vineyard. An arsenal of candidate secreted effector proteins (CSEPs) was encoded in the E. necator genome, but it is largely unclear what role CSEPs plays during the E. necator infection. In the present study, we identified a secreted effector CSEP080 of E. necator, which was located in plant chloroplasts and plasma membrane. Transient expressing CSEP080 promotes plant photosynthesis and inhibits INF1-induced cell death in tobacco leaves. We found that CSEP080 was a necessary effector for the E. necator pathogenicity, which interacted with grapevine chloroplast protein VviB6f (cytochrome b6-f complex iron-sulfur subunit), affecting plant photosynthesis. Transient silencing VviB6f increased the plant hydrogen peroxide production, and the plant resistance to powdery mildew. In addition, CSEP080 manipulated the VviPE (pectinesterase) to promote pectin degradation. Our results demonstrated the molecular mechanisms that an effector of E. necator translocates to host chloroplasts and plasma membrane, which suppresses with the grapevine immunity system by targeting the chloroplast protein VviB6f to suppress hydrogen peroxide accumulation and manipulating VviPE to promote pectin degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Mu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhaolin Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ruixin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Mengjiao Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jinfu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiangnan Xu
- College of Water Resources and Architectural Engineering, Northwest A&F University, Weihui Road 23, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying-Qiang Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
- Key Laboratory of Horticultural Plant Biology and Germplasm Innovation in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yangling 712100, Shaanxi, China
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20
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Moustaka J, Moustakas M. Early-Stage Detection of Biotic and Abiotic Stress on Plants by Chlorophyll Fluorescence Imaging Analysis. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:796. [PMID: 37622882 PMCID: PMC10452221 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Most agricultural land, as a result of climate change, experiences severe stress that significantly reduces agricultural yields. Crop sensing by imaging techniques allows early-stage detection of biotic or abiotic stress to avoid damage and significant yield losses. Among the top certified imaging techniques for plant stress detection is chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging, which can evaluate spatiotemporal leaf changes, permitting the pre-symptomatic monitoring of plant physiological status long before any visible symptoms develop, allowing for high-throughput assessment. Here, we review different examples of how chlorophyll a fluorescence imaging analysis can be used to evaluate biotic and abiotic stress. Chlorophyll a is able to detect biotic stress as early as 15 min after Spodoptera exigua feeding, or 30 min after Botrytis cinerea application on tomato plants, or on the onset of water-deficit stress, and thus has potential for early stress detection. Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) analysis is a rapid, non-invasive, easy to perform, low-cost, and highly sensitive method that can estimate photosynthetic performance and detect the influence of diverse stresses on plants. In terms of ChlF parameters, the fraction of open photosystem II (PSII) reaction centers (qp) can be used for early stress detection, since it has been found in many recent studies to be the most accurate and appropriate indicator for ChlF-based screening of the impact of environmental stress on plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Moustakas
- Department of Botany, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece;
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21
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Breeze E, Vale V, McLellan H, Pecrix Y, Godiard L, Grant M, Frigerio L. A tell tail sign: a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor domain targets a subset of pathogen effectors to the plant endoplasmic reticulum. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL BOTANY 2023; 74:3188-3202. [PMID: 36860200 DOI: 10.1093/jxb/erad075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is the entry point to the secretory pathway and, as such, is critical for adaptive responses to biotic stress, when the demand for de novo synthesis of immunity-related proteins and signalling components increases significantly. Successful phytopathogens have evolved an arsenal of small effector proteins which collectively reconfigure multiple host components and signalling pathways to promote virulence; a small, but important, subset of which are targeted to the endomembrane system including the ER. We identified and validated a conserved C-terminal tail-anchor motif in a set of pathogen effectors known to localize to the ER from the oomycetes Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis and Plasmopara halstedii (downy mildew of Arabidopsis and sunflower, respectively) and used this protein topology to develop a bioinformatic pipeline to identify putative ER-localized effectors within the effectorome of the related oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, the causal agent of potato late blight. Many of the identified P. infestans tail-anchor effectors converged on ER-localized NAC transcription factors, indicating that this family is a critical host target for multiple pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Breeze
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Victoria Vale
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Science, University of Dundee (at JHI), Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Yann Pecrix
- CIRAD, UMR PVBMT, Peuplements Végétaux et Bioagresseurs en Milieu Tropical (UMR C53), Ligne Paradis, 97410 St Pierre, La Réunion, France
| | - Laurence Godiard
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Microbes Environnement (LIPME), Institut National de Recherche pour l'Agriculture, l'Alimentation, et l'Environnement (INRAE), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université de Toulouse, Castanet-Tolosan, France
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lorenzo Frigerio
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
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22
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Sheikh AH, Zacharia I, Pardal AJ, Dominguez-Ferreras A, Sueldo DJ, Kim JG, Balmuth A, Gutierrez JR, Conlan BF, Ullah N, Nippe OM, Girija AM, Wu CH, Sessa G, Jones AME, Grant MR, Gifford ML, Mudgett MB, Rathjen JP, Ntoukakis V. Dynamic changes of the Prf/Pto tomato resistance complex following effector recognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:2568. [PMID: 37142566 PMCID: PMC10160066 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-38103-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In both plants and animals, nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat (NLR) immune receptors play critical roles in pathogen recognition and activation of innate immunity. In plants, NLRs recognise pathogen-derived effector proteins and initiate effector-triggered immunity (ETI). However, the molecular mechanisms that link NLR-mediated effector recognition and downstream signalling are not fully understood. By exploiting the well-characterised tomato Prf/Pto NLR resistance complex, we identified the 14-3-3 proteins TFT1 and TFT3 as interacting partners of both the NLR complex and the protein kinase MAPKKKα. Moreover, we identified the helper NRC proteins (NLR-required for cell death) as integral components of the Prf /Pto NLR recognition complex. Notably our studies revealed that TFTs and NRCs interact with distinct modules of the NLR complex and, following effector recognition, dissociate facilitating downstream signalling. Thus, our data provide a mechanistic link between activation of immune receptors and initiation of downstream signalling cascades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arsheed H Sheikh
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Center for Desert Agriculture, BESE Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iosif Zacharia
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Alonso J Pardal
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | | | - Daniela J Sueldo
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Hogskoleringen 1, 7491, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jung-Gun Kim
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Alexi Balmuth
- J.R. Simplot Company, Boise, ID, USA
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Jose R Gutierrez
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Brendon F Conlan
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Najeeb Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Olivia M Nippe
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Anil M Girija
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Chih-Hang Wu
- The Sainsbury Laboratory, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, NR4 7UH, UK
| | - Guido Sessa
- School of Plant Sciences and Food Security, Tel-Aviv University, 69978, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Murray R Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Miriam L Gifford
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Mary Beth Mudgett
- Department of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - John P Rathjen
- Research School of Biology, The Australian National University, Acton, 2601, ACT, Australia
| | - Vardis Ntoukakis
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Integrative Synthetic Biology Centre, University of Warwick, Coventry, CV4 7AL, UK.
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23
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Xu H, Chang Q, Huang L, Wei P, Song Y, Guo Z, Peng YL, Fan J. An Agrobacterium-Mediated Transient Expression Method for Functional Assay of Genes Promoting Disease in Monocots. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087636. [PMID: 37108797 PMCID: PMC10142106 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Agrobacterium-mediated transient expression (AMTE) has been widely used for high-throughput assays of gene function in diverse plant species. However, its application in monocots is still limited due to low expression efficiency. Here, by using histochemical staining and a quantitative fluorescence assay of β-glucuronidase (GUS) gene expression, we investigated factors affecting the efficiency of AMTE on intact barley plants. We found prominent variation in GUS expression levels across diverse vectors commonly used for stable transformation and that the vector pCBEP produced the highest expression. Additionally, concurrent treatments of plants with one day of high humidity and two days of darkness following agro-infiltration also significantly increased GUS expression efficiency. We thus established an optimized method for efficient AMTE on barley and further demonstrated its efficiency on wheat and rice plants. We showed that this approach could produce enough proteins suitable for split-luciferase assays of protein-protein interactions on barley leaves. Moreover, we incorporated the AMTE protocol into the functional dissection of a complex biological process such as plant disease. Based on our previous research, we used the pCBEP vector to construct a full-length cDNA library of genes upregulated during the early stage of rice blast disease. A subsequent screen of the library by AMTE identified 15 candidate genes (out of ~2000 clones) promoting blast disease on barley plants. Four identified genes encode chloroplast-related proteins: OsNYC3, OsNUDX21, OsMRS2-9, and OsAk2. These genes were induced during rice blast disease; however, constitutive overexpression of these genes conferred enhanced disease susceptibility to Colletotrichum higginsianum in Arabidopsis. These observations highlight the power of the optimized AMTE approach on monocots as an effective tool for facilitating functional assays of genes mediating complex processes such as plant-microbe interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijiao Xu
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qingle Chang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Luli Huang
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Peiyao Wei
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yulu Song
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Zejian Guo
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - You-Liang Peng
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jun Fan
- MOA Key Lab of Pest Monitoring and Green Management, College of Plant Protection, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China
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24
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Breen S, McLellan H, Birch PRJ, Gilroy EM. Tuning the Wavelength: Manipulation of Light Signaling to Control Plant Defense. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043803. [PMID: 36835216 PMCID: PMC9958957 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The growth-defense trade-off in plants is a phenomenon whereby plants must balance the allocation of their resources between developmental growth and defense against attack by pests and pathogens. Consequently, there are a series of points where growth signaling can negatively regulate defenses and where defense signaling can inhibit growth. Light perception by various photoreceptors has a major role in the control of growth and thus many points where it can influence defense. Plant pathogens secrete effector proteins to manipulate defense signaling in their hosts. Evidence is emerging that some of these effectors target light signaling pathways. Several effectors from different kingdoms of life have converged on key chloroplast processes to take advantage of regulatory crosstalk. Moreover, plant pathogens also perceive and react to light in complex ways to regulate their own growth, development, and virulence. Recent work has shown that varying light wavelengths may provide a novel way of controlling or preventing disease outbreaks in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Hazel McLellan
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Paul R. J. Birch
- Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee, At James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
| | - Eleanor M. Gilroy
- Cell and Molecular Sciences, James Hutton Institute, Errol Road, Invergowrie, Dundee DD2 5DA, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1382568827
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25
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Hong X, Qi F, Wang R, Jia Z, Lin F, Yuan M, Xin XF, Liang Y. Ascorbate peroxidase 1 allows monitoring of cytosolic accumulation of effector-triggered reactive oxygen species using a luminol-based assay. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2023; 191:1416-1434. [PMID: 36461917 PMCID: PMC9922408 DOI: 10.1093/plphys/kiac551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Biphasic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been observed in plants treated with avirulent bacterial strains. The first transient peak corresponds to pattern-triggered immunity (PTI)-ROS, whereas the second long-lasting peak corresponds to effector-triggered immunity (ETI)-ROS. PTI-ROS are produced in the apoplast by plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases, and the recognition of an avirulent effector increases the PTI-ROS regulatory module, leading to ETI-ROS accumulation in the apoplast. However, how apoplastic ETI-ROS signaling is relayed to the cytosol is still unknown. Here, we found that in the absence of cytosolic ascorbate peroxidase 1 (APX1), the second phase of ETI-ROS accumulation was undetectable in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) using luminol-based assays. In addition to being a scavenger of cytosolic H2O2, we discovered that APX1 served as a catalyst in this chemiluminescence ROS assay by employing luminol as an electron donor. A horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking APX1 mutation (APX1W41F) further enhanced its catalytic activity toward luminol, whereas an HRP-dead APX1 mutation (APX1R38H) reduced its luminol oxidation activity. The cytosolic localization of APX1 implies that ETI-ROS might accumulate in the cytosol. When ROS were detected using a fluorescent dye, green fluorescence was observed in the cytosol 6 h after infiltration with an avirulent bacterial strain. Collectively, these results indicate that ETI-ROS eventually accumulate in the cytosol, and cytosolic APX1 catalyzes luminol oxidation and allows monitoring of the kinetics of ETI-ROS in the cytosol. Our study provides important insights into the spatial dynamics of ROS accumulation in plant immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiufang Hong
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fan Qi
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Ran Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Zhiyi Jia
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fucheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Minhang Yuan
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Xiu-Fang Xin
- National Key Laboratory of Plant Molecular Genetics, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Institute of Plant Physiology and Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Yan Liang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Threats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-products, Institute of Biotechnology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
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26
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Hipsch M, Michael Y, Lampl N, Sapir O, Cohen Y, Helman D, Rosenwasser S. Early detection of late blight in potato by whole-plant redox imaging. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:649-664. [PMID: 36534114 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Late blight caused by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans is a most devastating disease of potatoes (Solanum tuberosum). Its early detection is crucial for suppressing disease spread. Necrotic lesions are normally seen in leaves at 4 days post-inoculation (dpi) when colonized cells are dead, but early detection of the initial biotrophic growth stage, when the pathogen feeds on living cells, is challenging. Here, the biotrophic growth phase of P. infestans was detected by whole-plant redox imaging of potato plants expressing chloroplast-targeted reduction-oxidation sensitive green fluorescent protein (chl-roGFP2). Clear spots on potato leaves with a lower chl-roGFP2 oxidation state were detected as early as 2 dpi, before any visual symptoms were recorded. These spots were particularly evident during light-to-dark transitions, and reflected the mislocalization of chl-roGFP2 outside the chloroplasts. Image analysis based on machine learning enabled systematic identification and quantification of spots, and unbiased classification of infected and uninfected leaves in inoculated plants. Comparing redox with chlorophyll fluorescence imaging showed that infected leaf areas that exhibit mislocalized chl-roGFP2 also showed reduced non-photochemical quenching and enhanced quantum PSII yield (ΦPSII) compared with the surrounding leaf areas. The data suggest that mislocalization of chloroplast-targeted proteins is an efficient marker of late blight infection, and demonstrate how it can be utilized for non-destructive monitoring of the disease biotrophic stage using whole-plant redox imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matanel Hipsch
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yaron Michael
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
| | - Nardy Lampl
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Omer Sapir
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
| | - Yigal Cohen
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Bar-Ilan University, Ramat Gan, 5290000, Israel
| | - David Helman
- Department of Soil & Water Sciences, Institute of Environmental Sciences, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610001, Israel
- The Advanced School for Environmental Studies, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Shilo Rosenwasser
- The Robert H. Smith Institute of Plant Sciences and Genetics in Agriculture, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, 7610000, Israel
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27
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Jiang X, Walker BJ, He SY, Hu J. The role of photorespiration in plant immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1125945. [PMID: 36818872 PMCID: PMC9928950 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1125945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
To defend themselves in the face of biotic stresses, plants employ a sophisticated immune system that requires the coordination of other biological and metabolic pathways. Photorespiration, a byproduct pathway of oxygenic photosynthesis that spans multiple cellular compartments and links primary metabolisms, plays important roles in defense responses. Hydrogen peroxide, whose homeostasis is strongly impacted by photorespiration, is a crucial signaling molecule in plant immunity. Photorespiratory metabolites, interaction between photorespiration and defense hormone biosynthesis, and other mechanisms, are also implicated. An improved understanding of the relationship between plant immunity and photorespiration may provide a much-needed knowledge basis for crop engineering to maximize photosynthesis without negative tradeoffs in plant immunity, especially because the photorespiratory pathway has become a major target for genetic engineering with the goal to increase photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Jiang
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Berkley J. Walker
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
| | - Sheng Yang He
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute and Department of Biology, Duke University, Durham, NC, United States
| | - Jianping Hu
- Michigan State University-Department of Energy Plant Research Laboratory and Department of Plant Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, United States
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28
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Kirschner GK. It's never too soon to detect late blight infection in potatoes. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2023; 113:647-648. [PMID: 36789667 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.16120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
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29
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Su J, Gassmann W. Cytoplasmic regulation of chloroplast ROS accumulation during effector-triggered immunity. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1127833. [PMID: 36794218 PMCID: PMC9922995 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1127833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that chloroplasts are an important battleground during various microbe-host interactions. Plants have evolved layered strategies to reprogram chloroplasts to promote de novo biosynthesis of defense-related phytohormones and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this minireview, we will discuss how the host controls chloroplast ROS accumulation during effector-triggered immunity (ETI) at the level of selective mRNA decay, translational regulation, and autophagy-dependent formation of Rubisco-containing bodies (RCBs). We hypothesize that regulation at the level of cytoplasmic mRNA decay impairs the repair cycle of photosystem II (PSII) and thus facilitates ROS generation at PSII. Meanwhile, removing Rubisco from chloroplasts potentially reduces both O2 and NADPH consumption. As a consequence, an over-reduced stroma would further exacerbate PSII excitation pressure and enhance ROS production at photosystem I.
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30
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Xiao K, Qiao K, Cui W, Xu X, Pan H, Wang F, Wang S, Yang F, Xuan Y, Li A, Han X, Song Z, Liu J. Comparative transcriptome profiling reveals the importance of GmSWEET15 in soybean susceptibility to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1119016. [PMID: 36778863 PMCID: PMC9909833 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1119016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Soybean sclerotinia stem rot (SSR) is a disease caused by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum that causes incalculable losses in soybean yield each year. Considering the lack of effective resistance resources and the elusive resistance mechanisms, we are urged to develop resistance genes and explore their molecular mechanisms. Here, we found that loss of GmSWEET15 enhanced the resistance to S. sclerotiorum, and we explored the molecular mechanisms by which gmsweet15 mutant exhibit enhanced resistance to S. sclerotiorum by comparing transcriptome. At the early stage of inoculation, the wild type (WT) showed moderate defense response, whereas gmsweet15 mutant exhibited more extensive and intense transcription reprogramming. The gmsweet15 mutant enriched more biological processes, including the secretory pathway and tetrapyrrole metabolism, and it showed stronger changes in defense response, protein ubiquitination, MAPK signaling pathway-plant, plant-pathogen interaction, phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, and photosynthesis. The more intense and abundant transcriptional reprogramming of gmsweet15 mutant may explain how it effectively delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum. In addition, we identified common and specific differentially expressed genes between WT and gmsweet15 mutant after inoculation with S. sclerotiorum, and gene sets and genes related to gmsweet15_24 h were identified through Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Moreover, we constructed the protein-protein interaction network and gene co-expression networks and identified several groups of regulatory networks of gmsweet15 mutant in response to S. sclerotiorum, which will be helpful for the discovery of candidate functional genes. Taken together, our results elucidate molecular mechanisms of delayed colonization by S. sclerotiorum after loss of GmSWEET15 in soybean, and we propose novel resources for improving resistance to SSR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunqin Xiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Kaibin Qiao
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wenjing Cui
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xun Xu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hongyu Pan
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Fengting Wang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Shoudong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soybean Molecular Design Breeding, Northeast Institute of Geography and Agroecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China
| | - Feng Yang
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yuanhu Xuan
- College of Plant Protection, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Anmo Li
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Han
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhuojian Song
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jinliang Liu
- College of Plant Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China,*Correspondence: Jinliang Liu,
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31
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Gao LL, Hong ZH, Wang Y, Wu GZ. Chloroplast proteostasis: A story of birth, life, and death. PLANT COMMUNICATIONS 2023; 4:100424. [PMID: 35964157 PMCID: PMC9860172 DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Protein homeostasis (proteostasis) is a dynamic balance of protein synthesis and degradation. Because of the endosymbiotic origin of chloroplasts and the massive transfer of their genetic information to the nucleus of the host cell, many protein complexes in the chloroplasts are constituted from subunits encoded by both genomes. Hence, the proper function of chloroplasts relies on the coordinated expression of chloroplast- and nucleus-encoded genes. The biogenesis and maintenance of chloroplast proteostasis are dependent on synthesis of chloroplast-encoded proteins, import of nucleus-encoded chloroplast proteins from the cytosol, and clearance of damaged or otherwise undesired "old" proteins. This review focuses on the regulation of chloroplast proteostasis, its interaction with proteostasis of the cytosol, and its retrograde control over nuclear gene expression. We also discuss significant issues and perspectives for future studies and potential applications for improving the photosynthetic performance and stress tolerance of crops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin-Lin Gao
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zheng-Hui Hong
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yinsong Wang
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Guo-Zhang Wu
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center of Agri-Seeds, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China; Joint Center for Single Cell Biology, School of Agriculture and Biology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dongchuan Road, Shanghai 200240, China.
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Pexophagy suppresses ROS-induced damage in leaf cells under high-intensity light. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7493. [PMID: 36470866 PMCID: PMC9722907 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Although light is essential for photosynthesis, it has the potential to elevate intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Since high ROS levels are cytotoxic, plants must alleviate such damage. However, the cellular mechanism underlying ROS-induced leaf damage alleviation in peroxisomes was not fully explored. Here, we show that autophagy plays a pivotal role in the selective removal of ROS-generating peroxisomes, which protects plants from oxidative damage during photosynthesis. We present evidence that autophagy-deficient mutants show light intensity-dependent leaf damage and excess aggregation of ROS-accumulating peroxisomes. The peroxisome aggregates are specifically engulfed by pre-autophagosomal structures and vacuolar membranes in both leaf cells and isolated vacuoles, but they are not degraded in mutants. ATG18a-GFP and GFP-2×FYVE, which bind to phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate, preferentially target the peroxisomal membranes and pre-autophagosomal structures near peroxisomes in ROS-accumulating cells under high-intensity light. Our findings provide deeper insights into the plant stress response caused by light irradiation.
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Bai R, Bai C, Han X, Liu Y, Yong JWH. The significance of calcium-sensing receptor in sustaining photosynthesis and ameliorating stress responses in plants. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:1019505. [PMID: 36304398 PMCID: PMC9594963 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.1019505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Calcium ions (Ca2+) regulate plant growth and development during exposure to multiple biotic and abiotic stresses as the second signaling messenger in cells. The extracellular calcium-sensing receptor (CAS) is a specific protein spatially located on the thylakoid membrane. It regulates the intracellular Ca2+ responses by sensing changes in extracellular Ca2+ concentration, thereby affecting a series of downstream signal transduction processes and making plants more resilient to respond to stresses. Here, we summarized the discovery process, structure, and location of CAS in plants and the effects of Ca2+ and CAS on stomatal functionality, photosynthesis, and various environmental adaptations. Under changing environmental conditions and global climate, our study enhances the mechanistic understanding of calcium-sensing receptors in sustaining photosynthesis and mediating abiotic stress responses in plants. A better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms of Ca2+ and CAS in regulating stress responses in plants may provide novel mitigation strategies for improving crop yield in a world facing more extreme climate-changed linked weather events with multiple stresses during cultivation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Bai
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chunming Bai
- National Sorghum Improvement Center, Liaoning Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenyang, China
- The University of Western Australia (UWA) Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Xiaori Han
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
| | - Yifei Liu
- College of Land and Environment, National Engineering Research Center for Efficient Utilization of Soil and Fertilizer Resources, Northeast China Plant Nutrition and Fertilization Scientific Observation and Research Center for Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Key Laboratory of Protected Horticulture of Education Ministry and Liaoning Province, Shenyang Agricultural University, Shenyang, China
- The University of Western Australia (UWA) Institute of Agriculture, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
| | - Jean Wan Hong Yong
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, WA, Australia
- Department of Biosystems and Technology, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
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34
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Breen S, Hussain R, Breeze E, Brown H, Alzwiy I, Abdelsayed S, Gaikwad T, Grant M. Chloroplasts play a central role in facilitating MAMP-triggered immunity, pathogen suppression of immunity and crosstalk with abiotic stress. PLANT, CELL & ENVIRONMENT 2022; 45:3001-3017. [PMID: 35892221 PMCID: PMC9544062 DOI: 10.1111/pce.14408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP)-triggered immunity (MTI) research has traditionally centred around signal transduction pathways originating from activated membrane-localized pattern recognition receptors (PRRs), culminating in nuclear transcription and posttranslational modifications. More recently, chloroplasts have emerged as key immune signalling hubs, playing a central role in integrating environmental signals. Notably, MAMP recognition induces chloroplastic reactive oxygen species (cROS) that is suppressed by pathogen effectors, which also modify the balance of chloroplast-synthesized precursors of the defence hormones, jasmonic acid, salicylic acid (SA) and abscisic acid. This study focuses on how well-characterized PRRs and coreceptors modulate chloroplast physiology, examining whether diverse signalling pathways converge to similarly modulate chloroplast function. Pretreatment of receptor mutant plants with MAMP and D(Damage)AMP peptides usually protect against effector modulation of chlorophyll fluorescence and prevent Pseudomonas syringae effector-mediated quenching of cROS and suppression of maximum dark-adapted quantum efficiency (the ratio of variable/maximum fluorescence [Fv /Fm ]). The MTI coreceptor double mutant, bak1-5/bkk1-1, exhibits a remarkable decrease in Fv /Fm compared to control plants during infection, underlining the importance of MTI-mediated signalling in chloroplast immunity. Further probing the role of the chloroplast in immunity, we unexpectedly found that even moderate changes in light intensity can uncouple plant immune signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Breen
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Rana Hussain
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Emily Breeze
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
| | - Hannah Brown
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Present address:
Department of Health and Social CareVictoria Street, London SW1H 0EU, UK
| | - Ibrahim Alzwiy
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of ExeterExeterUK
- Present address:
Authority of Natural Science Research and TechnologyP.O. Box 30666, Tripoli, Libya
| | - Sara Abdelsayed
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Botany Department, Faculty of scienceBenha UniversityBenhaEgypt
| | - Trupti Gaikwad
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
- Present address:
Marine Biology AssociationPlymouth PL1 2PB, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life SciencesUniversity of WarwickCoventryUK
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35
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Manik MK, Shi Y, Li S, Zaydman MA, Damaraju N, Eastman S, Smith TG, Gu W, Masic V, Mosaiab T, Weagley JS, Hancock SJ, Vasquez E, Hartley-Tassell L, Kargios N, Maruta N, Lim BYJ, Burdett H, Landsberg MJ, Schembri MA, Prokes I, Song L, Grant M, DiAntonio A, Nanson JD, Guo M, Milbrandt J, Ve T, Kobe B. Cyclic ADP ribose isomers: Production, chemical structures, and immune signaling. Science 2022; 377:eadc8969. [PMID: 36048923 DOI: 10.1126/science.adc8969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Cyclic adenosine diphosphate (ADP)-ribose (cADPR) isomers are signaling molecules produced by bacterial and plant Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains via nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (oxidized form) (NAD+) hydrolysis. We show that v-cADPR (2'cADPR) and v2-cADPR (3'cADPR) isomers are cyclized by O-glycosidic bond formation between the ribose moieties in ADPR. Structures of 2'cADPR-producing TIR domains reveal conformational changes that lead to an active assembly that resembles those of Toll-like receptor adaptor TIR domains. Mutagenesis reveals a conserved tryptophan that is essential for cyclization. We show that 3'cADPR is an activator of ThsA effector proteins from the bacterial antiphage defense system termed Thoeris and a suppressor of plant immunity when produced by the effector HopAM1. Collectively, our results reveal the molecular basis of cADPR isomer production and establish 3'cADPR in bacteria as an antiviral and plant immunity-suppressing signaling molecule.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad K Manik
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Yun Shi
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Sulin Li
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Zaydman
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Neha Damaraju
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Samuel Eastman
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Thomas G Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Weixi Gu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Veronika Masic
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Tamim Mosaiab
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - James S Weagley
- Edison Family Center for Genome Sciences and Systems Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
| | - Steven J Hancock
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Eduardo Vasquez
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | | | - Nestoras Kargios
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Natsumi Maruta
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Bryan Y J Lim
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Hayden Burdett
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Michael J Landsberg
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Mark A Schembri
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ivan Prokes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Lijiang Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Murray Grant
- School of Life Sciences, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK
| | - Aaron DiAntonio
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
- Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Nanson
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68583, USA
| | - Jeffrey Milbrandt
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO 63100, USA
| | - Thomas Ve
- Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Southport, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Bostjan Kobe
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
- The University of Queensland, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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36
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Corredor-Moreno P, Badgami R, Jones S, Saunders DGO. Temporally coordinated expression of nuclear genes encoding chloroplast proteins in wheat promotes Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici infection. Commun Biol 2022; 5:853. [PMID: 35996019 PMCID: PMC9395331 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-022-03780-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting host processes that allow pathogens to thrive can be invaluable in resistance breeding. Here, we generated a deep-sequencing transcriptome time course for Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection on wheat and compared datasets from three wheat varieties with different levels of susceptibility to two tested pathogen isolates. We sought genes specifically altered in a susceptible host as candidates that might support colonisation. Host responses differed between Pst-varietal pairs most prominently early during infection. Notably, however, nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localised proteins (NGCPs) exhibited temporal coordination of expression profiles that differed at later time points in relation to Pst susceptibility. Disrupting one such NGCP, encoding the chloroplast-localised RNA binding protein TaCSP41a, led to lower Pst susceptibility. These analyses thus highlight NGCPs as prime targets for Pst manipulation during infection and point to TaCSP41a disruption as a potential source of Pst resistance for breeding programmes. A transcriptome time course of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) infection reveals nuclear genes encoding chloroplast-localized proteins are manipulated during infection and highlights TaCSP41a disruption as a target for resistance breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sally Jones
- John Innes Centre, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
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37
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Foyer CH, Hanke G. ROS production and signalling in chloroplasts: cornerstones and evolving concepts. THE PLANT JOURNAL : FOR CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2022; 111:642-661. [PMID: 35665548 PMCID: PMC9545066 DOI: 10.1111/tpj.15856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Revised: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) such as singlet oxygen, superoxide (O2●- ) and hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) are the markers of living cells. Oxygenic photosynthesis produces ROS in abundance, which act as a readout of a functional electron transport system and metabolism. The concept that photosynthetic ROS production is a major driving force in chloroplast to nucleus retrograde signalling is embedded in the literature, as is the role of chloroplasts as environmental sensors. The different complexes and components of the photosynthetic electron transport chain (PETC) regulate O2●- production in relation to light energy availability and the redox state of the stromal Cys-based redox systems. All of the ROS generated in chloroplasts have the potential to act as signals and there are many sulphhydryl-containing proteins and peptides in chloroplasts that have the potential to act as H2 O2 sensors and function in signal transduction. While ROS may directly move out of the chloroplasts to other cellular compartments, ROS signalling pathways can only be triggered if appropriate ROS-sensing proteins are present at or near the site of ROS production. Chloroplast antioxidant systems serve either to propagate these signals or to remove excess ROS that cannot effectively be harnessed in signalling. The key challenge is to understand how regulated ROS delivery from the PETC to the Cys-based redox machinery is organised to transmit redox signals from the environment to the nucleus. Redox changes associated with stromal carbohydrate metabolism also play a key role in chloroplast signalling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine H. Foyer
- School of Biosciences, College of Life and Environmental SciencesUniversity of BirminghamEdgbastonB15 2TTUK
| | - Guy Hanke
- School of Biological and Chemical SciencesQueen Mary University of LondonMile End RoadLondonE1 4NSUK
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38
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Zhang B, Liu X, Sun Y, Xu L, Ren Z, Zhao Y, Han Y. Sclerospora graminicola Suppresses Plant Defense Responses by Disrupting Chlorophyll Biosynthesis and Photosynthesis in Foxtail Millet. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:928040. [PMID: 35903230 PMCID: PMC9317951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.928040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Downy mildew of foxtail millet is an important oomycete disease caused by Sclerospora graminicola, affecting the yield and quality of the crop. Foxtail millet infected with S. graminicola exhibit symptoms of leaf yellowing and leaf cracking. To uncover the pathogenic mechanism of this disease, we explored the effects on chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis of foxtail millet leaves infected by S. graminicola. An elite foxtail millet variety, JG21, susceptible to S. graminicola, was used as for this study. S. graminicola inhibited chlorophyll synthesis and caused loose mesophyll cell arrangement. In addition, some cells were severely vacuolated in S. graminicola-infected foxtail millet leaves at the early stages of infection. S. graminicola could invade the mesophyll cells through haustoria which destroyed the chloroplast structure at the middle stages of infection causing significant accumulation of osmiophilic particles (OPs) and disintegrated chloroplast grana lamellae. Furthermore, foxtail millet leaves split longitudinally at the later stages of infection. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents in infected leaves decreased significantly compared with those in the control. Net photosynthetic rate (Pn) of leaves and stomatal conductance showed a downward trend, and intercellular carbon dioxide concentrations increased significantly following the infection with S. graminicola. A total of 1,618 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were detected between the control group and the treatment groups using RNA sequencing (RNA-Seq) among S1-S5 stages. DEGs associated with "photosynthesis" and "light reaction" were enriched. Gene expression patterns showed that 91.3% of 23 genes related to chlorophyll synthesis and photosynthesis, were significantly down-regulated than the control during S1-S5 stages. Based on the gene expression dataset, weighed gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) with 19 gene co-expression modules related to photosynthesis revealed six hub genes related to chlorophyll synthesis, which were suppressed during infection. The results suggest that infection of S. graminicola led to weak chlorophyll synthesis and rapid chloroplasts disappearance in foxtail millet. The defense responses and resistance of foxtail millet to S. graminicola were inhibited because chloroplast structure and function were destroyed in leaves, and the sexual reproduction in S. graminicola could be completed rapidly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baojun Zhang
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xu Liu
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yurong Sun
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Lin Xu
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Zhixian Ren
- College of Plant Protection, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yaofei Zhao
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yuanhuai Han
- College of Agriculture, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taiyuan, China
- Shanxi Key Laboratory of Minor Crop Germplasm Innovation and Molecular Breeding, Taiyuan, China
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39
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Xu E, Tikkanen M, Seyednasrollah F, Kangasjärvi S, Brosché M. Simultaneous Ozone and High Light Treatments Reveal an Important Role for the Chloroplast in Co-ordination of Defense Signaling. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 13:883002. [PMID: 35873979 PMCID: PMC9303991 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.883002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Plants live in a world of changing environments, where they are continuously challenged by alternating biotic and abiotic stresses. To transfer information from the environment to appropriate protective responses, plants use many different signaling molecules and pathways. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules in the regulation of plant stress responses, both inside and between cells. In natural environments, plants can experience multiple stresses simultaneously. Laboratory studies on stress interaction and crosstalk at regulation of gene expression, imply that plant responses to multiple stresses are distinctly different from single treatments. We analyzed the expression of selected marker genes and reassessed publicly available datasets to find signaling pathways regulated by ozone, which produces apoplastic ROS, and high light treatment, which produces chloroplastic ROS. Genes related to cell death regulation were differentially regulated by ozone versus high light. In a combined ozone + high light treatment, the light treatment enhanced ozone-induced cell death in leaves. The distinct responses from ozone versus high light treatments show that plants can activate stress signaling pathways in a highly precise manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enjun Xu
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikko Tikkanen
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Plant Biology, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Fatemeh Seyednasrollah
- Institute of Biotechnology, HILIFE – Helsinki Institute of Life Science, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saijaliisa Kangasjärvi
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Brosché
- Organismal and Evolutionary Biology Research Programme, Faculty of Biological and Environmental Sciences, Viikki Plant Science Centre, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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40
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Sørensen M, Andersen-Ranberg J, Hankamer B, Møller BL. Circular biomanufacturing through harvesting solar energy and CO 2. TRENDS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2022; 27:655-673. [PMID: 35396170 DOI: 10.1016/j.tplants.2022.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Using synthetic biology, it is now time to expand the biosynthetic repertoire of plants and microalgae by utilizing the chloroplast to augment the production of desired high-value compounds and of oil-, carbohydrate-, or protein-enriched biomass based on direct harvesting of solar energy and the consumption of CO2. Multistream product lines based on separate commercialization of the isolated high-value compounds and of the improved bulk products increase the economic potential of the light-driven production system and accelerate commercial scale up. Here we outline the scientific basis for the establishment of such green circular biomanufacturing systems and highlight recent results that make this a realistic option based on cross-disciplinary basic and applied research to advance long-term solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mette Sørensen
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Johan Andersen-Ranberg
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ben Hankamer
- Institute of Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Birger Lindberg Møller
- Plant Biochemistry Laboratory, Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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41
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Protein Markers for the Identification of Cork Oak Plants Infected with Phytophthora cinnamomi by Applying an (α, β)-k-Feature Set Approach. FORESTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/f13060940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cork oak decline in Mediterranean forests is a complex phenomenon, observed with remarkable frequency in the southern part of the Iberian Peninsula, causing the weakening and death of these woody plants. The defoliation of the canopy, the presence of dry peripheral branches, and exudations on the trunk are visible symptoms used for the prognosis of decline, complemented by the presence of Phytophthora cinnamomi identified in the rhizosphere of the trees and adjacent soils. Recently, a large proteomic dataset obtained from the leaves of cork oak plants inoculated and non-inoculated with P. cinnamomi has become available. We explored it to search for an optimal set of proteins, markers of the biological pattern of interaction with the oomycete. Thus, using published data from the cork oak leaf proteome, we mathematically modelled the problem as an α, β-k-Feature Set Problem to select molecular markers. A set of proteins (features) that represent dominant effects on the host metabolism resulting from pathogen action on roots was found. These results contribute to an early diagnosis of biochemical changes occurring in cork oak associated with P. cinnamomi infection. We hypothesize that these markers may be decisive in identifying trees that go into decline due to interactions with the pathogen, assisting the management of cork oak forest ecosystems.
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Wang M, Ji Z, Yan H, Xu J, Zhao X, Zhou Z. Effector Sntf2 Interacted with Chloroplast-Related Protein Mdycf39 Promoting the Colonization of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Apple Leaf. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23126379. [PMID: 35742821 PMCID: PMC9224526 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23126379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Glomerella leaf spot of apple, caused by Colletotrichumgloeosporioides, is a devastating disease that leads to severe defoliation and fruit spots. The Colletotrichum species secretes a series of effectors to manipulate the host’s immune response, facilitating its colonization in plants. However, the mechanism by which the effector of C. gloeosporioides inhibits the defenses of the host remains unclear. In this study, we reported a novel effector Sntf2 of C. gloeosporioides. The transient expression of SNTF2 inhibits BAX-induced cell death in tobacco plants. Sntf2 suppresses plant defense responses by reducing callose deposition and H2O2 accumulation. SNTF2 is upregulated during infection, and its deletion reduces virulence to the plant. Sntf2 is localized to the chloroplasts and interacts with Mdycf39 (a chloroplast PSII assembly factor) in apple leaves. The Mdycf39 overexpression line increases susceptibility to C. gloeosporioides, whereas the Mdycf39 transgenic silent line does not grow normally with pale white leaves, indicating that Sntf2 disturbs plant defense responses and growth by targeting Mdycf39.
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Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang Y, Niu L, Li W, Lu W, Li J, Schäfer P, Meng Y, Shan W. A mitochondrial RNA processing protein mediates plant immunity to a broad spectrum of pathogens by modulating the mitochondrial oxidative burst. THE PLANT CELL 2022; 34:2343-2363. [PMID: 35262740 PMCID: PMC9134091 DOI: 10.1093/plcell/koac082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial function depends on the RNA processing of mitochondrial gene transcripts by nucleus-encoded proteins. This posttranscriptional processing involves the large group of nuclear-encoded pentatricopeptide repeat (PPR) proteins. Mitochondrial processes represent a crucial part in animal immunity, but whether mitochondria play similar roles in plants remains unclear. Here, we report the identification of RESISTANCE TO PHYTOPHTHORA PARASITICA 7 (AtRTP7), a P-type PPR protein, in Arabidopsis thaliana and its conserved function in immunity to diverse pathogens across distantly related plant species. RTP7 affects the levels of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (mROS) by participating in RNA splicing of nad7, which encodes a critical subunit of the mitochondrial respiratory chain Complex I, the largest of the four major components of the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation system. The enhanced resistance of rtp7 plants to Phytophthora parasitica is dependent on an elevated mROS burst, but might be independent from the ROS burst associated with plasma membrane-localized NADPH oxidases. Our study reveals the immune function of RTP7 and the defective processing of Complex I subunits in rtp7 plants resulted in enhanced resistance to both biotrophic and necrotrophic pathogens without affecting overall plant development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Yingqi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Lihua Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wanyue Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Wenqin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Jinfang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Plant Protection, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
| | - Patrick Schäfer
- Institute of Molecular Botany, Ulm University, Ulm 89069, Germany
| | - Yuling Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology in Arid Areas and College of Agronomy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China
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Lee S, Vemanna RS, Oh S, Rojas CM, Oh Y, Kaundal A, Kwon T, Lee HK, Senthil-Kumar M, Mysore KS. Functional role of formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) for host and nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264917. [PMID: 35594245 PMCID: PMC9122214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Nonhost disease resistance is the most common type of plant defense mechanism against potential pathogens. In the present study, the metabolic enzyme formate dehydrogenase 1 (FDH1) was identified to associate with nonhost disease resistance in Nicotiana benthamiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, AtFDH1 was highly upregulated in response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. The Atfdh1 mutants were compromised in nonhost resistance, basal resistance, and gene-for-gene resistance. The expression patterns of salicylic acid (SA) and jasmonic acid (JA) marker genes after pathogen infections in Atfdh1 mutant indicated that both SA and JA are involved in the FDH1-mediated plant defense response to both host and nonhost bacterial pathogens. Previous studies reported that FDH1 localizes to mitochondria, or both mitochondria and chloroplasts. Our results showed that the AtFDH1 mainly localized to mitochondria, and the expression level of FDH1 was drastically increased upon infection with host or nonhost pathogens. Furthermore, we identified the potential co-localization of mitochondria expressing FDH1 with chloroplasts after the infection with nonhost pathogens in Arabidopsis. This finding suggests the possible role of FDH1 in mitochondria and chloroplasts during defense responses against bacterial pathogens in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonghee Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Ramu S. Vemanna
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Sunhee Oh
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Youngjae Oh
- Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Science, University of Florida, Wimauma, FL, United States of America
| | - Amita Kaundal
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Taegun Kwon
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | - Hee-Kyung Lee
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
| | | | - Kirankumar S. Mysore
- Noble Research Institute, LLC, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Institute for Agricultural Biosciences, Oklahoma State University, Ardmore, OK, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States of America
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A successful defense of the narrow-leafed lupin against anthracnose involves quick and orchestrated reprogramming of oxidation-reduction, photosynthesis and pathogenesis-related genes. Sci Rep 2022; 12:8164. [PMID: 35581248 PMCID: PMC9114385 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-12257-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Narrow-leafed lupin (NLL, Lupinus angustifolius L.) is a legume plant cultivated for grain production and soil improvement. Worldwide expansion of NLL as a crop attracted various pathogenic fungi, including Colletotrichum lupini causing a devastating disease, anthracnose. Two alleles conferring improved resistance, Lanr1 and AnMan, were exploited in NLL breeding, however, underlying molecular mechanisms remained unknown. In this study, European NLL germplasm was screened with Lanr1 and AnMan markers. Inoculation tests in controlled environment confirmed effectiveness of both resistance donors. Representative resistant and susceptible lines were subjected to differential gene expression profiling. Resistance to anthracnose was associated with overrepresentation of "GO:0006952 defense response", "GO:0055114 oxidation-reduction process" and "GO:0015979 photosynthesis" gene ontology terms. Moreover, the Lanr1 (83A:476) line revealed massive transcriptomic reprogramming quickly after inoculation, whereas other lines showed such a response delayed by about 42 h. Defense response was associated with upregulation of TIR-NBS, CC-NBS-LRR and NBS-LRR genes, pathogenesis-related 10 proteins, lipid transfer proteins, glucan endo-1,3-beta-glucosidases, glycine-rich cell wall proteins and genes from reactive oxygen species pathway. Early response of 83A:476, including orchestrated downregulation of photosynthesis-related genes, coincided with the successful defense during fungus biotrophic growth phase, indicating effector-triggered immunity. Mandelup response was delayed and resembled general horizontal resistance.
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He X, Meng H, Wang H, He P, Chang Y, Wang S, Wang C, Li L, Wang C. Quantitative proteomic sequencing of F 1 hybrid populations reveals the function of sorbitol in apple resistance to Botryosphaeria dothidea. HORTICULTURE RESEARCH 2022; 9:uhac115. [PMID: 35937862 PMCID: PMC9346975 DOI: 10.1093/hr/uhac115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Apple ring rot, which is caused by Botryosphaeria dothidea, is one of the most devastating diseases of apple. However, the lack of a known molecular resistance mechanism limits the development of resistance breeding. Here, the 'Golden Delicious' and 'Fuji Nagafu No. 2' apple cultivars were crossed, and a population of 194 F 1 individuals was generated. The hybrids were divided into five categories according to their differences in B. dothidea resistance during three consecutive years. Quantitative proteomic sequencing was performed to analyze the molecular mechanism of the apple response to B. dothidea infection. Hierarchical clustering and weighted gene coexpression network analysis revealed that photosynthesis was significantly correlated with the resistance of apple to B. dothidea. The level of chlorophyll fluorescence in apple functional leaves increased progressively as the level of disease resistance improved. However, the content of soluble sugar decreased with the improvement of disease resistance. Further research revealed that sorbitol, the primary photosynthetic product, played major roles in apple resistance to B. dothidea. Increasing the content of sorbitol by overexpressing MdS6PDH1 dramatically enhanced resistance of apple calli to B. dothidea by activating the expression of salicylic acid signaling pathway-related genes. However, decreasing the content of sorbitol by silencing MdS6PDH1 showed the opposite phenotype. Furthermore, exogenous sorbitol treatment partially restored the resistance of MdS6PDH1-RNAi lines to B. dothidea. Taken together, these findings reveal that sorbitol is an important metabolite that regulates the resistance of apple to B. dothidea and offer new insights into the mechanism of plant resistance to pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haibo Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Ping He
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Yuansheng Chang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Sen Wang
- Shandong Institute of Pomology, Taian, Shandong 271000, China
| | - Chuanzeng Wang
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, Shandong 250100, China
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Goto-Yamada S, Oikawa K, Yamato KT, Kanai M, Hikino K, Nishimura M, Mano S. Image-Based Analysis Revealing the Molecular Mechanism of Peroxisome Dynamics in Plants. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:883491. [PMID: 35592252 PMCID: PMC9110829 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.883491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are present in eukaryotic cells and have essential roles in various biological processes. Plant peroxisomes proliferate by de novo biosynthesis or division of pre-existing peroxisomes, degrade, or replace metabolic enzymes, in response to developmental stages, environmental changes, or external stimuli. Defects of peroxisome functions and biogenesis alter a variety of biological processes and cause aberrant plant growth. Traditionally, peroxisomal function-based screening has been employed to isolate Arabidopsis thaliana mutants that are defective in peroxisomal metabolism, such as lipid degradation and photorespiration. These analyses have revealed that the number, subcellular localization, and activity of peroxisomes are closely related to their efficient function, and the molecular mechanisms underlying peroxisome dynamics including organelle biogenesis, protein transport, and organelle interactions must be understood. Various approaches have been adopted to identify factors involved in peroxisome dynamics. With the development of imaging techniques and fluorescent proteins, peroxisome research has been accelerated. Image-based analyses provide intriguing results concerning the movement, morphology, and number of peroxisomes that were hard to obtain by other approaches. This review addresses image-based analysis of peroxisome dynamics in plants, especially A. thaliana and Marchantia polymorpha.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shino Goto-Yamada
- Małopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Krakow, Poland
| | - Kazusato Oikawa
- Department of Material Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Katsuyuki T. Yamato
- Faculty of Biology-Oriented Science and Technology, Kindai University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Masatake Kanai
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Kazumi Hikino
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Mikio Nishimura
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Konan University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Shoji Mano
- Department of Cell Biology, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki, Japan
- Department of Basic Biology, School of Life Science, SOKENDAI (The Graduate University for Advanced Studies), Okazaki, Japan
- *Correspondence: Shoji Mano
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Bhurta R, Hurali DT, Tyagi S, Sathee L, Adavi B S, Singh D, Mallick N, Chinnusamy V, Vinod, Jha SK. Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of the Thioredoxin ( Trx) Gene Family Reveals Its Role in Leaf Rust Resistance in Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Front Genet 2022; 13:836030. [PMID: 35401694 PMCID: PMC8990325 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.836030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.; Ta) is the staple cereal crop for the majority of the world’s population. Leaf rust disease caused by the obligate fungal pathogen, Puccinia triticina L., is a biotrophic pathogen causing significant economic yield damage. The alteration in the redox homeostasis of the cell caused by various kinds of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) in response to pathogenic infections is controlled by redox regulators. Thioredoxin (Trx) is one of the redox regulators with low molecular weight and is thermostable. Through a genome-wide approach, forty-two (42) wheat Trx genes (TaTrx) were identified across the wheat chromosome groups A, B, and D genomes containing 12, 16, and 14 Trx genes, respectively. Based on in silico expression analysis, 15 TaTrx genes were selected and utilized for further experimentation. These 15 genes were clustered into six groups by phylogenetic analysis. MicroRNA (miRNA) target analysis revealed eight different miRNA-targeted TaTrx genes. Protein–protein interaction (PPI) analysis showed TaTrx proteins interact with thioredoxin reductase, peroxiredoxin, and uncharacterized proteins. Expression profiles resulting from quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) revealed four TaTrx genes (TaTrx11-5A, TaTrx13-5B, TaTrx14-5D, and TaTrx15-3B) were significantly induced in response to leaf rust infection. Localization of ROS and its content estimation and an assay of antioxidant enzymes and expression analysis suggested that Trx have been involved in ROS homeostasis at span 24HAI-72HAI during the leaf rust resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Sandhya Tyagi
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
| | - Lekshmy Sathee
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Dalveer Singh
- Division of Plant Physiology, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Vinod
- Division of Genetics, ICAR-IARI, New Delhi, India
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Tanner F, Tonn S, de Wit J, Van den Ackerveken G, Berger B, Plett D. Sensor-based phenotyping of above-ground plant-pathogen interactions. PLANT METHODS 2022; 18:35. [PMID: 35313920 PMCID: PMC8935837 DOI: 10.1186/s13007-022-00853-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Plant pathogens cause yield losses in crops worldwide. Breeding for improved disease resistance and management by precision agriculture are two approaches to limit such yield losses. Both rely on detecting and quantifying signs and symptoms of plant disease. To achieve this, the field of plant phenotyping makes use of non-invasive sensor technology. Compared to invasive methods, this can offer improved throughput and allow for repeated measurements on living plants. Abiotic stress responses and yield components have been successfully measured with phenotyping technologies, whereas phenotyping methods for biotic stresses are less developed, despite the relevance of plant disease in crop production. The interactions between plants and pathogens can lead to a variety of signs (when the pathogen itself can be detected) and diverse symptoms (detectable responses of the plant). Here, we review the strengths and weaknesses of a broad range of sensor technologies that are being used for sensing of signs and symptoms on plant shoots, including monochrome, RGB, hyperspectral, fluorescence, chlorophyll fluorescence and thermal sensors, as well as Raman spectroscopy, X-ray computed tomography, and optical coherence tomography. We argue that choosing and combining appropriate sensors for each plant-pathosystem and measuring with sufficient spatial resolution can enable specific and accurate measurements of above-ground signs and symptoms of plant disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Tanner
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Sebastian Tonn
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos de Wit
- Department of Imaging Physics, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Van den Ackerveken
- Department of Biology, Plant-Microbe Interactions, Utrecht University, 3584CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Bettina Berger
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
| | - Darren Plett
- Australian Plant Phenomics Facility, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, University of Adelaide, Urrbrae, SA Australia
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50
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Dogra V, Singh RM, Li M, Li M, Singh S, Kim C. EXECUTER2 modulates the EXECUTER1 signalosome through its singlet oxygen-dependent oxidation. MOLECULAR PLANT 2022; 15:438-453. [PMID: 34968736 DOI: 10.1016/j.molp.2021.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxidative post-translational modifications of specific chloroplast proteins contribute to the initiation of retrograde signaling. The Arabidopsis thaliana EXECUTER1 (EX1) protein, a chloroplast-localized singlet oxygen (1O2) sensor, undergoes tryptophan (Trp) 643 oxidation by 1O2, a chloroplast-derived and light-dependent reactive oxygen species. The indole side chain of Trp is vulnerable to 1O2, leading to the generation of oxidized Trp variants and priming EX1 for degradation by a membrane-bound FtsH protease. The perception of 1O2 via Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 proteolysis facilitate chloroplast-to-nucleus retrograde signaling. In this study, we discovered that the EX1-like protein EX2 also undergoes 1O2-dependent Trp530 oxidation and FtsH-dependent turnover, which attenuates 1O2 signaling by decelerating EX1-Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 degradation. Consistent with this finding, the loss of EX2 function reinforces EX1-dependent retrograde signaling by accelerating EX1-Trp643 oxidation and subsequent EX1 proteolysis, whereas overexpression of EX2 produces molecular phenotypes opposite to those observed in the loss-of- function mutants of EX2. Intriguingly, phylogenetic analysis suggests that EX2 may have emerged evolutionarily to attenuate the sensitivity of EX1 toward 1O2. Collectively, these results suggest that EX2 functions as a negative regulator of the EX1 signalosome through its own 1O2-dependent oxidation, providing a new mechanistic insight into the regulation of EX1-mediated 1O2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Dogra
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Rahul Mohan Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Mengping Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Mingyue Li
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Somesh Singh
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Chanhong Kim
- Shanghai Center for Plant Stress Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Plant Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200032, China.
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