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Yuan M, Leslie FM. Nicotine and fluoxetine alter adolescent dopamine-mediated behaviors via 5-HT 1A receptor activation. Front Psychiatry 2024; 15:1380123. [PMID: 38919632 PMCID: PMC11196788 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2024.1380123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Abuse or misuse of tobacco, e-cigarettes, or antidepressants may have serious clinical consequences during adolescence, a sensitive period during brain development when the distinct neurobiology of adolescent serotonin (5-HT) and dopamine (DA) systems create unique behavioral vulnerabilities to drugs of abuse. Methods Using a pharmacological approach, we modeled the behavioral and neurochemical effects of subchronic (4-day) nicotine (60µg/kg, i.v.) or fluoxetine (1mg/kg, i.v.) exposure in adolescent and adult male rats. Results Nicotine and fluoxetine significantly enhance quinpirole-induced locomotor activity and initial cocaine self-administration in adolescents, but not adults. These effects were blocked by serotonin 5-HT1A receptor antagonists, WAY-100,635 (100 µg/kg, i.v.) or S-15535 (300 µg/kg, i.v.). Neurochemical and anatomical autoradiographic analysis of 8-OH-DPAT-stimulated [35S]GTPγS reveal that prior exposure to nicotine and fluoxetine results in both overlapping and distinct effects on regional 5-HT1A receptor activity. Both fluoxetine and nicotine enhance adolescent 5-HT1A receptor activity in the primary motor cortex (M1), whereas fluoxetine alone targets prefrontal cortical neurocircuitry and nicotine alone targets the amygdala. Discussion Given their different pharmacological profiles, comparison between WAY-100,635 and S-15535 indicates that postsynaptic 5-HT1A receptors mediate the behavioral effects of prior nicotine and fluoxetine exposure. In addition, within the adolescent M1, maladaptive changes in 5-HT signaling and 5-HT1A activity after nicotine or fluoxetine exposure may potentiate hyper-responsiveness to dopaminergic drugs and prime adolescent vulnerability for future substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menglu Yuan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California Irvine (UCI), Irvine, CA, United States
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2
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Carreño D, Facundo A, Nguyen MTT, Lotfipour S. Dopamine and Norepinephrine Tissue Levels in the Developing Limbic Brain Are Impacted by the Human CHRNA6 3'-UTR Single-Nucleotide Polymorphism (rs2304297) in Rats. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:3676. [PMID: 38612487 PMCID: PMC11011259 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25073676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 03/16/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that a genetic single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP, rs2304297) in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of the human CHRNA6 gene has sex- and genotype-dependent effects on nicotine-induced locomotion, anxiety, and nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement in adolescent rats. This study aims to investigate how the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP influences dopaminergic and noradrenergic tissue levels in brain reward regions during baseline and after the reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. Naïve adolescent and adult rats, along with those undergoing nicotine + cue reinstatement and carrying the CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP, were assessed for dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), and metabolites in reward pathway regions. The results reveal age-, sex-, and genotype-dependent baseline DA, NE, and DA turnover levels. Post-reinstatement, male α6GG rats show suppressed DA levels in the Nucleus Accumbens (NAc) Shell compared to the baseline, while nicotine+ cue-induced reinstatement behavior correlates with neurotransmitter levels in specific brain regions. This study emphasizes the role of CHRNA6 3'-UTR SNP in the developmental maturation of the dopaminergic and noradrenergic system in the adolescent rat brain, with tissue levels acting as predictors of nicotine + cue-induced reinstatement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Carreño
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Antonella Facundo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - My Trang Thi Nguyen
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA 92617, USA
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Cheeks SN, Buzzi B, Valdez A, Mogul AS, Damaj MI, Fowler CD. Cannabidiol as a potential cessation therapeutic: Effects on intravenous nicotine self-administration and withdrawal symptoms in mice. Neuropharmacology 2024; 246:109833. [PMID: 38176534 PMCID: PMC10958588 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2023.109833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking remains a leading cause of preventable disease and death worldwide. Due to the devastating negative health effects of smoking, many users attempt to quit, but few are successful in the long-term. Thus, there is a critical need for novel therapeutic approaches. In these investigations, we sought to examine whether cannabidiol (CBD) has the potential to be repurposed as a nicotine cessation therapeutic. In the first study, male and female mice were trained to respond for intravenous nicotine infusions at either a low or moderate nicotine dose and then were pretreated with CBD prior to their drug-taking session. We found that CBD produced a significant decrease in the number of nicotine rewards earned, and this effect was evidenced across CBD doses and with both the low and moderate levels of nicotine intake. These effects on drug intake were not due to general motor-related effects, since mice self-administering food pellets did not alter their behavior with CBD administration. The potential effects of CBD in mitigating nicotine withdrawal symptoms were then investigated. We found that CBD attenuated the somatic signs of nicotine withdrawal and prevented nicotine's hyperalgesia-inducing effects. Taken together, these results demonstrate that modulation of cannabinoid signaling may be a viable therapeutic option as a smoking cessation aid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Cheeks
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Belle Buzzi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Ashley Valdez
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - Allison S Mogul
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA
| | - Christie D Fowler
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA.
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Gale A, Kelly M, Belfield JB, Williams N, Fisher M, Guarraci FA, Stokes JA. Prepubescent Electronic Cigarette Exposure Affects Sexual Motivation and Puberty in Female But Not Male Long-Evans Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2024:ntad225. [PMID: 38160709 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntad225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A method for delivering vaporized nicotine to animals has been developed using e-cigarette devices. The present experiment was designed to measure the effects of e-cigarette nicotine on pubertal onset and development of reproductive behavior in female and male Long-Evans rats. AIM AND METHODS Rats received daily 10-min sessions of electronic-cigarette vaporized nicotine (5% Virginia Tobacco JUUL Pods) or room air in a whole-body exposure chamber (postnatal day 28-31). Pubertal onset was monitored daily (ie, vaginal opening in females, preputial separation in males). Two weeks later, rats were tested for sexual motivation using the partner-preference paradigm, whereby subjects were given the opportunity to approach either a sexual partner or a same-sex social partner. Four weeks later, partner preference was assessed again, 10 min after rats were re-exposed to their same prepubertal treatment. RESULTS We found that prepubescent electronic-cigarette vaporized nicotine disrupted puberty and sexual motivation in female but not male rats. In vaped females, vaginal opening was delayed and less time was spent with the male stimulus compared to room-air controls. In contrast, no effect of e-cigarette vapor was observed on pubertal onset or on any measures of sexual behavior in male rats. No effects were observed in either female or male rats on the second partner-preference test. CONCLUSIONS Prepubescent vaporized nicotine affected the development of reproductive physiology and behavior in female rats but not in male rats, whereas an additional acute exposure to nicotine vapor had no effect in either female or male adult rats. IMPLICATIONS Given the prevalence of increasingly younger users, more animal research is needed to explore the effects of e-cigarette smoking on multiple developmental systems including reproductive physiology and behavior. This model could be useful in exploring multiple behavioral and physiological endpoints in both sexes. Adjustments to the duration of exposure and control conditions will be necessary for future experiments to best model human use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Gale
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
| | - Megan Kelly
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
| | | | - Natalie Williams
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
| | - Mila Fisher
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
| | - Fay A Guarraci
- Department of Psychology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer A Stokes
- Department of Kinesiology, Southwestern University, Georgetown, TX, USA
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5
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Banks E, Yazidjoglou A, Brown S, Nguyen M, Martin M, Beckwith K, Daluwatta A, Campbell S, Joshy G. Electronic cigarettes and health outcomes: umbrella and systematic review of the global evidence. Med J Aust 2023; 218:267-275. [PMID: 36939271 PMCID: PMC10952413 DOI: 10.5694/mja2.51890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review and synthesise the global evidence regarding the health effects of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes, vapes). STUDY DESIGN Umbrella review (based on major independent reviews, including the 2018 United States National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine [NASEM] report) and top-up systematic review of published, peer-reviewed studies in humans examining the relationship of e-cigarette use to health outcomes published since the NASEM report. DATA SOURCES Umbrella review: eight major independent reviews published 2017-2021. Systematic review: PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, Web of Science, the Cochrane Library, and PsycINFO (articles published July 2017 - July 2020 and not included in NASEM review). DATA SYNTHESIS Four hundred eligible publications were included in our synthesis: 112 from the NASEM review, 189 from our top-up review search, and 99 further publications cited by other reviews. There is conclusive evidence linking e-cigarette use with poisoning, immediate inhalation toxicity (including seizures), and e-cigarette or vaping product use-associated lung injury (EVALI; largely but not exclusively for e-liquids containing tetrahydrocannabinol and vitamin E acetate), as well as for malfunctioning devices causing injuries and burns. Environmental effects include waste, fires, and generation of indoor airborne particulate matter (substantial to conclusive evidence). There is substantial evidence that nicotine e-cigarettes can cause dependence or addiction in non-smokers, and strong evidence that young non-smokers who use e-cigarettes are more likely than non-users to initiate smoking and to become regular smokers. There is limited evidence that freebase nicotine e-cigarettes used with clinical support are efficacious aids for smoking cessation. Evidence regarding effects on other clinical outcomes, including cardiovascular disease, cancer, development, and mental and reproductive health, is insufficient or unavailable. CONCLUSION E-cigarettes can be harmful to health, particularly for non-smokers and children, adolescents, and young adults. Their effects on many important health outcomes are uncertain. E-cigarettes may be beneficial for smokers who use them to completely and promptly quit smoking, but they are not currently approved smoking cessation aids. Better quality evidence is needed regarding the health impact of e-cigarette use, their safety and efficacy for smoking cessation, and effective regulation. REGISTRATION Systematic review: PROSPERO, CRD42020200673 (prospective).
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Banks
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Amelia Yazidjoglou
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Sinan Brown
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Mai Nguyen
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Melonie Martin
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Katie Beckwith
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Amanda Daluwatta
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Sai Campbell
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
| | - Grace Joshy
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population HealthAustralian National UniversityCanberraACT
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Colyer-Patel K, Kuhns L, Weidema A, Lesscher H, Cousijn J. Age-dependent effects of tobacco smoke and nicotine on cognition and the brain: A systematic review of the human and animal literature comparing adolescents and adults. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2023; 146:105038. [PMID: 36627063 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is often initiated during adolescence and an earlier age of onset is associated with worse health outcomes later in life. Paradoxically, the transition towards adulthood also marks the potential for recovery, as the majority of adolescents are able to quit smoking when adulthood emerges. This systematic review aimed to evaluate the evidence from both human and animal studies for the differential impact of adolescent versus adult repeated and long-term tobacco and nicotine exposure on cognitive and brain outcomes. The limited human studies and more extensive yet heterogeneous animal studies, provide preliminary evidence of heightened fear learning, anxiety-related behaviour, reward processing, nicotinic acetylcholinergic receptors expression, dopamine expression and serotonin functioning after adolescent compared to adult exposure. Effects of nicotine or tobacco use on impulsivity were comparable across age groups. These findings provide novel insights into the mechanisms underlying adolescents' vulnerability to tobacco and nicotine. Future research is needed to translate animal to human findings, with a focus on directly linking a broader spectrum of brain and behavioural outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karis Colyer-Patel
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Lauren Kuhns
- Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alix Weidema
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Heidi Lesscher
- Department Population Health Sciences, Animals in Science and Society, Division of Behavioural Neuroscience, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Janna Cousijn
- Neuroscience of Addiction (NofA) Lab, Department of Psychology, Education & Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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7
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Castro EM, Lotfipour S, Leslie FM. Nicotine on the developing brain. Pharmacol Res 2023; 190:106716. [PMID: 36868366 PMCID: PMC10392865 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Developmental periods such as gestation and adolescence have enhanced plasticity leaving the brain vulnerable to harmful effects from nicotine use. Proper brain maturation and circuit organization is critical for normal physiological and behavioral outcomes. Although cigarette smoking has declined in popularity, noncombustible nicotine products are readily used. The misperceived safety of these alternatives lead to widespread use among vulnerable populations such as pregnant women and adolescents. Nicotine exposure during these sensitive developmental windows is detrimental to cardiorespiratory function, learning and memory, executive function, and reward related circuitry. In this review, we will discuss clinical and preclinical evidence of the adverse alterations in the brain and behavior following nicotine exposure. Time-dependent nicotine-induced changes in reward related brain regions and drug reward behaviors will be discussed and highlight unique sensitivities within a developmental period. We will also review long lasting effects of developmental exposure persisting into adulthood, along with permanent epigenetic changes in the genome which can be passed to future generations. Taken together, it is critical to evaluate the consequences of nicotine exposure during these vulnerable developmental windows due to its direct impact on cognition, potential trajectories for other substance use, and implicated mechanisms for the neurobiology of substance use disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Castro
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA; Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
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Sex- and Genotype-Dependent Nicotine-Induced Behaviors in Adolescent Rats with a Human Polymorphism (rs2304297) in the 3'-UTR of the CHRNA6 Gene. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23063145. [PMID: 35328565 PMCID: PMC8948824 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2022] [Revised: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In human adolescents, a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), rs2304297, in the 3′-UTR of the nicotinic receptor subunit gene, CHRNA6, has been associated with increased smoking. To study the effects of the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP, our lab generated knock-in rodent lines with either C or G SNP alleles. The objective of this study was to determine if the CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP is functional in the knock-in rat lines. We hypothesized that the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP knock-in does not impact baseline but enhances nicotine-induced behaviors. For baseline behaviors, rats underwent food self-administration at escalating schedules of reinforcement followed by a locomotor assay and a series of anxiety tests (postnatal day (PN) 25-39). In separate cohorts, adolescent rats underwent 1- or 4-day nicotine pretreatment (2×, 30 μg/kg/0.1 mL, i.v.). After the last nicotine injection (PN 31), animals were assessed behaviorally in an open-field chamber, and brain tissue was collected. We show the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP knock-in does not affect food reinforcement, locomotor activity, or anxiety. Further, 4-day, but not 1-day, nicotine exposure enhances locomotion and anxiolytic behavior in a genotype- and sex-specific manner. These findings demonstrate that the human CHRNA6 3′-UTR SNP is functional in our in vivo model.
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Unique effects of nicotine across the lifespan. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2022; 214:173343. [PMID: 35122768 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2022.173343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Smoking remains the leading cause of preventable death in the United States. Although combustible cigarettes are largely being replaced by tobacco-free products, nicotine use continues to increase in vulnerable populations, including youth, adolescents, and pregnant women. Nicotine exerts unique effects on specific brain regions during distinct developmental periods due to the dynamic expression of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) throughout the lifespan. Nicotine exposure is a health concern not only for adults but also has neurotoxic effects on the fetus, newborn, child, and adolescent. In this review, we aim to highlight the dynamic roles of nAChRs throughout gestation, adolescence, and adulthood. We also provide clinical and preclinical evidence of the neurodevelopmental, cognitive, and behavioral consequences of nicotine exposure at different developmental periods. This comprehensive review highlights unique effects of nicotine throughout the lifespan to help elucidate interventions and public health measures to protect sensitive populations from nicotine exposure.
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Cardenas A, Lotfipour S. Age- and Sex-Dependent Nicotine Pretreatment Effects on the Enhancement of Methamphetamine Self-Administration in Sprague-Dawley Rats. Nicotine Tob Res 2021; 24:1186-1192. [PMID: 34669941 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntab218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Initiation of tobacco products typically occurs in adolescence. Adolescence is a critical period in development where the maturation of brain neurocircuitry is vulnerable to nicotine. Nicotine-containing products and psychostimulants, such as methamphetamine (METH), are often co-abused. Rodent studies have shown that nicotine exposure in early adolescence increases subsequent drug intake and reward. Given the exponential increase in e-cigarette use among adolescents, there is a pressing need to understand whether adolescent nicotine exposure impacts concurrent increased methamphetamine use. The objective of this study is to evaluate age, sex, and longitudinal effects of nicotine pretreatment on methamphetamine reinforcement. METHODS Male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were pretreated with a sub-chronic, low dose nicotine (2x, 30 μg/kg/0.1 mL, intravenous) or saline during early adolescence (postnatal days 28-31) or adulthood (postnatal days 86-89). Following nicotine pretreatment, on postnatal day 32 or postnatal day 90, animals underwent operant intravenous self-administration for methamphetamine (20 μg/kg/inf) over a 2-hour period for five consecutive days. RESULTS Early adolescent nicotine exposure enhances intravenous methamphetamine self-administration in male, but not female adolescents. Male adult rats self-administer methamphetamine over the 5-day testing period, independent of nicotine exposure. In contrast, nicotine exposure increases methamphetamine self-administration in female adults during the later sessions of the 5-day testing period. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our data highlight age- and sex-dependent effects of low dose, sub-chronic nicotine pretreatment on subsequent intravenous methamphetamine self-administration. IMPLICATIONS A majority of polysubstance users begin smoking before the age of 18. Mounting evidence highlights adolescent susceptibility to nicotine exposure on brain and behavior. With the escalation in nicotine-containing products and stimulant use among adolescents, it is important to identify the consequences from adolescent nicotine use, including polysubstance use. Our study provides evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure enhances subsequent methamphetamine use, with important sex- and age-dependent effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anjelica Cardenas
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA.,Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine CA, USA.,Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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11
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Cross SJ, Leslie FM. Combined nicotine and ethanol age-dependently alter neural and behavioral responses in male rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:321-334. [PMID: 33660662 PMCID: PMC8119310 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Use of alcohol (EtOH) and nicotine (Nic) typically begins during adolescence. Smoking and drinking often occur together and lead to a higher consumption of alcohol. Although we have shown that Nic+EtOH is reinforcing in self-administration tests in adolescent male rats, whether Nic+EtOH affects other behaviors or neuronal activity in an age-dependent manner is unknown. To address this, adolescent and adult male rats were given intravenous injections of Nic (30 µg/kg)+EtOH (4 mg/kg) and evaluated for locomotor and anxiety-like behaviors. Regional neuronal activity, assessed by cFos mRNA expression, was measured and used to evaluate functional connectivity in limbic regions associated with anxiety and motivation. Nic+EtOH increased locomotor activity and was anxiolytic in adolescents, but not adults. The posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA), a critical regulator of drug reward, was selectively activated by Nic+EtOH in adults, while activity in its target region, the NAc-shell, was decreased. Drug-induced alterations in functional connectivity were more extensive in adults than adolescents and may act to inhibit behavioral responses to Nic+EtOH that are seen in adolescence. Overall, our findings suggest that brief, low-dose exposure to Nic+EtOH produces marked, age-dependent changes in brain and behavior and that there may be an ongoing maturation of the pVTA during adolescence that allows increased sensitivity to Nic+EtOH's reinforcing, hyperlocomotor, and anxiolytic effects. Furthermore, this work provides a potential mechanism for high rates of co-use of nicotine and alcohol by teenagers: this drug combination is anxiolytic and recruits functional networks that are unique from protective, inhibitory networks recruited in the mature and adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cross
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, USA
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12
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Cardenas A, Martinez M, Saenz Mejia A, Lotfipour S. Early adolescent subchronic low-dose nicotine exposure increases subsequent cocaine and fentanyl self-administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. Behav Pharmacol 2021; 32:86-91. [PMID: 32960853 PMCID: PMC7790845 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0000000000000593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
An exponential rise in nicotine-containing electronic-cigarette use has been observed during the period of adolescence. Preclinical studies have shown that nicotine exposure during early adolescence, but not adulthood, increases subsequent drug intake and reward. Although growing clinical trends highlight that stimulant use disorders are associated with the opioid epidemic, very few studies have assessed the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on opioid intake. The objective of our current study is to develop a new animal model to assess the causal relationship of adolescent nicotine exposure on subsequent opioid intake. In this effort, we first replicate previous studies using a well-established 4-day nicotine paradigm. Rats are pretreated with a low dose of nicotine (2 × , 30 μg/kg/0.1 mL, intravenous) or saline during early adolescence (postnatal days 28-31) or adulthood (postnatal days 86-89). Following nicotine pretreatment on postnatal day 32 or postnatal day 90, animals underwent operant intravenous self-administration for the psychostimulant, cocaine [500 μg/kg/infusion (inf)] or the opioid, fentanyl (2.5 μg/kg/inf). We successfully show that adolescent but not adult, nicotine exposure enhances cocaine self-administration in male rats. Furthermore, we illustrate early adolescent but not adult nicotine exposure enhances fentanyl self-administration, independent of sex. Overall, our findings highlight that adolescence is a unique period of development that is vulnerable to nicotine-induced enhancement for cocaine and fentanyl self-administration in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA
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Vaping: Impact of Improving Screening Questioning in Adolescent Population: A Quality Improvement Initiative. Pediatr Qual Saf 2021; 6:e370. [PMID: 33403316 PMCID: PMC7774995 DOI: 10.1097/pq9.0000000000000370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS) increased dramatically over the past decade, making them the most common tobacco product used among youth. While physicians often screen for the use of tobacco, very few screen for vaping product usage. This quality improvement project aimed to increase the screening rate of ENDS use among adolescents to 85% to match the Healthy People 2020 screening target of 83.3% for smoking.
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Ponzoni L, Teh MT, Torres-Perez JV, Brennan CH, Braida D, Sala M. Increased Response to 3,4-Methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) Reward and Altered Gene Expression in Zebrafish During Short- and Long-Term Nicotine Withdrawal. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 58:1650-1663. [PMID: 33236326 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-020-02225-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
An interactive effect between nicotine and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) has been reported but the mechanism underlying such interaction is not completely understood. This study used zebrafish to explore gene expression changes associated with altered sensitivity to the rewarding effects of MDMA following 2-week exposure to nicotine and 2-60 days of nicotine withdrawal. Reward responses to MDMA were assessed using a conditioned place preference (CPP) paradigm and gene expression was evaluated using quantitative real-time PCR of mRNA from whole brain samples from drug-treated and control adult zebrafish. Zebrafish pre-exposed for 2 weeks to nicotine showed increased conditioned place preference in response to low-dose, 0.1 mg/kg, MDMA compared to un-exposed fish at 2, 7, 30 and 60 days withdrawal. Pre-exposure to nicotine for 2 weeks induced a significant increase of c-Fos and vasopressin receptor expression but a decrease of D3 dopaminergic and oxytocin receptor expression at 2 days of withdrawal. C-Fos mRNA increased also at 7, 30, 60 days of withdrawal. Nicotine pre-exposed zebrafish submitted to MDMA-induced CPP showed an increase in expression of p35 at day 2, α4 at day 30, vasopressin at day 7 and D3 dopaminergic receptor at day 7, 30 and 60. These gene alterations could account for the altered sensitivity to the rewarding effects of MDMA in nicotine pre-exposed fish, suggesting that zebrafish have an altered ability to modulate behaviour as a function of reward during nicotine withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Ponzoni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts & The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, England, UK
| | - Jose V Torres-Perez
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Daniela Braida
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariaelvina Sala
- Neuroscience Institute, CNR, Via Vanvitelli 32, 20129, Milan, Italy.
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15
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Parise LF, Sial OK, Warren BL, Sattler CR, Duperrouzel JC, Parise EM, Bolaños-Guzmán CA. Nicotine treatment buffers negative behavioral consequences induced by exposure to physical and emotional stress in adolescent male mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2020; 237:3125-3137. [PMID: 32594187 PMCID: PMC7819755 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-020-05598-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Early life stress influences adult psychopathology and is associated with an increase in the propensity for drug use/seeking throughout the lifespan. Animal models corroborate that stress exposure exacerbates maladaptive reactivity to stressful stimuli while also shifting the rewarding properties of many drugs of abuse, including nicotine (NIC), a stimulant commonly misused by adolescents. Interestingly, NIC treatment can also normalize some stress-induced behavioral deficits in adult rodents; however, little is known about NIC's therapeutic efficacy following stress experienced during adolescence. The goal of the following experiments was to elucidate NIC's ability to buffer the negative consequences of stress exposure, and to further assess behavioral responsivity while on the drug. Given that stress often occurs in both physical and non-physical forms, we employed the vicarious social defeat stress (VSDS) model which allows for investigation of both physical (PS) and emotional stress (ES) exposure. After 10 days, exposure to PS and ES decreased interaction with a social target in the social interaction test (SIT), confirming social avoidance. Groups were further divided and given NIC (0.0 or 160 mg/L) in their drinking water. After 1 month of NIC consumption, the mice were exposed to the SIT, elevated plus maze (EPM), and the forced swim test (FST), respectively. NIC-treated mice showed a reversal of stress-induced deficits in the EPM and FST. Surprisingly, the mice did not show improvement in the SIT regardless of treatment condition. Together, these data confirm NIC's ability to normalize some stress-induced behavioral deficits; however, NIC's effects on social behavior need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lyonna F Parise
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4325 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Omar K Sial
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4325 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Brandon L Warren
- Department of Pharmacodynamics, Department of Pharmacy, University of Florida, 1345 Center Drive, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Carley R Sattler
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4325 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Jacqueline C Duperrouzel
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, 11200 S.W. 8th St., Miami, FL, 33199, USA
| | - Eric M Parise
- Fishberg Department of Neuroscience, Friedman Brain Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai. 1 Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Carlos A Bolaños-Guzmán
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Texas A&M University, 4325 TAMU, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
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16
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Cadoni C, De Felice M, Corongiu S, Dessì C, Espa E, Melis M, Fenu S. Role of genetic background in the effects of adolescent nicotine exposure on mesolimbic dopamine transmission. Addict Biol 2020; 25:e12803. [PMID: 31342609 DOI: 10.1111/adb.12803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Smoking during adolescence may increase the likelihood to develop nicotine dependence and to abuse other drugs such as cocaine. Despite great efforts to understand underlying neurobiological mechanisms of this progression, less attention has been paid to the role of genetic factors. Here, we investigated the influence of both genetic background and age at first nicotine exposure in the long-lasting effects on mesolimbic dopamine transmission including the increased cocaine-rewarding effect. Mid-adolescent and adult rats of inbred strains Lewis (addiction prone) and Fischer 344 (addiction resistant) were administered nicotine (0.4 mg/kg) or vehicle once daily for 5 days. Changes in dopamine transmission were investigated by in vivo microdialysis and electrophysiology after 30 days of withdrawal, whereas changes in cocaine-rewarding effect were assessed via conditioned place preference paradigm. Nicotine pre-exposure differentially changed mesolimbic dopamine transmission depending on strain and age of pre-exposure. A potentiation of dopamine response to nicotine was observed in nucleus accumbens (NAc) core of both strains and age groups, whereas dopamine response in NAc shell was enhanced exclusively in Lewis rats exposed to nicotine during adolescence. A similar response was observed following cocaine challenge at adulthood. Changes in VTA dopamine cell population and activity were observed only in adolescent nicotine-pretreated Lewis rats, which also showed an increased cocaine-rewarding effect at adulthood. These results highlight the influence of genetic background in the long-lasting effects of nicotine exposure and suggest that exposure during adolescence might increase nicotine and cocaine-rewarding properties in genetically vulnerable individuals, thereby facilitating progression toward dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Cadoni
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute of Neuroscience Cagliari Italy
- Centre of Excellence “Neurobiology of Dependence”University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Marta De Felice
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Silvia Corongiu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuropsychopharmacology SectionUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Christian Dessì
- National Research Council of ItalyInstitute of Neuroscience Cagliari Italy
| | - Elena Espa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuropsychopharmacology SectionUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Miriam Melis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Division of Neuroscience and Clinical PharmacologyUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
| | - Sandro Fenu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Neuropsychopharmacology SectionUniversity of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
- Centre of Excellence “Neurobiology of Dependence”University of Cagliari Cagliari Italy
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17
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Hamidullah S, Thorpe HHA, Frie JA, Mccurdy RD, Khokhar JY. Adolescent Substance Use and the Brain: Behavioral, Cognitive and Neuroimaging Correlates. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:298. [PMID: 32848673 PMCID: PMC7418456 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.00298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is an important ontogenetic period that is characterized by behaviors such as enhanced novelty-seeking, impulsivity, and reward preference, which can give rise to an increased risk for substance use. While substance use rates in adolescence are generally on a decline, the current rates combined with emerging trends, such as increases in e-cigarette use, remain a significant public health concern. In this review, we focus on the neurobiological divergences associated with adolescent substance use, derived from a cross-sectional, retrospective, and longitudinal studies, and highlight how the use of these substances during adolescence may relate to behavioral and neuroimaging-based outcomes. Identifying and understanding the associations between adolescent substance use and changes in cognition, mental health, and future substance use risk may assist our understanding of the consequences of drug exposure during this critical window.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jude A Frie
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Richard D Mccurdy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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18
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Leslie FM. Unique, long-term effects of nicotine on adolescent brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2020; 197:173010. [PMID: 32738256 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2020.173010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Adolescence is a time of major plasticity of brain systems that regulate motivated behavior and cognition, and is also the age of peak onset of nicotine use. Although there has been a decline in teen use of cigarettes in recent years, there has been a huge increase in nicotine vaping. It is therefore critically important to understand the impact of nicotine on this critical phase of brain development. Animal studies have shown that nicotine has unique effects on adolescent brain. The goal of this review is therefore to systematically evaluate age- and sex-differences in the effects of nicotine on brain and behavior. Both acute and chronic effects of nicotine on brain biochemistry and behavior, particularly drug reward, aversion, cognition and emotion, are evaluated. Gaps in our current knowledge that need to be addressed are also highlighted. This review compares and integrates human and animals findings. Although there can be no experimental studies in humans to confirm similar behavioral effects of teen nicotine exposure, an emerging observational literature suggests similarities across species. Given the substantial evidence for long-term negative impact of adolescent nicotine exposure on brain and behavior, further longitudinal assessment of health outcomes in teen and young adult e-cigarette users is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Leslie
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 367 Med Surge II, Irvine, CA 92697, United States of America.
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19
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Harmony ZR, Alderson EM, Garcia-Carachure I, Bituin LD, Crawford CA. Effects of nicotine exposure on oral methamphetamine self-administration, extinction, and drug-primed reinstatement in adolescent male and female rats. Drug Alcohol Depend 2020; 209:107927. [PMID: 32106019 PMCID: PMC7127953 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2020.107927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent nicotine exposure increases methamphetamine (MA) intake in adult male rats; however, little is known about how nicotine affects MA self-administration during the adolescent period. Therefore, we assessed whether exposing rats to nicotine during early or late adolescence affects oral MA self-administration. METHODS 146 male and female rats were treated with saline or nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) from postnatal day (PD) 25-PD 34 (the early exposure phase) and/or PD 35-PD 55 (the late exposure phase). Rats began an oral MA self-administration procedure on PD 35. RESULTS Only the sex variable, but not nicotine, affected sucrose and MA acquisition, as female rats had more nose pokes than males during training. On the test sessions, female rats exposed to nicotine (0.64 mg/kg) in the early exposure phase had more active nose pokes than saline-treated female rats or nicotine-treated male rats. Rats exposed to nicotine (0.16 mg/kg) in the late exposure phase had fewer active nose pokes during testing than rats exposed to saline. Nose poke responding during extinction was not altered by nicotine exposure, but administering nicotine (0.16 or 0.64 mg/kg) to male rats in the early exposure phase did decrease nose pokes during the drug-primed reinstatement session. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that adolescent female rats are more sensitive to the reinforcing effects of oral sucrose and MA than adolescent males, and that preadolescent nicotine exposure enhances oral MA self-administration in female rats. These findings suggest that preteen nicotine use may increase vulnerability to later MA abuse in teenage girls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Harmony
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA,Department of Psychology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - Erin M. Alderson
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA,Department of Psychology, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Ave, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Israel Garcia-Carachure
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA,Department of Psychology, University of Texas, El Paso, 500 W University, El Paso, TX 79902, USA
| | - Laurence D. Bituin
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA
| | - Cynthia A. Crawford
- Department of Psychology, California State University, San Bernardino, 5500 University Parkway, San Bernardino, CA 92407, USA,Corresponding Author: Tel.: (909) 537-7416, Fax: (909) 537-7003, (C.A. Crawford)
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20
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García-González J, Brock AJ, Parker MO, Riley RJ, Joliffe D, Sudwarts A, Teh MT, Busch-Nentwich EM, Stemple DL, Martineau AR, Kaprio J, Palviainen T, Kuan V, Walton RT, Brennan CH. Identification of slit3 as a locus affecting nicotine preference in zebrafish and human smoking behaviour. eLife 2020; 9:e51295. [PMID: 32209227 PMCID: PMC7096180 DOI: 10.7554/elife.51295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
To facilitate smoking genetics research we determined whether a screen of mutagenized zebrafish for nicotine preference could predict loci affecting smoking behaviour. From 30 screened F3 sibling groups, where each was derived from an individual ethyl-nitrosurea mutagenized F0 fish, two showed increased or decreased nicotine preference. Out of 25 inactivating mutations carried by the F3 fish, one in the slit3 gene segregated with increased nicotine preference in heterozygous individuals. Focussed SNP analysis of the human SLIT3 locus in cohorts from UK (n=863) and Finland (n=1715) identified two variants associated with cigarette consumption and likelihood of cessation. Characterisation of slit3 mutant larvae and adult fish revealed decreased sensitivity to the dopaminergic and serotonergic antagonist amisulpride, known to affect startle reflex that is correlated with addiction in humans, and increased htr1aa mRNA expression in mutant larvae. No effect on neuronal pathfinding was detected. These findings reveal a role for SLIT3 in development of pathways affecting responses to nicotine in zebrafish and smoking in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judit García-González
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Alistair J Brock
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Matthew O Parker
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, University of PortsmouthPortsmouthUnited Kingdom
| | - Riva J Riley
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - David Joliffe
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ari Sudwarts
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Muy-Teck Teh
- Centre for Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and The London School of Medicine and DentistryLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Elisabeth M Busch-Nentwich
- Wellcome Trust Sanger InstituteCambridgeUnited Kingdom
- Cambridge Institute of Therapeutic Immunology & Infectious Disease (CITIID), Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, University of CambridgeCambridgeUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Adrian R Martineau
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jaakko Kaprio
- Institute for Molecular Medicine FIMM, HiLIFEHelsinkiFinland
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of HelsinkiHelsinkiFinland
| | | | - Valerie Kuan
- Institute of Cardiovascular Science, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Robert T Walton
- Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Blizard InstituteLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Caroline H Brennan
- School of Biological and Chemical Sciences, Queen Mary, University of LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
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21
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Linker KE, Gad M, Tawadrous P, Cano M, Green KN, Wood MA, Leslie FM. Microglial activation increases cocaine self-administration following adolescent nicotine exposure. Nat Commun 2020; 11:306. [PMID: 31949158 PMCID: PMC6965638 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-14173-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
With the rise of e-cigarette use, teen nicotine exposure is becoming more widespread. Findings from clinical and preclinical studies show that the adolescent brain is particularly sensitive to nicotine. Animal studies have demonstrated that adolescent nicotine exposure increases reinforcement for cocaine and other drugs. However, the mechanisms that underlie these behaviors are poorly understood. Here, we report reactive microglia are critical regulators of nicotine-induced increases in adolescent cocaine self-administration. Nicotine has dichotomous, age-dependent effects on microglial morphology and immune transcript profiles. A multistep signaling mechanism involving D2 receptors and CX3CL1 mediates nicotine-induced increases in cocaine self-administration and microglial activation. Moreover, nicotine depletes presynaptic markers in a manner that is microglia-, D2- and CX3CL1-dependent. Taken together, we demonstrate that adolescent microglia are uniquely susceptible to perturbations by nicotine, necessary for nicotine-induced increases in cocaine-seeking, and that D2 receptors and CX3CL1 play a mechanistic role in these phenomena. Adolescents are particularly sensitive to nicotine. Here the authors show that in mice, microglial activation contributes to the enhanced sensitivity to cocaine caused by nicotine exposure in young mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E Linker
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.
| | - M Gad
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - P Tawadrous
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M Cano
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - K N Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - M A Wood
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - F M Leslie
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
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22
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Salmanzadeh H, Ahmadi-Soleimani SM, Pachenari N, Azadi M, Halliwell RF, Rubino T, Azizi H. Adolescent drug exposure: A review of evidence for the development of persistent changes in brain function. Brain Res Bull 2020; 156:105-117. [PMID: 31926303 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Revised: 12/28/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, many studies have indicated that adolescence is a critical period of brain development and maturation. The refinement and maturation of the central nervous system over this prolonged period, however, makes the adolescent brain highly susceptible to perturbations from acute and chronic drug exposure. Here we review the preclinical literature addressing the long-term consequences of adolescent exposure to common recreational drugs and drugs-of-abuse. These studies on adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, opioids, cannabinoids and psychostimulant drugs, such as cocaine and amphetamine, reveal a variety of long-lasting behavioral and neurobiological consequences. These agents can affect development of the prefrontal cortex and mesolimbic dopamine pathways and modify the reward systems, socio-emotional processing and cognition. Other consequences include disruption in working memory, anxiety disorders and an increased risk of subsequent drug abuse in adult life. Although preventive and control policies are a valuable approach to reduce the detrimental effects of drugs-of-abuse on the adolescent brain, a more profound understanding of their neurobiological impact can lead to improved strategies for the treatment and attenuation of the detrimental neuropsychiatric sequelae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Salmanzadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; TJ Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | | | - Narges Pachenari
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Azadi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Robert F Halliwell
- TJ Long School of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, University of the Pacific, Stockton, CA, USA
| | - Tiziana Rubino
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Sciences, University of Insubria, Busto Arsizio, VA, Italy
| | - Hossein Azizi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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23
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Pepper JK, MacMonegle AJ, Nonnemaker JM. Adolescents' Use of Basic, Intermediate, and Advanced Device Types for Vaping. Nicotine Tob Res 2020; 21:55-62. [PMID: 29294122 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntx279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Advanced vaping devices likely pose a greater risk to adolescent health than basic or intermediate devices because advanced devices deliver nicotine more effectively and heat e-liquid to higher temperatures, producing more harmful chemical emissions. However, little is known about adolescents' risk factors for using different device types. Methods We used social media to recruit an online sample of 1508 US adolescents aged 15-17 who reported past 30-day use of electronic vaping products (EVPs) in September 2016. We assessed tobacco use, beliefs, and knowledge about EVPs and EVP use behavior, including the device type participants use most frequently. We used multinomial logistic regression to examine differences between adolescents who usually use intermediate versus basic and advanced versus basic devices. Results Most respondents usually used modifiable advanced devices (56.8%) rather than basic "cigalike" (14.5%) or pen-style intermediate (28.7%) devices. Use of multiple device types was common, particularly among those who primarily used basic devices. Younger age and less frequent vaping were associated with mainly using basic devices. Adolescents who were older, male, personally bought their main device, and had ever mixed e-liquids were at elevated risk for usually using advanced devices. Conclusions Adolescents who primarily use basic devices may be newer users who are experimenting with multiple devices. Future research should examine which adolescents are most likely to transition to advanced devices in order to develop targeted interventions. Regulators should consider strategies to reduce access to all types of EVPs, such as better enforcement of the current ban on sales to minors. Implications This research addresses two gaps in research on adolescent electronic vaping product use: (1) characterizing use of advanced devices as distinct from intermediate devices rather than grouping them together and (2) examining factors associated with use of specific device types. This study suggests that there are distinct profiles of adolescents who use primarily basic, intermediate, or advanced devices. Adolescents who most often use basic devices may be new users experimenting with vaping, whereas adolescents who most often use advanced devices appear to be buying devices for themselves and engaging in risky behaviors such as mixing their own e-liquid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K Pepper
- Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Anna J MacMonegle
- Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - James M Nonnemaker
- Center for Health Policy Science & Tobacco Research, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC
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24
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Thorpe HHA, Hamidullah S, Jenkins BW, Khokhar JY. Adolescent neurodevelopment and substance use: Receptor expression and behavioral consequences. Pharmacol Ther 2019; 206:107431. [PMID: 31706976 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2019.107431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood, during which extensive brain development occurs. Since this period also overlaps with the initiation of drug use, it is important to consider how substance use during this time might produce long-term neurobiological alterations, especially against the backdrop of developmental changes in neurotransmission. Alcohol, cannabis, nicotine, and opioids all produce marked changes in the expression and function of the neurotransmitter and receptor systems with which they interact. These acute and chronic alterations also contribute to behavioral consequences ranging from increased addiction risk to cognitive or neuropsychiatric behavioral dysfunctions. The current review provides an in-depth overview and update of the developmental changes in neurotransmission during adolescence, as well as the impact of drug exposure during this neurodevelopmental window. While most of these factors have been studied in animal models, which are the focus of this review, future longitudinal studies in humans that assess neural function and behavior will help to confirm pre-clinical findings. Furthermore, the neural changes induced by each drug should also be considered in the context of other contributing factors, such as sex. Further understanding of these consequences can help in the identification of novel approaches for preventing and reversing the neurobiological effects of adolescent substance use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayley H A Thorpe
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shahnaza Hamidullah
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bryan W Jenkins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jibran Y Khokhar
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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25
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Ren M, Lotfipour S. Nicotine Gateway Effects on Adolescent Substance Use. West J Emerg Med 2019; 20:696-709. [PMID: 31539325 PMCID: PMC6754186 DOI: 10.5811/westjem.2019.7.41661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Given the rise in teenage use of electronic nicotine delivery systems ("vaping") in congruence with the increasing numbers of drug-related emergencies, it is critical to expand the knowledge of the physical and behavioral risks associated with developmental nicotine exposure. A further understanding of the molecular and neurochemical underpinnings of nicotine's gateway effects allows emergency clinicians to advise patients and families and adjust treatment accordingly, which may minimize the use of tobacco, nicotine, and future substances. Currently, the growing use of tobacco products and electronic cigarettes among teenagers represents a major public health concern. Adolescent exposure to tobacco or nicotine can lead to subsequent abuse of nicotine and other substances, which is known as the gateway hypothesis. Adolescence is a developmentally sensitive time period when risk-taking behaviors, such as sensation seeking and drug experimentation, often begin. These hallmark behaviors of adolescence are largely due to maturational changes in the brain. The developing brain is particularly vulnerable to the harmful effects of drugs of abuse, including tobacco and nicotine products, which activate nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). Disruption of nAChR development with early nicotine use may influence the function and pharmacology of the receptor subunits and alter the release of reward-related neurotransmitters, including acetylcholine, dopamine, GABA, serotonin, and glutamate. In this review, we emphasize that the effects of nicotine are highly dependent on timing of exposure, with a dynamic interaction of nAChRs with dopaminergic, endocannabinoid, and opioidergic systems to enhance general drug reward and reinforcement. We analyzed available literature regarding adolescent substance use and nicotine's impact on the developing brain and behavior using the electronic databases of PubMed and Google Scholar for articles published in English between January 1968 and November 2018. We present a large collection of clinical and preclinical evidence that adolescent nicotine exposure influences long-term molecular, biochemical, and functional changes in the brain that encourage subsequent drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Ren
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, California
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- University of California, Irvine, Department of Emergency Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Irvine, California
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Gómez-Restrepo C, Cabarique Méndez CA, Marroquín A, Botero-Rodríguez F, Leal A. With Respect to World No Tobacco Day, can Electronic Cigarettes Affect Health and Mental Health? REVISTA COLOMBIANA DE PSIQUIATRIA (ENGLISH ED.) 2019; 48:131-132. [PMID: 31426914 DOI: 10.1016/j.rcp.2019.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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Kota D, Alajaji M, Bagdas D, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ, Damaj MI. Early adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life hippocampal mu-opioid receptors activity and morphine reward but not physical dependence in male mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2018; 173:58-64. [PMID: 30125591 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2018.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE There is extensive literature regarding nicotine-opioid functional interactions. The possibility that use of nicotine products during adolescence might increase the risk of substance abuse such as morphine later in adulthood is particularly relevant to the current opioid crisis. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of nicotine exposure for seven days during adolescence in mice on morphine reward as well as morphine physical dependence later in adulthood. METHODS Mice were exposed to nicotine in either early or late adolescence then evaluated for morphine reward and withdrawal symptoms in adulthood. A separate group of mice was exposed to nicotine during adolescent and tissue was evaluated for changes in MOR-mediated G-protein activity using [35S]GTPγS binding assays. RESULTS We report that a 7-day exposure to a low dose of nicotine during early adolescence significantly enhanced morphine preference in the CPP test in adult mice. In contrast, the same treatment with nicotine had no effect on expression of somatic withdrawal signs in morphine-dependent adult mice. MOR-mediated G-protein activity in hippocampus, but not thalamus and striatum of adult mice, was significantly altered by adolescent nicotine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Adolescence is a unique developmental stage during which nicotine has long-term effects on future drug-taking behavior. Further studies are needed to identify the neurotransmitters and mechanisms involved in increased vulnerability to drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dena Kota
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Mai Alajaji
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Deniz Bagdas
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Dana E Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - Laura J Sim-Selley
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA
| | - M Imad Damaj
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23219, USA.
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Halawa AA, Damborsky JC, Slaton GS, Winzer-Serhan UH. Activation of immediate early genes by nicotine after chronic neonatal nicotine exposure in brain areas involved in stress and anxiety responses. Brain Res 2018; 1687:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.02.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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Risk Factors for Youth E-Cigarette "Vape Trick" Behavior. J Adolesc Health 2017; 61:599-605. [PMID: 28712592 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Some adolescent users of e-cigarettes and other electronic vaping products (EVPs) report performing "vape tricks" (exhaling aerosol to make shapes). However, little is known about this behavior. We examined the frequency of performing and watching vape tricks and the characteristics of those most likely to perform vape tricks among a sample of adolescent EVP users. METHODS We used social media ads to recruit a national convenience sample of U.S. adolescents (n = 1,729) to participate in an online survey in September 2016. Inclusion criteria required participants to be aged 15-17 years and to have used EVPs at least once in the past 30 days. RESULTS The majority of EVP-using adolescents reported trying (77.8%) and watching vape tricks in person (83.7%) or online (74.0%). Risk factors for performing tricks included using advanced vaping devices, vaping every day, white race, moderate levels of seeing and sharing vaping information on social media, and believing that EVP use is more normative among peers. Likelihood of trying vape tricks decreased as beliefs about the harmfulness of EVPs increased. CONCLUSIONS Vape tricks pose a potential threat to adolescent health if they encourage nonusers to initiate or current EVP users to use more frequently or switch to advanced devices that produce more harmful chemical emissions. Further research should examine the possible health effects of performing vape tricks, and future public health campaigns should be informed by an understanding of the appeal of this activity for adolescents.
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Lárraga A, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Nicotine Increases Alcohol Intake in Adolescent Male Rats. Front Behav Neurosci 2017; 11:25. [PMID: 28275339 PMCID: PMC5319966 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Use of alcohol and tobacco, the two most concurrently abused drugs, typically first occurs during adolescence. Yet, there have been no systematic analyses of ethanol (EtOH) and nicotine (Nic) interactions during adolescence. Recent animal studies report that kappa-opioid (KOR) receptor activation mediates age differences in drug reinforcement. Our hypothesis is that concurrent self-administration of EtOH and Nic will be greater in adolescent rats because of age differences in KOR function. Furthermore, exposure to alcohol and nicotine during adolescence has been reported to increase EtOH intake in adulthood. We performed a longitudinal animal study and hypothesized adolescent rats allowed to self-administer nicotine would drink more alcohol as adults. Methods: Adolescent, postnatal day (P)32, and adult (P90) male and female Sprague-Dawley rats were allowed to self-administer EtOH, Nic, or a combination of both, EtOH+Nic, in an intravenous self-administration paradigm. The role of KOR was pharmacologically evaluated with the KOR antagonist, norbinaltorphamine (norBNI) and with the KOR agonist, U50,488H. Alcohol drinking was subsequently evaluated with male rats in a drinking in the dark (DID), 2-bottle choice test. Results: Concurrent Nic increased EtOH intake in adolescent males, but not in adults or females. Pharmacological blockade of KOR with norBNI robustly increased EtOH+Nic self-administration in adult male rats, but had no effect with female rats. Lastly, in our longitudinal study with male rats, we found prior self-administration of Nic or EtOH+Nic during adolescence increased subsequent oral EtOH intake, whereas prior self-administration of EtOH alone in adults increased subsequent EtOH drinking. Conclusions: There are major age- and sex-differences in the reinforcing effects of EtOH+Nic. Adolescent males are sensitive to the reinforcing interactions of the two drugs, whereas this effect is inhibited by KOR activation in male adults. Nicotine self-administration in adolescent males also increased subsequent oral EtOH intake. These findings suggest that brain mechanisms underlying the reinforcing effects of EtOH and nicotine are both age- and sex-dependent, and that tobacco or e-cigarette use may increase the vulnerability of teenage boys to alcohol abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armando Lárraga
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James D Belluzzi
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Frances M Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA; Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
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England LJ, Aagaard K, Bloch M, Conway K, Cosgrove K, Grana R, Gould TJ, Hatsukami D, Jensen F, Kandel D, Lanphear B, Leslie F, Pauly JR, Neiderhiser J, Rubinstein M, Slotkin TA, Spindel E, Stroud L, Wakschlag L. Developmental toxicity of nicotine: A transdisciplinary synthesis and implications for emerging tobacco products. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2017; 72:176-189. [PMID: 27890689 PMCID: PMC5965681 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
While the health risks associated with adult cigarette smoking have been well described, effects of nicotine exposure during periods of developmental vulnerability are often overlooked. Using MEDLINE and PubMed literature searches, books, reports and expert opinion, a transdisciplinary group of scientists reviewed human and animal research on the health effects of exposure to nicotine during pregnancy and adolescence. A synthesis of this research supports that nicotine contributes critically to adverse effects of gestational tobacco exposure, including reduced pulmonary function, auditory processing defects, impaired infant cardiorespiratory function, and may contribute to cognitive and behavioral deficits in later life. Nicotine exposure during adolescence is associated with deficits in working memory, attention, and auditory processing, as well as increased impulsivity and anxiety. Finally, recent animal studies suggest that nicotine has a priming effect that increases addiction liability for other drugs. The evidence that nicotine adversely affects fetal and adolescent development is sufficient to warrant public health measures to protect pregnant women, children, and adolescents from nicotine exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucinda J England
- Office on Smoking and Health, National Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA.
| | - Kjersti Aagaard
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Michele Bloch
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kevin Conway
- Division of Epidemiology, Services and Prevention Research, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Kelly Cosgrove
- Department of Psychiatry, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Rachel Grana
- Division of Cancer Control and Population Science, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Thomas J Gould
- Department of Biobehavioral Health, Pennsylvania State University, PA, USA
| | | | - Frances Jensen
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Denise Kandel
- Department of Psychiatry and Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Frances Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - James R Pauly
- College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jenae Neiderhiser
- Department of Psychology, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, USA
| | - Mark Rubinstein
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Theodore A Slotkin
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Eliot Spindel
- Division of Neuroscience, Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health and Science University, Beaverton, OR, USA
| | - Laura Stroud
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Lauren Wakschlag
- Department of Medical Social Sciences Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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Cross SJ, Lotfipour S, Leslie FM. Mechanisms and genetic factors underlying co-use of nicotine and alcohol or other drugs of abuse. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DRUG AND ALCOHOL ABUSE 2016; 43:171-185. [PMID: 27532746 DOI: 10.1080/00952990.2016.1209512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Concurrent use of tobacco and alcohol or psychostimulants represents a major public health concern, with use of one substance influencing consumption of the other. Co-abuse of these drugs leads to substantial negative health outcomes, reduced cessation, and high economic costs, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Epidemiological data suggest that tobacco use during adolescence plays a particularly significant role. Adolescence is a sensitive period of development marked by major neurobiological maturation of brain regions critical for reward processing, learning and memory, and executive function. Nicotine exposure during this time produces a unique and long-lasting vulnerability to subsequent substance use, likely via actions at cholinergic, dopaminergic, and serotonergic systems. In this review, we discuss recent clinical and preclinical data examining the genetic factors and mechanisms underlying co-use of nicotine and alcohol or cocaine and amphetamines. We evaluate the critical role of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors throughout, and emphasize the dearth of preclinical studies assessing concurrent drug exposure. We stress important age and sex differences in drug responses, and highlight a brief, low-dose nicotine exposure paradigm that may better model early use of tobacco products. The escalating use of e-cigarettes among youth necessitates a closer look at the consequences of early adolescent nicotine exposure on subsequent alcohol and drug abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah J Cross
- a Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Shahrdad Lotfipour
- b Department of Emergency Medicine , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA.,c Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
| | - Frances M Leslie
- a Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA.,c Department of Pharmacology , School of Medicine, University of California , Irvine , CA , USA
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Spear LP. Consequences of adolescent use of alcohol and other drugs: Studies using rodent models. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:228-243. [PMID: 27484868 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.07.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2016] [Revised: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Studies using animal models of adolescent exposure to alcohol, nicotine, cannabinoids, and the stimulants cocaine, 3,4-methylenedioxymethampethamine and methamphetamine have revealed a variety of persisting neural and behavioral consequences. Affected brain regions often include mesolimbic and prefrontal regions undergoing notable ontogenetic change during adolescence, although it is unclear whether this represents areas of specific vulnerability or particular scrutiny to date. Persisting alterations in forebrain systems critical for modulating reward, socioemotional processing and cognition have emerged, including apparent induction of a hyper-dopaminergic state with some drugs and/or attenuations in neurons expressing cholinergic markers. Disruptions in cognitive functions such as working memory, alterations in affect including increases in social anxiety, and mixed evidence for increases in later drug self-administration has also been reported. When consequences of adolescent and adult exposure were compared, adolescents were generally found to be more vulnerable to alcohol, nicotine, and cannabinoids, but generally not to stimulants. More work is needed to determine how adolescent drug exposure influences sculpting of the adolescent brain, and provide approaches to prevent/reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Patia Spear
- Department of Psychology, Developmental Exposure Alcohol Research Center (DEARC), Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, United States.
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Nicotine produces long-term increases in cocaine reinforcement in adolescent but not adult rats. Brain Res 2016; 1654:165-170. [PMID: 27485657 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2016.07.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Studies have shown that many smokers begin using nicotine during adolescence, yet the influence of early nicotine use on the response to other drugs of abuse in adulthood is not fully understood. In the current study, nicotine was administered to adolescent and adult rats for seven days. Thirty days later, cocaine-induced locomotor activity and cocaine self-administration were examined when the rats pretreated as adolescents were adults. Rats exposed to nicotine during early adolescence were sensitized thirty days later to the locomotor-activating effects of cocaine and self-administered a greater number of cocaine infusions than adolescent rats pretreated with vehicle. As a result of this increased intake, the cocaine self-administration dose-response curve was shifted upward indicating an increase in cocaine reinforcement. Rats pretreated with nicotine as adults, however, did not show a difference in locomotor activity or cocaine self-administration thirty days later compared to adult rats pretreated with vehicle. These findings suggest that early exposure to nicotine has long-term consequences on cocaine use. These data further suggest that nicotine use may carry a greater risk during adolescence than adulthood and adolescents who smoke may be particularly vulnerable to stimulant use. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled SI: Adolescent plasticity.
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Alajaji M, Lazenka MF, Kota D, Wise LE, Younis RM, Carroll FI, Levine A, Selley DE, Sim-Selley LJ, Damaj MI. Early adolescent nicotine exposure affects later-life cocaine reward in mice. Neuropharmacology 2016; 105:308-317. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2016.01.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2015] [Revised: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Dwyer JB, Leslie FM. Adolescent Maturation of Dopamine D1 and D2 Receptor Function and Interactions in Rodents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0146966. [PMID: 26784516 PMCID: PMC4718668 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0146966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Adolescence is a developmental period characterized by heightened vulnerability to illicit drug use and the onset of neuropsychiatric disorders. These clinical phenomena likely share common neurobiological substrates, as mesocorticolimbic dopamine systems actively mature during this period. Whereas prior studies have examined age-dependent changes in dopamine receptor binding, there have been fewer functional analyses. The aim of the present study was therefore to determine whether the functional consequences of D1 and D2-like activation are age-dependent. Adolescent and adult rats were given direct D1 and D2 agonists, alone and in combination. Locomotor and stereotypic behaviors were measured, and brains were collected for analysis of mRNA expression for the immediate early genes (IEGs), cfos and arc. Adolescents showed enhanced D2-like receptor control of locomotor and repetitive behaviors, which transitioned to dominant D1-like mechanisms in adulthood. When low doses of agonists were co-administered, adults showed supra-additive behavioral responses to D1/D2 combinations, whereas adolescents did not, which may suggest age differences in D1/D2 synergy. D1/D2-stimulated IEG expression was particularly prominent in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST). Given the BNST's function as an integrator of corticostriatal, hippocampal, and stress-related circuitry, and the importance of neural network dynamics in producing behavior, an exploratory functional network analysis of regional IEG expression was performed. This data-driven analysis demonstrated similar developmental trajectories as those described in humans and suggested that dopaminergic drugs alter forebrain coordinated gene expression age dependently. D1/D2 recruitment of stress nuclei into functional networks was associated with low behavioral output in adolescents. Network analysis presents a novel tool to assess pharmacological action, and highlights critical developmental changes in functional neural circuitry. Immature D1/D2 interactions in adolescents may underlie their unique responses to drugs of abuse and vulnerability to psychopathology. These data highlight the need for age-specific pharmacotherapy design and clinical application in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer B. Dwyer
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Frances M. Leslie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
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Pepper JK, Gilkey MB, Brewer NT. Physicians' Counseling of Adolescents Regarding E-Cigarette Use. J Adolesc Health 2015; 57:580-6. [PMID: 26297135 PMCID: PMC4658291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jadohealth.2015.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2015] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use now surpasses the use of conventional cigarettes among U.S. adolescents. Given the important role of physicians in preventing adolescent risk behaviors, we sought to understand how physicians communicate about e-cigarettes when counseling adolescent patients and their parents. We also explored physicians' support for regulations aimed at discouraging adolescents' e-cigarette use. METHODS A national U.S. sample of 776 pediatricians and family medicine physicians who provide primary care to adolescent patients completed an online survey in Spring 2014. RESULTS Many physicians (41%) would, if asked, tell their patients that e-cigarettes are less harmful than cigarettes, and a substantial minority (24%) would recommend e-cigarettes to adolescents for smoking cessation. Most physicians reported routinely screening adolescent patients for cigarette smoking but few routinely screened for e-cigarette use (86% vs. 14%; p < .001). Routine counseling was similarly more common for avoiding cigarette smoking than for avoiding e-cigarette use (79% vs. 18%; p < .001). Support for government regulation of e-cigarettes was high, with 91% of physicians endorsing policies that prevent minors from buying e-cigarettes. CONCLUSIONS Physicians infrequently screen or counsel their adolescent patients about e-cigarette use, although e-cigarettes often come up during visits. Additional efforts by physicians could help prevent future use by adolescents. Recommending e-cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid to adolescent patients is inadvisable given the lack of evidence for efficacy in that population. As federal regulation of e-cigarettes remains in limbo, pediatricians and family medicine physicians can offer a powerful voice for informing regulations aimed at reducing use by adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica K. Pepper
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 324 Rosenau Hall CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Melissa B. Gilkey
- Department of Population Medicine, Harvard Medical School & Harvard Pilgrim Health Care Institute, 133 Brookline Avenue, 6th Floor, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Noel T. Brewer
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, 101 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27514, USA,Department of Health Behavior, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina, 324 Rosenau Hall CB #7440, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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Wakeford AGP, Flax SM, Pomfrey RL, Riley AL. Adolescent delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) exposure fails to affect THC-induced place and taste conditioning in adult male rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2015; 140:75-81. [PMID: 26577749 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbb.2015.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adolescent initiation of drug use has been linked to problematic drug taking later in life and may represent an important variable that changes the balance of the rewarding and/or aversive effects of abused drugs which may contribute to abuse vulnerability. The current study examined the effects of adolescent THC exposure on THC-induced place preference (rewarding effects) and taste avoidance (aversive effects) conditioning in adulthood. METHODS Forty-six male Sprague-Dawley adolescent rats received eight injections of an intermediate dose of THC (3.2mg/kg) or vehicle. After these injections, animals were allowed to mature and then trained in a combined CTA/CPP procedure in adulthood (PND ~90). Animals were given four trials of conditioning with intervening water-recovery days, a final CPP test and then a one-bottle taste avoidance test. RESULTS THC induced dose-dependent taste avoidance but did not produce place conditioning. None of these effects was impacted by adolescent THC exposure. CONCLUSIONS Adolescent exposure to THC had no effect on THC taste and place conditioning in adulthood. The failure to see an effect of adolescent exposure was addressed in the context of other research that has assessed exposure of drugs of abuse during adolescence on drug reactivity in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison G P Wakeford
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
| | - Shaun M Flax
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Rebecca L Pomfrey
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA
| | - Anthony L Riley
- Psychopharmacology Laboratory, Department of Psychology, American University, Washington, DC 20016, USA.
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Yuan M, Cross SJ, Loughlin SE, Leslie FM. Nicotine and the adolescent brain. J Physiol 2015; 593:3397-412. [PMID: 26018031 PMCID: PMC4560573 DOI: 10.1113/jp270492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 335] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Adolescence encompasses a sensitive developmental period of enhanced clinical vulnerability to nicotine, tobacco, and e-cigarettes. While there are sociocultural influences, data at preclinical and clinical levels indicate that this adolescent sensitivity has strong neurobiological underpinnings. Although definitions of adolescence vary, the hallmark of this period is a profound reorganization of brain regions necessary for mature cognitive and executive function, working memory, reward processing, emotional regulation, and motivated behavior. Regulating critical facets of brain maturation are nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs). However, perturbations of cholinergic systems during this time with nicotine, via tobacco or e-cigarettes, have unique consequences on adolescent development. In this review, we highlight recent clinical and preclinical data examining the adolescent brain's distinct neurobiology and unique sensitivity to nicotine. First, we discuss what defines adolescence before reviewing normative structural and neurochemical alterations that persist until early adulthood, with an emphasis on dopaminergic systems. We review how acute exposure to nicotine impacts brain development and how drug responses differ from those seen in adults. Finally, we discuss the persistent alterations in neuronal signaling and cognitive function that result from chronic nicotine exposure, while highlighting a low dose, semi-chronic exposure paradigm that may better model adolescent tobacco use. We argue that nicotine exposure, increasingly occurring as a result of e-cigarette use, may induce epigenetic changes that sensitize the brain to other drugs and prime it for future substance abuse.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah J Cross
- Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
| | | | - Frances M Leslie
- Departments of Pharmacology
- Anatomy & Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, USA
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Adermark L, Morud J, Lotfi A, Jonsson S, Söderpalm B, Ericson M. Age-contingent influence over accumbal neurotransmission and the locomotor stimulatory response to acute and repeated administration of nicotine in Wistar rats. Neuropharmacology 2015; 97:104-12. [PMID: 26079444 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Nicotine addiction is one of the leading contributors to the global burden of disease, and early onset smokers report a more severe addiction with lower chance of cessation than those with a late onset. Preclinical research supports an age-dependent component to the rewarding and reinforcing properties of nicotine, and the aim of this study was to define behavioral adaptations and changes in accumbal neurotransmission that arise over 15 days of intermittent nicotine treatment (0.36 mg/kg/day) in rats of three different ages (5 weeks, 10 weeks, 36 weeks old). Repeated treatment increased the locomotor stimulatory response to nicotine in all age groups, but significantly faster in the two younger groups. In addition, nicotine decreased rearing activity in a way that sustained even after repeated administration in aged rats but not in the younger age groups. Electrophysiological field potential recordings revealed a decline in input/output function in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) of animals intermittently treated with nicotine starting at 5 weeks of age, but not in older animals. In drug naïve rats, acute administration of nicotine modulated both accumbal dopamine output and excitatory transmission in a partially age-dependent manner. Fifteen days of intermittent nicotine treatment did not alter the acute effect displayed by nicotine on dopamine levels or evoked field potentials. The data presented here show that both acute and repeated nicotine administration modulates accumbal neurotransmission and behavior in an age-contingent manner and that these age-dependent differences could reflect important neurobiological underpinnings associated with the increased vulnerability for nicotine-addiction in adolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Adermark
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - J Morud
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - A Lotfi
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - S Jonsson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - B Söderpalm
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden; Beroendekliniken, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - M Ericson
- Addiction Biology Unit, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Spear LP. Adolescent alcohol exposure: Are there separable vulnerable periods within adolescence? Physiol Behav 2015; 148:122-30. [PMID: 25624108 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
There are two key alcohol use patterns among human adolescents that confer increased vulnerability for later alcohol abuse/dependence, along with neurocognitive alterations: (a) early initiation of use during adolescence, and (b) high rates of binge drinking that are particularly prevalent late in adolescence. The central thesis of this review is that lasting neurobehavioral outcomes of these two adolescent exposure patterns may differ. Although it is difficult to disentangle consequences of early use from later binge drinking in human studies given the substantial overlap between groups, these two types of problematic adolescent use are differentially heritable and hence separable to some extent. Although few studies using animal models have manipulated alcohol exposure age, those studies that have have typically observed timing-specific exposure effects, with more marked (or at least different patterns of) lasting consequences evident after exposures during early-mid adolescence than late-adolescence/emerging adulthood, and effects often restricted to male rats in those few instances where sex differences have been explored. As one example, adult male rats exposed to ethanol during early-mid adolescence (postnatal days [P] 25-45) were found to be socially anxious and to retain adolescent-typical ethanol-induced social facilitation into adulthood, effects that were not evident after exposure during late-adolescence/emerging adulthood (P45-65); exposure at the later interval, however, induced lasting tolerance to ethanol's social inhibitory effects that was not evident after exposure early in adolescence. Females, in contrast, were little influenced by ethanol exposure at either interval. Exposure timing effects have likewise been reported following social isolation as well as after repeated exposure to other drugs such as nicotine (and cannabinoids), with effects often, although not always, more pronounced in males where studied. Consistent with these timing-specific exposure effects, notable maturational changes in brain have been observed from early to late adolescence that could provide differential neural substrates for exposure timing-related consequences, with for instance exposure during early adolescence perhaps more likely to impact later self-administration and social/affective behaviors, whereas exposures later in adolescence may be more likely to influence cognitive tasks whose neural substrates (such as the prefrontal cortex [PFC]) are still undergoing maturation at that time. More work is needed, however to characterize timing-specific effects of adolescent ethanol exposures and their sex dependency, determine their neural substrates, and assess their comparability to and interactions with adolescent exposure to other drugs and stressors. Such information could prove critical for informing intervention/prevention strategies regarding the potential efficacy of efforts directed toward delaying onset of alcohol use versus toward reducing high levels of use and risks associated with that use later in adolescence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Patia Spear
- Developmental Ethanol Alcohol Research Center, Department of Psychology, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY 13902-6000, United States.
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Katsidoni V, Alexiou P, Fotiadou M, Pelecanou M, Sagnou M, Panagis G. Curcumin, demethoxycurcumin and bisdemethoxycurcumin differentially inhibit morphine's rewarding effect in rats. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4467-78. [PMID: 24838368 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3603-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Recent animal studies reported that curcumin, the active constituent of Curcuma longa, has several central actions and may attenuate morphine tolerance. OBJECTIVES In the present study, we utilized the intracranial self-stimulation (ICSS) paradigm to examine the effects of the commercially available curcuminoid mixture and each one of its components, individually, on brain stimulation reward and on the reward-facilitating effect of morphine. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an electrode into the medial forebrain bundle and trained to respond for electrical stimulation using a rate-frequency paradigm. In the first study, rats were injected with graded doses either of the curcuminoid mixture, or curcumin I, or II, or III. In the second study, we examined whether a low dose of the curcuminoid mixture or each individual curcumin analogue composing it could counteract the reward-facilitating effect of morphine. RESULTS At low doses, both the curcuminoid mixture and curcumin I did not affect brain stimulation reward, whereas, higher doses increased ICSS thresholds. Curcumin II and curcumin III did not affect brain stimulation reward at any doses. Subthreshold doses of the curcuminoid mixture and curcumin I inhibited the reward-facilitating effect of morphine. CONCLUSION Both the curcuminoid mixture and curcumin I lack hedonic properties and moderate the reward-facilitating effect of morphine. Our data suggest that curcumin interferes with brain reward mechanisms responsible for the expression of the acute reinforcing properties of opioids and provide evidence that curcumin may be a promising adjuvant for attenuating morphine's rewarding effects in patients who are under long-term opioid therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky Katsidoni
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Crete, 74100, Rethymno, Crete, Greece
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The mammalian target of rapamycin pathway in the basolateral amygdala is critical for nicotine-induced behavioural sensitization. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2014; 17:1881-94. [PMID: 24916432 DOI: 10.1017/s1461145714000650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Repeated exposure to nicotine increases psychomotor activity. Long-lasting neural plasticity changes that contribute to the nicotine-induced development of locomotor sensitization have been identified. The mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signalling pathway is involved in regulating the neuroplasticity of the central nervous system. In this study, we examined the role of mTORC1 in the amygdala in nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. Rapamycin, an inhibitor of mTORC1, was infused into the basolateral amygdala (BLA) and central amygdala (CeA) or systemically administered to investigate the role of the mTORC1 in the development and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization. We found that locomotor activity progressively increased during the initiation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization and the expression of nicotine sensitization was induced by nicotine challenge injection (0.35 mg/kg s.c.) after five days of withdrawal. The initiation of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization was accompanied by the increased phosphorylated level of mTORC1 downstream target proteins including p-p70s6k and p-4EBP in the BLA, but not CeA. Intra-BLA infusion or systemic administration of rapamycin blocked locomotor activity. Increased p-p70s6k and p-4EBP were also observed in the expression of nicotine sensitization, which was demonstrated to be inhibited by systemic rapamycin administration. Our findings indicated that mTORC1 activity in the BLA, but not the CeA, mediated the initiation and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization, and may become a potential target for the treatment of nicotine addiction.
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Tirgar F, Rezayof A, Zarrindast MR. Central amygdala nicotinic and 5-HT1A receptors mediate the reversal effect of nicotine and MDMA on morphine-induced amnesia. Neuroscience 2014; 277:392-402. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 06/22/2014] [Accepted: 07/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Zhang D, Bordia T, McGregor M, McIntosh JM, Decker MW, Quik M. ABT-089 and ABT-894 reduce levodopa-induced dyskinesias in a monkey model of Parkinson's disease. Mov Disord 2014; 29:508-17. [PMID: 24515328 PMCID: PMC3990279 DOI: 10.1002/mds.25817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Levodopa-induced dyskinesias (LIDs) are a serious complication of levodopa therapy for Parkinson's disease for which there is little treatment. Accumulating evidence shows that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) drugs decrease LIDs in parkinsonian animals. Here, we examined the effect of two β2 nAChR agonists, ABT-089 and ABT-894, that previously were approved for phase 2 clinical trials for other indications. Two sets of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-lesioned monkeys were administered levodopa/carbidopa (10 mg/kg and 2.5 mg/kg, respectively) twice daily 5 days a week until they were stably dyskinetic. Each set had a vehicle-treated group, an nAChR agonist-treated group, and a nicotine-treated group as a positive control. Set A monkeys had previously received other nAChR drugs (nAChR drug-primed), whereas Set B monkeys were initially nAChR drug-naive. Both sets were administered the partial agonist ABT-089 (range, 0.01-1.0 mg/kg) orally 5 days a week twice daily 30 minutes before levodopa with each dose given for 1 to 5 weeks. ABT-089 decreased LIDs by 30% to 50% compared with vehicle-treated monkeys. Nicotine reduced LIDs by 70% in a parallel group. After 4 weeks of washout, the effect of the full agonist ABT-894 (range, 0.0001-0.10 mg/kg) was assessed on LIDs in Set A and Set B. ABT-894 reduced LIDs by 70%, similar to nicotine. Both drugs acted equally well at α4β2* and α6β2* nAChRs; however, ABT-089 was 30 to 60 times less potent than ABT-894. Tolerance did not develop for the time periods tested (range, 3-4 months). The nAChR drugs did not worsen parkinsonism or cognitive ability. Emesis, a common problem with nAChR drugs, was not observed. ABT-894 and ABT-089 appear to be good candidate nAChR drugs for the management of LIDs in Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danhui Zhang
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025; USA
| | - Tanuja Bordia
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025; USA
| | - Matthew McGregor
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025; USA
| | - J. Michael McIntosh
- George E. Wahlen Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, UT 84148 and Departments of Psychiatry and Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112
| | | | - Maryka Quik
- Center for Health Sciences, SRI International, 333 Ravenswood Ave, Menlo Park, CA, 94025; USA
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Mojica CY, Belluzzi JD, Leslie FM. Age-dependent alterations in reward-seeking behavior after brief nicotine exposure. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1763-73. [PMID: 24030468 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3266-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 08/23/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Adolescence is a developmental period that coincides with the onset of tobacco use. Teen smokers are also more likely to abuse other drugs compared to nonsmokers. Previous studies with rats have shown that low-dose nicotine pretreatment enhances initial acquisition of cocaine self-administration when given during early adolescence, but not at later ages. The aim of the present study was to determine whether these nicotine pretreatment effects extend to extinction and reinstatement of reward-seeking behavior. METHODS Adolescent [postnatal day (P)28] and adult rats (P86) were pretreated for 4 days with nicotine (60 μg/kg, i.v.) or saline. Following pretreatment, rats were allowed to nose poke for cocaine (500 μg/kg/infusion) or sucrose pellets for at least 12 days or until meeting acquisition criterion. Responding was then extinguished for at least 7 days or until extinction criterion was met. The following day, the rats were reinstated with either a priming injection of cocaine (10 mg/kg, i.p.) or sucrose pellets. RESULTS Nicotine markedly enhanced extinction of cocaine self-administration in adolescent rats, but not adults. Pretreatment also enhanced the acquisition of cocaine self-administration in adolescents, while reducing discrimination for the reinforced hole in adults. There were no pretreatment or age effects on cocaine-induced reinstatement. In contrast, nicotine induced only minor enhancement of sucrose-taking behavior in adolescents, with no significant impact on extinction or reinstatement at either age. CONCLUSIONS Nicotine pretreatment affects reward-related behavior in both an age- and reward-dependent manner. These findings show that brief nicotine exposure during early adolescence enhances drug-related learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celina Y Mojica
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, 92697, USA,
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Romano E, De Angelis F, Ulbrich L, De Jaco A, Fuso A, Laviola G. Nicotine exposure during adolescence: cognitive performance and brain gene expression in adult heterozygous reeler mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:1775-87. [PMID: 24337025 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-013-3388-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 11/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE We have recently reported nicotine-induced stimulation of reelin and glutamic acid decarboxylase 67 (GAD67) mRNA expression levels in the brain of heterozygous reeler mice (HRM), a putative animal model for the study of symptoms relevant to major behavioral disorders. OBJECTIVES We aimed to evaluate long-term behavioral effects and brain molecular changes as a result of adaptations to nicotine exposure in the developing HRM males. METHODS Adolescent mice (pnd 37-42) were exposed to oral nicotine (10 mg/l) in a 6-day free-choice drinking schedule. As expected, no differences in total nicotine intake between WT (wild-type) mice and HRM were found. RESULTS Long-term behavioral effects and brain molecular changes, as a consequence of nicotine exposure during adolescence, were only evidenced in HRM. Indeed, HRM perseverative exploratory behavior and poor cognitive performance were modulated to WT levels by subchronic exposure to nicotine during development. Furthermore, the expected reduction in the expression of mRNA of reelin and GAD67 in behaviorally relevant brain areas of HRM appeared persistently restored by nicotine. For brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) mRNA expression, no genotype-dependent changes appeared. However, expression levels were increased by previous nicotine in brains from both genotypes. The mRNA encoding for nicotine receptor subunits (α7, β2 and α4) did not differ between genotypes and as a result of previous nicotine exposure. CONCLUSION These findings support the hypothesis of pre-existing vulnerability (based on haploinsufficiency of reelin) to brain and behavioral disorders and regulative short- and long-term effects associated with nicotine modulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Romano
- Section of Behavioural Neuroscience, Department of Cell Biology and Neuroscience, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
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Chen H, Luo R, Gong S, Matta SG, Sharp BM. Protection genes in nucleus accumbens shell affect vulnerability to nicotine self-administration across isogenic strains of adolescent rat. PLoS One 2014; 9:e86214. [PMID: 24465966 PMCID: PMC3899218 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0086214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Accepted: 12/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical genetic studies show the heritability of cigarette smoking is 0.4–0.6, and that multiple genes confer susceptibility and resistance to smoking. Despite recent advances in identifying genes associated with smoking behaviors, the major source of this heritability and its impact on susceptibility and resistance are largely unknown. Operant self-administration (SA) of intravenous nicotine is an established model for smoking behavior. We recently confirmed that genetic factors exert strong control over nicotine intake in isogenic rat strains. Because the processing of afferent dopaminergic signals by nucleus accumbens shell (AcbS) is critical for acquisition and maintenance of motivated behaviors reinforced by nicotine, we hypothesized that differential basal gene expression in AcbS accounts for much of the strain-to-strain variation in nicotine SA. We therefore sequenced the transcriptome of AcbS samples obtained by laser capture microdissection from 10 isogenic adolescent rat strains and compared all RNA transcript levels with behavior. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis, a systems biology method, found 12 modules (i.e., unique sets of genes that covary across all samples) that correlated (p<0.05) with amount of self-administered nicotine; 9 of 12 correlated negatively, implying a protective role. PCR confirmed selected genes from these modules. Chilibot, a literature mining tool, identified 15 genes within 1 module that were nominally associated with cigarette smoking, thereby providing strong support for the analytical approach. This is the first report demonstrating that nicotine intake by adolescent rodents is associated with the expression of specific genes in AcbS of the mesolimbic system, which controls motivated behaviors. These findings provide new insights into genetic mechanisms that predispose or protect against tobacco addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HC); (BS)
| | - Rui Luo
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America
| | - Suzhen Gong
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Shannon G. Matta
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
| | - Burt M. Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee, United States of America
- * E-mail: (HC); (BS)
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Nicotine modulation of adolescent dopamine receptor signaling and hypothalamic peptide response. Neuropharmacology 2013; 77:285-93. [PMID: 24157491 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Revised: 10/03/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Adolescence is a sensitive developmental period for limbic and dopamine systems that coincides with the typical age for onset of tobacco use. We have previously shown that a 4-day, low-dose nicotine (0.06 mg/kg) pretreatment enhances locomotor and penile response to the D2-like agonist, quinpirole (0.4 mg/kg), in adolescent but not adult rats. The present study is designed to determine mechanisms underlying this effect. Nicotine enhancement of adolescent quinpirole-induced locomotion was mediated by D2 receptors (D2Rs) since it was blocked by the D2R antagonist, L-741,626, but not by the D3R and D4R antagonists, NGB 2904 and L-745,870. Enhancement of quinpirole-induced erectile response was blocked by both L-741,626 and NGB 2904, indicating involvement of D3Rs. Whereas D2R binding was unaffected by adolescent nicotine pretreatment, effector coupling in the striatum was increased, as determined by GTPγS binding. Nicotine pretreatment enhanced quinpirole-induced c-fos mRNA expression in the hypothalamic paraventricular and supraoptic nuclei in adolescents only. Adolescent nicotine pretreatment enhanced c-fos mRNA expression in corticotropin releasing factor (CRF) cells of the paraventricular nucleus, and enhancement of penile erection was blocked by the CRF-1 receptor antagonist, CP 376,396. These findings suggest that adolescent dopamine and CRF systems are vulnerable to alteration by nicotine. This is the first evidence for a role of CRF in adolescent erectile response.
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