From Krebs to clinic: glutamine metabolism to cancer therapy

Deciphering permissivity of human tumor ecosystems to oncolytic viruses

Effective cancer therapy involves initiation of a tumor-specific immune response. Consequently, the interest in oncolytic viruses (OV) capable of triggering immunogenic cell death has sparked in recent years. However, the common use of pre-clinical models that fail to mirror patient tumor ecosystems (TES) hinders clinical translation. Here, we provide a condensed view on the intricate interplay between several aspects of TES and OV action and discuss these considerations in the view of recently developed pre-clinical human model systems. Given the urgent demand for innovative cancer treatments, the purpose of this review is to highlight the so-far overlooked complex impact of the tumor microenvironment (TME) on OV permissivity, with the intent to provide a foundation for future, more effective pre-clinical studies.

Resilience and vulnerabilities of tumor cells under purine shortage stress

Purine metabolism is a promising therapeutic target in cancer; however how cancer cells respond to purine shortage,particularly their adaptation and vulnerabilities, remains unclear. Using the recently developed purine shortage-inducing prodrug DRP-104 and genetic approaches, we investigated these responses in prostate, lung and glioma cancer models. We demonstrate that when de novo purine biosynthesis is compromised, cancer cells employ microtubules to assemble purinosomes, multi-protein complexes of de novo purine biosynthesis enzymes that enhance purine biosynthesis efficiency. While this process enables tumor cells to adapt to purine shortage stress, it also renders them more susceptible to the microtubule-stabilizing chemotherapeutic drug Docetaxel. Furthermore, we show that although cancer cells primarily rely on de novo purine biosynthesis, they also exploit Methylthioadenosine Phosphorylase (MTAP)-mediated purine salvage as a crucial alternative source of purine supply, especially under purine shortage stress. In support of this finding, combining DRP-104 with an MTAP inhibitor significantly enhances tumor suppression in prostate cancer (PCa) models in vivo. Finally, despite the resilience of the purine supply machinery, purine shortage-stressed tumor cells exhibit increased DNA damage and activation of the cGAS-STING pathway, which may contribute to impaired immunoevasion and provide a molecular basis of the previously observed DRP-104-induced anti-tumor immunity. Together, these findings reveal purinosome assembly and purine salvage as key mechanisms of cancer cell adaptation and resilience to purine shortage while identifying microtubules, MTAP, and immunoevasion deficits as therapeutic vulnerabilities.

Complementary approaches define the metabolic features that accompany Richter syndrome transformation

Richter syndrome (RS) is the transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) into a high-grade lymphoma with previously unknown metabolic features. Transcriptomic data from primary CLL and RS samples, as well as RS-patient-derived xenografts, highlighted cellular metabolism as one of the most significant differentially expressed processes. Activity assays of key enzymes confirmed the intense metabolic rewiring of RS cells, which is characterized by an elevated rate of Krebs cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and glutamine metabolism. These pathways were sustained by increased uptake of glucose and glutamine, two critical substrates for these cells. Moreover, RS cells showed activation of anabolic processes that resulted in the synthesis of nucleotides and lipids necessary to support their high proliferation. Exposure to drugs targeting PI3K and NF-kB, two master regulators of cellular metabolism, resulted in the shutdown of ATP production and glycolysis. Overall, these data suggest that metabolic rewiring characterizes the transformation of CLL into RS, presenting new translational opportunities.

Cross-talks between Metabolic and Translational Controls during Beige Adipocyte Differentiation

Whether and how regulatory events at the translation stage shape the cellular and metabolic features of thermogenic adipocytes is hardly understood. In this study, we report two hitherto unidentified cross-talk pathways between metabolic and translational regulation in beige adipocytes. By analysing temporal profiles of translation activity and protein level changes during precursor-to-beige differentiation, we found selective translational down-regulation of OXPHOS component-coding mRNAs. The down-regulation restricted to Complexes I, III, IV, and V, is coordinated with enhanced translation of TCA cycle genes, engendering distinct stoichiometry of OXPHOS and TCA cycle components and altering the related metabolic activities in mitochondria of thermogenic adipocytes. Our high-resolution description of ribosome positioning unveiled potentiated ribosome pausing at glutamate codons. The increased stalling is attributable to remodelled glutamate metabolism that decreases glutamates for tRNA charging during pan-adipocyte differentiation. The ribosome pauses decrease protein synthesis and mRNA stability of glutamate codon-rich genes, such as actin cytoskeleton-associated genes.

O-GlcNAcylation of glutaminase isoform KGA inhibits ferroptosis through activation of glutaminolysis in hepatoblastoma

Hepatoblastoma (HB), the most common pediatric hepatic malignancy, exhibits an increasing incidence. Metabolism reprogramming represents a pivotal hallmark in the oncogenic transformation process, with glutamine emerging as a critical energy source for neoplastic cells, rivaling glucose. However, the mechanism by which glutamine is involved in the development of HB remains unclear. Our study identified glutamine metabolism as a crucial factor in the development of HB. The key enzyme of glutamine metabolism, kidney-type glutaminase (GLS1), is activated in HB and regulates cell proliferation. Mechanistically, the GLS1 subtype KGA, utilizing glutamate derived from glutaminolysis, enhances glutathione (GSH) synthesis, which in turn inhibits ferroptosis in HB cells. Importantly, the Thr563 residue of KGA undergoes O-GlcNAcylation, enhancing enzyme activity and stability, accelerating glutaminolysis, and promoting the proliferation of HB. This study demonstrated that enhanced glutaminolysis, driven by GLS1, is crucial for the development of HB by inhibiting ferroptosis. The O-GlcNAcylation of KGA isoform ensures its stability and glutaminase function in HB cells, which can serve as a promising therapeutic target for KGA-mediated glutaminolysis in HB.

Hafnium Metal-Organic Framework-Based Glutamine Metabolism Disruptor For Potentiating Radio-Immunotherapy in MYC-Amplified Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) with MYC oncogene amplification remains a serious challenge in clinical practice. Recent advances in comprehensive treatment strategies, particularly the combination of radiotherapy and immunotherapy, offer new hope. To further improve efficacy while lowering radiation doses, nanopharmaceuticals based on high-Z elements have been extensively studied in radio-immunotherapy. In this work, a hafnium-based metal-organic framework (Hf-MOF), UiO-66-Hf(2OH)-CB-839/BSO@HA (UiO-66-Hf(2OH)-C/B@HA), was designed to codeliver telaglenastat (CB-839) and buthionine sulfoximine (BSO), which synergistically inhibited glutamine metabolism and alleviated tumor hypoxia. Further modification with hyaluronic acid (HA) enhanced tumor targeting, ultimately strengthening the efficacy of radiotherapy in MYC-amplified HCC. Beyond increasing reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, promoting DNA damage, and inducing tumor apoptosis, more importantly, UiO66-Hf(2OH)-C/B@HA triggered immunogenic cell death (ICD), driving the antitumor immune response. Combination with immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) further enhanced the efficacy, accompanied by increased infiltration of T cells with high granzyme B expression (GZMB+ T cells) within the tumor microenvironment (TME). In the orthotopic HCC model, established with MYC-amplified tumor cells, intravenous administration of UiO66-Hf(2OH)-C/B@HA significantly potentiated the efficacy of radio-immunotherapy, resulting in superior tumor regression. In summary, our study provides insights into the design of Hf-MOF for radio-immunotherapy and proposes a promising therapeutic approach for MYC-amplified HCC.

A bacteria-based bioorthogonal platform disrupts the flexible lipid homeostasis for potent metabolic therapy

Cancer cells exhibit altered metabolism and energetics, prominently reprogramming lipid metabolism to support tumor growth and progression, making it a promising target for cancer therapy. However, traditional genetic and pharmaceutical approaches for disrupting lipid metabolism face challenges due to the adaptability of tumor metabolism and potential side effects on normal tissues. Here, we present a bacteria-based bioorthogonal platform combining transition metal catalysts and Lactobacillus to disrupt the flexible lipid homeostasis in tumors. This platform activates glutamine transporter inhibitors in situ, targeting lipid synthesis in hypoxic tumor environments, while Lactobacillus inhibits lipid accumulation. By disrupting lipid metabolism and glutamine utilization, the present study proposes a safe and potent strategy for cancer therapy, with potential applications for other metabolic diseases.

Predictors of Radiation Resistance and Novel Radiation Sensitizers in Head and Neck Cancers: Advancing Radiotherapy Efficacy

Radiation resistance in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), driven by intrinsic and extrinsic factors, poses a significant challenge in radiation oncology. The key contributors are tumor hypoxia, cancer stem cells, cell cycle checkpoint activation, and DNA repair processes (homologous recombination and non-homologous end-joining). Genetic modifications such as TP53 mutations, KRAS mutations, EGFR overexpression, and abnormalities in DNA repair proteins like BRCA1/2 additionally affect radiation sensitivity. Novel radiosensitizers targeting these pathways demonstrate the potential to overcome resistance. Hypoxia-activated drugs and gold nanoparticles enhance the efficacy of radiotherapy and facilitate targeted distribution. Integrating immunotherapy, especially immune checkpoint inhibitors, with radiation therapy, enhances anti-tumor responses and reduces resistance. Epigenetic alterations, such as DNA methylation and histone acetylation, significantly influence radiation response, with the potential for sensitization through histone deacetylase inhibitors and non-coding RNA regulators. Metabolic changes linked to glucose, lipid, and glutamine metabolism influence radiosensitivity, uncovering new targets for radiosensitization. Human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated malignancies exhibit increased radiosensitivity relative to other tumors due to impaired DNA repair mechanisms and heightened immunogenicity. Furthermore, understanding the interplay between HPV oncoproteins and p53 functionality can enhance treatment strategies for HPV-related cancers. Using DNA damage response inhibitors (PARP, ATM/ATR), cell cycle checkpoint inhibitors (WEE1, CHK1/2), and hypoxia-targeted agents as radiosensitizing strategies exhibit considerable promise. Immunomodulatory approaches, including PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors in conjunction with radiation, enhance anti-tumor immunity. Future directions emphasize personalized radiation therapy using genetics, sophisticated medication delivery systems, adaptive radiotherapy, and real-time monitoring. These integrated strategies seek to diminish radiation resistance and improve therapeutic efficacy in HNSCC.

Computational studies on the functional and structural impact of pathogenic mutations in enzymes

Enzymes are critical biological catalysts involved in maintaining the intricate balance of metabolic processes within living organisms. Mutations in enzymes can result in disruptions to their functionality that may lead to a range of diseases. This review focuses on computational studies that investigate the effects of disease-associated mutations in various enzymes. Through molecular dynamics simulations, multiscale calculations, and machine learning approaches, computational studies provide detailed insights into how mutations impact enzyme structure, dynamics, and catalytic activity. This review emphasizes the increasing impact of computational simulations in understanding molecular mechanisms behind enzyme (dis)function by highlighting the application of key computational methodologies to selected enzyme examples, aiding in the prediction of mutation effects and the development of therapeutic strategies.

Dendritic cell maturation in cancer

Dendritic cells (DCs) are specialized antigen-presenting cells that are present at low abundance in the circulation and tissues; they serve as crucial immune sentinels by continually sampling their environment, migrating to secondary lymphoid organs and shaping adaptive immune responses through antigen presentation. Owing to their ability to orchestrate tolerogenic or immunogenic responses to a specific antigen, DCs have a pivotal role in antitumour immunity and the response to immune checkpoint blockade and other immunotherapeutic approaches. The multifaceted functions of DCs are acquired through a complex, multistage process called maturation. Although the role of inflammatory triggers in driving DC maturation was established decades ago, less is known about DC maturation in non-inflammatory contexts, such as during homeostasis and in cancer. The advent of single-cell technologies has enabled an unbiased, high-dimensional characterization of various DC states, including mature DCs. This approach has clarified the molecular programmes associated with DC maturation and also revealed how cancers exploit these pathways to subvert immune surveillance. In this Review, we discuss the mechanisms by which cancer disrupts DC maturation and highlight emerging therapeutic opportunities to modulate DC states. These insights could inform the development of DC-centric immunotherapies, expanding the arsenal of strategies to enhance antitumour immunity.

The m6A reader IGF2BP2 promotes pancreatic cancer progression through the m6A-SLC1A5-mTORC1 axis

BACKGROUND

Pancreatic cancer is a highly malignant digestive tumor. Glutamine metabolism is one of the important sources of tumors. N6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification plays a key role in regulating tumor metabolism and holds promise as a therapeutic target in various cancers, including pancreatic cancer. Disrupting m6A regulation of glutamine metabolism could impair tumor growth, offering potential new therapeutic strategies. However, the functional role of m6A modifications in pancreatic cancer, especially in glutamine metabolism, remains poorly understood.

METHODS

The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) dataset and GEPIA bioinformatics tool were used to identify the relationship between m6A related proteins and the glutamine metabolism-associated genes, respectively. The biological effects of insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA-binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) were investigated using in vitro and in vivo models. Methylated RNA immunoprecipitation sequencing (MeRIP-seq), MeRIP-PCR and RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) were used to identify solute carrier family 1 member 5 (SLC1A5) as a direct target of IGF2BP2.

RESULTS

We found that IGF2BP2 expression and SLC1A5 were significantly correlated and both highly expressed in pancreatic cancer could predict poor prognosis in patients with pancreatic cancer. Functionally, silencing IGF2BP2 suppressed tumor growth and also inhibited glutamine uptake by tumor cells. Mechanistically, IGF2BP2 induced the m6A-SLC1A5-mTORC1 axis, facilitating the uptake of glutamine by pancreatic cancer cells and accelerate the progress of pancreatic cancer. Furthermore, silencing IGF2BP2 can enhance the sensitivity of pancreatic cancer to radiotherapy and chemotherapy.

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that IGF2BP2 promotes pancreatic cancer by activating the m6A-SLC1A5 -mTORC1 axis. Targeting the m6A machinery, particularly IGF2BP2, offers a novel therapeutic avenue for pancreatic cancer treatment. By disrupting the regulation of glutamine metabolism, we provide new insights into how m6A-based therapies could enhance the efficacy of current treatments and offer hope for improving patient outcomes in this difficult-to-treat cancer.

Shikonin a potent phytotherapeutic: a comprehensive review on metabolic reprogramming to overcome drug resistance in cancer

Drug resistance remains a major challenge in cancer therapy, often leading to treatment failure. Metabolic reprogramming, a hallmark of cancer, plays a pivotal role in drug resistance. Phytocompounds, particularly shikonin, a naphthoquinone derived from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, have garnered significant interest as potential alternatives for cancer prevention and treatment. This review focuses on the anticancer properties of shikonin, particularly its ability to modulate metabolic reprogramming and overcome drug resistance. This review, based on extensive searches in databases like PubMed, Web of Science, Google Scholar, and Scopus, highlights shikonin's potential as a therapeutic agent. Shikonin exhibits a wide range of anticancer activities, including induction of apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, inhibition of angiogenesis, invasion, and migration, as well as disruption of the cell cycle and promotion of DNA damage. It targets altered cancer cell metabolism to inhibit proliferation and reverse drug resistance, making it a promising candidate for therapeutic development. Preliminary clinical trials suggest that shikonin can enhance the efficacy of established chemotherapeutic agents, immunotherapies, and radiation through additive and synergistic interactions. Despite its promise, further research is needed to elucidate the precise mechanisms underlying shikonin's metabolic reprogramming effects in cancer. A comprehensive understanding could pave the way for its integration into standard oncological treatments. With its capacity to act on multiple cancer pathways and enhance conventional treatments, shikonin stands out as a viable candidate for combating drug-resistant cancers and advancing clinical oncology.

The solid tumor microenvironment and related targeting strategies: a concise review

The malignant tumor is a serious disease threatening human life. Increasing studies have confirmed that the tumor microenvironment (TME) is composed of a variety of complex components that precisely regulate the interaction of tumor cells with other components, allowing tumor cells to continue to proliferate, resist apoptosis, evade immune surveillance and clearance, and metastasis. However, the characteristics of each component and their interrelationships remain to be deeply understood. To target TME, it is necessary to deeply understand the role of various components of TME in tumor growth and search for potential therapeutic targets. Herein, we innovatively classify the TME into physical microenvironment (such as oxygen, pH, etc.), mechanical microenvironment (such as extracellular matrix, blood vessels, etc.), metabolic microenvironment (such as glucose, lipids, etc.), inflammatory microenvironment and immune microenvironment. We introduce a concise but comprehensive classification of the TME; depict the characteristics of each component in TME; summarize the existing methods for detecting each component in TME; highlight the current strategies and potential therapeutic targets for TME; discuss current challenges in presenting TME and its clinical applications; and provide our prospect on the future research direction and clinical benefits of TME.

Cirsiliol suppresses malignant progression of hepatocellular carcinoma via regulation of glutamine metabolism

BACKGROUND

To investigate the therapeutic potential of cirsiliol in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), focusing on its impact on glutamine metabolism.

METHODS

HCC cell lines HCCLM3 and Huh7 were treated with cirsiliol, and cell viability and proliferation were assessed using CCK-8 assay. Intracellular concentrations of glutamine, α-ketoglutaric acid (α-KG), and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) were measured to evaluate glutamine metabolism. A xenograft tumor model was employed to examine the in vivo effects of cirsiliol. Additionally, network pharmacological analysis was used to identify potential targets of cirsiliol in HCC. Western blotting was conducted to analyze the modulation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway by cirsiliol.

RESULTS

Cirsiliol significantly inhibited HCC cell growth both in vitro and in vivo while reducing levels of glutamine, α-KG, and ATP, indicating suppression of glutamine metabolism. Activation of the PI3K signaling pathway reversed the inhibitory effects of cirsiliol on HCC cell growth and metabolism.

CONCLUSION

Cirsiliol suppresses glutamine metabolism and inhibits the growth of HCC cells by modulating the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway.

Glutamine binds HSC70 to transduce signals inhibiting IFN-β-mediated immunogenic cell death

Glutamine plays a role in cell signaling that regulates gene expression and impacts tumorigenesis. However, it is still unclear how glutamine transduces signals in cells. Here, we show that glutamine binds to heat shock cognate protein 70 (HSC70) to stimulate the deubiquitinase otubain domain containing protein (OTUD4) independently of known glutamine metabolic or signaling pathways, resulting in lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) stabilization via the microautophagy-lysosome pathway, increased lactate production and decreased expression of interferon (IFN)-β and its targets, hallmarks of immunogenic cell death (ICD). In cancer cell lines and patient-derived organoids and xenografts, glutamine depletion or glutamine transport inhibition combined with ICD-inducing chemotherapeutic drugs synergistically activates IFN-β, promotes CD8+ T cell recruitment, and inhibits cancer cell growth via the OTUD4/LDHA axis. CD8 expression is negatively correlated with expression of the glutamine transporter alanine/serine/cysteine transporter 2 (ASCT2), OTUD4, and LDHA in cancer patients. Thus, we identify an intracellular glutamine signaling pathway, and targeting this pathway is a promising strategy for cancer treatment.

Glutamate dehydrogenase 1-catalytic glutaminolysis feedback activates EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway and reprograms glioblastoma metabolism

BACKGROUND

Glutamine is an important nutrient for cancer cell growth that provides biological sources for nucleic acid and fatty acid synthesis, but the role of glutaminolysis in signal transduction and glioblastoma (GBM) progression remains little known.

METHODS

Knockdown and overexpression cells were obtained to explore the functional roles of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GDH1) in cell proliferation, tumor formation, and aerobic glycolysis. RNA-seq, Chromatin immunoprecipitation, luciferase assay, and western blot were performed to verify the regulation of the EGFR-AKT pathway by the GDH1 (also known as GLUD1) and KDM6A. Metabolite-level measurements and Seahorse Assay were performed to assess the functional role of GHD1 in reprogramming glycolysis.

RESULTS

Here, we report that GDH1 catalytic glutaminolysis is essential for GBM cell line proliferation and brain tumorigenesis even in high-glucose conditions. Glutamine is metabolized through glutaminolysis to produce α-ketoglutarate (α-KG). We demonstrate that glutamine in combination with leucine activates mammalian TORC1 by enhancing glutaminolysis and α-KG production. α-KG increases the transcription of PDPK1 by reducing the suppressive histone modification H3K27me3 and then promotes the activation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway. This transcriptional activation induced by α-KG requires histone demethylase KDM6A, which is a 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase that plays an important role in converting α-KG to succinate. Furthermore, we show that GDH1-catalytic glutaminolysis also increases the expression of HK2 and promotes glycolysis in high-glucose conditions dependent on KDM6A-mediated demethylation of H3K27.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings suggest a novel function of glutaminolysis in the regulation of signal transduction and metabolism reprogramming and provide further evidence for the unique role of glutaminolysis in GBM progression.

Immunomodulation of Glycyrrhiza Polysaccharides In Vivo Based on Microbiome and Metabolomics Approaches

Glycyrrhiza uralensis Fisch. is a medicinal herb that can be added to food to provide therapeutic effects and reduce the burden of medications. Herein, the immunomodulatory effects of Glycyrrhiza polysaccharides (GPs) were verified and illustrated by intervening immunocompromised rats treated with different doses of GPs, which were reflected for adjusting the composition and structure of the intestinal microbiota and altering the metabolic profile. The immunomodulatory effects of GPs were exerted by regulating the intestinal microenvironment. In particular, GPs could promote the growth of probiotic bacteria Allobaculum, norank__o_Clostridia_UCG-014, Dubosiella, and g__norank_o___RF39 and curb the growth of harmful bacteria Enterococcus. The results showed that GPs had a prebiotic effect, which contributed to improving the intestinal environment and maintaining intestinal health. In addition, the content of beneficial differential metabolites was up-regulated, especially short-chain fatty acids, with alanine, aspartate, and glutamate metabolism; arginine biosynthesis; glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism being the most enriched pathways. These metabolic pathways imply the metabolic process of GPs, and the metabolic pathways and differential effector metabolites of it are focused. Overall, the purpose of this article lies in providing support for the application of GPs for regulating immune function.

Alterations in PD-L1 succinylation shape anti-tumor immune responses in melanoma

Tumors undergo metabolic reprogramming to meet the energetic, synthetic and redox demands essential for malignancy, often characterized by increased glycolysis and lactate production. However, the role of mitochondrial metabolism in tumor immunity remains unclear. The present study integrates spatial transcriptomics, bulk transcriptomics and proteomics, revealing a strong link between the metabolite succinyl-CoA and tumor immunity as well as the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (PD-1) therapy in patients with melanoma. Elevated succinyl-CoA levels, through α-ketoglutarate or succinate supplementation, enhanced T cell-mediated tumor elimination, both in vitro and in vivo. Mechanistically, succinylation of the ligand of PD-1 (PD-L1) at lysine 129 led to its degradation. Increased carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A), identified as a succinyltransferase for PD-L1, boosted anti-tumor activity. Preclinically, bezafibrate, a hyperlipidemia drug, upregulated CPT1A and synergized with CTLA-4 monoclonal antibody to inhibit tumor growth. Clinically, higher PD-L1 and lower CPT1A levels in tumors correlated with better anti-PD-1 therapy responses, suggesting potential biomarkers for prediction of treatment efficacy.

Oncogenic activation of PI K3 CA in cancers: Emerging targeted therapies in precision oncology

Phosphoinositide 3-kinases (PI3Ks) are heterodimers consisting of a p110 catalytic subunit and a p85 regulatory subunit. The PIK3CA gene, which encodes the p110α, is the most frequently mutated oncogene in cancer. Oncogenic PIK3CA mutations activate the PI3K pathway, promote tumor initiation and development, and mediate resistance to anti-tumor treatments, making the mutant p110α an excellent target for cancer therapy. PIK3CA mutations occur in two hotspot regions: one in the helical domain and the other in the kinase domain. The PIK3CA helical and kinase domain mutations exert their oncogenic function through distinct mechanisms. For example, helical domain mutations of p110α gained direct interaction with insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) to activate the downstream signaling pathways. Moreover, p85β proteins disassociate from helical domain mutant p110α, translocate into the nucleus, and stabilize enhancer of zeste homolog 1/2 (EZH1/2). Due to the fundamental role of PI3Kα in tumor initiation and development, PI3Kα-specific inhibitors, represented by FDA-approved alpelisib, have developed rapidly in recent decades. However, side effects, including on-target side effects such as hyperglycemia, restrict the maximum dose and thus clinical efficacy of alpelisib. Therefore, developing p110α mutant-specific inhibitors to circumvent on-target side effects becomes a new direction for targeting PIK3CA mutant cancers. In this review, we briefly introduce the function of the PI3K pathway and discuss how PIK3CA mutations rewire cell signaling, metabolism, and tumor microenvironment, as well as therapeutic strategies under development to treat patients with tumors harboring a PIK3CA mutation.

Biomimetic Single-Atom Nanozyme for Dual Starvation-Enhanced Breast Cancer Immunotherapy

Cold exposure (CE) therapy is an innovative and cost-efficient cancer treatment that activates brown adipose tissue to compete for glucose uptake, leading to metabolic starvation in tumors. Exploring the combined antitumor mechanisms of CE and traditional therapies (such as nanocatalysis) is exciting and promising. In this study, a platelet membrane biomimetic single-atom nanozyme (SAEs) nanodrug (PFB) carrying bis-2-(5-phenylacetamido-1, 2, 4-thiadiazol-2-yl) ethyl sulfide (BPTES) is developed for use in cancer CE therapy. Owing to the platelet membrane modification, PFB can effectively target tumors. Upon entering cancer cells, the dual starvation effect induced by CE treatment and BPTES can significantly diminish intracellular glucose and ATP levels, resulting in a substantial reduction in cellular (glutathione) GSH, which can enhance the cytotoxic efficacy of reactive oxygen species generated by SAEs. This strategy not only boosts ROS production in tumors, but also strengthens immune responses, particularly by increasing memory T-cell abundance and suppressing distant tumor growth and tumor metastasis. Compared with SAEs therapy alone, this combined approach offers superior benefits for tumor immunotherapy. This study achieves a combination of CE and nanomedicines for the first time, providing new ideas for future nanomedicine combination therapy modalities.

Exosomes: a double-edged sword in cancer immunotherapy

Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has emerged as a powerful strategy to overcome the limitations of conventional cancer treatments. The use of extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, which carry cargoes capable of modulating the immune response, has been extensively explored as a potential therapeutic approach in cancer immunotherapy. Exosomes can deliver their cargo to target cells, thereby influencing their phenotype and immunomodulatory functions. They exhibit either immunosuppressive or immune-activating characteristics, depending on their internal contents. These exosomes originate from diverse cell sources, and their internal contents can vary, suggesting that there may be a delicate balance between immune suppression and stimulation when utilizing them for immunotherapy. Therefore, a thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of exosomes in cancer progression is essential. This review focuses on the molecular mechanisms driving exosome function and their impact on the tumor microenvironment (TME), highlighting the intricate balance between immune suppression and activation that must be navigated in exosome-based therapies. Additionally, it underscores the challenges and ongoing efforts to optimize exosome-based immunotherapies, thereby making a significant contribution to the advancement of cancer immunotherapy research.

Metabolic reprogramming of neutrophils in the tumor microenvironment: Emerging therapeutic targets

Neutrophils are pivotal in the immune system and have been recognized as significant contributors to cancer development and progression. These cells undergo metabolic reprogramming in response to various stimulus, including infections, diseases, and the tumor microenvironment (TME). Under normal conditions, neutrophils primarily rely on aerobic glucose metabolism for energy production. However, within the TME featured by hypoxic and nutrient-deprived conditions, they shift to altered anaerobic glycolysis, lipid metabolism, mitochondrial metabolism and amino acid metabolism to perform their immunosuppressive functions and facilitate tumor progression. Targeting neutrophils within the TME is a promising therapeutic approach. Yet, focusing on their metabolic pathways presents a novel strategy to enhance cancer immunotherapy. This review synthesizes the current understanding of neutrophil metabolic reprogramming in the TME, with an emphasis on the underlying molecular mechanisms and signaling pathways. Studying neutrophil metabolism in the TME poses challenges, such as their short lifespan and the metabolic complexity of the environment, necessitating the development of advanced research methodologies. This review also discusses emerging solutions to these challenges. In conclusion, given their integral role in the TME, targeting the metabolic pathways of neutrophils could offer a promising avenue for cancer therapy.

Cold Exposure Therapy Enhances Single-Atom Nanozyme-Mediated Cancer Vaccine Therapy

Single-atom nanozymes are highly effective in the preparation of tumor vaccines (TV) due to their superior peroxidase (POD) activity and excellent biocompatibility. However, the immunosuppressive environment within tumors can diminish the efficacy of these vaccines. Cold exposure (CE) therapy, a noninvasive and straightforward antitumor method, not only suppresses tumor metabolism but also ameliorates the immunosuppressive tumor milieu. In this study, we developed personalized TV using copper single-atom nanozyme (Cu SAZ) and enhanced their long-term antitumor efficacy by introducing CE. We initially synthesized the Cu SAZ via high-temperature carbonization, which demonstrated robust POD activity and photothermal characteristics. Upon exposure to 808 nm laser irradiation, the nanozyme generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and heat, inducing immunogenic cell death in 4T1 breast cancer cells or CT26 colon cancer cells and facilitating TV production. In our in vivo tumor prevention and treatment model, we noted that CE significantly boosted the efficacy of the TV. The primary mechanism involves CE's ability to lower the ratio of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), decrease glucose metabolism in tumor cells, and increase the proportions of CD8+ T cells and memory T cells. Collectively, our findings offer promising avenues for designing innovative TV systems.

Glutamine catabolism supports amino acid biosynthesis and suppresses the integrated stress response to promote photoreceptor survival

Photoreceptor loss results in vision loss in many blinding diseases, and metabolic dysfunction underlies photoreceptor degeneration. So, exploiting photoreceptor metabolism is an attractive strategy to prevent vision loss. Yet, the metabolic pathways that maintain photoreceptor health remain largely unknown. Here, we investigated the dependence of photoreceptors on glutamine (Gln) catabolism. Gln is converted to glutamate via glutaminase (GLS), so mice lacking GLS in rod photoreceptors were generated to inhibit Gln catabolism. Loss of GLS produced rapid rod photoreceptor degeneration. In vivo metabolomic methodologies and metabolic supplementation identified Gln catabolism as critical for glutamate and aspartate biosynthesis. Concordant with this amino acid deprivation, the integrated stress response (ISR) was activated with protein synthesis attenuation, and inhibiting the ISR delayed photoreceptor loss. Furthermore, supplementing asparagine, which is synthesized from aspartate, delayed photoreceptor degeneration. Hence, Gln catabolism is integral to photoreceptor health, and these data reveal a novel metabolic axis in these metabolically-demanding neurons.

Fenvalerate exposure induces AKT/AMPK-dependent alterations in glucose metabolism in hepatoma cells

Background

Fenvalerate (Fen) is a synthetic pyrethroid insecticide significantly associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes. Tumor cells exhibit a shift in glucose metabolism, known as the Warburg effect. Accordingly, we aimed to elucidate whether Fen interferes with insulin signaling and affects hepatoma cell metabolism.

Methods

The cells were subjected to Fen to assess glucose uptake, acidification, oxygen consumption, and ATP production. ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane potentials, and protein expression were evaluated by flow cytometry, immunofluorescence microscopy, and western blot analyses.

Results

Our results demonstrated that Fen promotes glucose uptake, lactate production, and ATP generation in various cancer cells. Moreover, Fen enhanced insulin receptor phosphorylation and upregulated p-AKT/p-AMPK expression. Fen enhanced insulin receptor sensitivity and endocytosis via reactive oxygen species generation rather than the PP2B pathway. Additionally, the antioxidants N-acetyl-L-cysteine and ascorbic acid reversed the Fen-induced increase in glycolysis. Finally, chronic Fen exposure protected hepatoma cells against metformin-induced cell death via the AKT/AMPK pathway.

Conclusion

These findings raise concerns regarding the safety of Fen and its potential role in altering cancer cell metabolism, affecting insulin signaling and treating drug resistance, thereby necessitating further research.

Ferroptosis: iron release mechanisms in the bioenergetic process

Ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of cell death, has been the focus of extensive research over the past decade, leading to the elucidation of key molecules and mechanisms involved in this process. While several studies have highlighted iron sources for the Fenton reaction, the predominant mechanism for iron release in ferroptosis has been identified as ferritinophagy, which occurs in response to iron starvation. However, much of the existing literature has concentrated on lipid peroxidation rather than on the mechanisms of iron release. This review proposes three distinct mechanisms of iron mobilization: ferritinophagy, reductive pathways with selective gating of ferritin pores, and quinone-mediated iron mobilization. Notably, the latter two mechanisms operate independently of iron starvation and rely primarily on reductants such as NADH and O2•-. The inhibition of the respiratory chain, particularly under the activation of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase, leads to the accumulation of these reductants, which in turn promotes iron release from ferritin and indirectly inhibits AMP-activated protein kinase through excessive iron levels. In this work, we delineate the intricate relationship between iron mobilization and bioenergetic processes under conditions of oxidative stress. Furthermore, this review aims to enhance the understanding of the connections between ferroptosis and these mechanisms.

Radiation-induced changes in salivary metabolite profile and pathways in head and neck cancer patients

INTRODUCTION

This longitudinal study assessed the salivary metabolic profile in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) treated with radiotherapy (RT). This study aims to investigate salivary metabolites and biological oral pathways induced by RT.

METHODS

Clinical data and unstimulated whole-mouth saliva (USWMS) were obtained from 45 HNC patients before, during, and one week after the RT. Data was also collected from 30 healthy controls. NMR spectroscopy identified and quantified 24 metabolites. Spearman's rank correlation analysis and pathway enrichment analysis (MetaboAnalyst 6.0) was performed to check the effect of cancer therapy on the correlation and pathways of different salivary metabolites.

RESULTS

Of 24 metabolites identified, 17 salivary metabolites showed a consistent decrease in the concentration during and after treatment of HNC patients. The metabolite proline decreased, whereas fucose and 1,2-Propanediol were increased in the saliva causing altered redox balance and abnormal fucosylation in HNC patients compared to controls. Spearman correlation analysis indicated changes between pyruvate and some other metabolites, including alanine, trimethylamine, choline, taurine, and succinate, during RT. Five pathways (Pyruvate metabolism; Glycolysis / Gluconeogenesis; Glycine, serine, and threonine metabolism; Glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism; and Alanine, aspartate and glutamate metabolism) are affected, demonstrating the metabolic dysregulation due to RT. The pyruvate metabolism was overpresented with the high Pathway Impact score.

CONCLUSION

Salivary metabolomics analysis revealed significant alterations in the metabolic profile of HNC patients undergoing RT, providing valuable insights into treatment-induced oral pathobiological changes. Alterations in salivary pathways during RT suggest disturbances in redox homeostasis, oxidative stress, and inflammation. The ability to monitor salivary metabolites and pathways non-invasively holds promise to personalized medicine in HNC treatment by enabling early detection of treatment-related toxicities, monitoring treatment response, and tailoring interventions to patient needs.

Metformin combined with CB-839 specifically inhibits KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer

KRAS mutations can cause metabolic reprogramming in ovarian cancer, leading to an increased metastatic capacity. This study investigated the metabolic reprogramming changes induced by KRAS mutations in ovarian cancer and the mechanism of action of metformin combined with a glutaminase 1 inhibitor (CB-839). KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer accounted for 14% of ovarian cancers. The expression of glucose metabolism-related (PFKFB3, HK2, GLUT1, and PDK2) and glutamine metabolism-related enzymes (GLS1 and ASCT2) was elevated in KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer cells compared with that in wild-type cells. KRAS-mutant cells had a higher aerobic oxidative capacity than did wild-type cells. Metformin inhibited proliferation, the expression of glucose metabolism-related enzymes, and the aerobic oxidative capacity of KRAS-mutant cells compared with those of control cells. Furthermore, it enhanced the expression of glutamine metabolism-related enzymes in KRAS-mutant cells. Metformin combined with CB-839 inhibited the proliferation and aerobic oxidation of KRAS-mutant cells to a greater extent than that observed in wild-type cells. Additionally, the inhibitory effects of metformin and CB-839 in the KRAS-mutant ovarian cancer NOD-SCID mouse model were significantly stronger than those in the drug-alone group. KRAS mutations lead to enhanced glucose and glutamine metabolism in ovarian cancer cells, which was inhibited by metformin combined with CB-839.

Targeting pancreatic cancer glutamine dependency confers vulnerability to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) relies heavily on glutamine (Gln) utilization to meet its metabolic and biosynthetic needs. How epigenetic regulators contribute to the metabolic flexibility and PDAC's response and adaptation to Gln scarcity in the tumor milieu remains largely unknown. Here, we elucidate that prolonged Gln restriction or treatment with the Gln antagonist, 6-diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine (DON), leads to growth inhibition and ferroptosis program activation in PDAC. A CRISPR-Cas9 screen identifies an epigenetic regulator, Paxip1, which promotes H3K4me3 upregulation and Hmox1 transcription upon DON treatment. Additionally, ferroptosis-related repressors (e.g., Slc7a11 and Gpx4) are increased as an adaptive response, thereby predisposing PDAC cells to ferroptosis upon Gln deprivation. Moreover, DON sensitizes PDAC cells to GPX4 inhibitor-induced ferroptosis, both in vitro and in patient-derived xenografts (PDXs). Taken together, our findings reveal that targeting Gln dependency confers susceptibility to GPX4-dependent ferroptosis via epigenetic remodeling and provides a combination strategy for PDAC therapy.

NLRP3-mediated glutaminolysis controls microglial phagocytosis to promote Alzheimer's disease progression

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome has been implicated in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) via the release of IL-1β and ASC specks. However, whether NLRP3 is involved in pathways beyond this remained unknown. Here, we found that Aβ deposition in vivo directly triggered NLRP3 activation in APP/PS1 mice, which model many features of AD. Loss of NLRP3 increased glutamine- and glutamate-related metabolism and increased expression of microglial Slc1a3, which was associated with enhanced mitochondrial and metabolic activity. The generation of α-ketoglutarate during this process impacted cellular function, including increased clearance of Aβ peptides as well as epigenetic and gene transcription changes. This pathway was conserved between murine and human cells. Critically, we could mimic this effect pharmacologically using NLRP3-specific inhibitors, but only with chronic NLRP3 inhibition. Together, these data demonstrate an additional role for NLRP3, where it can modulate mitochondrial and metabolic function, with important downstream consequences for the progression of AD.

Spatial Metabolomics and Transcriptomics Reveal Metabolic Reprogramming and Cellular Interactions in Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma with High PD-1 Expression and Therapeutic Response

Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is a heterogeneous cancer with variable therapeutic responses, highlighting the need to better understand the molecular factors influencing treatment outcomes. This study aims to explore spatially metabolic and gene expression alterations in NPC patients with different therapeutic responses and PD-1 expression levels. Methods: This study employs spatial metabolomics (SM) and spatial transcriptomics (ST) to investigate significant alterations in metabolic pathways and metabolites in NPC patients exhibiting therapeutic sensitivity or elevated programmed death 1 (PD-1) expression. The spatial distribution of various cell types within the TME and their complex interactions were also investigated. Identified prognostic targets were validated using public datasets from TCGA, and further substantiated by in vitro functional analyses. Results: SM analysis revealed substantial reprogramming in lipid metabolism, branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism, and glutamine metabolism, which were closely associated with therapeutic response and PD-1 expression. ST analysis highlighted the critical role of interactions between precursor T cells and malignant epithelial cells in modulating therapeutic response in NPC. Notably, six key genes involved in BCAA metabolism (IL4I1, OXCT1, BCAT2, DLD, ALDH1B1, HADH) were identified in distinguishing patients with therapeutic sensitivity from those with therapeutic resistance. Functional validation of DLD and IL4I1 revealed that gene silencing significantly inhibited NPC cell proliferation, colony formation, wound healing, and invasion. Silencing DLD or IL4I1 induced cell cycle arrest. Reduction in α-Ketomethylvaleric acid (KMV) levels was demonstrated upon IL4I1 silencing. Immunohistochemical analysis further confirmed that high expression of these six genes was significantly associated with poor prognosis in NPC patients, a trend corroborated by data from the TCGA head and neck cancer cohort. Conclusions: This study highlights the pivotal roles of key molecular players in therapeutic response in NPC, providing compelling evidence for their potential application as prognostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets, thereby contributing to precision oncology strategies aimed at improving patient outcomes.

Harnessing amino acid pathways to influence myeloid cell function in tumor immunity

Amino acids are pivotal regulators of immune cell metabolism, signaling pathways, and gene expression. In myeloid cells, these processes underlie their functional plasticity, enabling shifts between pro-inflammatory, anti-inflammatory, pro-tumor, and anti-tumor activities. Within the tumor microenvironment, amino acid metabolism plays a crucial role in mediating the immunosuppressive functions of myeloid cells, contributing to tumor progression. This review delves into the mechanisms by which specific amino acids-glutamine, serine, arginine, and tryptophan-regulate myeloid cell function and polarization. Furthermore, we explore the therapeutic potential of targeting amino acid metabolism to enhance anti-tumor immunity, offering insights into novel strategies for cancer treatment.

Glutamine Synthetase: Diverse Regulation and Functions of an Ancient Enzyme

Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a ubiquitous enzyme central to nitrogen metabolism, catalyzing the ATP-dependent formation of glutamine from glutamate and ammonia. Positioned at the intersection of nitrogen metabolism with carbon metabolism, the activity of GS is subject to sophisticated regulation. While the intricate regulatory pathways that govern Escherichia coli GS were established long ago, recent work has demonstrated that homologues are controlled by multiple distinct regulatory patterns, such as the metabolite induced oligomeric state formation in archaeal GS by 2-oxoglutarate. Such work was enabled in large part by advances in cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) that allowed greater structural access to this large enzyme complex, such as assessment of the large heterogeneous oligomeric states of GS and protein-interactor-GS complexes. This perspective highlights recent advances in understanding GS regulation, focusing on the dynamic interplay between its oligomeric state, metabolite binding, and protein interactors. These interactions modulate GS activity, influencing cellular processes such as nitrogen assimilation, carbon metabolism, and stress responses. Furthermore, we explore the emerging concept of GS "moonlighting" functions, revealing its roles in palmitoylation, cell cycle regulation, and ion channel modulation. These diverse functions highlight a newfound versatility of GS beyond its primary catalytic role and suggest complex roles in health and disease that warrant further study.

Moxibustion Alleviates Inflammation via SIRT5-mediated Post-translational Modification and Macrophage Polarization

Macrophage polarisation is influenced by Sirtuin5 (SIRT5), which is crucial for regulating anti-inflammatory processes. Moxibustion, a traditional Chinese medicine therapy, exerts anti-inflammatory effects by altering the succinate/α-ketoglutarate (α-KG) ratio, an indicator of the M1 to M2 macrophage shift. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1), a key enzyme involved in α-KG production, is desuccinylated by SIRT5. Currently, the potential influence of moxibustion on SIRT5-GLUD1-α-KG-mediated macrophage polarization in inflammatory diseases remains unexplored. C57BL/6 J and Sirt5 knockout mice were used as complete Freund's adjuvant (CFA)-induced adjuvant arthritis models. Moxibustion and acupoint injections of MC3482 were administered. Paw capacity asssays and ELISA were performed to quantify inflammatory effects and the expression of succinate, and α-KG expressions. Flow cytometry (FCM) and immunofluorescence were used to assesss the expression of M1- and M2-like macrophages. LC-MS/MS-based proteomic analysis was performed, and GLUD1 was identified desuccinylated protein associated with SIRT5. Western blotting and immunoprecipitation (IP) were used to detect SIRT5, GLUD1, and succinylated GLUD1expressions. Moxibustion and the SIRT5-mediated desuccinylation inhibitor MC3482 decreased inflammation by increasing the number of M2 macrophages and reducing the number of M1 macrophage in the CFA model. The potential mechanism may be related to the effects of moxibustion and SIRT5 inhibition, which inverted succinate and α-KG levels in the CFA group, resulting in low succinate, high α-KG, and increased GLUD1 succinylation after treatment. These findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects moxibustion are related to the impact of macrophage conversion after SIRT5-mediated post-translational modification.

Anti-Tumor Strategies Targeting Nutritional Deprivation: Challenges and Opportunities

Higher and richer nutrient requirements are typical features that distinguish tumor cells from AU: cells, ensuring adequate substrates and energy sources for tumor cell proliferation and migration. Therefore, nutrient deprivation strategies based on targeted technologies can induce impaired cell viability in tumor cells, which are more sensitive than normal cells. In this review, nutrients that are required by tumor cells and related metabolic pathways are introduced, and anti-tumor strategies developed to target nutrient deprivation are described. In addition to tumor cells, the nutritional and metabolic characteristics of other cells in the tumor microenvironment (including macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, T cells, and cancer-associated fibroblasts) and related new anti-tumor strategies are also summarized. In conclusion, recent advances in anti-tumor strategies targeting nutrient blockade are reviewed, and the challenges and prospects of these anti-tumor strategies are discussed, which are of theoretical significance for optimizing the clinical application of tumor nutrition deprivation strategies.

E3 ubiquitin ligase SYVN1 as a promising therapeutic target for diverse human diseases

Numerous studies conducted in recent years indicate that mammalian E3 ubiquitin ligases serve as key regulators in the maintenance of cellular homeostasis by targeting the ubiquitination of substrate proteins and activating downstream signaling pathways. SYVN1, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, is characterized by its significant functions in regulating various biological processes, including molecular mechanisms related to gene expression, signaling pathways, and cell death, among others. Consequently, SYVN1 plays a crucial role in both normal human physiology and the pathogenesis of various diseases, such as oncogenesis, cardiovascular disorders, immune regulation, skeletal anomalies, and neurological diseases. This review synthesizes recent findings regarding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of SYVN1, offering new insights into potential strategies for the prevention and treatment of human diseases, as well as suggesting avenues for future drug development. In this Review, we summarize the latest findings regarding the physiological and pathophysiological roles of SYVN1, elucidating the mechanisms by which SYVN1 can regulate the progression of various diseases in humans. These important findings provide new avenues for further investigation of SYVN1 protein, new insights into potential strategies to prevent and treat human diseases, and new directions for future drug development.

RUNX2 enhances bladder cancer progression by promoting glutamine metabolism

Bladder cancer is a prevalent malignancy within the urinary system. Prior research has suggested that glutamine metabolism plays a crucial role in driving bladder cancer progression. However, the precise molecular mechanism governing glutamine metabolism in bladder cancer is still inadequately understood. The research revealed a significant correlation between high levels of RUNX2 and SLC7A6 and advanced clinical stage, as well as poor prognosis, in bladder cancer patients. Furthermore, manipulating the levels of RUNX2 through overexpression or silencing demonstrated a significant impact on glutamine and bladder cancer progression. Mechanically, RUNX2 regulates the transcription of SLC7A6, resulting in enhanced glutamine metabolism and promoting the progression of bladder cancer. Overall, this research affirms the crucial function of RUNX2 as a key transcription factor to promoting glutamine and cancer development through modulation of SLC7A6. Targeting RUNX2 could represent a promising therapeutic approach for addressing aberrant glutamine metabolism in bladder cancer.

Copy number amplification of FLAD1 promotes the progression of triple-negative breast cancer through lipid metabolism

Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is known for frequent copy number alterations (CNAs) and metabolic reprogramming. However, the mechanism by which CNAs of metabolic genes drive distinct metabolic reprogramming and affect disease progression remains unclear. Through an integrated analysis of our TNBC multiomic dataset (n = 465) and subsequent experimental validation, we identify copy number amplification of the metabolic gene flavin-adenine dinucleotide synthetase 1 (FLAD1) as a crucial genetic event that drives TNBC progression. Mechanistically, FLAD1, but not its enzymatically inactive mutant, upregulates the enzymatic activity of FAD-dependent lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1). LSD1 subsequently promotes the expression of sterol regulatory element-binding protein 1 (SREBP1) by demethylating dimethyl histone H3 lysine 9 (H3K9me2). The upregulation of SREBP1 enhances the expression of lipid biosynthesis genes, ultimately facilitating the progression of TNBC. Clinically, pharmacological inhibition of the FLAD1/LSD1/SREBP1 axis effectively suppresses FLAD1-induced tumor progression. Moreover, LSD1 inhibitor enhances the therapeutic effect of doxorubicin and sacituzumab govitecan (SG). In conclusion, our findings reveal the CNA-derived oncogenic signalling axis of FLAD1/LSD1/SREBP1 and present a promising treatment strategy for TNBC.

Metabolic plasticity in pancreatic cancer: The mitochondrial connection

BACKGROUND

Cellular metabolism plays a pivotal role in the development and progression of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), with dysregulated metabolic pathways contributing to tumorigenesis and therapeutic resistance. Distinct metabolic heterogeneity in pancreatic cancer significantly impacts patient prognosis, as variations in metabolic profiles influence tumor behavior and treatment responses.

SCOPE OF THE REVIEW

This review explores the intricate interplay between mitochondrial dynamics, mitophagy, and cellular metabolism in PDAC. We discuss the significance of mitophagy dysregulation in PDAC pathogenesis, emphasizing its influence on treatment responses and prognosis. Furthermore, we analyze the impact of mitochondrial dynamics alterations, including fission and fusion processes, on PDAC progression and tumorigenesis.

MAJOR CONCLUSION

Targeting mitochondrial metabolism holds promise for advancing PDAC therapeutics. Ongoing clinical trials underscore the therapeutic potential of modulating key regulators of mitochondrial dynamics and mitophagy. Despite inherent challenges, these approaches offer diverse strategies to enhance treatment efficacy and improve patient outcomes.

Scutellarein inhibits lung cancer growth by inducing cell apoptosis and inhibiting glutamine metabolic pathway

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE

Scutellaria baicalensis Georgi, a widely used Chinese medicinal herb, has shown effectiveness against lung cancer. Scutellarein, a key component of Scutellaria baicalensis, also demonstrates anticancer properties in lung cancer. However, the underlying mechanisms have not yet been clarified.

AIM OF THE STUDY

This study aimed to investigate the effects of scutellarein in the treatment of NSCLC and its underlying mechanisms.

METHODS

This study explored the effects of scutellarein on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and its mechanisms. A Lewis lung cancer mouse model was established to assess scutellarein's anticancer activity in vivo. Additionally, the compound's effects on cell proliferation, colony formation, migration, and apoptosis were evaluated in vitro using A549 and H1299 lung cancer cells. Metabolomics analysis was conducted to identify changes in cellular metabolism due to scutellarein, while molecular docking and western blotting techniques were employed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms of its anti-lung cancer effects.

RESULTS

Scutellarein significantly inhibited lung cancer xenograft tumor growth. In vitro studies showed that scutellarein suppressed migration and colony formation in A549 and H1299 cells, induced cell cycle arrest, and triggered cell apoptosis. Notably, scutellarein profoundly altered amino acid metabolism, particularly affecting glutamine metabolites. It affected key glutamine transporters ASCT2 and LAT1, as well as glutaminase GLS1, leading to their reduced expression.

CONCLUSION

Scutellarein effectively inhibits lung cancer growth both in vivo and in vitro by inducing cell apoptosis and downregulating the glutamine metabolic pathway.

Targeting Metabolic Vulnerabilities to Combat Drug Resistance in Cancer Therapy

Drug resistance remains a significant barrier to effective cancer therapy. Cancer cells evade treatment by reprogramming their metabolism, switching from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), and relying on alternative carbon sources such as glutamine. These adaptations not only enable tumor survival but also contribute to immune evasion through mechanisms such as reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and the upregulation of immune checkpoint molecules like PD-L1. This review explores the potential of targeting metabolic weaknesses in drug-resistant cancers to enhance therapeutic efficacy. Key metabolic pathways involved in resistance, including glycolysis, glutamine metabolism, and the kynurenine pathway, are discussed. The combination of metabolic inhibitors with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), particularly anti-PD-1/PD-L1 therapies, represents a promising approach to overcoming both metabolic and immune evasion mechanisms. Clinical trials combining metabolic and immune therapies have shown early promise, but further research is needed to optimize treatment combinations and identify biomarkers for patient selection. In conclusion, targeting cancer metabolism in combination with immune checkpoint blockade offers a novel approach to overcoming drug resistance, providing a potential pathway to improved outcomes in cancer therapy. Future directions include personalized treatments based on tumor metabolic profiles and expanding research to other tumor types.

Global Trends in Research of Amino Acid Metabolism in T Lymphocytes in Recent 15 Years: A Bibliometric Analysis

Amino acid metabolism in T cells determines the therapeutic efficacy of T-cell-targeting drugs. To assess the direction of amino acid metabolism in T cells and construct related knowledge structure, we performed a bibliometric analysis aiming at amino acid metabolism in T cells utilizing studies publicized in recent 15 years. Three hundred thirty-seven related studies were downloaded from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC), and the information on countries, institutes, and authors was collected and analyzed. In addition, the present research status and future trends were explored according to the results yielded from the analysis of cited references and keywords. This study revealed that publications regarding amino acid metabolism in T cells gradually increased each year. The USA is the top producer and most influential country in this field. Recent research has focused on the correlation between the metabolism of several amino acids and regulatory T cells (Tregs) and CD8+ T cells. Overall, this research offers a comprehensive exhibition on the field of amino acid metabolism in T cells, which will help researchers to study this domain more effectively and intuitively.

Metabolic reprogramming and immunological changes in the microenvironment of esophageal cancer: future directions and prospects

Background

Esophageal cancer (EC) is the seventh-most prevalent cancer worldwide and is a significant contributor to cancer-related mortality. Metabolic reprogramming in tumors frequently coincides with aberrant immune function alterations, and extensive research has demonstrated that perturbations in energy metabolism within the tumor microenvironment influence the occurrence and progression of esophageal cancer. Current treatment modalities for esophageal cancer primarily include encompass chemotherapy and a limited array of targeted therapies, which are hampered by toxicity and drug resistance issues. Immunotherapy, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) targeting the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway, has exhibited promising results; however, a substantial proportion of patients remain unresponsive. The optimization of these immunotherapies requires further investigation. Mounting evidence underscores the importance of modulating metabolic traits within the tumor microenvironment (TME) to augment anti-tumor immunotherapy.

Methods

We selected relevant studies on the metabolism of the esophageal cancer tumor microenvironment and immune cells based on our searches of MEDLINE and PubMed, focusing on screening experimental articles and reviews related to glucose metabolism, amino acid metabolism, and lipid metabolism, as well their interactions with tumor cells and immune cells, published within the last five years. We analyzed and discussed these studies, while also expressing our own insights and opinions.

Results

A total of 137 articles were included in the review: 21 articles focused on the tumor microenvironment of esophageal cancer, 33 delved into research related to glucose metabolism and tumor immunology, 30 introduced amino acid metabolism and immune responses, and 17 focused on the relationship between lipid metabolism in the tumor microenvironment and both tumor cells and immune cells.

Conclusion

This article delves into metabolic reprogramming and immune alterations within the TME of EC, systematically synthesizes the metabolic characteristics of the TME, dissects the interactions between tumor and immune cells, and consolidates and harnesses pertinent immunotherapy targets, with the goal of enhancing anti-tumor immunotherapy for esophageal cancer and thereby offering insights into the development of novel therapeutic strategies.

Nanomaterial-enabled metabolic reprogramming strategies for boosting antitumor immunity

Immunotherapy has become a crucial strategy in cancer treatment, but its effectiveness is often constrained. Most cancer immunotherapies focus on stimulating T-cell-mediated immunity by driving the cancer-immunity cycle, which includes tumor antigen release, antigen presentation, T cell activation, infiltration, and tumor cell killing. However, metabolism reprogramming in the tumor microenvironment (TME) supports the viability of cancer cells and inhibits the function of immune cells within this cycle, presenting clinical challenges. The distinct metabolic needs of tumor cells and immune cells require precise and selective metabolic interventions to maximize therapeutic outcomes while minimizing adverse effects. Recent advances in nanotherapeutics offer a promising approach to target tumor metabolism reprogramming and enhance the cancer-immunity cycle through tailored metabolic modulation. In this review, we explore cutting-edge nanomaterial strategies for modulating tumor metabolism to improve therapeutic outcomes. We review the design principles of nanoplatforms for immunometabolic modulation, key metabolic pathways and their regulation, recent advances in targeting these pathways for the cancer-immunity cycle enhancement, and future prospects for next-generation metabolic nanomodulators in cancer immunotherapy. We expect that emerging immunometabolic modulatory nanotechnology will establish a new frontier in cancer immunotherapy in the near future.

Glutamine metabolic competition drives immunosuppressive reprogramming of intratumour GPR109A+ myeloid cells to promote liver cancer progression

OBJECTIVE

The metabolic characteristics of liver cancer drive considerable hurdles to immune cells function and cancer immunotherapy. However, how metabolic reprograming in the tumour microenvironment impairs the antitumour immune response remains unclear.

DESIGN

Human samples and multiple murine models were employed to evaluate the correlation between GPR109A and liver cancer progression. GPR109A knockout mice, immune cells depletion and primary cell coculture models were used to determine the regulation of GPR109A on tumour microenvironment and identify the underlying mechanism responsible for the formation of intratumour GPR109A+myeloid cells.

RESULTS

We demonstrate that glutamine shortage in liver cancer tumour microenvironment drives an immunosuppressive GPR109A+myeloid cells infiltration, leading to the evasion of immune surveillance. Blockade of GPR109A decreases G-MDSCs and M2-like TAMs abundance to trigger the antitumour responses of CD8+ T cells and further improves the immunotherapy efficacy against liver cancer. Mechanistically, tumour cells and tumour-infiltrated myeloid cells compete for glutamine uptake via the transporter SLC1A5 to control antitumour immunity, which disrupts the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) homoeostasis and induces unfolded protein response of myeloid cells to promote GPR109A expression through IRE1α/XBP1 pathway. The restriction of glutamine uptake in liver cancer cells, as well as the blockade of IRE1α/XBP1 signalling or glutamine supplementation, can eliminate the immunosuppressive effects of GPR109A+ myeloid cells and slow down tumour progression.

CONCLUSION

Our findings identify the immunometabolic crosstalk between liver cancer cells and myeloid cells facilitates tumour progression via a glutamine metabolism/ER stress/GPR109A axis, suggesting that GPR109A can be exploited as an immunometabolic checkpoint and putative target for cancer treatment.

Molecular and immune landscape of tumours in geriatric patients with non-small cell lung cancer, melanoma and renal cell carcinoma

Objective

Cancer patients aged ≥80 years present unique characteristics affecting response to immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), with unidentified molecular differences. This study aimed to explore potential biomarkers of response to ICI in patients ≥80 years.

Methods and analysis

We analysed tumour samples (n=24 123) from patients ≥80 (versus<80) with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), melanoma (MEL), and renal cell cancer (RCC). Using gene expression deconvolution, we investigated differences in tumour microenvironment (TIME) composition. Then, using next-generation sequencing and programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) assessment, we evaluated gene expression differences between age groups and across tumour types, with a focus on ageing-related processes such as DNA damage response (DDR), immune checkpoint (IC) and metabolism-related genes. In a subset of patients ≥80 (n=1013), gene clustering and differential gene expression analyses were carried out to identify potential tumour-type specific expression patterns in responders to ICI.

Results

Significant differences in TIME composition were seen in patients with NSCLC and MEL. In patients ≥80, tumour mutational burden was lower in patients with NSCLC, higher in MEL and RCC had fewer PD-L1+tumours. DDR, IC and metabolism-related gene enrichments were distinct in patients ≥80. In patients ≥80 treated with ICIs (n=1013), there were no significant differences in survival between gene clusters, but differential gene expression analysis identified potential tumour-type specific expression patterns in responders.

Conclusion

Our findings reveal tumour type-specific expression profiles, TIMEs and response signatures to ICIs in patients ≥80, supporting further biomarker investigations in this population.

The roles of KRAS in cancer metabolism, tumor microenvironment and clinical therapy

KRAS is one of the most mutated genes, driving alternations in metabolic pathways that include enhanced nutrient uptaking, increased glycolysis, elevated glutaminolysis, and heightened synthesis of fatty acids and nucleotides. However, the beyond mechanisms of KRAS-modulated cancer metabolisms remain incompletely understood. In this review, we aim to summarize current knowledge on KRAS-related metabolic alterations in cancer cells and explore the prevalence and significance of KRAS mutation in shaping the tumor microenvironment and influencing epigenetic modification via various molecular activities. Given that cancer cells rely on these metabolic changes to sustain cell growth and survival, targeting these processes may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for KRAS-driven cancers.

The Pentose Phosphate Pathway: From Mechanisms to Implications for Gastrointestinal Cancers

The pentose phosphate pathway (PPP), traditionally recognized for its role in generating nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) and ribose-5-phosphate (R5P), has emerged as a critical metabolic hub with involvements in various gastrointestinal (GI) cancers. The PPP plays crucial roles in the initiation, development, and tumor microenvironment (TME) of GI cancers by modulating redox homeostasis and providing precursors for nucleotide biosynthesis. Targeting PPP enzymes and their regulatory axis has been a potential strategy in anti-GI cancer therapies. In this review, we summarize the regulatory mechanisms of PPP enzymes, elucidate the relationships between the PPP and TME's elements, and discuss the therapeutic potential of targeting the PPP in GI cancers.

Targeting KRAS: from metabolic regulation to cancer treatment

The Kirsten rat sarcoma viral oncogene homolog (KRAS) protein plays a key pathogenic role in oncogenesis, cancer progression, and metastasis. Numerous studies have explored the role of metabolic alterations in KRAS-driven cancers, providing a scientific rationale for targeting metabolism in cancer treatment. The development of KRAS-specific inhibitors has also garnered considerable attention, partly due to the challenge of acquired treatment resistance. Here, we review the metabolic reprogramming of glucose, glutamine, and lipids regulated by oncogenic KRAS, with an emphasis on recent insights into the relationship between changes in metabolic mechanisms driven by KRAS mutant and related advances in targeted therapy. We also focus on advances in KRAS inhibitor discovery and related treatment strategies in colorectal, pancreatic, and non-small cell lung cancer, including current clinical trials. Therefore, this review provides an overview of the current understanding of metabolic mechanisms associated with KRAS mutation and related therapeutic strategies, aiming to facilitate the understanding of current challenges in KRAS-driven cancer and to support the investigation of therapeutic strategies.

Molecular Targets and Small Molecules Modulating Acetyl Coenzyme A in Physiology and Diseases

Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl-CoA), a pivotal regulatory metabolite, is a product of numerous catabolic reactions and a substrate for various anabolic responses. Its role extends to crucial physiological processes, such as glucose homeostasis and free fatty acid utilization. Moreover, acetyl-CoA plays a significant part in reshaping the metabolic microenvironment and influencing the progression of several diseases and conditions, including cancer, insulin resistance, diabetes, heart failure, fear, and neuropathic pain. This Review delves into the role of acetyl-CoA in both physiological and pathological conditions, shedding light on the key players in its formation within the cytosol. We specifically focus on the physiological impact of malonyl-CoA decarboxylase (MCD), acetyl-CoA synthetase2 (ACSS2), and ATP-citrate lyase (ACLY) on metabolism, glucose homeostasis, free fatty acid utilization, and post-translational modification cellular processes. Additionally, we present the pathological implications of MCD, ACSS2, and ACLY in various clinical manifestations. This Review also explores the potential and limitations of targeting MCD, ACSS2, and ACLY using small molecules in different clinical settings.