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Mugo RM, Oser L, Midha A, Adjah J, Kundik A, Laubschat A, Höfler P, Musimbi ZD, Hayani R, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Hartmann S, Rausch S. Acute Ascaris infection impairs the effector functions of natural killer cells in single and Salmonella co-infected pigs. Sci Rep 2024; 14:14586. [PMID: 38918457 PMCID: PMC11199589 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-64497-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 06/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cells play a key role in defense against Salmonella infections during the early phase of infection. Our previous work showed that the excretory/secretory products of Ascaris suum repressed NK activity in vitro. Here, we asked if NK cell functionality was influenced in domestic pigs during coinfection with Ascaris and Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium. Ascaris coinfection completely abolished the IL-12 and IL-18 driven elevation of IFN-γ production seen in CD16 + CD8α + perforin + NK cells of Salmonella single-infected pigs. Furthermore, Ascaris coinfection prohibited the Salmonella-driven rise in NK perforin levels and CD107a surface expression. In line with impaired effector functions, NK cells from Ascaris-single and coinfected pigs displayed elevated expression of the inhibitory KLRA1 and NKG2A receptors genes, contrasting with the higher expression of the activating NKp46 and NKp30 receptors in NK cells during Salmonella single infection. These differences were accompanied by the highly significant upregulation of T-bet protein expression in NK cells from Ascaris-single and Ascaris/Salmonella coinfected pigs. Together, our data strongly indicate a profound repression of NK functionality by an Ascaris infection which may hinder infected individuals from adequately responding to a concurrent bacterial infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Mugo
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Larissa Oser
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Adjah
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexandra Laubschat
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Philipp Höfler
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D Musimbi
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rima Hayani
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Susanne Hartmann
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Institute of Immunology, Centre for Infection Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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2
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Lima JC, Brito RMDM, Pereira LC, Pereira NDS, Nascimento MSL, de Melo AL, Guedes PMM. Innate immune receptors are differentially expressed in mice during experimental Schistosoma mansoni early infection. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz 2024; 119:e240013. [PMID: 38896633 PMCID: PMC11182339 DOI: 10.1590/0074-02760240013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The impact of Schistosoma mansoni infection over the immune response and the mechanisms involved in pathogenesis are not yet completely understood. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to evaluate the expression of innate immune receptors in three distinct mouse lineages (BALB/c, C57BL/6 and Swiss) during experimental S. mansoni infection with LE strain. METHODS The parasite burden, intestinal tissue oogram and presence of hepatic granulomas were evaluated at 7- and 12-weeks post infection (wpi). The mRNA expression for innate Toll-like receptors, Nod-like receptors, their adaptor molecules, and cytokines were determined at 2, 7 and 12 wpi in the hepatic tissue by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). FINDINGS Swiss mice showed 100% of survival, had lower parasite burden and intestinal eggs, while infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 presented 80% and 90% of survival, respectively, higher parasite burden and intestinal eggs. The three mouse lineages displayed distinct patterns in the expression of innate immune receptors, their adaptor molecules and cytokines, at 2 and 7 wpi. MAIN CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that the pathogenesis of S. mansoni infection is related to a dynamic early activation of innate immunity receptors and cytokines important for the control of developing worms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janete Cunha Lima
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Luanderson Cardoso Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | - Nathalie de Sena Pereira
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Departamento de Microbiologia e Parasitologia, Natal, RN, Brasil
| | | | - Alan Lane de Melo
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Departamento de Parasitologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - Paulo Marcos Matta Guedes
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biologia Parasitária, Natal, RN, Brasil
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3
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Migayron L, Bordes S, Closs B, Seneschal J, Boniface K. Type-2 immunity associated with type-1 related skin inflammatory diseases: friend or foe? Front Immunol 2024; 15:1405215. [PMID: 38868763 PMCID: PMC11167106 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1405215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammatory skin diseases are multifactorial diseases that combine genetic predisposition, environmental triggers, and metabolic disturbances associated with abnormal immune responses. From an immunological perspective, the better understanding of their physiopathology has demonstrated a large complex network of immune cell subsets and related cytokines that interact with both epidermal and dermal cells. For example, in type-1-associated diseases such as alopecia areata, vitiligo, and localized scleroderma, recent evidence suggests the presence of a type-2 inflammation that is well known in atopic dermatitis. Whether this type-2 immune response has a protective or detrimental impact on the development and chronicity of these diseases remains to be fully elucidated, highlighting the need to better understand its involvement for the management of patients. This mini-review explores recent insights regarding the potential role of type-2-related immunity in alopecia areata, vitiligo, and localized scleroderma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Migayron
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno ConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- R&D Department, SILAB, Brive-la-Gaillarde, France
| | | | | | - Julien Seneschal
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno ConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
- CHU de Bordeaux, Dermatology and Pediatric Dermatology, National Reference Center for Rare Skin Disorders, Hôpital Saint-André, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
| | - Katia Boniface
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Immuno ConcEpT, UMR 5164, Bordeaux, France
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Alonaizan R. Molecular regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation during parasitic infection. Biosci Rep 2024; 44:BSR20231918. [PMID: 38623843 PMCID: PMC11096646 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20231918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2023] [Revised: 03/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases are a serious global health concern, causing many common and severe infections, including Chagas disease, leishmaniasis, and schistosomiasis. The NLRP3 inflammasome belongs to the NLR (nucleotide-binding domain leucine-rich-repeat-containing proteins) family, which are cytosolic proteins playing key roles in the detection of pathogens. NLRP3 inflammasomes are activated in immune responses to Plasmodium, Leishmania, Toxoplasma gondii, Entamoeba histolytica, Trypanosoma cruzi, and other parasites. The role of NLRP3 is not fully understood, but it is a crucial component of the innate immune response to parasitic infections and its functions as a sensor triggering the inflammatory response to the invasive parasites. However, while this response can limit the parasites' growth, it can also result in potentially catastrophic host pathology. This makes it essential to understand how NLRP3 interacts with parasites to initiate the inflammatory response. Plasmodium hemozoin, Leishmania glycoconjugate lipophosphoglycan (LPG) and E. histolytica Gal/GalNAc lectin can stimulate NLRP3 activation, while the dense granule protein 9 (GRA9) of T. gondii has been shown to suppress it. Several other parasitic products also have diverse effects on NLRP3 activation. Understanding the mechanism of NLRP3 interaction with these products will help to develop advanced therapeutic approaches to treat parasitic diseases. This review summarizes current knowledge of the NLRP3 inflammasome's action on the immune response to parasitic infections and aims to determine the mechanisms through which parasitic molecules either activate or inhibit its action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasha Alonaizan
- Faculty of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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5
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Oser L, Midha A, Schlosser-Brandenburg J, Rausch S, Mugo RM, Kundik A, Elizalde-Velázquez LE, Adjah J, Musimbi ZD, Klopfleisch R, Helm CS, von Samson-Himmelstjerna G, Hartmann S, Ebner F. Ascaris suum infection in juvenile pigs elicits a local Th2 response in a setting of ongoing Th1 expansion. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1396446. [PMID: 38799456 PMCID: PMC11116563 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1396446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Ascaris spp. undergo extensive migration within the body before establishing patent infections in the small intestinal tract of humans and pigs. However, whether larval migration is critical for inducing efficient type 2 responses remains poorly understood. Therefore, we investigated systemic versus local adaptive immune responses along the hepato-tracheal migration of Ascaris suum during primary, single infections in conventionally raised pigs. Neither the initial invasion of gut tissue nor migration through the liver resulted in discernable Th2 cell responses. In contrast, lung-stage larvae elicited a Th2-biased pulmonary response, which declined after the larvae had left the lungs. In the small intestine, we observed an accumulation of Th2 cells upon the arrival of fourth-stage larvae (L4) to the small intestinal lumen. In parallel, we noticed robust and increasing Th1 responses in circulation, migration-affected organs, and draining lymph nodes. Phenotypic analysis of CD4+ T cells specifically recognizing A. suum antigens in the circulation and lung tissue of infected pigs confirmed that the majority of Ascaris-specific T cells produced IL-4 (Th2) and, to a much lesser extent, IL-4/IFN-g (Th2/1 hybrids) or IFN-g alone (Th1). These data demonstrate that lung-stage but not the early liver-stage larvae lead to a locally restricted Th2 response. Significant Th2 cell accumulation in the small intestine occurs only when L4 complete the body migration. In addition, Th2 immunity seems to be hampered by the concurrent, nonspecific Th1 bias in growing pigs. Together, the late onset of Th2 immunity at the site of infection and the Th1-biased systemic immunity likely enable the establishment of intestinal infections by sufficiently large L4 stages and pre-adult worms, some of which resist expulsion mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larissa Oser
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ankur Midha
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Josephine Schlosser-Brandenburg
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Rausch
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert M. Mugo
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Arkadi Kundik
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis E. Elizalde-Velázquez
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Joshua Adjah
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Zaneta D. Musimbi
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christina S. Helm
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Georg von Samson-Himmelstjerna
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute for Parasitology and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Susanne Hartmann
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friederike Ebner
- Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Immunology, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Infection Pathogenesis, School of Life Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Freising, Germany
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6
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Jutzeler KS, Le Clec'h W, Chevalier FD, Anderson TJC. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. Parasit Vectors 2024; 17:203. [PMID: 38711063 PMCID: PMC11073996 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-024-06286-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. METHODS We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over a 12-week infection period. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology) and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. RESULTS We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokine levels (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophils, lymphocytes and monocyte counts. CONCLUSIONS This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotypes impact immunopathology outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S Jutzeler
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
- UT Health, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, San Antonio, TX, 78229, USA.
| | - Winka Le Clec'h
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Frédéric D Chevalier
- Host Parasite Interaction Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA
| | - Timothy J C Anderson
- Disease Intervention and Prevention Program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, San Antonio, TX, 78245, USA.
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Shieh JM, Tsai YJ, Ma MC, Chen CL, Wu WB. The cyclooxygenase-2 upregulation mediates production of PGE2 autacoid to positively regulate interleukin-6 secretion in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and polyp-derived fibroblasts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:7559. [PMID: 38555391 PMCID: PMC10981736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-58143-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) can be traditionally classified as CRSwNP [with nasal polyps (NPs)] and CRSsNP (without NPs) based on the clinical phenotypes but recently suggested to be classified by the endotypes. We have identified overexpression of the cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) gene in NP tissues of Taiwanese CRSwNP patients. Therefore, in this study, we sought to investigate its protein expression/location/distribution in NP specimens and explore its roles in nasal polyposis. The COX-2 protein and mRNA expression was found higher in NPs than that in the control and CRSsNP patients' nasal tissues, mainly located at the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. Consistently, the CRS-related peptidoglycan (PGN) and bradykinin provoked COX-2 mRNA and protein upregulation in the human NP-derived fibroblasts and caused PGE2, thromboxane A2 (TXA2), and interleukin (IL-6) secretion in culture medium. Further analysis revealed that the PI3K/Akt activation and COX-2 induction were necessarily required for PGN-induced IL-6 production/secretion and the induced PGE2, but not TXA2, was speculated to affect IL-6 protein trafficking and production. Finally, the IL-6 increase observed in vitro could also be detected in NP tissues. Collectively, we demonstrated here that COX-2 protein and IL-6 are overexpressed in human NP tissues. In response to PGN challenge, the PI3K/Akt activation and COX-2-mediated PGE2 autacoid correlates with extracellular IL-6 protein trafficking/production in NP-derived fibroblasts, which can additionally contribute to the production of Th17-related cytokines such as IL-17 and TNF-α. This study also suggests COX-2 as a special biomarker for CRSwNP endotyping and may highlight the importance of COX-2 inhibitors in treating CRSwNP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiunn-Min Shieh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Jeng Tsai
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Shin Kong Wu Ho Su Memorial Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Chieh Ma
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Li Chen
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Bin Wu
- School of Medicine, Fu Jen Catholic University, No.510, Zhongzheng Rd., Xinzhuang Dist., New Taipei City, 242062, Taiwan.
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Science, Fu Jen Catholic University, New Taipei City, Taiwan.
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Lu C, Wang L, Jiang Y, Lan M, Wang F. Preconceptional, pregnant, and postnatal exposure to outdoor air pollution and indoor environmental factors: Effects on childhood parasitic infections. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169234. [PMID: 38101631 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections (PIs) are common and pose substantial health hazards in children globally, but the fundamental environmental variables exposure during crucial time window(s) are unclear. OBJECTIVES To identify key indoor and outdoor environmental factors leading to childhood PIs throughout critical time window(s). METHODS A combined cross-sectional and retrospective cohort study was performed on 8689 children residing in Changsha, China. Data was acquired pertaining to the health status and environmental exposure of the children in their homes. Personal exposure to outdoor air pollutants at the residential address during the preconceptional, perinatal, and postnatal periods was computed using data from ten air quality monitoring stations. An analysis of the relationships between childhood PIs and both indoor and outdoor factors was conducted using a multiple logistic regression model. RESULTS Childhood PIs were associated with outdoor CO and ozone (O3) exposure during the 10th-12th months prior to pregnancy, with ORs (95 % CI) of 1.68 (1.24-2.27) and 1.60 (1.15-2.22), respectively; childhood PIs were also associated with CO exposure during one year prior to pregnancy and the first trimester in utero [ORs = 1.57 (1.14-2.15) and 1.52 (1.17-1.97)]. Childhood PIs were found to be associated with PM2.5 exposure during pregnancy and the first year, with odds ratios of 1.51 (1.14-2.00) and 1.95 (1.22-3.12) per IQR increase in pollutant exposure, respectively. Exposures to smoke, renovation-related indoor air pollution (IAP), dampness and plant-related indoor allergens in the early life and past year were all associated with childhood PI, with odds ratios (95 % CI) ranging from 1.40 (1.01-1.95) for environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) during pregnancy to 1.63 (1.12-2.37) for mold/damp stains in the past year. In terms of PI risk, the early life and present periods were critical time windows for outdoor and indoor exposures, respectively. Certain individuals were more vulnerable to the PI risk associated with both indoor and outdoor exposures. Antibiotic use during child's lifetime and early years increased and decreased the PI risk of exposure to outdoor and indoor environments, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to outdoor air pollution in early life and indoor environments in the past year were found to be associated with childhood PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chan Lu
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Lin Wang
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ying Jiang
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mengju Lan
- XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Faming Wang
- Division of Animal and Human Health Engineering, Department of Biosystems, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Israelson H, Vedsted-Jakobsen A, Zhu L, Gagnaire A, von Münchow A, Polakovicova N, Valente AH, Raza A, Andersen-Civil AIS, Olsen JE, Myhill LJ, Geldhof P, Williams AR. Diet composition drives tissue-specific intensity of murine enteric infections. mBio 2024; 15:e0260323. [PMID: 38179939 PMCID: PMC10865784 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02603-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Diet composition plays a large role in regulating gut health and enteric infection. In particular, synthetic "Western-style" diets may predispose to disease, while whole-grain diets containing high levels of crude fiber are thought to promote gut health. Here, we show that, in contrast to this paradigm, mice fed with unrefined chow are significantly more susceptible to infection with Trichuris muris, a caecum-dwelling nematode, than mice fed with refined, semi-synthetic diets (SSDs). Moreover, mice fed with SSD supplemented with inulin, a fermentable fiber, developed chronic T. muris burdens, whereas mice fed with SSD efficiently cleared the infection. Diet composition significantly impacted infection-induced changes in the host gut microbiome. Mice infected with the bacterium Citrobacter rodentium were also more susceptible to pathogen colonization when fed with either chow or inulin-enriched SSD. However, transcriptomic analysis of tissues from mice fed with either SSD or inulin-enriched SSD revealed that, in contrast to T. muris, increased C. rodentium infection appeared to be independent of the host immune response. Accordingly, exogenous treatment with interleukin (IL)-25 reduced T. muris burdens in inulin-fed mice, whereas IL-22 treatment was unable to restore resistance to C. rodentium colonization. Diet-mediated effects on pathogen burden were more pronounced for large intestine-dwelling pathogens, as effects on small the intestinal helminth (Heligmosomoides polygyrus) were less evident, and protozoan (Giardia muris) infection burdens were equivalent in mice fed with chow, inulin-enriched SSD, or SSD, despite higher cyst excretion in chow-fed mice. Collectively, our results point to a tissue- and pathogen-restricted effect of dietary fiber levels on enteric infection intensity.IMPORTANCEEnteric infections induce dysbiosis and inflammation and are a major public health burden. As the gut environment is strongly shaped by diet, the role of different dietary components in promoting resistance to infection is of interest. While diets rich in fiber or whole grain are normally associated with improved gut health, we show here that these components predispose the host to higher levels of pathogen infection. Thus, our results have significance for interpreting how different dietary interventions may impact on gastrointestinal infections. Moreover, our results may shed light on our understanding of how gut flora and mucosal immune function is influenced by the food that we eat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helene Israelson
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Amalie Vedsted-Jakobsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Aurelie Gagnaire
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Alexandra von Münchow
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Nina Polakovicova
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Angela H. Valente
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ali Raza
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Audrey I. S. Andersen-Civil
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - John E. Olsen
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laura J. Myhill
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Department of Translational Physiology, Infectiology and Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Laboratory of Parasitology, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Chen X, Zhu S, Li G. In vitro immunoregulatory role of recombinant Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. PARASITES, HOSTS AND DISEASES 2024; 62:75-84. [PMID: 38443772 PMCID: PMC10915272 DOI: 10.3347/phd.23108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/07/2024]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes the intestines of humans and animals (dogs and cats), leading to malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Helminth parasites secrete calreticulin (CRT), which regulates or blocks the host's immune response. However, no data on A. ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT) are available. We investigated the biological function of recombinant Ace-CRT (rAce-CRT). rAce-CRT showed reliable antigenicity and stimulated the proliferation of mouse splenocytes and canine peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Quantitative reverse-transcription PCR assays revealed that rAce-CRT primarily promoted the expression of T helper 2 cytokines, particularly IL-13, in canine peripheral blood lymphocytes. rAce-CRT inhibited complement-mediated sheep erythrocyte hemolysis in vitro. Our findings indicate that Ace-CRT plays an immunomodulatory role and may be a promising candidate molecule for a hookworm vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Asmaa M. I. Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522,
Egypt
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Zoonosis Prevention and Control Key Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542,
China
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11
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Huang H, Li M, Luo M, Zheng J, Li Q, Wang X, Liu Y, Li D, Xi L, Liu H. Neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) and Th-2 dominant immune responses in chronic granulomatous chromobalstomycosis. Med Mycol 2024; 62:myae008. [PMID: 38318638 DOI: 10.1093/mmy/myae008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Chromoblastomycosis (CBM), a chronic, granulomatous, suppurative mycosis of the skin and subcutaneous tissue, is caused by several dematiaceous fungi. The formation of granulomas, tissue proliferation, and fibrosis in response to these pathogenic fungi is believed to be intricately linked to host immunity. To understand this complex interaction, we conducted a comprehensive analysis of immune cell infiltrates, neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) formation, and the fibrosis mechanism in 20 CBM lesion biopsies using immunohistochemical and immunofluorescence staining methods. The results revealed a significant infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells in CBM granulomas, prominently featuring a substantial presence of Th2 cells and M2 macrophages. These cells appeared to contribute to the production of collagen I and III in the late fibrosis mechanism, as well as NETs formation. The abundance of Th2 cytokines may act as a factor promoting the bias of macrophage differentiation toward M2, which hinders efficient fungal clearance while accelerates the proliferation of fibrous tissue. Furthermore, the expression of IL-17 was noted to recruit neutrophils, facilitating subsequent NETs formation within CBM granulomas to impede the spread of sclerotic cells. Understanding of these immune mechanisms holds promise for identifying therapeutic targets for managing chronic granulomatous CBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Huang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Minying Li
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mingfen Luo
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jinjin Zheng
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Li
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyue Wang
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yinghui Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongmei Li
- Department of Microbiology/Immunology, Georgetown University Medical Center, WA, DC, USA
| | - Liyan Xi
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Dermatology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongfang Liu
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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12
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Jutzeler KS, LeClec'h W, Chevalier FD, Anderson TJC. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3858151. [PMID: 38313261 PMCID: PMC10836121 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3858151/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. Methods We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over an infection period of 12 weeks. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology), and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. Results We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area, but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and by intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Conclusions This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotype impact immunopathology outcomes.
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13
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JUTZELER KS, CLEC’H WLE, CHEVALIER FD, ANDERSON TJ. Contribution of parasite and host genotype to immunopathology of schistosome infections. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.12.574230. [PMID: 38260613 PMCID: PMC10802613 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.12.574230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
Background The role of pathogen genotype in determining disease severity and immunopathology has been studied intensively in microbial pathogens including bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses, but is poorly understood in parasitic helminths. The medically important blood fluke Schistosoma mansoni is an excellent model system to study the impact of helminth genetic variation on immunopathology. Our laboratory has demonstrated that laboratory schistosome populations differ in sporocyst growth and cercarial production in the intermediate snail host and worm establishment and fecundity in the vertebrate host. Here, we (i) investigate the hypothesis that schistosome genotype plays a significant role in immunopathology and related parasite life history traits in the vertebrate mouse host and (ii) quantify the relative impact of parasite and host genetics on infection outcomes. Methods We infected BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice with four different laboratory schistosome populations from Africa and the Americas. We quantified disease progression in the vertebrate host by measuring body weight and complete blood count (CBC) with differential over an infection period of 12 weeks. On sacrifice, we assessed parasitological (egg and worm counts, fecundity), immunopathological (organ measurements and histopathology), and immunological (CBC with differential and cytokine profiles) characteristics to determine the impact of parasite and host genetics. Results We found significant variation between parasite populations in worm numbers, fecundity, liver and intestine egg counts, liver and spleen weight, and fibrotic area, but not in granuloma size. Variation in organ weight was explained by egg burden and by intrinsic parasite factors independent of egg burden. We found significant variation between infected mouse lines in cytokines (IFN-γ, TNF-α), eosinophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte counts. Conclusions This study showed that both parasite and host genotype impact the outcome of infection. While host genotype explains most of the variation in immunological traits, parasite genotype explains most of the variation in parasitological traits, and both host and parasite genotype impact immunopathology outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin S. JUTZELER
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
- UT Health, Microbiology, Immunology & Molecular Genetics, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Winka LE CLEC’H
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Frédéric D. CHEVALIER
- Host Parasite Interaction program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Timothy J.C. ANDERSON
- Disease Intervention and Prevention program, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, P.O. Box 760549, 78245 San Antonio, Texas, USA
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14
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Hsu CY, Faisal Mutee A, Porras S, Pineda I, Ahmed Mustafa M, J Saadh M, Adil M, H A Z. Amphiregulin in infectious diseases: Role, mechanism, and potential therapeutic targets. Microb Pathog 2024; 186:106463. [PMID: 38036111 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2023.106463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/02/2023]
Abstract
Amphiregulin (AREG) serves as a ligand for the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) and is involved in vital biological functions, including inflammatory responses, tissue regeneration, and immune system function. Upon interaction with the EGFR, AREG initiates a series of signaling cascades necessary for several physiological activities, such as metabolism, cell cycle regulation, and cellular proliferation. Recent findings have provided evidence for the substantial role of AREG in maintaining the equilibrium of homeostasis in damaged tissues and preserving epithelial cell structure in the context of viral infections affecting the lungs. The development of resistance to influenza virus infection depends on the presence of type 1 cytokine responses. Following the eradication of the pathogen, the lungs are subsequently colonized by several cell types that are linked with type 2 immune responses. These cells contribute to the process of repairing and resolving the tissue injury and inflammation caused by infections. Following influenza infection, the activation of AREG promotes the regeneration of bronchial epithelial cells, enhancing the tissue's structural integrity and increasing the survival rate of infected mice. In the same manner, mice afflicted with influenza experience rapid mortality due to a subsequent bacterial infection in the pulmonary region when both bacterial and viral infections manifest concurrently inside the same host. The involvement of AREG in bacterial infections has been demonstrated. The gene AREG experiences increased transcriptional activity inside host cells in response to bacterial infections caused by pathogens such as Escherichia coli and Neisseria gonorrhea. In addition, AREG has been extensively studied as a mitogenic stimulus in epithelial cell layers. Consequently, it is regarded as a prospective contender that might potentially contribute to the observed epithelial cell reactions in helminth infection. Consistent with this finding, mice that lack the AREG gene exhibit a delay in the eradication of the intestinal parasite Trichuris muris. The observed delay is associated with a reduction in the proliferation rate of colonic epithelial cells compared to the infected animals in the control group. The aforementioned findings indicate that AREG plays a pivotal role in facilitating the activation of defensive mechanisms inside the epithelial cells of the intestinal tissue. The precise cellular sources of AREG in this specific context have not yet been determined. However, it is evident that the increased proliferation of the epithelial cell layer in infected mice is reliant on CD4+ T cells. The significance of this finding lies in its demonstration of the crucial role played by the interaction between immunological and epithelial cells in regulating the AREG-EGFR pathway. Additional research is necessary to delve into the cellular origins and signaling mechanisms that govern the synthesis of AREG and its tissue-protective properties, independent of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chou-Yi Hsu
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan City 71710, Taiwan
| | | | - Sandra Porras
- Facultad de Mecánica, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Panamericana Sur km 1 1/2, Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador
| | - Indira Pineda
- Facultad de Salud Pública, Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo (ESPOCH), Panamericana Sur km 1 1/2, Riobamba, 060155, Ecuador
| | - Mohammed Ahmed Mustafa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Imam Jaafar AL-Sadiq University, Iraq; Department of Pathological Analyzes, College of Applied Sciences, University of Samarra, Iraq.
| | - Mohamed J Saadh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Middle East University, Amman, 11831, Jordan; Applied Science Research Center, Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan
| | | | - Zainab H A
- Department of Pharmacy, Al-Zahrawi University College, Karbala, Iraq
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15
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Schytz Andersen-Civil AI, Arora P, Zhu L, Myhill LJ, Büdeyri Gökgöz N, Castro-Mejia JL, Leppä MM, Hansen LH, Lessard-Lord J, Salminen JP, Thamsborg SM, Sandris Nielsen D, Desjardins Y, Williams AR. Gut microbiota-mediated polyphenol metabolism is restrained by parasitic whipworm infection and associated with altered immune function in mice. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2370917. [PMID: 38944838 PMCID: PMC11216105 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2370917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyphenols are phytochemicals commonly found in plant-based diets which have demonstrated immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the interplay between polyphenols and pathogens at mucosal barrier surfaces has not yet been elucidated in detail. Here, we show that proanthocyanidin (PAC) polyphenols interact with gut parasites to influence immune function and gut microbial-derived metabolites in mice. PAC intake inhibited mastocytosis during infection with the small intestinal roundworm Heligmosomoides polygyrus, and altered the host tissue transcriptome at the site of infection with the large intestinal whipworm Trichuris muris, with a notable enhancement of type-1 inflammatory and interferon-driven gene pathways. In the absence of infection, PAC intake promoted the expansion of Turicibacter within the gut microbiota, increased fecal short chain fatty acids, and enriched phenolic metabolites such as phenyl-γ-valerolactones in the cecum. However, these putatively beneficial effects were reduced in PAC-fed mice infected with T. muris, suggesting concomitant parasite infection can attenuate gut microbial-mediated PAC catabolism. Collectively, our results suggest an inter-relationship between a phytonutrient and infection, whereby PAC may augment parasite-induced inflammation (most prominently with the cecum dwelling T. muris), and infection may abrogate the beneficial effects of health-promoting phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pankaj Arora
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Ling Zhu
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Laura J. Myhill
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | | | - Milla M. Leppä
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Lars H. Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Jacob Lessard-Lord
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Juha-Pekka Salminen
- Natural Chemistry Research Group, Department of Chemistry, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Stig M. Thamsborg
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | | | - Yves Desjardins
- Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods (INAF), Laval University, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Andrew R. Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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16
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Wang J, Zhao X, Li X, Jin X. Akkermansia muciniphila: a deworming partner independent of type 2 immunity. Gut Microbes 2024; 16:2338947. [PMID: 38717824 PMCID: PMC11086001 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2024.2338947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The gut microbiota has coevolved with the host for hundreds of millions of years, playing a beneficial role in host health. Human parasitic helminths are widespread and pose a pervasive global public health issue. Although Type 2 immunity provides partial resistance to helminth infections, the composition of the gut microbiota can change correspondingly. Therefore, it raises the question of what role the gut microbiota plays during helminth infection. Akkermansia muciniphila has emerged as a notable representative of beneficial microorganisms in the gut microbiota. Recent studies indicate that A. muciniphila is not merely associated with helminth infection but is also causally linked to infection. Here, we provide an overview of the crosstalk between A. muciniphila and enteric helminth infection. Our goal is to enhance our understanding of the interplay among A. muciniphila, helminths, and their hosts while also exploring the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqi Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiufeng Zhao
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Xianhe Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Xuemin Jin
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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17
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Blair D. Paragonimiasis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2024; 1454:203-238. [PMID: 39008267 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-60121-7_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024]
Abstract
Paragonimiasis is a zoonotic disease caused by lung flukes of the genus Paragonimus. Humans usually become infected by eating freshwater crabs or crayfish containing encysted metacercariae of these worms. However, an alternative route of infection exists: ingestion of raw meat from a mammalian paratenic host. Adult worms normally occur in pairs in cysts in the lungs from which they void their eggs via air passages. The pulmonary form is typical in cases of human infection due to P. westermani, P. heterotremus, and a few other species. Worms may occupy other sites in the body, notably the brain, but lung flukes have made their presence felt in almost every organ. Ectopic paragonimiasis is particularly common when infection is due to members of the P. skrjabini complex. Human paragonimiasis occurs primarily in the tropics and subtropics of Asia, Africa, and the Americas, with different species being responsible in different areas (Table 6.1).
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Affiliation(s)
- David Blair
- James Cook University, Townsville, QLD, Australia
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18
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Lekki-Jóźwiak J, Bąska P. The Roles of Various Immune Cell Populations in Immune Response against Helminths. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 25:420. [PMID: 38203591 PMCID: PMC10778651 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25010420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Helminths are multicellular parasites that are a substantial problem for both human and veterinary medicine. According to estimates, 1.5 billion people suffer from their infection, resulting in decreased life quality and burdens for healthcare systems. On the other hand, these infections may alleviate autoimmune diseases and allergy symptoms. The immune system is programmed to combat infections; nevertheless, its effector mechanisms may result in immunopathologies and exacerbate clinical symptoms. This review summarizes the role of the immune response against worms, with an emphasis on the Th2 response, which is a hallmark of helminth infections. We characterize non-immune cells (enteric tuft cells-ETCs) responsible for detecting parasites, as well as the role of hematopoietic-derived cells (macrophages, basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, innate lymphoid cells group 2-ILC2s, mast cells, T cells, and B cells) in initiating and sustaining the immune response, as well as the functions they play in granulomas. The aim of this paper is to review the existing knowledge regarding the immune response against helminths, to attempt to decipher the interactions between cells engaged in the response, and to indicate the gaps in the current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Lekki-Jóźwiak
- Division of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Piotr Bąska
- Division of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-786 Warsaw, Poland
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19
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Brugger SW, Davis MF. Influence of Admixture on Phenotypes. Curr Protoc 2023; 3:e953. [PMID: 38146906 DOI: 10.1002/cpz1.953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Individuals of European descent have historically been the focus of genetic studies and possess relatively homogenous genomes. As a result, analytical methods have been developed and optimized with such genomes in mind. African-descent and Latino individuals generally possess genomes of greater architectural complexity due to mosaic genomic ancestry, which can extensively and intricately impact phenotypic expression. As such, genetic analyses of admixed individuals require that genetic admixture be quantified to accurately model the impact of genetic variation on phenotypic expression. In this overview, we explore how fundamental genetic concepts such as linkage disequilibrium and differential allele frequency interact with genetic admixture to uniquely influence phenotypes in admixed individuals. © 2023 The Authors. Current Protocols published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Brugger
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
| | - Mary F Davis
- Department of Molecular Biology and Microbiology, Brigham Young University, Provo, Utah
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20
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Ferguson AA, Inclan-Rico JM, Lu D, Bobardt SD, Hung L, Gouil Q, Baker L, Ritchie ME, Jex AR, Schwarz EM, Rossi HL, Nair MG, Dillman AR, Herbert DR. Hookworms dynamically respond to loss of Type 2 immune pressure. PLoS Pathog 2023; 19:e1011797. [PMID: 38079450 PMCID: PMC10735188 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1011797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 12/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/02/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of the host immune environment on parasite transcription and fitness is currently unknown. It is widely held that hookworm infections have an immunomodulatory impact on the host, but whether the converse is true remains unclear. Immunity against adult-stage hookworms is largely mediated by Type 2 immune responses driven by the transcription factor Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 6 (STAT6). This study investigated whether serial passage of the rodent hookworm Nippostrongylus brasiliensis in STAT6-deficient mice (STAT6 KO) caused changes in parasites over time. After adaptation to STAT6 KO hosts, N. brasiliensis increased their reproductive output, feeding capacity, energy content, and body size. Using an improved N. brasiliensis genome, we found that these physiological changes corresponded with a dramatic shift in the transcriptional landscape, including increased expression of gene pathways associated with egg production, but a decrease in genes encoding neuropeptides, proteases, SCP/TAPS proteins, and transthyretin-like proteins; the latter three categories have been repeatedly observed in hookworm excreted/secreted proteins (ESPs) implicated in immunosuppression. Although transcriptional changes started to appear in the first generation of passage in STAT6 KO hosts for both immature and mature adult stages, downregulation of the genes putatively involved in immunosuppression was only observed after multiple generations in this immunodeficient environment. When STAT6 KO-adapted N. brasiliensis were reintroduced to a naive WT host after up to 26 generations, this progressive change in host-adaptation corresponded to increased production of inflammatory cytokines by the WT host. Surprisingly, however, this single exposure of STAT6 KO-adapted N. brasiliensis to WT hosts resulted in worms that were morphologically and transcriptionally indistinguishable from WT-adapted parasites. This work uncovers remarkable plasticity in the ability of hookworms to adapt to their hosts, which may present a general feature of parasitic nematodes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annabel A. Ferguson
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Juan M. Inclan-Rico
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Dihong Lu
- University of California Riverside, Department of Nematology, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Sarah D. Bobardt
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - LiYin Hung
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Quentin Gouil
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise Baker
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E. Ritchie
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Medical Biology, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Aaron R. Jex
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- University of Melbourne, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Erich M. Schwarz
- University of Melbourne, Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
- Cornell University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Ithaca, New York, United States of America
| | - Heather L. Rossi
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Meera G. Nair
- University of California Riverside, School of Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - Adler R. Dillman
- University of California Riverside, Department of Nematology, Riverside, California, United States of America
| | - De’Broski R. Herbert
- University of Pennsylvania, School of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology Department, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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21
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Maizels RM, Gause WC. Targeting helminths: The expanding world of type 2 immune effector mechanisms. J Exp Med 2023; 220:e20221381. [PMID: 37638887 PMCID: PMC10460967 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20221381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this new review, Rick Maizels and Bill Gause summarize how type 2 immune responses combat helminth parasites through novel mechanisms, coordinating multiple innate and adaptive cell and molecular players that can eliminate infection and repair-resultant tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rick M. Maizels
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, School of Infection and Immunity, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - William C. Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences Institute for Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical Health Sciences, Newark, NJ, USA
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22
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Zhou X, Yang G, Chen X, Zhang L. Efficacy and Safety of Dupilumab in Older Patients (Aged 80 Years and Above) with Atopic Dermatitis: A Prospective Study. Drugs Aging 2023; 40:933-940. [PMID: 37610613 PMCID: PMC10511581 DOI: 10.1007/s40266-023-01059-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atopic dermatitis presents unique challenges in the older population owing to age-related changes in skin barrier function and immune regulation. However, there is limited evidence on the efficacy and safety of dupilumab, an anti-interleukin-4Rα monoclonal antibody, in patients with atopic dermatitis aged 80 years and above. OBJECTIVE We aimed to assess the clinical efficacy and safety of dupilumab treatment in patients with atopic dermatitis aged 80 years and above. METHODS Twenty-eight older patients received dupilumab and were evaluated based on several clinical parameters, including the Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Dermatology Life Quality Index (DELI), and AD Control Tool (ACT). Safety assessments and monitoring of concomitant medication use were conducted. RESULTS Twenty-six patients completed 16 weeks of treatment, 13 completed 28 weeks, and two completed more than 36 weeks. Dupilumab treatment resulted in a significant improvement in atopic dermatitis symptoms after 16 weeks as demonstrated by reduced EASI, NRS, DLQI, and ADCT scores. Dupilumab had no significant impact on underlying diseases or medication use. No common adverse reactions, such as conjunctivitis and erythema of the face and neck, were identified. Among the 26 patients receiving dupilumab treatment during the COVID-19 pandemic, 17 remained uninfected or experienced milder COVID-19 symptoms than experienced in the general population. CONCLUSIONS Dupilumab treatment showed significant efficacy in improving atopic dermatitis symptoms in patients aged 80 years and above with a high level of safety. Larger long-term clinical trials are needed to validate these results and provide further evidence for the use of dupilumab in older patients with atopic dermatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiyuan Zhou
- Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 32, Western 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ge Yang
- Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 32, Western 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuejun Chen
- Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 32, Western 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Zhang
- Institute of Dermatology and Venereology, Sichuan Provincial People's Hospital, University of Electronic Science and Technology, No. 32, Western 2nd Section, 1st Ring Road, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China.
- Chinese Academy of Sciences Sichuan Translational Medicine Research Hospital, Chengdu, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Dileepan KN, Raveendran VV, Sharma R, Abraham H, Barua R, Singh V, Sharma R, Sharma M. Mast cell-mediated immune regulation in health and disease. Front Med (Lausanne) 2023; 10:1213320. [PMID: 37663654 PMCID: PMC10470157 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2023.1213320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are important components of the immune system, and they perform pro-inflammatory as well as anti-inflammatory roles in the complex process of immune regulation in health and disease. Because of their strategic perivascular localization, sensitivity and adaptability to the microenvironment, and ability to release a variety of preformed and newly synthesized effector molecules, mast cells perform unique functions in almost all organs. Additionally, Mast cells express a wide range of surface and cytoplasmic receptors which enable them to respond to a variety of cytokines, chemicals, and pathogens. The mast cell's role as a cellular interface between external and internal environments as well as between vasculature and tissues is critical for protection and repair. Mast cell interactions with different immune and nonimmune cells through secreted inflammatory mediators may also turn in favor of disease promoting agents. First and forefront, mast cells are well recognized for their multifaceted functions in allergic diseases. Reciprocal communication between mast cells and endothelial cells in the presence of bacterial toxins in chronic/sub-clinical infections induce persistent vascular inflammation. We have shown that mast cell proteases and histamine induce endothelial inflammatory responses that are synergistically amplified by bacterial toxins. Mast cells have been shown to exacerbate vascular changes in normal states as well as in chronic or subclinical infections, particularly among cigarette smokers. Furthermore, a potential role of mast cells in SARS-CoV-2-induced dysfunction of the capillary-alveolar interface adds to the growing understanding of mast cells in viral infections. The interaction between mast cells and microglial cells in the brain further highlights their significance in neuroinflammation. This review highlights the significant role of mast cells as the interface that acts as sensor and early responder through interactions with cells in systemic organs and the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kottarappat N. Dileepan
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Vineesh V. Raveendran
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rishi Sharma
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Harita Abraham
- Division of Allergy, Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, The University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Rajat Barua
- Cardiology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Vikas Singh
- Neurology Section, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Ram Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
| | - Mukut Sharma
- Research and Development Service, Kansas City Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Kansas City, MO, United States
- Midwest Veterans’ Biomedical Research Foundation (MVBRF), Kansas City VA Medical Center, Kansas, MO, United States
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24
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Puasri P, Dechkhajorn W, Dekumyoy P, Yoonuan T, Ampawong S, Reamtong O, Boonyuen U, Benjathummarak S, Maneerat Y. Regulation of immune response against third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae by human genes. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1218965. [PMID: 37600806 PMCID: PMC10436992 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1218965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gnathostomiasis is an important zoonosis in tropical areas that is mainly caused by third-stage Gnathostoma spinigerum larvae (G. spinigerum L3). Objectives This study aimed to prove whether G. spinigerum L3 produces extracellular vesicles (EVs) and investigate human gene profiles related to the immune response against the larvae. Methods We created an immune cell model using normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) co-cultured with the larvae for 1 and 3 days, respectively. The PBMCs were harvested for transcriptome sequencing analysis. The EV ultrastructure was examined in the larvae and the cultured medium. Results Extracellular vesicle-like particles were observed under the larval teguments and in the pellets in the medium. RNA-seq analysis revealed that 2,847 and 3,118 genes were significantly expressed on days 1 and 3 after culture, respectively. The downregulated genes on day 1 after culture were involved in pro-inflammatory cytokines, the complement system and apoptosis, whereas those on day 3 were involved in T cell-dependent B cell activation and wound healing. Significantly upregulated genes related to cell proliferation, activation and development, as well as cytotoxicity, were observed on day 1, and genes regulating T cell maturation, granulocyte function, nuclear factor-κB and toll-like receptor pathways were predominantly observed on day 3 after culture. Conclusion G. spinigerum L3 produces EV-like particles and releases them into the excretory-secretory products. Overall, genotypic findings during our 3-day observation revealed that most significant gene expressions were related to T and B cell signalling, driving T helper 2 cells related to chronic infection, immune evasion of the larvae, and the pathogenesis of gnathostomiasis. Further in-depth studies are necessary to clarify gene functions in the pathogenesis and immune evasion mechanisms of the infective larvae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattarasuda Puasri
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wilanee Dechkhajorn
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Paron Dekumyoy
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Tippayarat Yoonuan
- Department of Helminthology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumate Ampawong
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Usa Boonyuen
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Surachet Benjathummarak
- Center of Excellence for Antibody Research (CEAR), Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Yaowapa Maneerat
- Department of Tropical Pathology, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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25
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Möller KJ, Wegner LHM, Malsy J, Baumdick ME, Borggrewe M, Jordan-Paiz A, Jung JM, Martrus G, Kretschmer P, Sagebiel AF, Schreurs RRCE, Hagen SH, Burmester G, Clauditz TS, Pals ST, Boettcher M, Melling N, Sauter G, Tomuschat C, Königs I, Schumacher U, Altfeld M, Bernink JH, Perez D, Reinshagen K, Bunders MJ. Expanded ILC2s in human infant intestines promote tissue growth. Mucosal Immunol 2023; 16:408-421. [PMID: 37121384 DOI: 10.1016/j.mucimm.2023.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Early life is characterized by extraordinary challenges, including rapid tissue growth and immune adaptation to foreign antigens after birth. During this developmental stage, infants have an increased risk of immune-mediated diseases. Here, we demonstrate that tissue-resident, interleukin (IL)-13- and IL-4-producing group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) are enriched in human infant intestines compared to adult intestines. Organoid systems were employed to assess the role of infant intestinal ILC2s in intestinal development and showed that IL-13 and IL-4 increased epithelial cell proliferation and skewed cell differentiation toward secretory cells. IL-13 furthermore upregulated the production of mediators of type-2 immunity by infant intestinal epithelial cells, including vascular endothelial growth factor-A and IL-26, a chemoattractant for eosinophils. In line with these in vitro findings increased numbers of eosinophils were detected in vivo in infant intestines. Taken together, ILC2s are enriched in infant intestines and can support intestinal development while inducing an epithelial secretory response associated with type 2 immune-mediated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly J Möller
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lucy H M Wegner
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jakob Malsy
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; I. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Hamburg-Lübeck-Borstel-Riems, Germany
| | - Martin E Baumdick
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Malte Borggrewe
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ana Jordan-Paiz
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Johannes M Jung
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Glòria Martrus
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Paul Kretschmer
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Adrian F Sagebiel
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Renée R C E Schreurs
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam Infection & Immunity Institute, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Pediatrics, Emma Children's Hospital, Amsterdam University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sven H Hagen
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunter Burmester
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Altonaer Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Till S Clauditz
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Steven T Pals
- Department of Pathology, Amsterdam University Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Michael Boettcher
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf/Altonaer Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Nathaniel Melling
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Christian Tomuschat
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf/Altonaer Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ingo Königs
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf/Altonaer Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Schumacher
- Institute of Anatomy and Experimental Morphology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Altfeld
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jochem H Bernink
- Hubrecht Institute, Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences (KNAW), Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Perez
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Asklepios General Hospital-Altona, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Konard Reinshagen
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf/Altonaer Children's Hospital, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Madeleine J Bunders
- Research Department of Virus Immunology, Leibniz Institute of Virology (LIV), Hamburg, Germany; III. Department of Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
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26
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Mrimi EC, Palmeirim MS, Minja EG, Long KZ, Keiser J. Correlation of Cytokines with Parasitic Infections, Undernutrition and Micronutrient Deficiency among Schoolchildren in Rural Tanzania: A Cross-Sectional Study. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15081916. [PMID: 37111135 PMCID: PMC10145041 DOI: 10.3390/nu15081916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Malnutrition and parasitic infections are often interconnected in a vicious cycle. Malnutrition can lead to changes in immune response, which may affect cytokine concentrations and potentially increase susceptibility to infections. In turn, parasitic infections can exacerbate malnutrition by impairing nutrient absorption. This cross-sectional study aimed to explore this interplay. Schoolchildren aged 6-12 years living in rural Tanzania (n = 120) provided blood, stool and urine samples to determine the relationship between cytokine concentrations (interleukin 4 (IL-4), interferon gamma (IFNγ) and interleukin 17A (IL-17A)), parasitic infections, undernutrition and micronutrient deficiency adjusting for sex, age, inflammatory markers, socioeconomic status and school categories. All schoolchildren had a normal blood cell count. The concentration of IL-4 was significantly higher in schoolchildren diagnosed with stunting, Schistosoma mansoni infection, a high C-reactive protein concentration, nausea, poor housing and increasing age. The concentration of IFNγ was associated with Plasmodium falciparum and Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar/Entamoeba moshkovskii infections, vitamin A deficiency, attending the most remote schools and low socioeconomic status. Our study confirms a potential relationship between cytokine concentrations and parasitic infections, malnutrition and low socioeconomic status. A better understanding of long-term effects of parasitic infections and malnutrition on the immune function could help in designing tailored and effective interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel C Mrimi
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro P.O. Box 53, Tanzania
| | - Marta S Palmeirim
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elihaika G Minja
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
- Ifakara Health Institute, Morogoro P.O. Box 53, Tanzania
| | - Kurt Z Long
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jennifer Keiser
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, 4123 Allschwil, Switzerland
- University of Basel, 4001 Basel, Switzerland
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27
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Fuess LE, Bolnick DI. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Microevolution of the Stickleback Immune System. Genome Biol Evol 2023; 15:evad053. [PMID: 37039516 PMCID: PMC10116603 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evad053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The risk and severity of pathogen infections in humans, livestock, or wild organisms depend on host immune function, which can vary between closely related host populations or even among individuals. This immune variation can entail between-population differences in immune gene coding sequences, copy number, or expression. In recent years, many studies have focused on population divergence in immunity using whole-tissue transcriptomics. But, whole-tissue transcriptomics cannot distinguish between evolved differences in gene regulation within cells, versus changes in cell composition within the focal tissue. Here, we leverage single-cell transcriptomic approaches to document signatures of microevolution of immune system structure in a natural system, the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We sampled nine adult fish from three populations with variability in resistance to a cestode parasite, Schistocephalus solidus, to create the first comprehensive immune cell atlas for G. aculeatus. Eight broad immune cell types, corresponding to major vertebrate immune cells, were identified. We were also able to document significant variation in both abundance and expression profiles of the individual immune cell types among the three populations of fish. Furthermore, we demonstrate that identified cell type markers can be used to reinterpret traditional transcriptomic data: we reevaluate previously published whole-tissue transcriptome data from a quantitative genetic experimental infection study to gain better resolution relating infection outcomes to inferred cell type variation. Our combined study demonstrates the power of single-cell sequencing to not only document evolutionary phenomena (i.e., microevolution of immune cells) but also increase the power of traditional transcriptomic data sets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren E Fuess
- Department of Biology, Texas State University
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
| | - Daniel I Bolnick
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Connecticut
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28
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Myhill LJ, Williams AR. Diet-microbiota crosstalk and immunity to helminth infection. Parasite Immunol 2023; 45:e12965. [PMID: 36571323 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Helminths are large multicellular parasites responsible for widespread chronic disease in humans and animals. Intestinal helminths live in close proximity with the host gut microbiota and mucosal immune network, resulting in reciprocal interactions that closely influence the course of infections. Diet composition may strongly regulate gut microbiota composition and intestinal immune function and therefore may play a key role in modulating anti-helminth immune responses. Characterizing the multitude of interactions that exist between different dietary components (e.g., dietary fibres), immune cells, and the microbiota, may shed new light on regulation of helminth-specific immunity. This review focuses on the current knowledge of how metabolism of dietary components shapes immune response during helminth infection, and how this information may be potentially harnessed to design new therapeutics to manage parasitic infections and associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura J Myhill
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew R Williams
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
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29
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Karunakaran I, Ritter M, Pfarr K, Klarmann-Schulz U, Debrah AY, Debrah LB, Katawa G, Wanji S, Specht S, Adjobimey T, Hübner MP, Hoerauf A. Filariasis research - from basic research to drug development and novel diagnostics, over a decade of research at the Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Bonn, Germany. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2023; 4:1126173. [PMID: 38655130 PMCID: PMC7615856 DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2023.1126173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Filariae are vector borne parasitic nematodes, endemic in tropical and subtropical regions causing avoidable infections ranging from asymptomatic to stigmatizing and disfiguring disease. The filarial species that are the major focus of our institution's research are Onchocerca volvulus causing onchocerciasis (river blindness), Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia spp. causing lymphatic filariasis (elephantiasis), Loa loa causing loiasis (African eye worm), and Mansonella spp causing mansonellosis. This paper aims to showcase the contribution of our institution and our collaborating partners to filarial research and covers decades of long research spanning basic research using the Litomosoides sigmodontis animal model to development of drugs and novel diagnostics. Research with the L. sigmodontis model has been extensively useful in elucidating protective immune responses against filariae as well as in identifying the mechanisms of filarial immunomodulation during metabolic, autoimmune and infectious diseases. The institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany has also been actively involved in translational research in contributing to the identification of new drug targets and pre-clinical drug research with successful and ongoing partnership with sub-Saharan Africa, mainly Ghana (the Kumasi Centre for Collaborative Research (KCCR)), Cameroon (University of Buea (UB)) and Togo (Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA)), Asia and industry partners. Further, in the direction of developing novel diagnostics that are sensitive, time, and labour saving, we have developed sensitive qPCRs as well as LAMP assays and are currently working on artificial intelligence based histology analysis for onchocerciasis. The article also highlights our ongoing research and the need for novel animal models and new drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indulekha Karunakaran
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Manuel Ritter
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Kenneth Pfarr
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Ute Klarmann-Schulz
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Alexander Yaw Debrah
- Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology, Kumasi, Ghana
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Linda Batsa Debrah
- Kumasi Center for Collaborative Research (KCCR), Kumasi, Ghana
- Department of Clinical Microbiology, School of Medicine and Dentistry, Kwame Nkrumah University of Science and Technology (KNUST), Kumasi, Ghana
| | - Gnatoulma Katawa
- Unité de Recherche en Immunologie et Immunomodulation (UR2IM)/Laboratoire de Microbiologie et de Contrôle de Qualité des Denrées Alimentaires (LAMICODA), Ecole Supérieure des Techniques Biologiques et Alimentaires, Université de Lomé, Lomé, Togo
| | - Samuel Wanji
- Parasites and Vector Research Unit (PAVRU), Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, University of Buea, Buea, Cameroon
- Research Foundation in Tropical Diseases and Environment (REFOTDE), Buea, Cameroon
| | - Sabine Specht
- Drugs for Neglected Diseases initiative, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tomabu Adjobimey
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
| | - Marc P Hübner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
| | - Achim Hoerauf
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology (IMMIP), University Hospital Bonn (UKB), Bonn, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), partner site Bonn-Cologne, Bonn, Germany
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30
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Wong MTJ, Anuar NS, Noordin R, Tye GJ. Soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines: Where are we now? Acta Trop 2023; 239:106796. [PMID: 36586174 DOI: 10.1016/j.actatropica.2022.106796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
It has been tested and proven that vaccination is still the best strategy to combat infectious diseases. However, to date, there are still no vaccines against human soil-transmitted helminthic diseases, despite their high prevalence globally, particularly in developing countries and rural areas with tropical climates and poor sanitation. The development of vaccines against helminths is riddled with obstacles. Helminths have a complex life cycle, multiple stages within the same host with stage-specific antigen expression, and the ability to regulate host immune reactions to evade the immune response. These elements contribute to the main challenge of helminthic vaccines: the identification of effective vaccine candidates. Therefore, this article reviews the current progress and potential future direction of soil-transmitted helminthic vaccines, particularly against Trichuris trichiura, Ascaris lumbricoides, Strongyloides stercoralis, Necator americanus and Ancylostoma duodenale. The study design employed was a systematic review, using qualitative meta-summary synthesis. Preclinical studies and clinical trials on the development of protein subunit vaccines against the five soil-transmitted helminths were searched on PubMed and Scopus. Effectiveness was indicated by a reduction in worm burden or larval output, an increase in specific IgG levels, or an increase in cytokine production. Our findings show that only the hookworm vaccine against N. americanus is in the clinical trial phase, while the rest is still in exploratory research and pre-clinical development phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Tze Jian Wong
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Nor Suhada Anuar
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Rahmah Noordin
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia
| | - Gee Jun Tye
- Institute for Research in Molecular Medicine (INFORMM), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM Pulau Pinang, Malaysia.
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31
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Towards using 3D cellular cultures to model the activation and diverse functions of macrophages. Biochem Soc Trans 2023; 51:387-401. [PMID: 36744644 PMCID: PMC9987999 DOI: 10.1042/bst20221008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The advent of 3D cell culture technology promises to enhance understanding of cell biology within tissue microenvironments. Whilst traditional cell culturing methods have been a reliable tool for decades, they inadequately portray the complex environments in which cells inhabit in vivo. The need for better disease models has pushed the development of effective 3D cell models, providing more accurate drug screening assays. There has been great progress in developing 3D tissue models in fields such as cancer research and regenerative medicine, driven by desires to recreate the tumour microenvironment for the discovery of new chemotherapies, or development of artificial tissues or scaffolds for transplantation. Immunology is one field that lacks optimised 3D models and the biology of tissue resident immune cells such as macrophages has yet to be fully explored. This review aims to highlight the benefits of 3D cell culturing for greater understanding of macrophage biology. We review current knowledge of macrophage interactions with their tissue microenvironment and highlight the potential of 3D macrophage models in the development of more effective treatments for disease.
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32
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Lee C, Lee H, Park JC, Im SH. Microbial Components and Effector Molecules in T Helper Cell Differentiation and Function. Immune Netw 2023; 23:e7. [PMID: 36911805 PMCID: PMC9995987 DOI: 10.4110/in.2023.23.e7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/12/2023] [Indexed: 03/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian intestines harbor trillions of commensal microorganisms composed of thousands of species that are collectively called gut microbiota. Among the microbiota, bacteria are the predominant microorganism, with viruses, protozoa, and fungi (mycobiota) making up a relatively smaller population. The microbial communities play fundamental roles in the maturation and orchestration of the immune landscape in health and disease. Primarily, the gut microbiota modulates the immune system to maintain homeostasis and plays a crucial role in regulating the pathogenesis and pathophysiology of inflammatory, neuronal, and metabolic disorders. The microbiota modulates the host immune system through direct interactions with immune cells or indirect mechanisms such as producing short-chain acids and diverse metabolites. Numerous researchers have put extensive efforts into investigating the role of microbes in immune regulation, discovering novel immunomodulatory microbial species, identifying key effector molecules, and demonstrating how microbes and their key effector molecules mechanistically impact the host immune system. Consequently, recent studies suggest that several microbial species and their immunomodulatory molecules have therapeutic applicability in preclinical settings of multiple disorders. Nonetheless, it is still unclear why and how a handful of microorganisms and their key molecules affect the host immunity in diverse diseases. This review mainly discusses the role of microbes and their metabolites in T helper cell differentiation, immunomodulatory function, and their modes of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changhon Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Haena Lee
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - John Chulhoon Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
| | - Sin-Hyeog Im
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Korea
- Institute for Convergence Research and Education, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
- ImmunoBiome Inc., Pohang 37673, Korea
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33
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Infection and Immunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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34
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Omar M, Abdelal HO. Nitric oxide in parasitic infections: a friend or foe? J Parasit Dis 2022; 46:1147-1163. [PMID: 36457767 PMCID: PMC9606182 DOI: 10.1007/s12639-022-01518-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex interaction between the host and the parasite remains a puzzling question. Control of parasitic infections requires an efficient immune response that must be balanced against destructive pathological consequences. Nitric oxide is a nitrogenous free radical which has many molecular targets and serves diverse functions. Apart from being a signaling messenger, nitric oxide is critical for controlling numerous infections. There is still controversy surrounding the exact role of nitric oxide in the immune response against different parasitic species. It proved protective against intracellular protozoa, as well as extracellular helminths. At the same time, it plays a pivotal role in stimulating detrimental pathological changes in the infected hosts. Several reports have discussed the anti-parasitic and immunoregulatory functions of nitric oxide, which could directly influence the control of the infection. Nevertheless, there is scarce literature addressing the harmful cytotoxic impacts of this mediator. Thus, this review provides insights into the most updated concepts and controversies regarding the dual nature and opposing sides of nitric oxide during the course of different parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marwa Omar
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Gameyet Almohafza St. 1, Menya Al-Kamh, City of Zagazig, 44511 Sharkia Governorate Egypt
| | - Heba O. Abdelal
- LIS: Cross-National Data Center, Maison des Sciences Humaines - 5e étage, 11- porte des Sciences, L-4366 Esch-Belval, Luxembourg
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35
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Trofimova ES, Zykova MV, Sherstoboev EY, Danilets MG, Ligacheva AA, Belousov MV. Influence of Humic Acids Isolated from Raised Bog Sphagnum Peat on Development of Th1/Th2 Immune Response. Bull Exp Biol Med 2022; 174:236-240. [PMID: 36598668 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-023-05680-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The course administration of humic acids isolated with sodium pyrophosphate from raised bog sphagnum peat reduces the parameters of a Th1-type immune response in C57BL/6 mice, the severity of an anaphylactic shock in outbred CD1 mice, and degranulation of mast cells after their immunization with ovalbumin. The addition of humic acids increases the stimulated production of IL-4, IL-10 and reduces the production of IL-2, IFNγ by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of healthy donors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Trofimova
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia.
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia.
| | - M V Zykova
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
| | - E Yu Sherstoboev
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M G Danilets
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - A A Ligacheva
- E. D. Goldberg Research Institute of Pharmacology and Regenerative Medicine, Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Russian Academy of Sciences, Tomsk, Russia
| | - M V Belousov
- Siberian State Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Tomsk, Russia
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36
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Shey RA, Ghogomu SM, Nebangwa DN, Shintouo CM, Yaah NE, Yengo BN, Nkemngo FN, Esoh KK, Tchatchoua NMT, Mbachick TT, Dede AF, Lemoge AA, Ngwese RA, Asa BF, Ayong L, Njemini R, Vanhamme L, Souopgui J. Rational design of a novel multi-epitope peptide-based vaccine against Onchocerca volvulus using transmembrane proteins. FRONTIERS IN TROPICAL DISEASES 2022. [DOI: 10.3389/fitd.2022.1046522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost a decade ago, it was recognized that the global elimination of onchocerciasis by 2030 will not be feasible without, at least, an effective prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccine to complement chemotherapy and vector control strategies. Recent advances in computational immunology (immunoinformatics) have seen the design of novel multi-epitope onchocerciasis vaccine candidates which are however yet to be evaluated in clinical settings. Still, continued research to increase the pool of vaccine candidates, and therefore the chance of success in a clinical trial remains imperative. Here, we designed a multi-epitope vaccine candidate by assembling peptides from 14 O. volvulus (Ov) proteins using an immunoinformatics approach. An initial 126 Ov proteins, retrieved from the Wormbase database, and at least 90% similar to orthologs in related nematode species of economic importance, were screened for localization, presence of transmembrane domain, and antigenicity using different web servers. From the 14 proteins retained after the screening, 26 MHC-1 and MHC-II (T-cell) epitopes, and linear B-lymphocytes epitopes were predicted and merged using suitable linkers. The Mycobacterium tuberculosis Resuscitation-promoting factor E (RPFE_MYCTU), which is an agonist of TLR4, was then added to the N-terminal of the vaccine candidate as a built-in adjuvant. Immune simulation analyses predicted strong B-cell and IFN-γ based immune responses which are necessary for protection against O. volvulus infection. Protein-protein docking and molecular dynamic simulation predicted stable interactions between the 3D structure of the vaccine candidate and human TLR4. These results show that the designed vaccine candidate has the potential to stimulate both humoral and cellular immune responses and should therefore be subject to further laboratory investigation.
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37
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Peng J, Federman HG, Hernandez C, Siracusa MC. Communication is key: Innate immune cells regulate host protection to helminths. Front Immunol 2022; 13:995432. [PMID: 36225918 PMCID: PMC9548658 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.995432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parasitic helminth infections remain a significant global health issue and are responsible for devastating morbidity and economic hardships. During infection, helminths migrate through different host organs, which results in substantial tissue damage and the release of diverse effector molecules by both hematopoietic and non-hematopoietic cells. Thus, host protective responses to helminths must initiate mechanisms that help to promote worm clearance while simultaneously mitigating tissue injury. The specialized immunity that promotes these responses is termed type 2 inflammation and is initiated by the recruitment and activation of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, mast cells, basophils, eosinophils, dendritic cells, neutrophils, macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells, and group 2 innate lymphoid cells. Recent work has also revealed the importance of neuron-derived signals in regulating type 2 inflammation and antihelminth immunity. These studies suggest that multiple body systems coordinate to promote optimal outcomes post-infection. In this review, we will describe the innate immune events that direct the scope and intensity of antihelminth immunity. Further, we will highlight the recent progress made in our understanding of the neuro-immune interactions that regulate these pathways and discuss the conceptual advances they promote.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianya Peng
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Hannah G. Federman
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Christina M. Hernandez
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
| | - Mark C. Siracusa
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
- *Correspondence: Mark C. Siracusa,
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38
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Intestinal Epithelial STAT6 Activation Rescues the Defective Anti-Helminth Responses Caused by Ogt Deletion. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911137. [PMID: 36232438 PMCID: PMC9569950 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) proliferation and differentiation is crucial for maintaining mucosa homeostasis and the response to helminth infection. O-GlcNAc transferase (OGT), an enzyme catalyzing the transfer of GlcNAc from the donor substrate UDP-GlcNAc onto acceptor proteins, has been proposed to promote intestinal epithelial remodeling for helminth expulsion by modifying and activating epithelial STAT6, but whether the IEC intrinsic OGT-STAT6 axis is involved in anti-helminth responses has not been tested in vivo. Here, we show that the inducible deletion of Ogt in IECs of adult mice leads to reduced tuft and goblet cell differentiation, increased crypt cell proliferation, and aberrant Paneth cell localization. By using a mouse model with concurrent Ogt deletion and STAT6 overexpression in IECs, we provide direct in vivo evidence that STAT6 acts downstream of OGT to control tuft and goblet cell differentiation in IECs. However, epithelial OGT regulates crypt cell proliferation and Paneth cell differentiation in a STAT6-independent pathway. Our results verify that protein O-GlcNAcylation in IECs is crucial for maintaining epithelial homeostasis and anti-helminthic type 2 immune responses.
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39
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Monocytes maintain central nervous system homeostasis following helminth-induced inflammation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2201645119. [PMID: 36070344 PMCID: PMC9478671 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2201645119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroimmune interactions are crucial for regulating immunity and inflammation. Recent studies have revealed that the central nervous system (CNS) senses peripheral inflammation and responds by releasing molecules that limit immune cell activation, thereby promoting tolerance and tissue integrity. However, the extent to which this is a bidirectional process, and whether peripheral immune cells also promote tolerance mechanisms in the CNS remains poorly defined. Here we report that helminth-induced type 2 inflammation promotes monocyte responses in the brain that are required to inhibit excessive microglial activation and host death. Mechanistically, infection-induced monocytes express YM1 that is sufficient to inhibit tumor necrosis factor production from activated microglia. Importantly, neuroprotective monocytes persist in the brain, and infected mice are protected from subsequent lipopolysaccharide-induced neuroinflammation months after infection-induced inflammation has resolved. These studies demonstrate that infiltrating monocytes promote CNS homeostasis in response to inflammation in the periphery and demonstrate that a peripheral infection can alter the immunologic landscape of the host brain.
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40
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Lim J, Lin EV, Hong JY, Vaidyanathan B, Erickson SA, Annicelli C, Medzhitov R. Induction of natural IgE by glucocorticoids. J Exp Med 2022; 219:213459. [PMID: 36098746 PMCID: PMC9475297 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20220903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
IgE mediates allergic responses by coating mast cell or basophil surfaces and inducing degranulation upon binding a specific allergen. IgE can also be spontaneously produced in the absence of foreign allergens; yet the origin, regulation, and functions of such "natural" IgE still remain largely unknown. Here, we find that glucocorticoids enhance the production of IgE in B cells both in vivo and ex vivo without antigenic challenge. Such IgE production is promoted by B cell-intrinsic glucocorticoid receptor signaling that reinforces CD40 signaling and synergizes with the IL-4/STAT6 pathway. In addition, we found that rare B cells in the mesenteric lymph nodes are responsible for the production of glucocorticoid-inducible IgE. Furthermore, locally produced glucocorticoids in the gut may induce natural IgE during perturbations of gut homeostasis, such as dysbiosis. Notably, mice preemptively treated with glucocorticoids were protected from subsequent pathogenic anaphylaxis. Together, our results suggest that glucocorticoids, classically considered to be broadly immunosuppressive, have a selective immunostimulatory role in B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaechul Lim
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Erica V. Lin
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Jun Young Hong
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Department of Systems Biology, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea,Jun Young Hong:
| | - Bharat Vaidyanathan
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Steven A. Erickson
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Charles Annicelli
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT
| | - Ruslan Medzhitov
- Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT,Correspondence to Ruslan Medzhitov:
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41
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Karo-Atar D, Ouladan S, Javkar T, Joumier L, Matheson MK, Merritt S, Westfall S, Rochette A, Gentile ME, Fontes G, Fonseca GJ, Parisien M, Diatchenko L, von Moltke J, Malleshaiah M, Gregorieff A, King IL. Helminth-induced reprogramming of the stem cell compartment inhibits type 2 immunity. J Exp Med 2022; 219:e20212311. [PMID: 35938990 PMCID: PMC9365672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20212311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Enteric helminths form intimate physical connections with the intestinal epithelium, yet their ability to directly alter epithelial stem cell fate has not been resolved. Here we demonstrate that infection of mice with the parasite Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb) reprograms the intestinal epithelium into a fetal-like state marked by the emergence of Clusterin-expressing revival stem cells (revSCs). Organoid-based studies using parasite-derived excretory-secretory products reveal that Hpb-mediated revSC generation occurs independently of host-derived immune signals and inhibits type 2 cytokine-driven differentiation of secretory epithelial lineages that promote their expulsion. Reciprocally, type 2 cytokine signals limit revSC differentiation and, consequently, Hpb fitness, indicating that helminths compete with their host for control of the intestinal stem cell compartment to promote continuation of their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Karo-Atar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Shaida Ouladan
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Tanvi Javkar
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Loick Joumier
- Division of Systems Biology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Sydney Merritt
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Susan Westfall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Annie Rochette
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Maria E. Gentile
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ghislaine Fontes
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Gregory J. Fonseca
- McGill University Health Centre, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Department of Medicine, Division of Quantitative Life Sciences, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marc Parisien
- Department of Human Genetics, Allen Edwards Centre for Pain Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luda Diatchenko
- Department of Human Genetics, Allen Edwards Centre for Pain Research, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | | | - Mohan Malleshaiah
- Division of Systems Biology, Montreal Clinical Research Institute, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Alex Gregorieff
- Department of Pathology, McGill University and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Irah L. King
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Interdisciplinary Initiative in Infection and Immunity, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- McGill Regenerative Medicine Network, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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42
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Sirtuin 6 maintains epithelial STAT6 activity to support intestinal tuft cell development and type 2 immunity. Nat Commun 2022; 13:5192. [PMID: 36057627 PMCID: PMC9440928 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-32846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Dynamic regulation of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) differentiation is crucial for both homeostasis and the response to helminth infection. SIRT6 belongs to the NAD+-dependent deacetylases and has established diverse roles in aging, metabolism and disease. Here, we report that IEC Sirt6 deletion leads to impaired tuft cell development and type 2 immunity in response to helminth infection, thereby resulting in compromised worm expulsion. Conversely, after helminth infection, IEC SIRT6 transgenic mice exhibit enhanced epithelial remodeling process and more efficient worm clearance. Mechanistically, Sirt6 ablation causes elevated Socs3 expression, and subsequently attenuated tyrosine 641 phosphorylation of STAT6 in IECs. Notably, intestinal epithelial overexpression of constitutively activated STAT6 (STAT6vt) in mice is sufficient to induce the expansion of tuft and goblet cell linage. Furthermore, epithelial STAT6vt overexpression remarkedly reverses the defects in intestinal epithelial remodeling caused by Sirt6 ablation. Our results reveal a novel function of SIRT6 in regulating intestinal epithelial remodeling and mucosal type 2 immunity in response to helminth infection. Host defense against helminth infection is mediated by mucosal type 2 immunity. Using gain- and loss-of-function mouse models, and mouse intestinal organoids, Xiong et al. show that SIRT6 modulates tuft and goblet cell expansion in intestinal epithelium by activating STAT6 to maintain type 2 mucosal immunity in response to helminth infection.
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43
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Gopalakrishnan A, Joseph J, Shirey KA, Keegan AD, Boukhvalova MS, Vogel SN, Blanco JCG. Protection against influenza-induced Acute Lung Injury (ALI) by enhanced induction of M2a macrophages: possible role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in IL-4-induced M2a macrophage differentiation. Front Immunol 2022; 13:968336. [PMID: 36052067 PMCID: PMC9424652 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.968336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Many respiratory viruses cause lung damage that may evolve into acute lung injury (ALI), a cytokine storm, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and ultimately, death. Peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), a member of the nuclear hormone receptor (NHR) family of transcription factors, regulates transcription by forming heterodimers with another NHR family member, Retinoid X Receptor (RXR). Each component of the heterodimer binds specific ligands that modify transcriptional capacity of the entire heterodimer by recruiting different co-activators/co-repressors. However, the role of PPARγ/RXR ligands in the context of influenza infection is not well understood. PPARγ is associated with macrophage differentiation to an anti-inflammatory M2 state. We show that mice lacking the IL-4Rα receptor, required for M2a macrophage differentiation, are more susceptible to mouse-adapted influenza (A/PR/8/34; "PR8")-induced lethality. Mice lacking Ptgs2, that encodes COX-2, a key proinflammatory M1 macrophage mediator, are more resistant. Blocking the receptor for COX-2-induced Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was also protective. Treatment with pioglitazone (PGZ), a PPARγ ligand, increased survival from PR8 infection, decreased M1 macrophage gene expression, and increased PPARγ mRNA in lungs. Conversely, conditional knockout mice expressing PPARγ-deficient macrophages were significantly more sensitive to PR8-induced lethality. These findings were extended in cotton rats: PGZ blunted lung inflammation and M1 cytokine gene expression after challenge with non-adapted human influenza. To study mechanisms by which PPARγ/RXR transcription factors induce canonical M2a genes, WT mouse macrophages were treated with IL-4 in the absence or presence of rosiglitazone (RGZ; PPARγ ligand), LG100754 (LG; RXR ligand), or both. IL-4 dose-dependently induced M2a genes Arg1, Mrc1, Chil3, and Retnla. Treatment of macrophages with IL-4 and RGZ and/or LG differentially affected induction of Arg1 and Mrc1 vs. Chil3 and Retnla gene expression. In PPARγ-deficient macrophages, IL-4 alone failed to induce Arg1 and Mrc1 gene expression; however, concurrent treatment with LG or RGZ + LG enhanced IL-4-induced Arg1 and Mrc1 expression, but to a lower level than in WT macrophages, findings confirmed in the murine alveolar macrophage cell line, MH-S. These findings support a model in which PPARγ/RXR heterodimers control IL-4-induced M2a differentiation, and suggest that PPARγ/RXR agonists should be considered as important tools for clinical intervention against influenza-induced ALI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Archana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - John Joseph
- Sigmovir Biosystems, Inc., Rockville, MD, United States
| | - Kari Ann Shirey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Achsah D. Keegan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
- Center for Vascular and Inflammatory Diseases, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | | | - Stefanie N. Vogel
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Maryland, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, United States
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44
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Rahimi RA, Sokol CL. Functional Recognition Theory and Type 2 Immunity: Insights and Uncertainties. Immunohorizons 2022; 6:569-580. [PMID: 35926975 PMCID: PMC9897289 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 immunity plays an important role in host defense against helminths and toxins while driving allergic diseases. Despite progress in understanding the biology of type 2 immunity, the fundamental mechanisms regulating the type 2 immune module remain unclear. In contrast with structural recognition used by pattern recognition receptors, type 2 immunogens are sensed through their functional properties. Functional recognition theory has arisen as the paradigm for the initiation of type 2 immunity. However, the vast array of structurally unrelated type 2 immunogens makes it challenging to advance our understanding of type 2 immunity. In this article, we review functional recognition theory and organize type 2 immunogens into distinct classes based on how they fit into the concept of functional recognition. Lastly, we discuss areas of uncertainty in functional recognition theory with the goal of providing a framework to further define the logic of type 2 immunity in host protection and immunopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rod A Rahimi
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA;
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
| | - Caroline L Sokol
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA; and
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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45
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El-Naccache DW, Chen F, Palma MJ, Lemenze A, Fischer MA, Wu W, Mishra PK, Eltzschig HK, Robson SC, Di Virgilio F, Yap GS, Edelblum KL, Haskó G, Gause WC. Adenosine metabolized from extracellular ATP promotes type 2 immunity through triggering A 2BAR signaling in intestinal epithelial cells. Cell Rep 2022; 40:111150. [PMID: 35926464 PMCID: PMC9402265 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.111150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intestinal nematode parasites can cross the epithelial barrier, causing tissue damage and release of danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) that may promote host protective type 2 immunity. We investigate whether adenosine binding to the A2B adenosine receptor (A2BAR) on intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) plays an important role. Specific blockade of IEC A2BAR inhibits the host protective memory response to the enteric helminth, Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri (Hpb), including disruption of granuloma development at the host-parasite interface. Memory T cell development is blocked during the primary response, and transcriptional analyses reveal profound impairment of IEC activation. Extracellular ATP is visualized 24 h after inoculation and is shown in CD39-deficient mice to be critical for the adenosine production mediating the initiation of type 2 immunity. Our studies indicate a potent adenosine-mediated IEC pathway that, along with the tuft cell circuit, is critical for the activation of type 2 immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Darine W El-Naccache
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Fei Chen
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Mark J Palma
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Alexander Lemenze
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Matthew A Fischer
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Wenhui Wu
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Pankaj K Mishra
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Holger K Eltzschig
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Texas at Houston Medical School, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Simon C Robson
- Center for Inflammation Research, Department of Anesthesia, Critical Care & Pain Medicine and Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | | | - George S Yap
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - Karen L Edelblum
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Pathology, Immunology, and Laboratory Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA
| | - György Haskó
- Department of Anesthesiology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
| | - William C Gause
- Center for Immunity and Inflammation, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA; Department of Medicine, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers-The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07101, USA.
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46
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Cytokines, Chemokines, Insulin and Haematological Indices in Type 2 Diabetic Male Sprague Dawley Rats Infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/app12157743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease induced by the inability to control high blood glucose level. Helminth-induced immunomodulation has been reported to prevent or delay the onset of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), which, in turn, ameliorates insulin sensitivity. Therefore, there is a need to understand the underlying mechanisms utilized by helminths in metabolism and the induction of immuno-inflammatory responses during helminthic infection and T2DM comorbidity. This study aimed at using a laboratory animal model to determine the cytokines, chemokines and haematological indices in diabetic (T2DM) male Sprague Dawley (SD) rats infected with Trichinella zimbabwensis. One hundred and two male SD rats (160–180 g) were randomly selected into three experimental groups (i. T2DM-induced group (D) ii. T. zimbabwensis infected + T2DM group (TzD) and iii. T. zimbabwensis-infected group (Tz)). Rats selected for the D group and TzD group were injected with 40 mg/kg live weight of streptozotocin (STZ) intraperitoneally to induce T2DM, while animals in the Tz and TzD group were infected with T. zimbabwensis. Results showed that adult T. zimbabwensis worm loads and mean T. zimbabwensis larvae per gram (lpg) of rat muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the Tz group when compared to the TzD group. Blood glucose levels in the D group were significantly higher (p < 0.001) compared to the TzD group. An increase in insulin concentration was observed among the TzD group when compared to the D group. Liver and muscle glycogen decreased in the D when compared to the TzD group. A significant increase (p < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBCs) was observed in the D group when compared to the TzD and Tz groups. An increase in haematocrit, haemoglobin, white blood cells (WBCs), platelet, neutrophils and monocyte were observed in the D group when compared to the TzD group. TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-4, IL-10 and IL-13 concentrations were elevated in the TzD group when compared to the D and Tz groups, while IL-6 concentration showed a significant reduction in the Tz when compared to the D and the TzD groups. A significant increase in CCL5 in the D and TzD groups was observed in comparison to the Tz group. CXCL10 and CCL11 concentration also showed an increase in the TzD group in comparison to the Tz and the D groups. Overall, our results confirm that T. zimbabwensis, a parasite which produces tissue-dwelling larvae in the host, regulates T2DM driven inflammation to mediate a positive protective effect against T2DM outcomes.
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47
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Zhuang T, Abuzeid AMI, Hu J, Zhu S, Lu J, Zhou X, Chen X, Li G. Eukaryotic expression and immunogenicity of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin. Parasitol Int 2022; 91:102633. [PMID: 35872299 DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2022.102633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ancylostoma ceylanicum is a zoonotic soil-derived nematode that parasitizes human and animal intestines, causing malnutrition and iron-deficiency anemia. Calreticulin is a multifunctional protein involved in all stages of parasitic infection. Studies have found that parasites can secret calreticulin to regulate the host's immune response. To explore the immunogenicity of the eukaryotic expression plasmid of Ancylostoma ceylanicum calreticulin (Ace-CRT), we constructed a recombinant Ace-CRT eukaryotic expression plasmid (pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT). Successful expression of the target protein in Human Embryonic Kidney (HEK) 293 T cells was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence and Western blot analysis. BALB/c mice were immunized with pEGFP-N3-Ace-CRT plasmid. Measuring IgG antibody levels in immunized mice sera by ELISA showed that the recombinant plasmid stimulated IgG antibody production in mice. Spleen lymphocytes were collected from vaccinated mice to determine the proportion of T cell subsets and the expression levels of cytokines. Flow cytometry revealed that the percentage of CD3 + CD4+ and CD3 + CD8+ T cells in mice spleen in the immunization group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Recombinant plasmid immunization increased IL-4, IL-10, IL-12, and IL-13 expression while decreasing IL-5, IL-6, and INF-γ in mice spleens. These results indicate that the eukaryotic plasmid constructed in this study had good immunogenicity and mainly induced a T helper 2 response in the host, laying a foundation for screening candidate molecules for anti-hookworm vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Zhuang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Asmaa M I Abuzeid
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
| | - Junjing Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Shilan Zhu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Jinmiao Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China
| | - Guoqing Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Zoonosis Prevention and Control, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510542, China.
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48
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Stevenson MM, Valanparambil RM, Tam M. Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells: The Expanding World of Helminth Modulation of the Immune System. Front Immunol 2022; 13:874308. [PMID: 35757733 PMCID: PMC9229775 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.874308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with helminths or parasitic worms are highly prevalent worldwide especially in developing regions. Helminths cause chronic infections that are associated with suppression of immune responses to unrelated pathogens, vaccines, and by-stander antigens responsible for dysregulated immune responses as occurs in diseases such as allergies. Helminths use multiple mechanisms to modulate the immune system to evade the highly polarized type 2 immune response required to expel adult worms and for immunity to reinfection. Anthelmintic drugs are efficient in reducing adult worm burdens in helminth-infected individuals, but resistance to these drugs is rapidly increasing and vaccines against these pathogens are not available. Emerging evidence indicate that helminths induce myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC), originally described in tumor-bearing mice and cancer patients. MDSC are a heterogenous population of immature cells that consist of two distinct sub-populations, polymorphonuclear (PMN)-MDSC and monocytic (M)-MDSC based on morphology and phenotype. MDSC suppress the function of T cells and other innate and adaptive immune cells including NK cells and B cells. During cancer or infection with bacteria or viruses, there is marked expansion of MDSC. Furthermore, the frequencies of MDSC correlate inversely with the prognosis and survival of tumor-bearing hosts as well as bacterial and viral burdens, persistence, and outcome in infected hosts. Currently, there is a paucity of data on MDSC and helminth infections. Here, we provide a survey of the evidence accumulated so far that overall support a role for MDSC in modulating immune responses during helminth infections. We review data from studies in various helminths, including those that infect humans. Finally, we summarize the progress to date in understanding the role of MDSC in helminth infections and briefly discuss potential host-directed strategies to target MDSC-mediated suppression of immune responses to helminths in favor of development of immunity to eliminate adult worms and possibly induce protection against reinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary M Stevenson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Rajesh M Valanparambil
- Division of Experimental Medicine, Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mifong Tam
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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49
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Dos Santos JDMB, do Amaral JB, França CN, Monteiro FR, Alvares-Saraiva AM, Kalil S, Durigon EL, Oliveira DBL, Rodrigues SS, Heller D, Welter EAR, Pinho JRR, Vieira RP, Bachi ALL. Distinct Immunological Profiles Help in the Maintenance of Salivary Secretory IgA Production in Mild Symptoms COVID-19 Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:890887. [PMID: 35686128 PMCID: PMC9171398 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.890887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Relevant aspects regarding the SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis and the systemic immune response to this infection have been reported. However, the mucosal immune response of the upper airways two months after SARS-CoV-2 infection in patients with mild/moderate symptoms is still not completely described. Therefore, we investigated the immune/inflammatory responses of the mucosa of the upper airways of mild/moderate symptom COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection in comparison to a control group composed of non-COVID-19 healthy individuals. Methods A cohort of 80 volunteers (age 37.2 ± 8.2), including non-COVID-19 healthy individuals (n=24) and COVID-19 patients (n=56) who presented mild/moderate symptoms during a COVID-19 outbreak in Brazil in November and December of 2020. Saliva samples were obtained two months after the COVID-19 diagnosis to assess the levels of SIgA by ELISA and the cytokines by multiplex analysis. Results Salivary levels of SIgA were detected in 39 volunteers into the COVID-19 group and, unexpectedly, in 14 volunteers in the control group. Based on this observation, we distributed the volunteers of the control group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups, and COVID-19 group into without SIgA or with SIgA sub-groups. Individuals with SIgA showed higher levels of IL-10, IL-17A, IFN-γ, IL-12p70, IL-13, and IFN-α than those without SIgA. In intergroup analysis, the COVID-19 groups showed higher salivary levels of IL-10, IL-13, IL-17A, and IFN-α than the control group. No statistical differences were verified in the salivary levels of IL-6 and IFN-β. Lower IL-12p70/IL-10 and IFN-γ/IL-10 ratios were found in the control group without SIgA than the control group with SIgA and the COVID-19 group with SIgA. Conclusion We were able to present, for the first time, that associations between distinct immunological profiles can help the mucosal immunity to maintain the salivary levels of SIgA in COVID-19 patients two months after the SARS-CoV-2 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jonatas Bussador do Amaral
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carolina Nunes França
- Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Sandra Kalil
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Patologia Ambiental e Experimental, Universidade Paulista - Unip, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Edison Luiz Durigon
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Scientific Platform Pasteur, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Danielle Bruna Leal Oliveira
- Laboratory of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Sanches Rodrigues
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Dentistry, Universidade Cruzeiro Do Sul, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, United States
| | | | - João Renato Rebello Pinho
- Albert Einstein Institute for Teaching and Research (IIEP), Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Gastroenterology (LIM07), Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.,Division of Clinical Laboratories (LIM 03), Hospital das Clínicas, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo P Vieira
- Post-Graduation Program in Science of Human and Rehabilitation, Federal University of São Paulo (UNIFESP), Santos, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Human Movement and Rehabilitation, Unievangélica, Anápolis, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Bioengineering, Universidade Brasil, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - André Luis Lacerda Bachi
- ENT Research Lab, Department of Otorhinolaryngology -Head and Neck Surgery, Federal University of Sao Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil.,Post-Graduation Program in Health Sciences, Santo Amaro University (UNISA), São Paulo, Brazil
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50
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Schälter F, Frech M, Dürholz K, Lucas S, Sarter K, Lebon L, Esser-von Bieren J, Dubey LK, Voehringer D, Schett G, Harris NL, Zaiss MM. Acetate, a metabolic product of Heligmosomoides polygyrus, facilitates intestinal epithelial barrier breakdown in a FFAR2-dependent manner. Int J Parasitol 2022; 52:591-601. [PMID: 35671792 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpara.2022.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 2 billion people worldwide and a significant part of the domestic livestock are infected with soil-transmitted helminths, of which many establish chronic infections causing substantial economic and welfare burdens. Beside intensive research on helminth-triggered mucosal and systemic immune responses, the local mechanism that enables infective larvae to cross the intestinal epithelial barrier and invade mucosal tissue remains poorly addressed. Here, we show that Heligmosomoides polygyrus infective L3s secrete acetate and that acetate potentially facilitates paracellular epithelial tissue invasion by changed epithelial tight junction claudin expression. In vitro, impedance-based real-time epithelial cell line barrier measurements together with ex vivo functional permeability assays in intestinal organoid cultures revealed that acetate decreased intercellular barrier function via the G-protein coupled free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2, GPR43). In vivo validation experiments in FFAR2-/- mice showed lower H. polygyrus burdens, whereas oral acetate-treated C57BL/6 wild type mice showed higher burdens. These data suggest that locally secreted acetate - as a metabolic product of the energy metabolism of H. polygyrus L3s - provides a significant advantage to the parasite in crossing the intestinal epithelial barrier and invading mucosal tissues. This is the first and a rate-limiting step for helminths to establish chronic infections in their hosts and if modulated could have profound consequences for their life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Schälter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Michael Frech
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Dürholz
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sébastien Lucas
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kerstin Sarter
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Luc Lebon
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland
| | - Julia Esser-von Bieren
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Center of Allergy and Environment, Technical University of Munich and Helmholtz Zentrum München, Munich, Germany
| | - Lalit K Dubey
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Centre of Microvascular Research, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 6BQ, United Kingdom
| | - David Voehringer
- Department of Infection Biology, University Hospital Erlangen and Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany
| | - Georg Schett
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Nicola L Harris
- Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland; Department of Immunology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mario M Zaiss
- Department of Internal Medicine 3, Rheumatology and Immunology, Friedrich-Alexander-University Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) and Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany; Global Health Institute, School of Life Sciences, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, CH-1015, Switzerland.
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