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Hwang M, Bergmann CC. Neurotropic murine coronavirus mediated demyelination: Factors dampening pathogenesis. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 393:578382. [PMID: 38850674 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2024] [Revised: 05/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
Virus infections and autoimmune responses are implicated as primary triggers of demyelinating diseases. Specifically, the association of Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection with development of multiple sclerosis (MS) has re-ignited an interest in virus induced autoimmune responses to CNS antigens. Nevertheless, demyelination may also be caused by immune mediated bystander pathology in an attempt to control direct infection in the CNS. Tissue damage as a result of anti-viral responses or low level viral persistence may lead to immune activation manifesting in demyelinating lesions, axonal damage and clinical symptoms. This review focuses on the neurotropic mouse coronavirus induced demyelination model to highlight how immune responses activated during the acute phase pave the way to dampen pathology and promote repair. We specifically discuss the role of immune dampening factors programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1) and interleukin (IL)-10, as well as microglia and triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2), in limiting demyelination independent of viral persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Cornelia C Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA; Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA.
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2
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Vashisht A, Vashisht V, Singh H, Ahluwalia P, Mondal AK, Williams C, Farmaha J, Woodall J, Kolhe R. Neurological Complications of COVID-19: Unraveling the Pathophysiological Underpinnings and Therapeutic Implications. Viruses 2024; 16:1183. [PMID: 39205157 PMCID: PMC11359204 DOI: 10.3390/v16081183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 07/11/2024] [Accepted: 07/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the causative agent of coronavirus disease (COVID-19), induced a global pandemic with a diverse array of clinical manifestations. While the acute phase of the pandemic may be waning, the intricacies of COVID-19's impact on neurological health remain a crucial area of investigation. Early recognition of the spectrum of COVID-19 symptoms, ranging from mild fever and cough to life-threatening respiratory distress and multi-organ failure, underscored the significance of neurological complications, including anosmia, seizures, stroke, disorientation, encephalopathy, and paralysis. Notably, patients requiring intensive care unit (ICU) admission due to neurological challenges or due to them exhibiting neurological abnormalities in the ICU have shown increased mortality rates. COVID-19 can lead to a range of neurological complications such as anosmia, stroke, paralysis, cranial nerve deficits, encephalopathy, delirium, meningitis, seizures, etc., in affected patients. This review elucidates the burgeoning landscape of neurological sequelae associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection and explores the underlying neurobiological mechanisms driving these diverse manifestations. A meticulous examination of potential neuroinvasion routes by SARS-CoV-2 underscores the intricate interplay between the virus and the nervous system. Moreover, we dissect the diverse neurological manifestations emphasizing the necessity of a multifaceted approach to understanding the disease's neurological footprint. In addition to elucidating the pathophysiological underpinnings, this review surveys current therapeutic modalities and delineates prospective avenues for neuro-COVID research. By integrating epidemiological, clinical, and diagnostic parameters, we endeavor to foster a comprehensive analysis of the nexus between COVID-19 and neurological health, thereby laying the groundwork for targeted therapeutic interventions and long-term management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Vashisht
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Vishakha Vashisht
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Pankaj Ahluwalia
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Ashis K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Colin Williams
- Lincoln Memorial DeBusk College of Osteopathic Medicine, Lincoln Memorial University, Knoxville, TN 37902, USA;
| | - Jaspreet Farmaha
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Jana Woodall
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (A.V.); (V.V.); (H.S.); (P.A.); (A.K.M.); (J.F.); (J.W.)
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3
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Syage AR, Pachow C, Murray KM, Henningfield C, Fernandez K, Du A, Cheng Y, Olivarria G, Kawauchi S, MacGregor GR, Green KN, Lane TE. Cystatin F attenuates neuroinflammation and demyelination following murine coronavirus infection of the central nervous system. J Neuroinflammation 2024; 21:157. [PMID: 38879499 PMCID: PMC11179388 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-024-03153-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cystatin F is a secreted lysosomal cysteine protease inhibitor that has been implicated in affecting the severity of demyelination and enhancing remyelination in pre-clinical models of immune-mediated demyelination. How cystatin F impacts neurologic disease severity following viral infection of the central nervous system (CNS) has not been well characterized and was the focus of this study. We used cystatin F null-mutant mice (Cst7-/-) with a well-established model of murine coronavirus-induced neurologic disease to evaluate the contributions of cystatin F in host defense, demyelination and remyelination. METHODS Wildtype controls and Cst7-/- mice were intracranially (i.c.) infected with a sublethal dose of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), with disease progression and survival monitored daily. Viral plaque assays and qPCR were used to assess viral levels in CNS. Immune cell infiltration into the CNS and immune cell activation were determined by flow cytometry and 10X genomics chromium 3' single cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq). Spinal cord demyelination was determined by luxol fast blue (LFB) and Hematoxylin/Eosin (H&E) staining and axonal damage assessed by immunohistochemical staining for SMI-32. Remyelination was evaluated by electron microscopy (EM) and calculation of g-ratios. RESULTS JHMV-infected Cst7-/- mice were able to control viral replication within the CNS, indicating that cystatin F is not essential for an effective Th1 anti-viral immune response. Infiltration of T cells into the spinal cords of JHMV-infected Cst7-/- mice was increased compared to infected controls, and this correlated with increased axonal damage and demyelination associated with impaired remyelination. Single-cell RNA-seq of CD45 + cells enriched from spinal cords of infected Cst7-/- and control mice revealed enhanced expression of transcripts encoding T cell chemoattractants, Cxcl9 and Cxcl10, combined with elevated expression of interferon-g (Ifng) and perforin (Prf1) transcripts in CD8 + T cells from Cst7-/- mice compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS Cystatin F is not required for immune-mediated control of JHMV replication within the CNS. However, JHMV-infected Cst7-/- mice exhibited more severe clinical disease associated with increased demyelination and impaired remyelination. The increase in disease severity was associated with elevated expression of T cell chemoattractant chemokines, concurrent with increased neuroinflammation. These findings support the idea that cystatin F influences expression of proinflammatory gene expression impacting neuroinflammation, T cell activation and/or glia cell responses ultimately impacting neuroinflammation and neurologic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber R Syage
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Kaitlin M Murray
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Caden Henningfield
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Kellie Fernandez
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Annie Du
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology & Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Gema Olivarria
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Shimako Kawauchi
- Transgenic Mouse Facility, ULAR, Office of Research, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Grant R MacGregor
- Department of Developmental & Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Kim N Green
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA
| | - Thomas E Lane
- Department of Neurobiology & Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, 92697, USA.
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Boylan BT, Hwang M, Bergmann CC. The Impact of Innate Components on Viral Pathogenesis in the Neurotropic Coronavirus Encephalomyelitis Mouse Model. Viruses 2023; 15:2400. [PMID: 38140641 PMCID: PMC10747027 DOI: 10.3390/v15122400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Recognition of viruses invading the central nervous system (CNS) by pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) is crucial to elicit early innate responses that stem dissemination. These innate responses comprise both type I interferon (IFN-I)-mediated defenses as well as signals recruiting leukocytes to control the infection. Focusing on insights from the neurotropic mouse CoV model, this review discusses how early IFN-I, fibroblast, and myeloid signals can influence protective anti-viral adaptive responses. Emphasis is placed on three main areas: the importance of coordinating the distinct capacities of resident CNS cells to induce and respond to IFN-I, the effects of select IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) on host immune responses versus viral control, and the contribution of fibroblast activation and myeloid cells in aiding the access of T cells to the parenchyma. By unraveling how the dysregulation of early innate components influences adaptive immunity and viral control, this review illustrates the combined effort of resident CNS cells to achieve viral control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brendan T. Boylan
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Mihyun Hwang
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Cornelia C. Bergmann
- Department of Neurosciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH 44196, USA; (B.T.B.); (M.H.)
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Molecular Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Sciences, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA
- School of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, OH 44242, USA
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5
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Syage A, Pachow C, Cheng Y, Mangale V, Green KN, Lane TE. Microglia influence immune responses and restrict neurologic disease in response to central nervous system infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1291255. [PMID: 38099152 PMCID: PMC10719854 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1291255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial (i.c.) inoculation of susceptible mice with a glial-tropic strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a murine coronavirus, results in an acute encephalomyelitis followed by viral persistence in white matter tracts accompanied by chronic neuroinflammation and demyelination. Microglia serve numerous functions including maintenance of the healthy central nervous system (CNS) and are among the first responders to injury or infection. More recently, studies have demonstrated that microglia aid in tailoring innate and adaptive immune responses following infection by neurotropic viruses including flaviviruses, herpesviruses, and picornaviruses. These findings have emphasized an important role for microglia in host defense against these viral pathogens. In addition, microglia are also critical in optimizing immune-mediated control of JHMV replication within the CNS while restricting the severity of demyelination and enhancing remyelination. This review will highlight our current understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms by which microglia aid in host defense, limit neurologic disease, and promote repair following CNS infection by a neurotropic murine coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amber Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Collin Pachow
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Vrushali Mangale
- Department of Pathology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
- Center for Virus Research, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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Amadoro G, Latina V, Stigliano E, Micera A. COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease Share Common Neurological and Ophthalmological Manifestations: A Bidirectional Risk in the Post-Pandemic Future. Cells 2023; 12:2601. [PMID: 37998336 PMCID: PMC10670749 DOI: 10.3390/cells12222601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023] Open
Abstract
A growing body of evidence indicates that a neuropathological cross-talk takes place between the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) -the pandemic severe pneumonia that has had a tremendous impact on the global economy and health since three years after its outbreak in December 2019- and Alzheimer's Disease (AD), the leading cause of dementia among human beings, reaching 139 million by the year 2050. Even though COVID-19 is a primary respiratory disease, its causative agent, the so-called Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is also endowed with high neuro-invasive potential (Neurocovid). The neurological complications of COVID-19, resulting from the direct viral entry into the Central Nervous System (CNS) and/or indirect systemic inflammation and dysregulated activation of immune response, encompass memory decline and anosmia which are typically associated with AD symptomatology. In addition, patients diagnosed with AD are more vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection and are inclined to more severe clinical outcomes. In the present review, we better elucidate the intimate connection between COVID-19 and AD by summarizing the involved risk factors/targets and the underlying biological mechanisms shared by these two disorders with a particular focus on the Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, APOlipoprotein E (APOE), aging, neuroinflammation and cellular pathways associated with the Amyloid Precursor Protein (APP)/Amyloid beta (Aβ) and tau neuropathologies. Finally, the involvement of ophthalmological manifestations, including vitreo-retinal abnormalities and visual deficits, in both COVID-19 and AD are also discussed. Understanding the common physiopathological aspects linking COVID-19 and AD will pave the way to novel management and diagnostic/therapeutic approaches to cope with them in the post-pandemic future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Amadoro
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Latina
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology (IFT), National Research Council (CNR), Via Fosso del Cavaliere 100, 00133 Rome, Italy;
- European Brain Research Institute (EBRI), Viale Regina Elena 295, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Egidio Stigliano
- Area of Pathology, Department of Woman and Child Health and Public Health, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, Istituto di Anatomia Patologica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Alessandra Micera
- Research and Development Laboratory for Biochemical, Molecular and Cellular Applications in Ophthalmological Sciences, IRCCS-Fondazione Bietti, Via Santo Stefano Rotondo, 6, 00184 Rome, Italy
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Piacentini S, Riccio A, Santopolo S, Pauciullo S, La Frazia S, Rossi A, Rossignol JF, Santoro MG. The FDA-approved drug nitazoxanide is a potent inhibitor of human seasonal coronaviruses acting at postentry level: effect on the viral spike glycoprotein. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1206951. [PMID: 37705731 PMCID: PMC10497118 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1206951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Coronaviridae is recognized as one of the most rapidly evolving virus family as a consequence of the high genomic nucleotide substitution rates and recombination. The family comprises a large number of enveloped, positive-sense single-stranded RNA viruses, causing an array of diseases of varying severity in animals and humans. To date, seven human coronaviruses (HCoV) have been identified, namely HCoV-229E, HCoV-NL63, HCoV-OC43 and HCoV-HKU1, which are globally circulating in the human population (seasonal HCoV, sHCoV), and the highly pathogenic SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and SARS-CoV-2. Seasonal HCoV are estimated to contribute to 15-30% of common cold cases in humans; although diseases are generally self-limiting, sHCoV can sometimes cause severe lower respiratory infections and life-threatening diseases in a subset of patients. No specific treatment is presently available for sHCoV infections. Herein we show that the anti-infective drug nitazoxanide has a potent antiviral activity against three human endemic coronaviruses, the Alpha-coronaviruses HCoV-229E and HCoV-NL63, and the Beta-coronavirus HCoV-OC43 in cell culture with IC50 ranging between 0.05 and 0.15 μg/mL and high selectivity indexes. We found that nitazoxanide does not affect HCoV adsorption, entry or uncoating, but acts at postentry level and interferes with the spike glycoprotein maturation, hampering its terminal glycosylation at an endoglycosidase H-sensitive stage. Altogether the results indicate that nitazoxanide, due to its broad-spectrum anti-coronavirus activity, may represent a readily available useful tool in the treatment of seasonal coronavirus infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Piacentini
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccio
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Santopolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvia Pauciullo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Simone La Frazia
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Rossi
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | | | - M. Gabriella Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
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8
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Ahmadi S, Khaledi S. Brain Renin-Angiotensin System: From Physiology to Pathology in Neuronal Complications Induced by SARS-CoV-2. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2023; 2023:8883492. [PMID: 37575318 PMCID: PMC10421715 DOI: 10.1155/2023/8883492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a key enzyme in the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), is expressed in various tissues and organs, including the central nervous system (CNS). The spike protein of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19), binds to ACE2, which raises concerns about the potential for viral infection in the CNS. There are numerous reports suggesting a link between SARS-CoV-2 infection and neurological manifestations. This study aimed to present an updated review of the role of brain RAS components, especially ACE2, in neurological complications induced by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Several routes of SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain have been proposed. Because an anosmia condition appeared broadly in COVID-19 patients, the olfactory nerve route was suggested as an early pathway for SARS-CoV-2 entry into the brain. In addition, a hematogenous route via disintegrations in the blood-brain barrier following an increase in systemic cytokine and chemokine levels and retrograde axonal transport, especially via the vagus nerve innervating lungs, have been described. Common nonspecific neurological symptoms in COVID-19 patients are myalgia, headache, anosmia, and dysgeusia. However, more severe outcomes include cerebrovascular diseases, cognitive impairment, anxiety, encephalopathy, and stroke. Alterations in brain RAS components such as angiotensin II (Ang II) and ACE2 mediate neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infection, at least in part. Downregulation of ACE2 due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, followed by an increase in Ang II levels, leads to hyperinflammation and oxidative stress, which in turn accelerates neurodegeneration in the brain. Furthermore, ACE2 downregulation in the hypothalamus induces stress and anxiety responses by increasing corticotropin-releasing hormone. SARS-CoV-2 infection may also dysregulate the CNS neurotransmission, leading to neurological complications observed in severe cases of COVID-19. It can be concluded that the neurological manifestations of COVID-19 may be partially associated with changes in brain RAS components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamseddin Ahmadi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Shiler Khaledi
- Department of Biological Science, Faculty of Science, University of Kurdistan, Sanandaj, Iran
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9
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Alabsi H, Emerson K, Lin DJ. Neurorecovery after Critical COVID-19 Illness. Semin Neurol 2023. [PMID: 37168008 DOI: 10.1055/s-0043-1768714] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
With the hundreds of millions of people worldwide who have been, and continue to be, affected by pandemic coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and its chronic sequelae, strategies to improve recovery and rehabilitation from COVID-19 are critical global public health priorities. Neurologic complications have been associated with acute COVID-19 infection, usually in the setting of critical COVID-19 illness. Neurologic complications are also a core feature of the symptom constellation of long COVID and portend poor outcomes. In this article, we review neurologic complications and their mechanisms in critical COVID-19 illness and long COVID. We focus on parallels with neurologic disease associated with non-COVID critical systemic illness. We conclude with a discussion of how recent findings can guide both neurologists working in post-acute neurologic rehabilitation facilities and policy makers who influence neurologic resource allocation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitham Alabsi
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Kristi Emerson
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David J Lin
- Division of Neurocritical Care, Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Department of Neurology, Center for Neurotechnology and Neurorecovery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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10
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Malik JR, Acharya A, Avedissian SN, Byrareddy SN, Fletcher CV, Podany AT, Dyavar SR. ACE-2, TMPRSS2, and Neuropilin-1 Receptor Expression on Human Brain Astrocytes and Pericytes and SARS-CoV-2 Infection Kinetics. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24108622. [PMID: 37239978 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme 2 (ACE-2), Transmembrane Serine Protease 2 (TMPRSS-2) and Neuropilin-1 cellular receptors support the entry of SARS-CoV-2 into susceptible human target cells and are characterized at the molecular level. Some evidence on the expression of entry receptors at mRNA and protein levels in brain cells is available, but co-expression of these receptors and confirmatory evidence on brain cells is lacking. SARS-CoV-2 infects some brain cell types, but infection susceptibility, multiple entry receptor density, and infection kinetics are rarely reported in specific brain cell types. Highly sensitive Taqman ddPCR, flow-cytometry and immunocytochemistry assays were used to quantitate the expression of ACE-2, TMPRSS-2 and Neuropilin-1 at mRNA and protein levels on human brain-extracted pericytes and astrocytes, which are an integral part of the Blood-Brain-Barrier (BBB). Astrocytes showed moderate ACE-2 (15.9 ± 1.3%, Mean ± SD, n = 2) and TMPRSS-2 (17.6%) positive cells, and in contrast show high Neuropilin-1 (56.4 ± 39.8%, n = 4) protein expression. Whereas pericytes showed variable ACE-2 (23.1 ± 20.7%, n = 2), Neuropilin-1 (30.3 ± 7.5%, n = 4) protein expression and higher TMPRSS-2 mRNA (667.2 ± 232.3, n = 3) expression. Co-expression of multiple entry receptors on astrocytes and pericytes allows entry of SARS-CoV-2 and progression of infection. Astrocytes showed roughly four-fold more virus in culture supernatants than pericytes. SARS-CoV-2 cellular entry receptor expression and "in vitro" viral kinetics in astrocytes and pericytes may improve our understanding of viral infection "in vivo". In addition, this study may facilitate the development of novel strategies to counter the effects of SARS-CoV-2 and inhibit viral infection in brain tissues to prevent the spread and interference in neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johid Reza Malik
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Arpan Acharya
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Sean N Avedissian
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Siddappa N Byrareddy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Genetics, Cell Biology, and Anatomy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
- Division of Clinical Microbiology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Courtney V Fletcher
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Anthony T Podany
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shetty Ravi Dyavar
- Antiviral Pharmacology Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy Practice and Science, College of Pharmacy, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
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11
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Steardo L, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Astrocytes and the Psychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: What We Learned from the Pandemic. Neurochem Res 2023; 48:1015-1025. [PMID: 35922744 PMCID: PMC9362636 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-022-03709-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 07/01/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
COVID-19, initially regarded as specific lung disease, exhibits an extremely broad spectrum of symptoms. Extrapulmonary manifestations of the disease also include important neuropsychiatric symptoms with atypical characteristics. Are these disturbances linked to stress accompanying every systemic infection, or are due to specific neurobiological changes associated with COVID-19? Evidence accumulated so far indicates that the pathophysiology of COVID-19 is characterized by systemic inflammation, hypoxia resulting from respiratory failure, and neuroinflammation (either due to viral neurotropism or in response to cytokine storm), all affecting the brain. It is reasonable to hypothesize that all these events may initiate or worsen psychiatric and cognitive disorders. Damage to the brain triggers a specific type of reactive response mounted by neuroglia cells, in particular by astrocytes which are the homeostatic cell par excellence. Astrocytes undergo complex morphological, biochemical, and functional remodeling aimed at mobilizing the regenerative potential of the central nervous system. If the brain is not directly damaged, resolution of systemic pathology usually results in restoration of the physiological homeostatic status of neuroglial cells. The completeness and dynamics of this process in pathological conditions remain largely unknown. In a subset of patients, glial cells could fail to recover after infection thus promoting the onset and progression of COVID-19-related neuropsychiatric diseases. There is evidence from post-mortem examinations of the brains of COVID-19 patients of alterations in both astrocytes and microglia. In conclusion, COVID-19 activates a huge reactive response of glial cells, that physiologically act as the main controller of the inflammatory, protective and regenerative events. However, in some patients the restoration of glial physiological state does not occur, thus compromising glial function and ultimately resulting in homeostatic failure underlying a set of specific neuropsychiatric symptoms related to COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Steardo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Università Giustino Fortunato, Benevento, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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12
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Davé VA, Klein RS. The multitaskers of the brain: Glial responses to viral infections and associated post-infectious neurologic sequelae. Glia 2023; 71:803-818. [PMID: 36334073 PMCID: PMC9931640 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Many viral infections cause acute and chronic neurologic diseases which can lead to degeneration of cortical functions. While neurotropic viruses that gain access to the central nervous system (CNS) may induce brain injury directly via infection of neurons or their supporting cells, they also alter brain function via indirect neuroimmune mechanisms that may disrupt the blood-brain barrier (BBB), eliminate synapses, and generate neurotoxic astrocytes and microglia that prevent recovery of neuronal circuits. Non-neuroinvasive, neurovirulent viruses may also trigger aberrant responses in glial cells, including those that interfere with motor and sensory behaviors, encoding of memories and executive function. Increasing evidence from human and animal studies indicate that neuroprotective antiviral responses that amplify levels of innate immune molecules dysregulate normal neuroimmune processes, even in the absence of neuroinvasion, which may persist after virus is cleared. In this review, we discuss how select emerging and re-emerging RNA viruses induce neuroimmunologic responses that lead to dysfunction of higher order processes including visuospatial recognition, learning and memory, and motor control. Identifying therapeutic targets that return the neuroimmune system to homeostasis is critical for preventing virus-induced neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica A Davé
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Robyn S Klein
- Center for Neuroimmunology & Neuroinfectious Diseases, Departments of Medicine, Pathology & Immunology, Neurosciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
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13
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Rabaan AA, Al-Ahmed SH, Albayat H, Alwarthan S, Alhajri M, Najim MA, AlShehail BM, Al-Adsani W, Alghadeer A, Abduljabbar WA, Alotaibi N, Alsalman J, Gorab AH, Almaghrabi RS, Zaidan AA, Aldossary S, Alissa M, Alburaiky LM, Alsalim FM, Thakur N, Verma G, Dhawan M. Variants of SARS-CoV-2: Influences on the Vaccines' Effectiveness and Possible Strategies to Overcome Their Consequences. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2023; 59:507. [PMID: 36984508 PMCID: PMC10051174 DOI: 10.3390/medicina59030507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023]
Abstract
The immune response elicited by the current COVID-19 vaccinations declines with time, especially among the immunocompromised population. Furthermore, the emergence of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants, particularly the Omicron variant, has raised serious concerns about the efficacy of currently available vaccines in protecting the most vulnerable people. Several studies have reported that vaccinated people get breakthrough infections amid COVID-19 cases. So far, five variants of concern (VOCs) have been reported, resulting in successive waves of infection. These variants have shown a variable amount of resistance towards the neutralising antibodies (nAbs) elicited either through natural infection or the vaccination. The spike (S) protein, membrane (M) protein, and envelope (E) protein on the viral surface envelope and the N-nucleocapsid protein in the core of the ribonucleoprotein are the major structural vaccine target proteins against COVID-19. Among these targets, S Protein has been extensively exploited to generate effective vaccines against COVID-19. Hence, amid the emergence of novel variants of SARS-CoV-2, we have discussed their impact on currently available vaccines. We have also discussed the potential roles of S Protein in the development of novel vaccination approaches to contain the negative consequences of the variants' emergence and acquisition of mutations in the S Protein of SARS-CoV-2. Moreover, the implications of SARS-CoV-2's structural proteins were also discussed in terms of their variable potential to elicit an effective amount of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Shamsah H. Al-Ahmed
- Specialty Paediatric Medicine, Qatif Central Hospital, Qatif 32654, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hawra Albayat
- Infectious Disease Department, King Saud Medical City, Riyadh 7790, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sara Alwarthan
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mashael Alhajri
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 34212, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mustafa A. Najim
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taibah University, Madinah 41411, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bashayer M. AlShehail
- Pharmacy Practice Department, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam 31441, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wasl Al-Adsani
- Department of Medicine, Infectious Diseases Hospital, Kuwait City 63537, Kuwait
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Hampton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Hampton, VA 23667, USA
| | - Ali Alghadeer
- Department of Anesthesia, Dammam Medical Complex, Dammam 32245, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wesam A. Abduljabbar
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Fakeeh College for Medical Science, Jeddah 21134, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nouf Alotaibi
- Clinical Pharmacy Department, College of Pharmacy, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jameela Alsalman
- Infection Disease Unit, Department of Internal Medicine, Salmaniya Medical Complex, Ministry of Health, Kingdom of Bahrain, Manama 435, Bahrain
| | - Ali H. Gorab
- Al Kuzama Primary Health Care Center, Al Khobar Health Network, Eastern Health Cluster, Al Khobar 34446, Saudi Arabia
| | - Reem S. Almaghrabi
- Organ Transplant Center of Excellence, King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center, Riyadh 11211, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Zaidan
- Gastroenterology Department, King Fahad Armed Forces Hospital, Jeddah 23831, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sahar Aldossary
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Women and Children’s Health Institute, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Alissa
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lamees M. Alburaiky
- Pediatric Department, Safwa General Hospital, Eastern Health Cluster, Safwa 31921, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Mustafa Alsalim
- Department of Family Medicine, Primary Health Care, Qatif Health Cluster, Qatif 32434, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nanamika Thakur
- University Institute of Biotechnology, Department of Biotechnology, Chandigarh University, Mohali 140413, India
| | - Geetika Verma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Post Graduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh 160012, India
| | - Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, India
- Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK
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14
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Batchu S, Diaz MJ, Tran JT, Fadil A, Taneja K, Patel K, Lucke-Wold B. Spatial Mapping of Genes Implicated in SARS-CoV-2 Neuroinvasion to Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Gray Matter. COVID 2023; 3:82-89. [PMID: 36714172 PMCID: PMC9880821 DOI: 10.3390/covid3010005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Introduction SARS-CoV-2 is the newest beta coronavirus family member to demonstrate neuroinvasive capability in severe cases of infection. Despite much research activity in the SARS-CoV-2/COVID-19 space, the gene-level biology of this phenomenon remains poorly understood. In the present analysis, we leveraged spatial transcriptomics methodologies to examine relevant gene heterogeneity in tissue retrieved from the human prefrontal cortex. Methods Expression profiles of genes with established relations to the SARS-CoV-2 neuroinvasion process were spatially resolved in dorsolateral prefrontal cortex tissue (N = 4). Spotplots were generated with mapping to six (6) previously defined gray matter layers. Results Docking gene BSG, processing gene CTSB, and viral defense gene LY6E demonstrated similar spatial enrichment. Docking gene ACE2 and transmembrane series proteases involved in spike protein processing were lowly expressed across DLPFC samples. Numerous other findings were obtained. Conclusion Efforts to spatially represent expression levels of key SARS-CoV-2 brain infiltration genes remain paltry to date. Understanding the sobering history of beta coronavirus neuroinvasion represents a weak point in viral research. Here we provide the first efforts to characterize a motley of such genes in the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Batchu
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | | | - Jasmine Thuy Tran
- School of Medicine, University of Indiana, Indianapolis, IN 47405, USA
| | - Angela Fadil
- College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Kamil Taneja
- Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, USA
| | - Karan Patel
- Cooper Medical School, Rowan University, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Brandon Lucke-Wold
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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15
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Almasi F, Mohammadipanah F. Neurological manifestations of SARS-CoV-2 infections: towards quantum dots based management approaches. J Drug Target 2023; 31:51-64. [PMID: 35921123 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2022.2110252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Developing numerous nanotechnological designed tools to monitor the existence of SARS-CoV-2, and modifying its interactions address the global needs for efficient remedies required for the management of COVID-19. Herein, through a multidisciplinary outlook encompassing different fields such as the pathophysiology of SARS-CoV-2, analysis of symptoms, and statistics of neurological complications caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the central and peripheral nervous systems have been testified. The anosmia (51.1%) and ageusia (45.5%) are reported the most frequent neurological manifestation. Cerebrovascular disease and encephalopathy were mainly related to severe clinical cases. In addition, we focus especially on the various concerned physiological routes, including BBB dysfunction, which transpired due to SARS-CoV-2 infection, direct and indirect effects of the virus on the brain, and also, the plausible mechanisms of viral entry to the nerve system. We also outline the characterisation, and the ongoing pharmaceutical applications of quantum dots as smart nanocarriers crossing the blood-brain barrier and their importance in neurological diseases, mainly SARS-CoV-2 related manifestations Moreover, the market status, six clinical trials recruiting quantum dots, and the challenges limiting the clinical application of QDs are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faezeh Almasi
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Mohammadipanah
- Pharmaceutical Biotechnology Lab, Department of Microbial Biotechnology, School of Biology and Center of Excellence in Phylogeny of Living Organisms, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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16
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Yepes M. Neurological Complications of SARS-CoV-2 Infection and COVID-19 Vaccines: From Molecular Mechanisms to Clinical Manifestations. Curr Drug Targets 2022; 23:1620-1638. [PMID: 36121081 DOI: 10.2174/1389450123666220919123029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) is an infectious disease, caused by the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), that reached pandemic proportions in 2020. Despite the fact that it was initially characterized by pneumonia and acute respiratory distress syndrome, it is now clear that the nervous system is also compromised in one third of these patients. Indeed, a significant proportion of COVID-19 patients suffer nervous system damage via a plethora of mechanisms including hypoxia, coagulopathy, immune response to the virus, and the direct effect of SARS-CoV-2 on endothelial cells, neurons, astrocytes, pericytes and microglia. Additionally, a low number of previously healthy individuals develop a variety of neurological complications after receiving COVID-19 vaccines and a large proportion of COVID-19 survivors experience longlasting neuropsychiatric symptoms. In conclusion, COVID-19 is also a neurological disease, and the direct and indirect effects of the virus on the nervous system have a significant impact on the morbidity and mortality of these patients. Here we will use the concept of the neurovascular unit, assembled by endothelial cells, basement membrane, perivascular astrocytes, neurons and microglia, to review the effects of SARS-CoV-2 in the nervous system. We will then use this information to review data published to this date on the neurological manifestations of COVID-19, the post- COVID syndrome and COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Yepes
- Division of Neuropharmacology and Neurologic Diseases, Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology & Center for Neurodegenerative Disease, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Atlanta, GA, USA
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17
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Hwang M, Savarin C, Kim J, Powers J, Towne N, Oh H, Bergmann CC. Trem2 deficiency impairs recovery and phagocytosis and dysregulates myeloid gene expression during virus-induced demyelination. J Neuroinflammation 2022; 19:267. [PMID: 36333761 PMCID: PMC9635103 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 2 (Trem2) plays a protective role in neurodegenerative diseases. By contrast, Trem2 functions can exacerbate tissue damage during respiratory viral or liver infections. We, therefore, investigated the role of Trem2 in a viral encephalomyelitis model associated with prominent Th1 mediated antiviral immunity leading to demyelination. Methods Wild-type (WT) and Trem2 deficient (Trem2−/−) mice were infected with a sublethal glia tropic murine coronavirus (MHV–JHM) intracranially. Disease progression and survival were monitored daily. Leukocyte accumulation and pathological features including demyelination and axonal damage in spinal cords (SC) were determined by flow cytometry and tissue section immunofluorescence analysis. Expression of select inflammatory cytokines and chemokines was measured by RT-PCR and global myeloid cell gene expression in SC-derived microglia and infiltrated bone-marrow-derived macrophages (BMDM) were determined using the Nanostring nCounter platform. Results BMDM recruited to SCs in response to infection highly upregulated Trem2 mRNA compared to microglia coincident with viral control. Trem2 deficiency did not alter disease onset or severity, but impaired clinical recovery after onset of demyelination. Disease progression in Trem2−/− mice could not be attributed to altered virus control or an elevated proinflammatory response. A prominent difference was increased degenerated myelin not associated with the myeloid cell markers IBA1 and/or CD68. Gene expression profiles of SC-derived microglia and BMDM further revealed that Trem2 deficiency resulted in impaired upregulation of phagocytosis associated genes Lpl and Cd36 in microglia, but a more complex pattern in BMDM. Conclusions Trem2 deficiency during viral-induced demyelination dysregulates expression of other select genes regulating phagocytic pathways and lipid metabolism, with distinct effects on microglia and BMDM. The ultimate failure to remove damaged myelin is reminiscent of toxin or autoimmune cell-induced demyelination models and supports that Trem2 function is regulated by sensing tissue damage including a dysregulated lipid environment in very distinct inflammatory environments. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-022-02629-1.
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18
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Jahanimoghadam A, Abdolahzadeh H, Rad NK, Zahiri J. Discovering Common Pathogenic Mechanisms of COVID-19 and Parkinson Disease: An Integrated Bioinformatics Analysis. J Mol Neurosci 2022; 72:2326-2337. [PMID: 36301487 PMCID: PMC9607846 DOI: 10.1007/s12031-022-02068-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has emerged since December 2019 and was later characterized as a pandemic by WHO, imposing a major public health threat globally. Our study aimed to identify common signatures from different biological levels to enlighten the current unclear association between COVID-19 and Parkinson's disease (PD) as a number of possible links, and hypotheses were reported in the literature. We have analyzed transcriptome data from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of both COVID-19 and PD patients, resulting in a total of 81 common differentially expressed genes (DEGs). The functional enrichment analysis of common DEGs are mostly involved in the complement system, type II interferon gamma (IFNG) signaling pathway, oxidative damage, microglia pathogen phagocytosis pathway, and GABAergic synapse. The protein-protein interaction network (PPIN) construction was carried out followed by hub detection, revealing 10 hub genes (MX1, IFI27, C1QC, C1QA, IFI6, NFIX, C1S, XAF1, IFI35, and ELANE). Some of the hub genes were associated with molecular mechanisms such as Lewy bodies-induced inflammation, microglia activation, and cytokine storm. We investigated regulatory elements of hub genes at transcription factor and miRNA levels. The major transcription factors regulating hub genes are SOX2, XAF1, RUNX1, MITF, and SPI1. We propose that these events may have important roles in the onset or progression of PD. To sum up, our analysis describes possible mechanisms linking COVID-19 and PD, elucidating some unknown clues in between.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aria Jahanimoghadam
- Bioinformatics and Computational Omics Lab (BioCOOL), Department of Biophysics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
- Biocenter, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Hadis Abdolahzadeh
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Niloofar Khoshdel Rad
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Zahiri
- Department of Neuroscience, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, San Diego, CA, USA.
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19
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Mir SA, Alaidarous M, Alshehri B, Bin Dukhyil AA, Banawas S, Madkhali Y, Alsagaby SA, Al Othaim A. Immunoinformatics-Based Identification of B and T Cell Epitopes in RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10101660. [PMID: 36298525 PMCID: PMC9611076 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10101660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Revised: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The ongoing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which emerged in December 2019, is a serious health concern throughout the world. Despite massive COVID-19 vaccination on a global scale, there is a rising need to develop more effective vaccines and drugs to curb the spread of coronavirus. METHODOLOGY In this study, we screened the amino acid sequence of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of SARS-CoV-2 (the causative agent of COVID-19) for the identification of B and T cell epitopes using various immunoinformatic tools. These identified potent B and T cell epitopes with high antigenicity scores were linked together to design the multi-epitope vaccine construct. The physicochemical properties, overall quality, and stability of the designed vaccine construct were confirmed by suitable bioinformatic tools. RESULTS After proper in silico prediction and screening, we identified 3 B cell, 18 CTL, and 10 HTL epitopes from the RdRp protein sequence. The screened epitopes were non-toxic, non-allergenic, and highly antigenic in nature as revealed by appropriate servers. Molecular docking revealed stable interactions of the designed multi-epitope vaccine with human TLR3. Moreover, in silico immune simulations showed a substantial immunogenic response of the designed vaccine. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that our designed multi-epitope vaccine possessing intrinsic T cell and B cell epitopes with high antigenicity scores could be considered for the ongoing development of peptide-based novel vaccines against COVID-19. However, further in vitro and in vivo studies need to be performed to confirm our in silico observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shabir Ahmad Mir
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-536300645
| | - Mohammed Alaidarous
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bader Alshehri
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdul Aziz Bin Dukhyil
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saeed Banawas
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Health and Basic Sciences Research Center, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA
| | - Yahya Madkhali
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Suliman A. Alsagaby
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayoub Al Othaim
- Department of Medical Laboratory Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, Majmaah University, Al Majmaah 11952, Saudi Arabia
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20
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Mantovani A, Morrone MC, Patrono C, Santoro MG, Schiaffino S, Remuzzi G, Bussolati G. Long Covid: where we stand and challenges ahead. Cell Death Differ 2022; 29:1891-1900. [PMID: 36071155 PMCID: PMC9449925 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-022-01052-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 08/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Post-acute sequelae of SARS-CoV-2 (PASC), also known as Post-Covid Syndrome, and colloquially as Long Covid, has been defined as a constellation of signs and symptoms which persist for weeks or months after the initial SARS-CoV-2 infection. PASC affects a wide range of diverse organs and systems, with manifestations involving lungs, brain, the cardiovascular system and other organs such as kidney and the neuromuscular system. The pathogenesis of PASC is complex and multifactorial. Evidence suggests that seeding and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 in different organs, reactivation, and response to unrelated viruses such as EBV, autoimmunity, and uncontrolled inflammation are major drivers of PASC. The relative importance of pathogenetic pathways may differ in different tissue and organ contexts. Evidence suggests that vaccination, in addition to protecting against disease, reduces PASC after breakthrough infection although its actual impact remains to be defined. PASC represents a formidable challenge for health care systems and dissecting pathogenetic mechanisms may pave the way to targeted preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mantovani
- IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, via Manzoni 56, 20089, Rozzano, Milan, Italy.
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20072, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University, London, EC1M 6BQ, UK.
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Scientific Institute Stella Maris (IRCSS), Pisa, Italy
- Department of Translational Research on New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Patrono
- Institute of Pharmacology, Catholic University School of Medicine, and Fondazione Policlinico Universitario "A. Gemelli" Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - M Gabriella Santoro
- Department of Biology, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
- Institute of Translational Pharmacology, CNR, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Schiaffino
- Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Remuzzi
- IRCCS Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri, Milan, Italy
| | - Giovanni Bussolati
- Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, Rome, Italy.
- University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
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21
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Cardani‐Boulton A, Boylan BT, Stetsenko V, Bergmann CC. B cells going viral in the CNS: Dynamics, complexities, and functions of B cells responding to viral encephalitis. Immunol Rev 2022; 311:75-89. [PMID: 35984298 PMCID: PMC9804320 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
A diverse number of DNA and RNA viruses have the potential to invade the central nervous system (CNS), causing inflammation and injury to cells that have a limited capacity for repair and regeneration. While rare, viral encephalitis in humans is often fatal and survivors commonly suffer from permanent neurological sequelae including seizures. Established treatment options are extremely limited, predominantly relying on vaccines, antivirals, or supportive care. Many viral CNS infections are characterized by the presence of antiviral antibodies in the cerebral spinal fluid (CSF), indicating local maintenance of protective antibody secreting cells. However, the mechanisms maintaining these humoral responses are poorly characterized. Furthermore, while both viral and autoimmune encephalitis are associated with the recruitment of diverse B cell subsets to the CNS, their protective and pathogenic roles aside from antibody production are just beginning to be understood. This review will focus on the relevance of B cell responses to viral CNS infections, with an emphasis on the importance of intrathecal immunity and the potential contribution to autoimmunity. Specifically, it will summarize the newest data characterizing B cell activation, differentiation, migration, and localization in clinical samples as well as experimental models of acute and persistent viral encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Brendan T. Boylan
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, PathologyClevelandOhioUSA
| | - Volodymyr Stetsenko
- Cleveland Clinic Lerner Research Institute, NeuroscienceClevelandOhioUSA,Kent State University, School of Biomedical SciencesKentOhioUSA
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22
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Dhawan M, Saied AA, Mitra S, Alhumaydhi FA, Emran TB, Wilairatana P. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) and its sublineages: What do we know so far amid the emergence of recombinant variants of SARS-CoV-2? Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 154:113522. [PMID: 36030585 PMCID: PMC9376347 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the start of the COVID-19 pandemic, numerous variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported worldwide. The advent of variants of concern (VOCs) raises severe concerns amid the serious containment efforts against COVID-19 that include physical measures, pharmacological repurposing, immunization, and genomic/community surveillance. Omicron variant (B.1.1.529) has been identified as a highly modified, contagious, and crucial variant among the five VOCs of SARS-CoV-2. The increased affinity of the spike protein (S-protein), and host receptor, angiotensin converting enzyme-2 (ACE-2), due to a higher number of mutations in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the S-protein has been proposed as the primary reason for the decreased efficacy of majorly available vaccines against the Omicron variant and the increased transmissible nature of the Omicron variant. Because of its significant competitive advantage, the Omicron variant and its sublineages swiftly surpassed other variants to become the dominant circulating lineages in a number of nations. The Omicron variant has been identified as a prevalent strain in the United Kingdom and South Africa. Furthermore, the emergence of recombinant variants through the conjunction of the Omicron variant with other variants or by the mixing of the Omicron variant's sublineages/subvariants poses a major threat to humanity. This raises various issues and hazards regarding the Omicron variant and its sublineages, such as an Omicron variant breakout in susceptible populations among fully vaccinated persons. As a result, understanding the features and genetic implications of this variant is crucial. Hence, we explained in depth the evolution and features of the Omicron variant and analyzed the repercussions of spike mutations on infectiousness, dissemination ability, viral entry mechanism, and immune evasion. We also presented a viewpoint on feasible strategies for precluding and counteracting any future catastrophic emergence and spread of the omicron variant and its sublineages that could result in a detrimental wave of COVID-19 cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manish Dhawan
- Department of Microbiology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana 141004, Punjab, India; Trafford College, Altrincham, Manchester WA14 5PQ, UK.
| | - AbdulRahman A Saied
- National Food Safety Authority (NFSA), Aswan Branch, Aswan 81511, Egypt; Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities, Aswan Office, Aswan 81511, Egypt
| | - Saikat Mitra
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Dhaka, Dhaka 1000, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad A Alhumaydhi
- Department of Medical Laboratories, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah 52571, Saudi Arabia
| | - Talha Bin Emran
- Department of Pharmacy, BGC Trust University Bangladesh, Chittagong 4381, Bangladesh; Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Dhaka 1207, Bangladesh.
| | - Polrat Wilairatana
- Department of Clinical Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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23
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Skinner DD, Syage AR, Olivarria GM, Stone C, Hoglin B, Lane TE. Sustained Infiltration of Neutrophils Into the CNS Results in Increased Demyelination in a Viral-Induced Model of Multiple Sclerosis. Front Immunol 2022; 13:931388. [PMID: 36248905 PMCID: PMC9562915 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.931388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial inoculation of the neuroadapted JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into susceptible strains of mice results in acute encephalomyelitis followed by a cimmune-mediated demyelination similar to the human demyelinating disease multiple sclerosis (MS). JHMV infection of transgenic mice in which expression of the neutrophil chemoattractant chemokine CXCL1 is under the control of a tetracycline-inducible promoter active within GFAP-positive cells results in sustained neutrophil infiltration in the central nervous system (CNS) that correlates with an increase in spinal cord demyelination. We used single cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) and flow cytometry to characterize molecular and cellular changes within the CNS associated with increased demyelination in transgenic mice compared to control animals. These approaches revealed the presence of activated neutrophils as determined by expression of mRNA transcripts associated with neutrophil effector functions, including CD63, MMP9, S100a8, S100a9, and ASPRV1, as well as altered neutrophil morphology and protein expression. Collectively, these findings reveal insight into changes in the profile of neutrophils associated with increased white matter damage in mice persistently infected with a neurotropic coronavirus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominic D. Skinner
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Gema M. Olivarria
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Colleen Stone
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Bailey Hoglin
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, School of Biological Sciences, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,Center for Virus Research, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States,*Correspondence: Thomas E. Lane,
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Latifi-Pupovci H. Molecular mechanisms involved in pathogenicity of SARS-CoV-2: Immune evasion and implications for therapeutic strategies. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113368. [PMID: 35792393 PMCID: PMC9243164 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of unusual viral pneumonia that emerged in late 2019 in the city of Wuhan, China. Since then, because of its high transmission and pathogenic potential it spread almost all over the world causing the pandemic, as an extraordinary threat to the world public health. Rapid activation of a well-orchestrated and functional immune system with its both arms innate and adaptive immune response is pivotal to eradication of the disease caused by this coronavirus (COVID-19). Therefore, in this review are summarized the most recent data on complex molecular mechanisms involved in the innate and adaptive immune response to combat COVID-19. In addition to widely used vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, because of the induction of short-lived immunity and appearance of variants of concern (VOCs), there will be also discussed newly developed strategies to target different viral proteins, which are not prone to frequent mutations. Obviously, SARS-CoV-2 cannot evade the effect of these novel drugs and therefore they show a great promise as an antiviral therapy not only in COVID-19 but also in future viral outbreaks.
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25
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Gao J, He J, Zhang F, Xiao Q, Cai X, Yi X, Zheng S, Zhang Y, Wang D, Zhu G, Wang J, Shen B, Ralser M, Guo T, Zhu Y. Integration of protein context improves protein-based COVID-19 patient stratification. Clin Proteomics 2022; 19:31. [PMID: 35953823 PMCID: PMC9366758 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-022-09370-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Accepted: 07/30/2022] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Classification of disease severity is crucial for the management of COVID-19. Several studies have shown that individual proteins can be used to classify the severity of COVID-19. Here, we aimed to investigate whether integrating four types of protein context data, namely, protein complexes, stoichiometric ratios, pathways and network degrees will improve the severity classification of COVID-19. METHODS We performed machine learning based on three previously published datasets. The first was a SWATH (sequential window acquisition of all theoretical fragment ion spectra) MS (mass spectrometry) based proteomic dataset. The second was a TMTpro 16plex labeled shotgun proteomics dataset. The third was a SWATH dataset of an independent patient cohort. RESULTS Besides twelve proteins, machine learning also prioritized two complexes, one stoichiometric ratio, five pathways, and five network degrees, resulting a 25-feature panel. As a result, a model based on the 25 features led to effective classification of severe cases with an AUC of 0.965, outperforming the models with proteins only. Complement component C9, transthyretin (TTR) and TTR-RBP (transthyretin-retinol binding protein) complex, the stoichiometric ratio of SAA2 (serum amyloid A proteins 2)/YLPM1 (YLP Motif Containing 1), and the network degree of SIRT7 (Sirtuin 7) and A2M (alpha-2-macroglobulin) were highlighted as potential markers by this classifier. This classifier was further validated with a TMT-based proteomic data set from the same cohort (test dataset 1) and an independent SWATH-based proteomic data set from Germany (test dataset 2), reaching an AUC of 0.900 and 0.908, respectively. Machine learning models integrating protein context information achieved higher AUCs than models with only one feature type. CONCLUSION Our results show that the integration of protein context including protein complexes, stoichiometric ratios, pathways, network degrees, and proteins improves phenotype prediction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinlong Gao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jiale He
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Fangfei Zhang
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qi Xiao
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiao Yi
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Siqi Zheng
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Donglian Wang
- Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Guangjun Zhu
- Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Bo Shen
- Taizhou Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Linhai, Zhejiang, China
| | - Markus Ralser
- Molecular Biology of Metabolism Laboratory, The Francis Crick Institute, London, UK
- Department of Biochemistry, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität Zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
| | - Yi Zhu
- Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.
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de Melo BAG, Mundim MV, Lemes RMR, Cruz EM, Ribeiro TN, Santiago CF, da Fonsêca JHL, Benincasa JC, Stilhano RS, Mantovani N, Santana LC, Durães‐Carvalho R, Diaz RS, Janini LMR, Maricato JT, Porcionatto MA. 3D Bioprinted Neural-Like Tissue as a Platform to Study Neurotropism of Mouse-Adapted SARS-CoV-2. Adv Biol (Weinh) 2022; 6:e2200002. [PMID: 35521969 PMCID: PMC9347594 DOI: 10.1002/adbi.202200002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The effects of neuroinvasion by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) become clinically relevant due to the numerous neurological symptoms observed in Corona Virus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients during infection and post-COVID syndrome or long COVID. This study reports the biofabrication of a 3D bioprinted neural-like tissue as a proof-of-concept platform for a more representative study of SARS-CoV-2 brain infection. Bioink is optimized regarding its biophysical properties and is mixed with murine neural cells to construct a 3D model of COVID-19 infection. Aiming to increase the specificity to murine cells, SARS-CoV-2 is mouse-adapted (MA-SARS-CoV-2) in vitro, in a protocol first reported here. MA-SARS-CoV-2 reveals mutations located at the Orf1a and Orf3a domains and is evolutionarily closer to the original Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain than SARS-CoV-2 used for adaptation. Remarkably, MA-SARS-CoV-2 shows high specificity to murine cells, which present distinct responses when cultured in 2D and 3D systems, regarding cell morphology, neuroinflammation, and virus titration. MA-SARS-CoV-2 represents a valuable tool in studies using animal models, and the 3D neural-like tissue serves as a powerful in vitro platform for modeling brain infection, contributing to the development of antivirals and new treatments for COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna A. G. de Melo
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Mayara V. Mundim
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Robertha M. R. Lemes
- Department of Biological SciencesUniversidade Federal de São PauloDiadema09920‐540Brazil
| | - Elisa M. Cruz
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Tais N. Ribeiro
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Carolina F. Santiago
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Jéssica H. L. da Fonsêca
- Department of Manufacturing and Materials EngineeringFaculdade de Engenharia MecânicaUniversidade Estadual de CampinasCampinasSP13083‐860Brazil
| | - Julia C. Benincasa
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Roberta S. Stilhano
- Department of Physiological SciencesFaculdade de Ciências MédicasSanta Casa de São PauloSão Paulo01221‐020Brazil
| | - Nathalia Mantovani
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Luiz C. Santana
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Ricardo Durães‐Carvalho
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Ricardo S. Diaz
- Department of MedicineEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Luiz M. R. Janini
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Juliana T. Maricato
- Department of MicrobiologyImmunology and ParasitoloyEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
| | - Marimelia A. Porcionatto
- Department of BiochemistryEscola Paulista de MedicinaUniversidade Federal de São PauloSão Paulo04039‐032Brazil
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27
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Oral Symptoms and Factors Associated with COVID-19: A Case-Control Study. JOURNAL OF RESEARCH IN DENTAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SCIENCES 2022. [DOI: 10.52547/jrdms.7.3.155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
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28
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Genomic surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 in patients presenting neurological manifestations. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0270024. [PMID: 35771751 PMCID: PMC9246207 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0270024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
During the first wave of infections, neurological symptoms in Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) patients raised particular concern, suggesting that, in a subset of patients, the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) could invade and damage cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Indeed, up to date several in vitro and in vivo studies have shown the ability of SARS-CoV-2 to reach the CNS. Both viral and/or host related features could explain why this occurs only in certain individuals and not in all the infected population. The aim of the present study was to evaluate if onset of neurological manifestations in COVID-19 patients was related to specific viral genomic signatures. To this end, viral genome was extracted directly from nasopharyngeal swabs of selected SARS-CoV-2 positive patients presenting a spectrum of neurological symptoms related to COVID-19, ranging from anosmia/ageusia to more severe symptoms. By adopting a whole genome sequences approach, here we describe a panel of known as well as unknown mutations detected in the analyzed SARS-CoV-2 genomes. While some of the found mutations were already associated with an improved viral fitness, no common signatures were detected when comparing viral sequences belonging to specific groups of patients. In conclusion, our data support the notion that COVID-19 neurological manifestations are mainly linked to patient-specific features more than to virus genomic peculiarities.
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29
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Li YA, Sun Y, Zhang Y, Wang S, Shi H. Live attenuated Salmonella enterica serovar Choleraesuis vector delivering a virus-like particles induces a protective immune response against porcine circovirus type 2 in mice. Vaccine 2022; 40:4732-4741. [PMID: 35773121 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2022.06.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The virus-like particles (VLPs) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is an attractive vaccine candidate that retains the natural conformation of the virion but lacks the viral genome to replicate, thus balancing safety and immunogenicity. However, the assembly of VLPs requires cumbersome subsequent processes, hindering the development of related vaccines. In addition, as a subunit antigen, VLPs are defective in inducing cellular and mucosal immune responses. In this study, the capsid (Cap) protein of PCV2 was synthesized and self-assembled into VLPs in the recombinant attenuated S. Choleraesuis vector, rSC0016(pS-Cap). Furthermore, rSC0016(pS-Cap) induced a Cap-specific Th1-dominant immune response, mucosal immune responses, and neutralizing antibodies against PCV2. Finally, the virus genome copies in mice immunized with the rSC0016(pS-Cap) were significantly lower than those of the empty vector control group after challenge with PCV2. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the potential of using S. Choleraesuis vectors to delivery VLPs, providing new ideas for the development of PCV2 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-An Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yanni Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China
| | - Shifeng Wang
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611-0880, USA
| | - Huoying Shi
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, Jiangsu, China; Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for the Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety, Yangzhou University (JIRLAAPS), Yangzhou, China.
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30
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Haidar MA, Shakkour Z, Reslan MA, Al-Haj N, Chamoun P, Habashy K, Kaafarani H, Shahjouei S, Farran SH, Shaito A, Saba ES, Badran B, Sabra M, Kobeissy F, Bizri M. SARS-CoV-2 involvement in central nervous system tissue damage. Neural Regen Res 2022; 17:1228-1239. [PMID: 34782556 PMCID: PMC8643043 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.327323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
As the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread globally, it became evident that the SARS-CoV-2 virus infects multiple organs including the brain. Several clinical studies revealed that patients with COVID-19 infection experience an array of neurological signs ranging in severity from headaches to life-threatening strokes. Although the exact mechanism by which the SARS-CoV-2 virus directly impacts the brain is not fully understood, several theories have been suggested including direct and indirect pathways induced by the virus. One possible theory is the invasion of SARS-CoV-2 to the brain occurs either through the bloodstream or via the nerve endings which is considered to be the direct route. Such findings are based on studies reporting the presence of viral material in the cerebrospinal fluid and brain cells. Nevertheless, the indirect mechanisms, including blood-clotting abnormalities and prolonged activation of the immune system, can result in further tissue and organ damages seen during the course of the disease. This overview attempts to give a thorough insight into SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus neurological infection and highlights the possible mechanisms leading to the neurological manifestations observed in infected patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Ali Haidar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Zaynab Shakkour
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mohammad Amine Reslan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Nadine Al-Haj
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Balamand, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Perla Chamoun
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Balamand, Koura, Lebanon
| | - Karl Habashy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Shima Shahjouei
- Program for Neurotrauma, Neuroproteomics & Biomarkers Research, Departments of Emergency Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Sarah H. Farran
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | | | - Esber S. Saba
- Department of Experimental Pathology, Immunology and Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Bassam Badran
- Laboratory of Cancer Biology and Molecular Immunology, Faculty of Sciences I, Lebanese University, Hadath, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Mirna Sabra
- Faculty of Medicine, Lebanese University, Neuroscience Research Center (NRC), Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Firas Kobeissy
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
- Neuroscience Institute, Neurology Department, Geisinger Health System, PA, USA
| | - Maya Bizri
- Department of Psychiatry, American University of Beirut, Beirut, Lebanon
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31
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Wu Y, Zhang H, Meng L, Li F, Yu C. Comparison of Immune Responses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and Recombinant Protein Vaccine Candidates. Front Immunol 2022; 13:906457. [PMID: 35663946 PMCID: PMC9161160 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.906457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After the outbreak of COVID-19, billions of vaccines with different types have been administrated, including recombinant protein vaccines and mRNA vaccines. Although both types of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine can protect people from viral infection, their differences in humoral and cellular immune responses are still not clearly understood. In this study, we made a head-to-head comparison between an mRNA vaccine candidate and a recombinant protein vaccine we developed previously. Results demonstrated that both vaccine candidates could elicit high specific binding and neutralizing antibody titers in BALB/c mice, but with bias towards different IgG subtypes. Besides, the mRNA vaccine candidate induces higher cellular immune responses than the recombinant protein vaccine. To date, this is the first reported study to directly compare the immune responses of both arms between SARS-CoV-2 mRNA and recombinant vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixin Wu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Liuxian Meng
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Fusheng Li
- Research Department, Sysvax Inc, Beijing, China
- Vaccine Division, Sun Yat-sen Biomedical Institute Limited, Hong Kong, China
| | - Changyuan Yu
- College of Life Science and Technology, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
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Hohsfield LA, Tsourmas KI, Ghorbanian Y, Syage AR, Kim SJ, Cheng Y, Furman S, Inlay MA, Lane TE, Green KN. MAC2 is a long-lasting marker of peripheral cell infiltrates into the mouse CNS after bone marrow transplantation and coronavirus infection. Glia 2022; 70:875-891. [PMID: 35025109 PMCID: PMC8930563 DOI: 10.1002/glia.24144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Microglia are the primary resident myeloid cells of the brain responsible for maintaining homeostasis and protecting the central nervous system (CNS) from damage and infection. Monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages arising from the periphery have also been implicated in CNS pathologies, however, distinguishing between different myeloid cell populations in the CNS has been difficult. Here, we set out to develop a reliable histological marker that can assess distinct myeloid cell heterogeneity and functional contributions, particularly in the context of disease and/or neuroinflammation. scRNAseq from brains of mice infected with the neurotropic JHM strain of the mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a mouse coronavirus, revealed that Lgals3 is highly upregulated in monocyte and macrophage populations, but not in microglia. Subsequent immunostaining for galectin-3 (encoded by Lgals3), also referred to as MAC2, highlighted the high expression levels of MAC2 protein in infiltrating myeloid cells in JHMV-infected and bone marrow (BM) chimeric mice, in stark contrast to microglia, which expressed little to no staining in these models. Expression of MAC2 was found even 6-10 months following BM-derived cell infiltration into the CNS. We also demonstrate that MAC2 is not a specific label for plaque-associated microglia in the 5xFAD mouse model, but only appears in a distinct subset of these cells in the presence of JHMV infection or during aging. Our data suggest that MAC2 can serve as a reliable and long-lasting histological marker for monocyte/macrophages in the brain, identifying an accessible approach to distinguishing resident microglia from infiltrating cells in the CNS under certain conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay A. Hohsfield
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kate Inman Tsourmas
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yasamine Ghorbanian
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Amber R. Syage
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Sung Jin Kim
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Yuting Cheng
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Susana Furman
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Matthew A. Inlay
- Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Kim N. Green
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Sariol A, Zhao J, Abrahante JE, Perlman S. Virus-Specific Regulatory T Cells Persist as Memory in a Neurotropic Coronavirus Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 208:1989-1997. [PMID: 35365567 PMCID: PMC9012697 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.2100794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are critical for regulating immunopathogenic responses in a variety of infections, including infection of mice with JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV), a neurotropic coronavirus that causes immune-mediated demyelinating disease. Although virus-specific Tregs are known to mitigate disease in this infection by suppressing pathogenic effector T cell responses of the same specificity, it is unclear whether these virus-specific Tregs form memory populations and persist similar to their conventional T cell counterparts of the same epitope specificity. Using congenically labeled JHMV-specific Tregs, we found that virus-specific Tregs persist long-term after murine infection, through at least 180 d postinfection and stably maintain Foxp3 expression. We additionally demonstrate that these cells are better able to proliferate and inhibit virus-specific T cell responses postinfection than naive Tregs of the same specificity, further suggesting that these cells differentiate into memory Tregs upon encountering cognate Ag. Taken together, these data suggest that virus-specific Tregs are able to persist long-term in the absence of viral Ag as memory Tregs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Sariol
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
| | - Jingxian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China; and
| | | | - Stanley Perlman
- Interdisciplinary Program in Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA;
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Cortes-Altamirano JL, Yáñes-Pizaña A, Reyes-Long S, Angélica GM, Bandala C, Bonilla-Jaime H, Alfaro-Rodríguez A. Potential Neuroprotective Effect of Cannabinoids in Covid-19 Patients. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:1326-1345. [PMID: 35382723 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220405143003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 01/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The global pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus began in early 2020 and is still present. The respiratory symptoms caused by COVID-19 are well established, however, neurological manifestations that may result from direct or indirect neurological damage after SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported frequently. The main proposed pathophysiological processes leading to neurological damage in COVID-19 are cerebrovascular disease, and indirect mechanisms of inflammatory / autoimmune origin. A growing number of studies confirm that neuroprotective measures should be maintained in COVID-19 patients. On the other hand, cannabinoids have been the subject of various studies that propose them as potential promising drugs in chronic neurodegenerative diseases due to their powerful neuroprotective potential. In this review we address the possible mechanism of action of cannabinoids as a neuroprotective treatment in patients infected by SARS-CoV-2. The endocannabinoid system is found in multiple systems within the body, including the immune system. Its activation can lead to beneficial results, such as a decrease in viral entry, a decrease in viral replication, and a decrease in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-12, TNF-α or IFN-c through CB2R expression induced during inflammation by SARS-CoV-2 infection in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Luis Cortes-Altamirano
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Departamento de Quiropráctica, Universidad Estatal del Valle de Ecatepec, Estado de Mexico, 55210, Mexico
| | - Ariadna Yáñes-Pizaña
- Escuela de Ciencias de la Salud, Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad del Valle de Mexico, Mexico City, 04910, México.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Pequeñas Especies, Federación Canofila Mexicana, Mexico City, 14430, México
| | - Samuel Reyes-Long
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, 07738, México
| | - González-Maciel Angélica
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Morphology, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, Insurgentes Sur No. 3700-C, Mexico City, C. P. 04530, Mexico
| | - Cindy Bandala
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico.,Escuela de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia en Pequeñas Especies, Federación Canofila Mexicana, Mexico City, 14430, México
| | - Herlinda Bonilla-Jaime
- Departamento de Biología de la reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Mexico City, 09340, Mexico
| | - Alfonso Alfaro-Rodríguez
- Division de Neurociencias, Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación, Secretaría de Salud, Mexico City, 14389, Mexico
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Li M, Li J, Yang Y, Liu W, Liang Z, Ding G, Chen X, Song Q, Xue C, Sun B. Investigation of mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 inactivation under both ambient and cold environments reveals the mechanisms of infectivity reduction following UVC exposure. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMICAL ENGINEERING 2022; 10:107206. [PMID: 35043085 PMCID: PMC8757640 DOI: 10.1016/j.jece.2022.107206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The surface contamination of SARS-CoV-2 is becoming a potential source of virus transmission during the pandemic of COVID-19. Under the cold environment, the infection incidents would be more severe with the increase of virus survival time. Thus, the disinfection of contaminated surfaces in both ambient and cold environments is a critical measure to restrain the spread of the virus. In our study, it was demonstrated that the 254 nm ultraviolet-C (UVC) is an efficient method to inactivate a coronavirus, mouse hepatitis virus strain A59 (MHV-A59). The inactivation rate to MHV-A59 coronavirus was up to 99.99% when UVC doses were 2.90 and 14.0 mJ/cm2 at room temperature (23 °C) and in cold environment (-20 °C), respectively. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that UVC could induce spike protein damage to partly impede virus attachment and genome penetration processes, which contributes to 12% loss of viral infectivity. Additionally, it can induce genome damage to significantly interrupt genome replication, protein synthesis, virus assembly and release processes, which takes up 88% contribution to viral inactivation. With these mechanistic understandings, it will greatly contribute to the prevention and control of the current SARS-CoV-2 transmissions in cold chains (low temperature-controlled product supply chains), public area such as airport, school, and warehouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Jiahuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Yunlong Yang
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Wenhui Liu
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Zhihui Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Guanyu Ding
- Soleilware Photonics Co.,LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
| | - Xiaohe Chen
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Qi Song
- Soleilware Photonics Co.,LTD, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215000, China
- Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu 215163, China
| | - Changying Xue
- School of Bioengineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
| | - Bingbing Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Fine Chemicals, Dalian University of Technology, 2 Linggong Road, 116024 Dalian, China
- School of Chemical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, 116024 Dalian, China
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Hirzel C, Grandgirard D, Surial B, Wider MF, Leppert D, Kuhle J, Walti LN, Schefold JC, Spinetti T, Suter-Riniker F, Dijkman R, Leib SL. Neuro-axonal injury in COVID-19: the role of systemic inflammation and SARS-CoV-2 specific immune response. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2022; 15:17562864221080528. [PMID: 35299779 PMCID: PMC8922213 DOI: 10.1177/17562864221080528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: In coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) patients, there is increasing evidence of neuronal injury by the means of elevated serum neurofilament light chain (sNfL) levels. However, the role of systemic inflammation and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)–specific immune response with regard to neuronal injury has not yet been investigated. Methods: In a prospective cohort study, we recruited patients with mild–moderate (n = 39) and severe (n = 14) COVID-19 and measured sNfL levels, cytokine concentrations, SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies including neutralizing antibody titers, and cell-mediated immune responses at enrollment and at 28(±7) days. We explored the association of neuro-axonal injury as by the means of sNfL measurements with disease severity, cytokine levels, and virus-specific immune responses. Results: sNfL levels, as an indicator for neuronal injury, were higher at enrollment and increased during follow-up in severely ill patients, whereas during mild–moderate COVID-19, sNfL levels remained unchanged. Severe COVID-19 was associated with increased concentrations of cytokines assessed [interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)], higher anti-spike IgG and anti-nucleocapsid IgG concentrations, and increased neutralizing antibody titers compared with mild–moderate disease. Patients with more severe disease had higher counts of defined SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells. Increases in sNfL concentrations from baseline to day 28(±7) positively correlated with anti-spike protein IgG antibody levels and with titers of neutralizing antibodies. Conclusion: Severe COVID-19 is associated with increased serum concentration of cytokines and subsequent neuronal injury as reflected by increased levels of sNfL. Patients with more severe disease developed higher neutralizing antibody titers and higher counts of SARS-CoV-2-specific T cells during the course of COVID-19 disease. Mounting a pronounced virus-specific humoral and cell-mediated immune response upon SARS-CoV-2 infection did not protect from neuro-axonal damage as by the means of sNfL levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cédric Hirzel
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Denis Grandgirard
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Surial
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Manon F. Wider
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - David Leppert
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Neurologic Clinic and Policlinic, Departments of Medicine, Biomedicine, and Clinical Research, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Laura N. Walti
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Joerg C. Schefold
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Thibaud Spinetti
- Department of Intensive Care Medicine, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Ronald Dijkman
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Stephen L. Leib
- Institute for Infectious Diseases, University of Bern, Friedbuehlstrasse 51, CH-3001 Bern, Switzerland
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Lima M, Aloizou AM, Siokas V, Bakirtzis C, Liampas I, Tsouris Z, Bogdanos DP, Baloyannis SJ, Dardiotis E. Coronaviruses and their relationship with multiple sclerosis: is the prevalence of multiple sclerosis going to increase after the Covid-19 pandemia? Rev Neurosci 2022; 33:703-720. [PMID: 35258237 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2021-0148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this review is to examine whether there is a possible (etiological/triggering) relationship between infection with various Coronaviruses, including Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-related Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2), the virus responsible for the Coronavirus disease-19 (Covid-19) pandemia, and Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and whether an increase of the prevalence of MS after the current Covid-19 pandemia should be expected, examining new and preexisting data. Although the exact pathogenesis of MS remains unknown, environmental agents seem to greatly influence the onset of the disease, with viruses being the most popular candidate. Existing data support this possible etiological relationship between viruses and MS, and experimental studies show that Coronaviruses can actually induce an MS-like demyelinating disease in animal models. Findings in MS patients could also be compatible with this coronaviral MS hypothesis. More importantly, current data from the Covid-19 pandemia show that SARS-CoV-2 can trigger autoimmunity and possibly induce autoimmune diseases, in the Central Nervous System as well, strengthening the viral hypothesis of MS. If we accept that Coronaviruses can induce MS, it is reasonable to expect an increase in the prevalence of MS after the Covid-19 pandemia. This knowledge is of great importance in order to protect the aging groups that are more vulnerable against autoimmune diseases and MS specifically, and to establish proper vaccination and health policies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lima
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Athina-Maria Aloizou
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Vasileios Siokas
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Christos Bakirtzis
- B' Department of Neurology, Multiple Sclerosis Center, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Ioannis Liampas
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Zisis Tsouris
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
| | - Dimitrios P Bogdanos
- Department of Rheumatology and clinical Immunology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 40500 Viopolis, Larissa, Greece
| | - Stavros J Baloyannis
- Research Institute for Alzheimer's disease, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 57200 Iraklio Lagkada, Thessaloniki, Greece.,1st Department of Neurology, AHEPA University Hospital, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54636, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University General Hospital of Larissa, Faculty of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, University of Thessaly, 41100, Larissa, Greece
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Kumar A, Narayan RK, Prasoon P, Kumari C, Kaur G, Kumar S, Kulandhasamy M, Sesham K, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Pandey SN, Singh HN, Kant K, Shekhawat PS, Raza K, Kumar S. Mecanismos del COVID-19 en el cuerpo humano: Lo que sabemos hasta ahora. KOMPASS NEUMOLOGÍA 2022. [PMCID: PMC9059041 DOI: 10.1159/000521507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ravi K. Narayan
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de las Islas Andamán y Nicobar, Port Blair, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Investigación del Dolor de Pittsburgh, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, Estados Unidos
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Posgrado de Educación e Investigación Médica (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjot Kaur
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Escuela de Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Universidad Shoolini, Solan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anestesiología y Medicina Crítica, Escuela de Medicina, Universidad Johns Hopkins, Baltimore, Maryland, Estados Unidos
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Colegio Médico Maulana Azad (MAMC), Nueva Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Ciencias Cognitivas y del Cerebro, Instituto Indio de Tecnología Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Universidad de Nueva York (NYU) Langone Health Center, Escuela de Medicina Robert I. Grossman de la NYU, Nueva York, New York, Estados Unidos
| | - Sada N. Pandey
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Zoología, Universidad Hindú de Banaras (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Himanshu N. Singh
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Biología de Sistemas, Centro Médico Irving de la Universidad de Columbia, Nueva York, New York, Estados Unidos
| | - Kamla Kant
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Microbiología, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
| | - Prakash S. Shekhawat
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Hematología Clínica, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas, Jaipur, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Departamento de Anatomía, Instituto de Ciencias Médicas de la India (AIIMS), Deoghar, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Red de Investigación de Trastornos Etiológicamente Elusivos (EEDRN), Nueva Delhi, India
- Centro de Proteómica y Desarrollo de Fármacos, Instituto de Biotecnología Amity, Universidad Amity, Maharashtra, India
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Sengupta S, Addya S, Biswas D, Banerjee P, Sarma JD. Matrix metalloproteinases and tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases in murine β-coronavirus-induced neuroinflammation. Virology 2022; 566:122-135. [PMID: 34906793 PMCID: PMC8648396 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2021.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Mouse hepatitis virus (MHV; m-β-CoV) serves as a useful model for studying the cellular factors involved in neuroinflammation. To understand the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in neuroinflammation, brain tissues from m-β-CoV-infected mice were harvested at different days post-infection (d.p.i) and investigated for Mmp expression by RT-qPCR. Mmp-2, -3, -8, -12 showed significant mRNA upregulation peaking with viral replication between 5 and 6 d.p.i. Elevated levels of MMP regulator TIMP-1 are suggestive of a TIMP-1 mediated host antiviral response. Biological network assessment suggested a direct involvement of MMP-3, -8, -14 in facilitating peripheral leukocyte infiltrations. Flow cytometry confirmed the increased presence of NK cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cells, neutrophils, and MHCII expressing cells in the m-β-CoV infected mice brain. Our study revealed that m-β-CoV upregulated Park7, RelA, Nrf2, and Hmox1 transcripts involved in ROS production and antioxidant pathways, describing the possible nexus between oxidative pathways, MMPs, and TIMP in m-β-CoV-induced neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourodip Sengupta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, India
| | - Sankar Addya
- Department of Cancer Biology, Sidney Kimmel Cancer Center, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Diptomit Biswas
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, India
| | - Paromita Banerjee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, India
| | - Jayasri Das Sarma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Kolkata (IISER-K), Mohanpur, India,Corresponding author
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Shen Q, Li J, Zhang Z, Guo S, Wang Q, An X, Chang H. COVID-19: systemic pathology and its implications for therapy. Int J Biol Sci 2022; 18:386-408. [PMID: 34975340 PMCID: PMC8692150 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.65911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Responding to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has been an unexpected and unprecedented global challenge for humanity in this century. During this crisis, specialists from the laboratories and frontline clinical personnel have made great efforts to prevent and treat COVID-19 by revealing the molecular biological characteristics and epidemic characteristics of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Currently, SARS-CoV-2 has severe consequences for public health, including human respiratory system, immune system, blood circulation system, nervous system, motor system, urinary system, reproductive system and digestive system. In the review, we summarize the physiological and pathological damage of SARS-CoV-2 to these systems and its molecular mechanisms followed by clinical manifestation. Concurrently, the prevention and treatment strategies of COVID-19 will be discussed in preclinical and clinical studies. With constantly unfolding and expanding scientific understanding about COVID-19, the updated information can help applied researchers understand the disease to build potential antiviral drugs or vaccines, and formulate creative therapeutic ideas for combating COVID-19 at speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Jie Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Brain Function and Disease, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
| | - Shuang Guo
- Dermatology Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510091, China
| | - Qiuhong Wang
- Qilu Cell Therapy Technology Co., Ltd, Jinan 250000, China
| | - Xiaorui An
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
| | - Haocai Chang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
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Onaolapo A, Onaolapo O. COVID-19, the Brain, and the Future: Is Infection by the Novel Coronavirus a Harbinger of Neurodegeneration? CNS & NEUROLOGICAL DISORDERS DRUG TARGETS 2021; 21:818-829. [PMID: 34951374 DOI: 10.2174/1871527321666211222162811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The possible impact of viral infections on the development or pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders remains largely unknown. However, there have been reports associating the influenza virus pandemic and long-term infection with the Japanese encephalitis virus with the development of post-encephalitic Parkinsonism or von Economo encephalitis. In the last one year plus, there has been a worldwide pandemic arising from infection with the novel coronavirus or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV)-2 which causes a severe acute respiratory syndrome that has become associated with central nervous system symptoms or complications. Its possible central nervous system involvement is in line with emerging scientific evidence which shows that the human respiratory coronaviruses can enter the brain, infect neural cells, persist in the brain, and cause activation of myelin-reactive T cells. Currently, there is a dearth of scientific information on the acute or possible long-term impact of infection with SARS-CoV-2 on the development of dementias and/or neurodegenerative diseases. This is not unrelated to the fact that the virus is 'new', and its effects on humans are still being studied. This narrative review examines extant literature for the impact of corona virus infections on the brain; as it considers the possibility that coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could increase the risk for the development of neurodegenerative diseases or hasten their progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adejoke Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neurobiology Subdivision Department of Anatomy, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
| | - Olakunle Onaolapo
- Behavioural Neuroscience Unit, Neuropharmacology Subdivision, Department of Pharmacology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State. Nigeria
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Valenza M, Steardo L, Steardo L, Verkhratsky A, Scuderi C. Systemic Inflammation and Astrocyte Reactivity in the Neuropsychiatric Sequelae of COVID-19: Focus on Autism Spectrum Disorders. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:748136. [PMID: 34912192 PMCID: PMC8666426 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.748136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Valenza
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy.,Università Telematica Giustino Fortunato, Benevento, Italy
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Bilbao, Spain.,Department of Stem Cell Biology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Membrilla JA, Caronna E, Trigo-López J, González-Martínez A, Layos-Romero A, Pozo-Rosich P, Guerrero-Peral Á, Gago-Veiga AB, Andrés-López A, Díaz de Terán J. Persistent headache after COVID-19: Pathophysioloy, clinic and treatment. NEUROLOGY PERSPECTIVES 2021; 1:S31-S36. [PMID: 38620971 PMCID: PMC8669731 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurop.2021.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 is the virus responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The acute infection is characterised not only by respiratory symptoms, but also by multiple systemic manifestations, including neurological symptoms. Among these, headache is a frequent complaint. As the pandemic progresses and the population of patients recovering from COVID-19 grows, it is becoming apparent that the headache present in the acute stage of the infection may persist for an indeterminate period, becoming a major problem for the patient and potentially leading to disability. In this review we describe the pathophysiological and clinical aspects of persistent headache after COVID-19 based on the information currently available in the literature and the authors' clinical experience.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Membrilla
- Unidad de Cefaleas Complejas y Dolor Neuropático, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Caronna
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cefalea y Dolor Neurológico, Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Trigo-López
- Unidad de Cefaleas, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A González-Martínez
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - A Layos-Romero
- Hospital General Universitario de Albacete, Albacete, Spain
| | - P Pozo-Rosich
- Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Grupo de Investigación en Cefalea y Dolor Neurológico, Instituto de Investigación Vall d'Hebron, Departamento de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Á Guerrero-Peral
- Unidad de Cefaleas, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Clínico Universitario de Valladolid, Valladolid, Spain
| | - A B Gago-Veiga
- Hospital Universitario de La Princesa e Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria La Princesa, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - J Díaz de Terán
- Unidad de Cefaleas Complejas y Dolor Neuropático, Servicio de Neurología, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Biosanitaria del Hospital Universitario La Paz, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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The N-terminal Region of Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Accessory Protein 8b is Essential for Enhanced Virulence of an Attenuated Murine Coronavirus. J Virol 2021; 96:e0184221. [PMID: 34817197 PMCID: PMC8826903 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01842-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a beta coronavirus that emerged in 2012, causing severe pneumonia and renal failure. MERS-CoV encodes five accessory proteins. Some of them have been shown to interfere with host antiviral immune response. However, the roles of protein 8b in innate immunity and viral virulence was rarely studied. Here, we introduced individual MERS-CoV accessory protein genes into the genome of an attenuated murine coronavirus (Mouse hepatitis virus, MHV), respectively, and found accessory protein 8b could enhance viral replication in vivo and in vitro and increase the lethality of infected mice. RNA-seq analysis revealed that protein 8b could significantly inhibit type I interferon production (IFN-I) and innate immune response in mice infected with MHV expressing protein 8b. We also found that MERS-CoV protein 8b could initiate from multiple internal methionine sites and at least three protein variants were identified. Residues 1-23 of protein 8b was demonstrated to be responsible for increased virulence in vivo. In addition, the inhibitory effect on IFN-I of protein 8b might not contribute to its virulence enhancement as aa1-23 deletion did not affect IFN-I production in vitro and in vivo. Next, we also found that protein 8b was localized to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER)/Golgi membrane in infected cells, which was disrupted by C-terminal region aa 88-112 deletion. This study will provide new insight into the pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection. IMPORTANCE Multiple coronaviruses (CoV) cause severe respiratory infections and become global public health threats such as SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2. Each coronavirus contains different numbers of accessory proteins which show high variability among different CoVs. Accessory proteins are demonstrated to play essential roles in pathogenesis of CoVs. MERS-CoV contains 5 accessory proteins (protein 3, 4a, 4b, 5, 8b), and deletion of all four accessory proteins (protein 3, 4a, 4b, 5), significantly affects MERS-CoV replication and pathogenesis. However, whether ORF8b also regulates MERS-CoV infection is unknown. Here, we constructed mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) recombinant virus expressing MERS-CoV protein 8b and demonstrated protein 8b could significantly enhance the virulence of MHV, which is mediated by N-terminal domain of protein 8b. This study will shed light on the understanding of pathogenesis of MERS-CoV infection.
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Caronna E, Pozo-Rosich P. Headache as a Symptom of COVID-19: Narrative Review of 1-Year Research. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2021; 25:73. [PMID: 34766205 PMCID: PMC8583579 DOI: 10.1007/s11916-021-00987-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Headache is a common symptom of COVID-19 with emerging literature being published on the subject. Although it may seem unspecific, scientific evidence has allowed a better definition of this headache type, revealing relevant associations with other COVID-19 symptoms and prognoses. We therefore sought to highlight the most remarkable findings concerning headache secondary to COVID-19, specifically focusing on epidemiology, characteristics, pathophysiology, and treatments. RECENT FINDINGS The real prevalence of headache as a symptom of COVID-19 is still unclear ranging from 10 to 70%. Headache mainly has a tension-type-like phenotype, although 25% of individuals present with migraine-like features that also occur in patients without personal migraine history. This finding suggests that a likely pathophysiological mechanism is the activation of the trigeminovascular system. SARS-CoV-2 neurotropism can occur by trans-synaptic invasion through the olfactory route from the nasal cavity, leading to anosmia which has been associated with headache. SARS-CoV-2 protein has been found not only in olfactory mucosa and bulbs but also in trigeminal branches and the trigeminal ganglion, supporting this hypothesis. However, other mechanisms such as brain vessels inflammation due to SARS-CoV-2 damage to the endothelium or systemic inflammation in the context of cytokine storm cannot be ruled out. Interestingly, headache has been associated with lower COVID-19 mortality. No specific treatment for COVID-19 headache is available at present. Studies show that investigating COVID-19 headache represents an opportunity not only to better understand COVID-19 in general but also to advance in the knowledge of both secondary and primary headaches. Future research is therefore warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Caronna
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patricia Pozo-Rosich
- Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
- Headache and Neurological Pain Research Group, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute, Department of Medicine, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
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Singh S, Pandey R, Tomar S, Varshney R, Sharma D, Gangenahalli G. A brief molecular insight of COVID-19: epidemiology, clinical manifestation, molecular mechanism, cellular tropism and immuno-pathogenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:3987-4002. [PMID: 34195882 PMCID: PMC8244678 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04217-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
In December 2019, the emergence and expansion of novel and infectious respiratory virus SARS-CoV-2 originated from Wuhan, China caused an unprecedented threat to the public health and became a global pandemic. SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped, positive sense and single stranded RNA virus belonging to genera betacoronavirus, of Coronaviridae family. The viral genome sequencing studies revealed 75-80% similarity with SARS-CoV. SARS-CoV-2 mainly affects the lower respiratory system and may progress to pneumonia and Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). Apart from life-threatening situations and burden on the global healthcare system, the COVID-19 pandemic has imposed several challenges on the worldwide economics and livelihood. The novel pathogen is highly virulent, rapidly mutating and has a tendency to cross the species boundaries such as from bats to humans through the evolution and natural selection from intermediate host. In this review we tried to summarize the overall picture of SARS-CoV-2 including origin/ emergence, epidemiology, pathogenesis, genome organization, comparative analysis with other CoVs, infection and replication mechanism along with cellular tropism and immunopathogenesis which will provide a brief panoramic view about the virus and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sweta Singh
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Rakesh Pandey
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Sarika Tomar
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Raunak Varshney
- Division of Cyclotron and Radiopharmaceutical Sciences, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
| | - Darshika Sharma
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India
- Meerut Institute of Engineering and Technology, Meerut, India
| | - Gurudutta Gangenahalli
- Division of Stem Cell and Gene Therapy, Institute of Nuclear Medicine and Allied Sciences, Brig. S. K. Mazumdar Road, Delhi, 110054, India.
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Kumar A, Narayan RK, Prasoon P, Kumari C, Kaur G, Kumar S, Kulandhasamy M, Sesham K, Pareek V, Faiq MA, Pandey SN, Singh HN, Kant K, Shekhawat PS, Raza K, Kumar S. COVID-19 Mechanisms in the Human Body-What We Know So Far. Front Immunol 2021; 12:693938. [PMID: 34790191 PMCID: PMC8592035 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.693938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one and a half years have elapsed since the commencement of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, and the world is struggling to contain it. Being caused by a previously unknown virus, in the initial period, there had been an extreme paucity of knowledge about the disease mechanisms, which hampered preventive and therapeutic measures against COVID-19. In an endeavor to understand the pathogenic mechanisms, extensive experimental studies have been conducted across the globe involving cell culture-based experiments, human tissue organoids, and animal models, targeted to various aspects of the disease, viz., viral properties, tissue tropism and organ-specific pathogenesis, involvement of physiological systems, and the human immune response against the infection. The vastly accumulated scientific knowledge on all aspects of COVID-19 has currently changed the scenario from great despair to hope. Even though spectacular progress has been made in all of these aspects, multiple knowledge gaps are remaining that need to be addressed in future studies. Moreover, multiple severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants have emerged across the globe since the onset of the first COVID-19 wave, with seemingly greater transmissibility/virulence and immune escape capabilities than the wild-type strain. In this review, we narrate the progress made since the commencement of the pandemic regarding the knowledge on COVID-19 mechanisms in the human body, including virus-host interactions, pulmonary and other systemic manifestations, immunological dysregulations, complications, host-specific vulnerability, and long-term health consequences in the survivors. Additionally, we provide a brief review of the current evidence explaining molecular mechanisms imparting greater transmissibility and virulence and immune escape capabilities to the emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, India
| | - Ravi K. Narayan
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, Andaman and Nicobar Islands Institute of Medical Sciences, Port Blair, India
| | - Pranav Prasoon
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Pittsburgh Center for Pain Research, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Chiman Kumari
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Gurjot Kaur
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shoolini University, Solan, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
| | - Maheswari Kulandhasamy
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Biochemistry, Maulana Azad Medical College (MAMC), New Delhi, India
| | - Kishore Sesham
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Mangalagiri, Vijayawada, India
| | - Vikas Pareek
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Center for Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Gandhinagar, Gujarat, India
| | - Muneeb A. Faiq
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- New York University (NYU) Langone Health Center, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sada N. Pandey
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Zoology, Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, India
| | - Himanshu N. Singh
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Kamla Kant
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Microbiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bathinda, India
| | - Prakash S. Shekhawat
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Clinical Hematology, National Institute of Medical Sciences, Jaipur, India
| | - Khursheed Raza
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Deoghar, India
| | - Sujeet Kumar
- Etiologically Elusive Disorders Research Network (EEDRN), New Delhi, India
- Center for Proteomics and Drug Discovery, Amity Institute of Biotechnology, Amity University, Maharashtra, India
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Shah MD, Sumeh AS, Sheraz M, Kavitha MS, Venmathi Maran BA, Rodrigues KF. A mini-review on the impact of COVID 19 on vital organs. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 143:112158. [PMID: 34507116 PMCID: PMC8416601 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 (Corona Virus Disease-2019) is an infectious disease caused by a novel coronavirus, known as the acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This is a highly contagious disease that has already affected more than 220 countries globally, infecting more than 212 million people and resulting in the death of over 4.4 million people. This review aims to highlight the pertinent documentary evidence upon the adverse effects of the SARS-CoV-2 infection on several vital human organs. SARS-CoV-2 primarily targets the lung tissue by causing diffuse alveolar damage and may result in Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS). SARS-CoV-2 infects the cell via cell surface receptor, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2). Besides lungs, SARS-CoV-2 critically damage tissues in other vital human organs such as the heart, kidney, liver, brain, and gastrointestinal tract. The effect on the heart includes muscle dysfunction (acute or protracted heart failure), myocarditis, and cell necrosis. Within hepatic tissue, it alters serum aminotransferase, total bilirubin, and gamma-glutamyl transferase levels. It contributes to acute kidney injury (AKI). Localized infection of the brain can lead to loss or attenuation of olfaction, muscular pain, headaches, encephalopathy, dizziness, dysgeusia, psychomotor disorders, and stroke; while the gastrointestinal symptoms include the disruption of the normal intestinal mucosa, leading to diarrhea and abdominal pain. This review encompassed a topical streak of systemic malfunctions caused by the SARS-CoV-2 infection. As the pandemic is still in progress, more studies will enrich our understanding and analysis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Dawood Shah
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Aini Simon Sumeh
- Penampang Health Clinic, Kampung Tuavon, 89500 Penampang, Sabah, Malaysia
| | - Muhammad Sheraz
- Arbutus Biopharma Inc, 701 Veterans Circle, Warminster, PA 18974, USA
| | - Muthu Subash Kavitha
- School of Information and Data Sciences, Nagasaki University, Bunkyo-machi 1-14, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan.
| | - Balu Alagar Venmathi Maran
- Borneo Marine Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
| | - Kenneth Francis Rodrigues
- Biotechnology Research Institute, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia.
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Neurotropism of SARS-CoV-2 and neurological diseases of the central nervous system in COVID-19 patients. Exp Brain Res 2021; 240:9-25. [PMID: 34694467 PMCID: PMC8543422 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-021-06244-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The devastating COVID-19 pandemic is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. It primarily affects the lung and induces acute respiratory distress leading to a decrease in oxygen supply to the cells. This lung insufficiency caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus contributes to hypoxia which can affect the brain and other organ systems. The heightened cytokine storm in COVID-19 patients leads to an immune reaction in the vascular endothelial cells that compromise the host defenses against the SARS-CoV-2 virus in various organs. The vascular endothelial cell membrane breach allows access for SARS-CoV-2 to infect multiple tissues and organs. The neurotropism of spike protein in SARS-CoV-2 rendered by furin site insertion may increase neuronal infections. These could result in encephalitis and encephalopathy. The COVID-19 patients suffered severe lung deficiency often showed effects in the brain and neural system. The early symptoms include headache, loss of smell, mental confusion, psychiatric disorders and strokes, and rarely encephalitis, which indicated the vulnerability of the nervous system to SARS-CoV-2. Infection of the brain and peripheral nervous system can lead to the dysfunction of other organs and result in multi-organ failure. This review focuses on discussing the vulnerability of the nervous system based on the pattern of expression of the receptors for the SARS-CoV-2 and the mechanisms of its cell invasion. The SARS-CoV-2 elicited immune response and host immune response evasion are further discussed. Then the effects on the nervous system and its consequences on neuro-sensory functions are discussed. Finally, the emerging information on the overall genetic susceptibility seen in COVID-19 patients and its implications for therapy outlook is discussed.
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50
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COVID-19 and Alzheimer's Disease: A Literature Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2021; 57:medicina57111159. [PMID: 34833377 PMCID: PMC8625592 DOI: 10.3390/medicina57111159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
There are a number of potential implications for the field of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) stemming from the global spread of “SARS-COV-2”. Many studies that were conducted by Cleveland Clinic researchers identified a link between COVID-19 infection and brain abnormalities seen in people with AD. This article explains the association between COVID-19 and AD and how people with AD are affected by COVID-19, whether directly or indirectly. First, this article begins by explaining AD and its types, then giving an overview about COVID-19, its symptoms and the associated complications. Then, direct and indirect consequences of COVID-19 on people experiencing AD are discussed briefly. Some management strategies are recommended at the end of this article in addition to a future perspective on this topic. This article concludes by summarizing the main points mentioned about the association between COVID-19 and AD.
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