1
|
He X, Zhang B, Liu Q, Chen H, Cheng J, Jian B, Yin H, Li H, Duan K, Zhang J, Ge Q. Highly conductive and stretchable nanostructured ionogels for 3D printing capacitive sensors with superior performance. Nat Commun 2024; 15:6431. [PMID: 39085229 PMCID: PMC11291765 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-50797-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Ionogels are promising material candidates for ionotronics due to their excellent ionic conductivity, stretchability, and thermal stability. However, it is challenging to develop 3D printable ionogels with both excellent electrical and mechanical properties. Here, we report a highly conductive and stretchable nanostructured (CSN) ionogel for 3D printing ionotronic sensors. We propose the photopolymerization-induced microphase separation strategy to prepare the CSN ionogels comprising continuous conducting nanochannels intertwined with cross-linked polymeric framework. The resultant CSN ionogels simultaneously achieves high ionic conductivity (over 3 S m-1), high stretchability (over 1500%), low degree of hysteresis (0.4% at 50% strain), wide-temperature-range thermostability (-72 to 250 °C). Moreover, its high compatible with DLP 3D printing enables the fabrication of complex ionogel micro-architectures with high resolution (up to 5 μm), which allows us to manufacture capacitive sensors with superior sensing performances. The proposed CSN ionogel paves an efficient way to manufacture the next-generation capacitive sensors with enhanced performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Biao Zhang
- Xi'an Institute of Flexible Electronics, Northwestern Polytechnical University, 127 West Youyi Road, Xi'an, China
| | - Qingjiang Liu
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hao Chen
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jianxiang Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Bingcong Jian
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Hanlin Yin
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Honggeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ke Duan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, College of Aerospace Science and Engineering, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Ge
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 518055, Shenzhen, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Yang Z, Zhao Y, Lan Y, Xiang M, Wu G, Zang J, Zhang Z, Xue C, Gao L. Screen-Printable Iontronic Pressure Sensor with Thermal Expansion Microspheres for Pulse Monitoring. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:39561-39571. [PMID: 39039805 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.4c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Constructing microstructures to improve the sensitivity of flexible pressure sensors is an effective approach. However, the preparation of microstructures usually involves inverted molds or subtractive manufacturing methods, which are difficult in large-scale (e.g., in screen printing) preparation. To solve this problem, we introduced thermally expandable microspheres for screen printing to fabricate flexible sensors. Thermally expandable microspheres can be constructed into microstructures by simple heating after printing, which simplifies the microstructure fabrication step. In addition, the added microspheres can also be used as ionic liquid reservoir materials to further increase the capacitance change and improve the sensitivity. The prepared sensors exhibited superior performance, including ultrahigh sensitivity (Smax = 49999.5 kPa-1) and wide detection range (0-350 kPa). Even after 30,000 cycles at a high pressure of 300 kPa and a low pressure of 30 kPa, the sensor showed minimal signal degradation, demonstrating long-term cycling stability. In order to verify the practical potential of the sensors, we performed human radial artery beat detection experiments using these sensors. The variations in the intensity of the 3D radial artery pulse wave can be observed very clearly, which is important for human health monitoring. The above demonstrates that our strategy can provide an effective approach for the large-scale preparation of high-performance flexible pressure sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Yihui Lan
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Menghui Xiang
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| | - Junbin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, Taiyuan 030051, China
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
| | - Libo Gao
- Pen-Tung Sah Institute of Micro-Nano Science and Technology, and Discipline of Intelligent Instrument and Equipment, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, China
- Shenzhen Research institute of Xiamen University, Xiamen University, Shenzhen 518000, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Yang J, Li Z, Wu Y, Shen Y, Zhang M, Chen B, Yuan G, Xiao S, Feng J, Zhang X, Tang Y, Ding S, Chen X, Wang T. Non-equilibrium compression achieving high sensitivity and linearity for iontronic pressure sensors. Sci Bull (Beijing) 2024; 69:2221-2230. [PMID: 38782658 DOI: 10.1016/j.scib.2024.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with high sensitivity and linearity are highly desirable for robot sensing and human physiological signal detection. However, the current strategies for stabilizing axial microstructures (e.g., micro-pyramids) are mainly susceptible to structural stiffening during compression, thereby limiting the realization of high sensitivity and linearity. Here, we report a bending-induced non-equilibrium compression process that effectively enhances the compressibility of microstructures, thereby crucially improving the efficiency of interfacial area growth of electric double layer (EDL). Based on this principle, we fabricate an iontronic flexible pressure sensor with vertical graphene (VG) array electrodes. Ultra-high sensitivity (185.09 kPa-1) and linearity (R2 = 0.9999) are realized over a wide pressure range (0.49 Pa-66.67 kPa). It also exhibits remarkable mechanical stability during compression and bending. The sensor is successfully employed in a robotic gripping task to recognize the targets of different materials and shapes based on a multilayer perception (MLP) neural network. It opens the door to realizing haptic sensing capabilities for robotic hands and prosthetic limbs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Yang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Zhibin Li
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ying Wu
- School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yong Shen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Ming Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Micro/Nano Optoelectronic Devices of Ministry of Education, Engineering Research Center of Advanced Semiconductor Technology and Application of Ministry of Education, Changsha Semiconductor Technology and Application Innovation Research Institute, College of Semiconductors (College of Integrated Circuits), Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Bin Chen
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Guojiang Yuan
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Songhua Xiao
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Jiansong Feng
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Xu Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Yuwei Tang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Sunan Ding
- School of Integrated Circuits, Nanjing University, Suzhou 215163, China.
| | - Xiaolong Chen
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| | - Taihong Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China; School of Microelectronics, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
He C, Wu L, Gu G, Wei L, Yang C, Chen M. An Ionic Assisted Enhancement Strategy Enabled High Performance Flexible Pressure-Temperature Dual Sensor. NANO LETTERS 2024; 24:7040-7047. [PMID: 38804573 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c01506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors with a broad range and high sensitivity are greatly desired yet challenging to build. Herein, we have successfully fabricated a pressure-temperature dual sensor via an ionic assisted charge enhancement strategy. Benefiting from the immobilization effect for [EMIM+] [TFSI-] ion pairs and charge transfer between ionic liquid (IL) and HFMO (H10Fe3Mo21O51), the formed IL-HFMO-TPU pressure sensor shows a high sensitivity of 25.35 kPa-1 and broad sensing range (∼10 MPa), respectively. Furthermore, the sensor device exhibits high durability and stability (5000 cycles@1 MPa). The IL-HFMO-TPU sensor also shows the merit of good temperature sensing properties. Attributed to these superior properties, the proposed sensor device could detect pressure in an ultrawide sensing range (from Pa to MPa), including breathe and biophysical signal monitoring etc. The proposed ionic assisted enhancement approach is a generic strategy for constructing high performance flexible pressure-temperature dual sensor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenying He
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Lie Wu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoqiang Gu
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Lei Wei
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, 50 Nanyang Avenue, 639798 Singapore
| | - Chunlei Yang
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Chen
- Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Xiong J, Duan M, Zou X, Gao S, Guo J, Wang X, Li Q, Li W, Wang X, Yan F. Biocompatible Tough Ionogels with Reversible Supramolecular Adhesion. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:13903-13913. [PMID: 38721817 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Cohesive and interfacial adhesion energies are difficult to balance to obtain reversible adhesives with both high mechanical strength and high adhesion strength, although various methods have been extensively investigated. Here, a biocompatible citric acid/L-(-)-carnitine (CAC)-based ionic liquid was developed as a solvent to prepare tough and high adhesion strength ionogels for reversible engineered and biological adhesives. The prepared ionogels exhibited good mechanical properties, including tensile strength (14.4 MPa), Young's modulus (48.1 MPa), toughness (115.2 MJ m-3), and high adhesion strength on the glass substrate (24.4 MPa). Furthermore, the ionogels can form mechanically matched tough adhesion at the interface of wet biological tissues (interfacial toughness about 191 J m-2) and can be detached by saline solution on demand, thus extending potential applications in various clinical scenarios such as wound adhesion and nondestructive transfer of organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaofeng Xiong
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Minzhi Duan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiuyang Zou
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Huaiyin Normal University, Huaian 223300, China
| | - Shuna Gao
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Jiangna Guo
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaowei Wang
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Qingning Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Weizheng Li
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Xiaoliang Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Feng Yan
- Jiangsu Engineering Laboratory of Novel Functional Polymeric Materials, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Negative Carbon Technologies, Suzhou Key Laboratory of Soft Material and New Energy, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Lee JH, Cho K, Kim JK. Age of Flexible Electronics: Emerging Trends in Soft Multifunctional Sensors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2310505. [PMID: 38258951 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202310505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
With the commercialization of first-generation flexible mobiles and displays in the late 2010s, humanity has stepped into the age of flexible electronics. Inevitably, soft multifunctional sensors, as essential components of next-generation flexible electronics, have attracted tremendous research interest like never before. This review is dedicated to offering an overview of the latest emerging trends in soft multifunctional sensors and their accordant future research and development (R&D) directions for the coming decade. First, key characteristics and the predominant target stimuli for soft multifunctional sensors are highlighted. Second, important selection criteria for soft multifunctional sensors are introduced. Next, emerging materials/structures and trends for soft multifunctional sensors are identified. Specifically, the future R&D directions of these sensors are envisaged based on their emerging trends, namely i) decoupling of multiple stimuli, ii) data processing, iii) skin conformability, and iv) energy sources. Finally, the challenges and potential opportunities for these sensors in future are discussed, offering new insights into prospects in the fast-emerging technology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeng-Hun Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Jang-Kyo Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khalifa University, P. O. Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, 2052, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhao Z, Cao Z, Wu Z, Du W, Meng X, Chen H, Wu Y, Jiang L, Liu M. Bicontinuous vitrimer heterogels with wide-span switchable stiffness-gated iontronic coordination. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadl2737. [PMID: 38457508 PMCID: PMC10923496 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adl2737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
Currently, it remains challenging to balance intrinsic stiffness with programmability in most vitrimers. Simultaneously, coordinating materials with gel-like iontronic properties for intrinsic ion transmission while maintaining vitrimer programmable features remains underexplored. Here, we introduce a phase-engineering strategy to fabricate bicontinuous vitrimer heterogel (VHG) materials. Such VHGs exhibited high mechanical strength, with an elastic modulus of up to 116 MPa, a high strain performance exceeding 1000%, and a switchable stiffness ratio surpassing 5 × 103. Moreover, highly programmable reprocessing and shape memory morphing were realized owing to the ion liquid-enhanced VHG network reconfiguration. Derived from the ion transmission pathway in the ILgel, which responded to the wide-span switchable mechanics, the VHG iontronics had a unique bidirectional stiffness-gated piezoresistivity, coordinating both positive and negative piezoresistive properties. Our findings indicate that the VHG system can act as a foundational material in various promising applications, including smart sensors, soft machines, and bioelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ziguang Zhao
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Ziquan Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Zhixin Wu
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Wenxin Du
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Xue Meng
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Yuchen Wu
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lei Jiang
- School of Future Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Materials and Interfacial Science, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, P. R. China
| | - Mingjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Inspired Smart Interfacial, Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry, Beihang University, Beijing 100191, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kong Z, Boahen EK, Kim DJ, Li F, Kim JS, Kweon H, Kim SY, Choi H, Zhu J, Bin Ying W, Kim DH. Ultrafast underwater self-healing piezo-ionic elastomer via dynamic hydrophobic-hydrolytic domains. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2129. [PMID: 38459042 PMCID: PMC10923942 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46334-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The development of advanced materials capable of autonomous self-healing and mechanical stimulus sensing in aquatic environments holds great promise for applications in underwater soft electronics, underwater robotics, and water-resistant human-machine interfaces. However, achieving superior autonomous self-healing properties and effective sensing simultaneously in an aquatic environment is rarely feasible. Here, we present an ultrafast underwater molecularly engineered self-healing piezo-ionic elastomer inspired by the cephalopod's suckers, which possess self-healing properties and mechanosensitive ion channels. Through strategic engineering of hydrophobic C-F groups, hydrolytic boronate ester bonds, and ions, the material achieves outstanding self-healing efficiencies, with speeds of 94.5% (9.1 µm/min) in air and 89.6% (13.3 µm/min) underwater, coupled with remarkable pressure sensitivity (18.1 kPa-1) for sensing performance. Furthermore, integration of this mechanosensitive device into an underwater submarine for signal transmission and light emitting diode modulation demonstrates its potential for underwater robotics and smarter human-machine interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyang Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Elvis K Boahen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Fenglong Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Thin-Film Device Laboratory, RIKEN, 2-1 Hirosawa, Wako, Saitama, 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hyukmin Kweon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Zhu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- School of Electrical Engineering (EE), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lin Z, Duan S, Liu M, Dang C, Qian S, Zhang L, Wang H, Yan W, Zhu M. Insights into Materials, Physics, and Applications in Flexible and Wearable Acoustic Sensing Technology. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2306880. [PMID: 38015990 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202306880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/30/2023]
Abstract
Sound plays a crucial role in the perception of the world. It allows to communicate, learn, and detect potential dangers, diagnose diseases, and much more. However, traditional acoustic sensors are limited in their form factors, being rigid and cumbersome, which restricts their potential applications. Recently, acoustic sensors have made significant advancements, transitioning from rudimentary forms to wearable devices and smart everyday clothing that can conform to soft, curved, and deformable surfaces or surroundings. In this review, the latest scientific and technological breakthroughs with insightful analysis in materials, physics, design principles, fabrication strategies, functions, and applications of flexible and wearable acoustic sensing technology are comprehensively explored. The new generation of acoustic sensors that can recognize voice, interact with machines, control robots, enable marine positioning and localization, monitor structural health, diagnose human vital signs in deep tissues, and perform organ imaging is highlighted. These innovations offer unique solutions to significant challenges in fields such as healthcare, biomedicine, wearables, robotics, and metaverse. Finally, the existing challenges and future opportunities in the field are addressed, providing strategies to advance acoustic sensing technologies for intriguing real-world applications and inspire new research directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shengshun Duan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Mingyang Liu
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chao Dang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Shengtai Qian
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Luxue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Hailiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Wei Yan
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Meifang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, 201620, China
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li T, Qi H, Zhao Y, Kumar P, Zhao C, Li Z, Dong X, Guo X, Zhao M, Li X, Wang X, Ritchie RO, Zhai W. Robust and sensitive conductive nanocomposite hydrogel with bridge cross-linking-dominated hierarchical structural design. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2024; 10:eadk6643. [PMID: 38306426 PMCID: PMC10836727 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adk6643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/04/2024]
Abstract
Conductive hydrogels have a remarkable potential for applications in soft electronics and robotics, owing to their noteworthy attributes, including electrical conductivity, stretchability, biocompatibility, etc. However, the limited strength and toughness of these hydrogels have traditionally impeded their practical implementation. Inspired by the hierarchical architecture of high-performance biological composites found in nature, we successfully fabricate a robust and sensitive conductive nanocomposite hydrogel through self-assembly-induced bridge cross-linking of MgB2 nanosheets and polyvinyl alcohol hydrogels. By combining the hierarchical lamellar microstructure with robust molecular B─O─C covalent bonds, the resulting conductive hydrogel exhibits an exceptional strength and toughness. Moreover, the hydrogel demonstrates exceptional sensitivity (response/relaxation time, 20 milliseconds; detection lower limit, ~1 Pascal) under external deformation. Such characteristics enable the conductive hydrogel to exhibit superior performance in soft sensing applications. This study introduces a high-performance conductive hydrogel and opens up exciting possibilities for the development of soft electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tian Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Haobo Qi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Yijing Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Punit Kumar
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Cancan Zhao
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Zhenming Li
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Xinyu Dong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xiao Guo
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Miao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xinwei Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| | - Xudong Wang
- Department of Oral and Cranio-Maxillofacial Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, College of Stomatology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine; National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases; Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology & Shanghai Research Institute of Stomatology, Shanghai 200011, China
| | - Robert O Ritchie
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Wei Zhai
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117575, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Patel V, Das E, Bhargava A, Deshmukh S, Modi A, Srivastava R. Ionogels for flexible conductive substrates and their application in biosensing. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 254:127736. [PMID: 38183203 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Ionogels are highly conductive gels made from ionic liquids dispersed in a matrix made of organic or inorganic materials. Ionogels are known for high ionic conductivity, flexibility, high thermal and electrochemical stability. These characteristics make them suitable for sensing and biosensing applications. This review discusses about the two main constituents, ionic liquids and matrix, used to make ionogels and effect of these materials on the characteristics of ionogels. Here, the material properties like mechanical, electrochemical and stability are discussed for both polymer matrix and ionic liquid. We have briefly described about the fabrication methods like 3D printing, sol-gel, blade coating, spin coating, aerosol jet printing etc., used to make films or coating of these ionogels. The advantages and disadvantages of each method are also briefly summarized. Finally, the last section provides a few examples of application of flexible ionogels in areas like wearables, human-machine interface, electronic skin and detection of biological molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vinay Patel
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076, India
| | - Eatu Das
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076, India
| | - Ameesha Bhargava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076, India
| | - Sharvari Deshmukh
- MIT School of Bioengineering Sciences and Research, MIT ADT University, Loni Kalbhor, Pune 412201, India
| | - Anam Modi
- G.N. Khalsa College, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
| | - Rohit Srivastava
- Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, 400076, India.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Emon OF, Sun H, Rahim A, Choi JW. An Ionic Liquid-Based Stretchable Sensor for Measuring Normal and Shear Force. Soft Robot 2023; 10:1115-1125. [PMID: 37130312 DOI: 10.1089/soro.2022.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Soft and stretchable force sensors are widely used for health monitoring, robotics, prosthetics, and other applications. Soft force sensors with the capability of measuring both normal and shear force could offer even greater functionality and provide more information, particularly in the field of biomechanics. In this work, a new solid-state force sensor is proposed that can measure both normal and shear forces at the same time. The soft and stretchable sensor was fabricated using an ionic liquid (IL)/polymer network. Two separate IL-based polymer membranes were used to detect normal and shear forces. Sensor architecture and electrical wiring for normal, shear, and combined sensing were developed, and various material compositions for different sensor layers were investigated to find the combination that could achieve the optimum sensor performance. A basic material formulation for carbon nanotube-based electrodes, the IL/polymer network, and polymeric insulation layers was proposed. To configure a combined (normal and shear) sensor, separate sensors for normal and shear deformations were first designed and investigated. Later, a combined sensor was fabricated using a mold via screen printing, photocuring, and thermal curing. The combined sensor was evaluated under different force conditions. The results show that the sensor can reliably measure normal and shear forces. Moreover, the findings demonstrate a way to successfully modulate the sensitivity for normal and shear sensing by varying the material composition or geometric configuration, which provides flexibility for application-specific designs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Omar Faruk Emon
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering and University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical & Biomedical Engineering, University of New Haven, West Haven, Connecticut, USA
| | - Ahadur Rahim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| | - Jae-Won Choi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio, USA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Bai N, Xue Y, Chen S, Shi L, Shi J, Zhang Y, Hou X, Cheng Y, Huang K, Wang W, Zhang J, Liu Y, Guo CF. A robotic sensory system with high spatiotemporal resolution for texture recognition. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7121. [PMID: 37963866 PMCID: PMC10645869 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42722-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Humans can gently slide a finger on the surface of an object and identify it by capturing both static pressure and high-frequency vibrations. Although modern robots integrated with flexible sensors can precisely detect pressure, shear force, and strain, they still perform insufficiently or require multi-sensors to respond to both static and high-frequency physical stimuli during the interaction. Here, we report a real-time artificial sensory system for high-accuracy texture recognition based on a single iontronic slip-sensor, and propose a criterion-spatiotemporal resolution, to corelate the sensing performance with recognition capability. The sensor can respond to both static and dynamic stimuli (0-400 Hz) with a high spatial resolution of 15 μm in spacing and 6 μm in height, together with a high-frequency resolution of 0.02 Hz at 400 Hz, enabling high-precision discrimination of fine surface features. The sensory system integrated on a prosthetic fingertip can identify 20 different commercial textiles with a 100.0% accuracy at a fixed sliding rate and a 98.9% accuracy at random sliding rates. The sensory system is expected to help achieve subtle tactile sensation for robotics and prosthetics, and further be applied to haptic-based virtual reality and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ningning Bai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Yiheng Xue
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Shuiqing Chen
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Lin Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Junli Shi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xingyu Hou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yu Cheng
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Kaixi Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Weidong Wang
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, Xi'an, 710071, China
| | - Jin Zhang
- Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Physics and TcSUH, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77204, USA
| | - Chuan Fei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Choi H, Kim Y, Kim S, Kim SY, Kim JS, Yun E, Kweon H, Amoli V, Choi UH, Lee H, Kim DH. Ions-Silica Percolated Ionic Dielectric Elastomer Actuator for Soft Robots. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303838. [PMID: 37792271 PMCID: PMC10646257 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023]
Abstract
Soft robotics systems are currently under development using ionic electroactive polymers (i-EAP) as soft actuators for the human-machine interface. However, this endeavor has been impeded by the dilemma of reconciling the competing demands of force and strain in i-EAP actuators. Here, the authors present a novel design called "ions-silica percolated ionic dielectric elastomer (i-SPIDER)", which exhibits ionic liquid-confined silica microstructures that effectively resolve the chronic issue of conventional i-EAP actuators. The i-SPIDER actuator demonstrates remarkable electromechanical conversion capacity at low voltage, thanks to improved ion accumulation facilitated by interpreting electrode polarization at the electrolyte-electrode interface. This approach concurrently enhances both strain (by approximately 1.52%) and force (by roughly 1.06 mN) even at low Young's modulus (merely 5.9 MPa). Additionally, by demonstrating arachnid-inspired soft robots endowed with user-desired tasks through control of various form factors, the development of soft robots using the i-SPIDER that can concomitantly enhance strain and force holds promise as a compelling avenue for ushering in the next generation of miniaturized, low-powered soft robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Yongchan Kim
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Kim
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer EngineeringInha UniversityIncheon22212Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Present address:
Hirosawa Thin Film Devices LaboratoryRIKEN, 2‐1 HirosawaWako City, Saitama Prefecture351‐0198Japan
| | - Eseudeo Yun
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukmin Kweon
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| | - Vipin Amoli
- Department of Sciences and HumanitiesRajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum TechnologyAmethi229304India
| | - U. Hyeok Choi
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer EngineeringInha UniversityIncheon22212Republic of Korea
| | - Hojin Lee
- School of Electronic EngineeringSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
- Department of Intelligent SemiconductorsSoongsil UniversitySeoul06978Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical EngineeringHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and TechnologyHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
- Clean‐Energy Research InstituteHanyang UniversitySeoul04763Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Kweon H, Kim JS, Kim S, Kang H, Kim DJ, Choi H, Roe DG, Choi YJ, Lee SG, Cho JH, Kim DH. Ion trap and release dynamics enables nonintrusive tactile augmentation in monolithic sensory neuron. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadi3827. [PMID: 37851813 PMCID: PMC10584339 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.adi3827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
An iontronic-based artificial tactile nerve is a promising technology for emulating the tactile recognition and learning of human skin with low power consumption. However, its weak tactile memory and complex integration structure remain challenging. We present an ion trap and release dynamics (iTRD)-driven, neuro-inspired monolithic artificial tactile neuron (NeuroMAT) that can achieve tactile perception and memory consolidation in a single device. Through the tactile-driven release of ions initially trapped within iTRD-iongel, NeuroMAT only generates nonintrusive synaptic memory signals when mechanical stress is applied under voltage stimulation. The induced tactile memory is augmented by auxiliary voltage pulses independent of tactile sensing signals. We integrate NeuroMAT with an anthropomorphic robotic hand system to imitate memory-based human motion; the robust tactile memory of NeuroMAT enables the hand to consistently perform reliable gripping motion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyukmin Kweon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongchan Kim
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA 16802, USA
| | - Haisu Kang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Gue Roe
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Jin Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Ho Cho
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
- Clean-Energy Research Institute, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen P, Li F, Wang G, Ying B, Chen C, Tian Y, Chen M, Lee KJ, Ying WB, Zhu J. Toward Highly Matching the Dura Mater: A Polyurethane Integrating Biocompatible, Leak-Proof, and Self-Healing Properties. Macromol Biosci 2023; 23:e2300111. [PMID: 37222304 DOI: 10.1002/mabi.202300111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The dura mater is the final barrier against cerebrospinal fluid leakage and plays a crucial role in protecting and supporting the brain and spinal cord. Head trauma, tumor resection and other traumas damage it, requiring artificial dura mater for repair. However, surgical tears are often unavoidable. To address these issues, the ideal artificial dura mater should have biocompatibility, anti-leakage, and self-healing properties. Herein, this work has used biocompatible polycaprolactone diol as the soft segment and introduced dynamic disulfide bonds into the hard segment, achieving a multifunctional polyurethane (LSPU-2), which integrated the above mentioned properties required in surgery. In particular, LSPU-2 matches the mechanical properties of the dura mater and the biocompatibility tests with neuronal cells demonstrate extremely low cytotoxicity and do not cause any negative skin lesions. In addition, the anti-leakage properties of the LSPU-2 are confirmed by the water permeability tester and the 900 mm H2 O static pressure test with artificial cerebrospinal fluid. Due to the disulfide bond exchange and molecular chain mobility, LSPU-2 could be completely self-healed within 115 min at human body temperature. Thus, LSPU-2 comprises one of the most promising potential artificial dura materials, which is essential for the advancement of artificial dura mater and brain surgery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pandi Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, P. R. China
| | - Fenglong Li
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Guyue Wang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Materials Genome Engineering, School of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, 100083, P. R. China
| | - Binbin Ying
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139-4307, USA
| | - Chao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Ying Tian
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, P. R. China
| | - Maosong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Affiliated Lihuili Hospital of Ningbo University, Ningbo, 315040, P. R. China
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Yoo-Seong, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| | - Jin Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hessling J, Lange M, Schönhoff M. Confinement-enhanced Li + ion dynamics in an ionic liquid-based electrolyte in porous material. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:23510-23518. [PMID: 37646481 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02901h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
While Ionic Liquids (IL) are promising liquid electrolyte components for Li-ion batteries due to their high electrochemical stability and low volatility and flammability, unfavorable Lithium-anion clusters lead to poor Li+ transport properties such as low transference numbers. A confinement of ILs in nanoporous materials could overcome these problems, based on altered structural and dynamic properties of the confined ILs. We investigate the coordination and the Li+ dynamics in an IL/Li-salt mixture of 1-butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluormethyl-sulfonyl)imide (Pyr14TFSA) and LiTFSA and reveal in how far the confinement has positive or negative effects on ion clustering in the electrolyte. To this end, the electrolyte is confined in mesoporous silica SBA-15 (pore diameter 8 nm or 4 nm) or the metal-organic framework (MOF) ZIF-8 (pore diameter 1.16 nm). Raman spectra elucidate the Li-anion coordination and the interaction of the ions with the walls. Temperature-dependent 7Li spin relaxation rates, analyzed within the model of Bloembergen, Purcell and Pound (BPP), allow statements on the local Li+ environment, the local Li+ dynamics and its activation. In the SBA-15 materials the Li+ coordination is unchanged with persisting Li-TFSA clusters. Furthermore, the local dynamics of Li+ is reduced upon confinement, as expected due to geometrical restrictions. At the same time, however, both structural and dynamic parameters do not show a pronounced dependence on the pore size. Surprisingly, upon confinement in ZIF-8 Li+ displays faster local dynamics and a more asymmetric environment in comparison to the bulk electrolyte. The enhanced dynamics is accompanied by a reduced coordination to TFSA-, suggesting the breakup of Li-TFSA clusters. Differences between the porous materials are attributed to the nature of the wall surface, as Raman spectra suggest that in SBA-15 the TFSA- ion is preferentially interacting with the pore walls, whereas in ZIF-8 the Pyr14+ ion is immobilized by the pore walls. These results demonstrate a strong influence of internal interfaces on IL structure and dynamics and bear potential for further tailoring ion dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Janis Hessling
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| | - Martin Lange
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Schönhoff
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 28/30, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Choi WY, Kwon JH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Multimodal Wearable Ionoskins Enabling Independent Recognition of External Stimuli Without Crosstalk. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2301868. [PMID: 37147775 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2023] [Revised: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Wearable ionoskins are one of the representative examples of the many useful applications offered by deformable stimuli-responsive sensory platforms. Herein, ionotronic thermo-mechano-multimodal response sensors are proposed, which can independently detect changes in temperature and mechanical stimuli without crosstalk. For this purpose, mechanically robust, thermo-responsive ion gels composed of poly(styrene-ran-n-butyl methacrylate) (PS-r-PnBMA, copolymer gelator) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethyl sulfonyl)imide ([BMI][TFSI], ionic liquid) are prepared. The optical transmittance change arising from the lower critical solution temperature (LCST) phenomenon between PnBMA and [BMI][TFSI] is exploited to track the external temperature, creating a new concept of the temperature coefficient of transmittance (TCT). The TCT of this system (-11.5% °C-1 ) is observed to be more sensitive to temperature fluctuations than the conventional metric of temperature coefficient of resistance. The tailoring molecular characteristics of gelators selectively improved the mechanical robustness of the gel, providing an additional application opportunity for strain sensors. This functional sensory platform, which is attached to a robot finger, can successfully detect thermal and mechanical environmental changes through variations in the optical (transmittance) and electrical (resistance) properties of the ion gel, respectively, indicating the high practicality of on-skin multimodal wearable sensors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul, 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tao K, Yu J, Zhang J, Bao A, Hu H, Ye T, Ding Q, Wang Y, Lin H, Wu J, Chang H, Zhang H, Yuan W. Deep-Learning Enabled Active Biomimetic Multifunctional Hydrogel Electronic Skin. ACS NANO 2023; 17:16160-16173. [PMID: 37523784 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c05253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
There is huge demand for recreating human skin with the functions of epidermis and dermis for interactions with the physical world. Herein, a biomimetic, ultrasensitive, and multifunctional hydrogel-based electronic skin (BHES) was proposed. Its epidermis function was mimicked using poly(ethylene terephthalate) with nanoscale wrinkles, enabling accurate identification of materials through the capabilities to gain/lose electrons during contact electrification. Internal mechanoreceptor was mimicked by interdigital silver electrodes with stick-slip sensing capabilities to identify textures/roughness. The dermis function was mimicked by patterned microcone hydrogel, achieving pressure sensors with high sensitivity (17.32 mV/Pa), large pressure range (20-5000 Pa), low detection limit, and fast response (10 ms)/recovery time (17 ms). Assisted by deep learning, this BHES achieved high accuracy and minimized interference in identifying materials (95.00% for 10 materials) and textures (97.20% for four roughness cases). By integrating signal acquisition/processing circuits, a wearable drone control system was demonstrated with three-degree-of-freedom movement and enormous potentials for soft robots, self-powered human-machine interaction interfaces of digital twins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai Tao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South ninth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518063, China
| | - Jiahao Yu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South ninth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518063, China
| | - Jiyuan Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
- Research & Development Institute of Northwestern Polytechnical University in Shenzhen, Sanhang Science & Technology Building, No.45th, Gaoxin South ninth Road, Nanshan District, Shenzhen City 518063, China
| | - Aocheng Bao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haowen Hu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Tao Ye
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Qiongling Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yaozheng Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Haobin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Materials and Technologies and the Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Display Material and Technology, School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Technique and Equipment for Macromolecular Advanced Manufacturing, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510641, China
| | - Honglong Chang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| | - Haixia Zhang
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Micro/Nano Fabrication; Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Integrated Circuits, School of Integrated Circuits, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Weizheng Yuan
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Micro and Nano Systems for Aerospace, School of Mechanical Engineering, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an 710072, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Geng B, Zeng H, Luo H, Wu X. Construction of Wearable Touch Sensors by Mimicking the Properties of Materials and Structures in Nature. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:372. [PMID: 37622977 PMCID: PMC10452172 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8040372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Wearable touch sensors, which can convert force or pressure signals into quantitative electronic signals, have emerged as essential smart sensing devices and play an important role in various cutting-edge fields, including wearable health monitoring, soft robots, electronic skin, artificial prosthetics, AR/VR, and the Internet of Things. Flexible touch sensors have made significant advancements, while the construction of novel touch sensors by mimicking the unique properties of biological materials and biogenetic structures always remains a hot research topic and significant technological pathway. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the research status of wearable touch sensors constructed by imitating the material and structural characteristics in nature and summarizes the scientific challenges and development tendencies of this aspect. First, the research status for constructing flexible touch sensors based on biomimetic materials is summarized, including hydrogel materials, self-healing materials, and other bio-inspired or biomimetic materials with extraordinary properties. Then, the design and fabrication of flexible touch sensors based on bionic structures for performance enhancement are fully discussed. These bionic structures include special structures in plants, special structures in insects/animals, and special structures in the human body. Moreover, a summary of the current issues and future prospects for developing wearable sensors based on bio-inspired materials and structures is discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hua Luo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Wang X, Zhao Z, Zhang M, Liang Y, Liu Y. Polyurethanes Modified by Ionic Liquids and Their Applications. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:11627. [PMID: 37511385 PMCID: PMC10380480 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241411627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyurethane (PU) refers to the polymer containing carbamate groups in its molecular structure, generally obtained by the reaction of isocyanate and alcohol. Because of its flexible formulation, diverse product forms, and excellent performance, it has been widely used in mechanical engineering, electronic equipment, biomedical applications, etc. Through physical or chemical methods, ionic groups are introduced into PU, which gives PU electrical conductivity, flame-retardant, and antistatic properties, thus expanding the application fields of PU, especially in flexible devices such as sensors, actuators, and functional membranes for batteries and gas absorption. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of PU in chemical and microphase structures and their related physical and chemical performance. To improve the performance of PU, ionic liquids (ILs) were applied in the processing or synthesis of PU, resulting in a new type of PU called ionic PU. In the following part of this review, we mainly summarized the fabrication methods of IL-modified PUs via physical blending and the chemical copolymerization method. Then, we summarized the research progress of the applications for IL-modified PUs in different fields, including sensors, actuators, transistors, antistatic films, etc. Finally, we discussed the future development trends and challenges faced by IL-modified PUs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xue Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Zhenjie Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Meiyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yongri Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| | - Yingdan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Metastable Materials Science and Technology, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao 066004, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Mohamed MA, Abd El-Rahman MK, Mousavi MPS. Electrospun nanofibers: promising nanomaterials for biomedical applications. ELECTROCHEMISTRY 2023:225-260. [DOI: 10.1039/bk9781839169366-00225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
With the rapid development of nanotechnology and nanomaterials science, electrospun nanofibers emerged as a new material with great potential for a variety of applications. Electrospinning is a simple and adaptable process for generation of nanofibers from a viscoelastic fluid using electrostatic repulsion between surface charges. Electrospinning has been used to manufacture nanofibers with low diameters from a wide range of materials. Electrospinning may also be used to construct nanofibers with a variety of secondary structures, including those having a porous, hollow, or core–sheath structure. Due to many attributes including their large specific surface area and high porosity, electrospun nanofibers are suitable for biosensing and environmental monitoring. This book chapter discusses the different methods of nanofiber preparations and the challenges involved, recent research progress in electrospun nanofibers, and the ways to commercialize these nanofiber materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mona A. Mohamed
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Department, Egyptian Drug Authority Giza Egypt
- Biomedical Engineering University of Southern California Los Angeles USA
| | - Mohamed K. Abd El-Rahman
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street Cairo 11562 Egypt
| | - Maral P. S. Mousavi
- Analytical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Pharmacy Cairo University, Kasr-El Aini Street Cairo 11562 Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Hong SH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Dynamic Metal-Ligand Coordination-Assisted Ionogels for Deformable Alternating Current Electroluminescent Devices. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023. [PMID: 37257072 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Overcoming the trade-off between the mechanical robustness and conductivity of ionic conductors is a crucial challenge for deformable ionotronics. In this work, we propose a simple but effective gelation strategy for selectively improving the mechanical robustness of ionogels without compromising their ionic conductivity. To achieve this, we introduce dynamic metal-ligand coordination chemistry into the ionic liquid (IL)-insoluble domains of a physically crosslinked ionogel network structure. As a result, the overall mechanical property is remarkably improved with the aid of additional chemical crosslinking. This strategy does not require any additional heat/light (UV) treatments to induce chemical crosslinking. The homogeneous physically/chemically dual crosslinked ionogel films can be readily obtained by simply casting a solution containing Ni2+ sources, copolymer gelators, and ILs. The effects of adjusting fundamental parameters on the ionogel properties are investigated systematically. The optimized mechanically robust and highly conductive ionogels are successfully employed as deformable ionic electrodes in alternating-current electroluminescent displays, indicating their high practicality. Overall, these results validate that exploiting metal-ligand coordination dynamic bonding is an extremely straightforward strategy for selectively improving the mechanical characteristics of conductive ionogels, which are promising platforms for deformable ionotronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seong Hyuk Hong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Yang Z, Duan Q, Zang J, Zhao Y, Zheng W, Xiao R, Zhang Z, Hu L, Wu G, Nan X, Zhang Z, Xue C, Gao L. Boron nitride-enabled printing of a highly sensitive and flexible iontronic pressure sensing system for spatial mapping. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:68. [PMID: 37251710 PMCID: PMC10220000 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Revised: 04/23/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Recently, flexible iontronic pressure sensors (FIPSs) with higher sensitivities and wider sensing ranges than conventional capacitive sensors have been widely investigated. Due to the difficulty of fabricating the nanostructures that are commonly used on electrodes and ionic layers by screen printing techniques, strategies for fabricating such devices using these techniques to drive their mass production have rarely been reported. Herein, for the first time, we employed a 2-dimensional (2D) hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) as both an additive and an ionic liquid reservoir in an ionic film, making the sensor printable and significantly improving its sensitivity and sensing range through screen printing. The engineered sensor exhibited high sensitivity (Smin> 261.4 kPa-1) and a broad sensing range (0.05-450 kPa), and it was capable of stable operation at a high pressure (400 kPa) for more than 5000 cycles. In addition, the integrated sensor array system allowed accurate monitoring of wrist pressure and showed great potential for health care systems. We believe that using h-BN as an additive in an ionic material for screen-printed FIPS could greatly inspire research on 2D materials for similar systems and other types of sensors. Hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) was employed for the first time to make iontronic pressure sensor arrays with high sensitivity and a broad sensing range by screen printing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zekun Yang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Qikai Duan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Junbin Zang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Yunlong Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Weihao Zheng
- School of Mechano-Electronic Engineering, Xidian University, 710071 Xi’an, China
| | - Ran Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 999077 Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Zhidong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
| | - Liangwei Hu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Guirong Wu
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Xueli Nan
- School of Automation and Software Engineering, Shanxi University, 030006 Taiyuan, China
| | - Zengxing Zhang
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Chenyang Xue
- Key Laboratory of Instrumentation Science and Dynamic Measurement Ministry of Education, North University of China, 030051 Taiyuan, China
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| | - Libo Gao
- Department of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Xiamen University, 361102 Xiamen, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Fan X, Liu S, Jia Z, Koh JJ, Yeo JCC, Wang CG, Surat'man NE, Loh XJ, Le Bideau J, He C, Li Z, Loh TP. Ionogels: recent advances in design, material properties and emerging biomedical applications. Chem Soc Rev 2023; 52:2497-2527. [PMID: 36928878 DOI: 10.1039/d2cs00652a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
Ionic liquid (IL)-based gels (ionogels) have received considerable attention due to their unique advantages in ionic conductivity and their biphasic liquid-solid phase property. In ionogels, the negligibly volatile ionic liquid is retained in the interconnected 3D pore structure. On the basis of these physical features as well as the chemical properties of well-chosen ILs, there is emerging interest in the anti-bacterial and biocompatibility aspects. In this review, the recent achievements of ionogels for biomedical applications are summarized and discussed. Following a brief introduction of the various types of ILs and their key physicochemical and biological properties, the design strategies and fabrication methods of ionogels are presented by means of different confining networks. These sophisticated ionogels with diverse functions, aimed at biomedical applications, are further classified into several active domains, including wearable strain sensors, therapeutic delivery systems, wound healing and biochemical detections. Finally, the challenges and possible strategies for the design of future ionogels by integrating materials science with a biological interface are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaotong Fan
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.
| | - Siqi Liu
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore.
| | - Zhenhua Jia
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| | - J Justin Koh
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jayven Chee Chuan Yeo
- Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Chen-Gang Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.
| | - Nayli Erdeanna Surat'man
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore.
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore. .,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Jean Le Bideau
- Nantes Université, CNRS, Institut des Matériaux de Nantes Jean Rouxel, IMN, F-44000 Nantes, France.
| | - Chaobin He
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore. .,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Zibiao Li
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment (ISCE2), Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore. .,Department of Materials Science & Engineering, National University of Singapore, 9 Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117575, Singapore. .,Institute of Materials Research and Engineering, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 2 Fusionopolis Way, Singapore 138634, Singapore
| | - Teck-Peng Loh
- College of Advanced Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, 450001, P. R. China. .,Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637371, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
He X, Cheng J, Li Z, Ye H, Wei X, Li H, Wang R, Zhang YF, Yang HY, Guo C, Ge Q. Multimaterial Three-Dimensional Printing of Ultraviolet-Curable Ionic Conductive Elastomers with Diverse Polymers for Multifunctional Flexible Electronics. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:3455-3466. [PMID: 36538002 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c18954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Ionic conductive elastomers (ICEs) are emerging stretchable and ionic conductive materials that are solvent-free and thus demonstrate excellent thermal stability. Three-dimensional (3D) printing that creates complex 3D structures in free forms is considered as an ideal approach to manufacture sophisticated ICE-based devices. However, the current technologies constrain 3D printed ICE structures in a single material, which greatly limits functionality and performance of ICE-based devices and machines. Here, we report a digital light processing (DLP)-based multimaterial 3D printing capability to seemly integrate ultraviolet-curable ICE (UV-ICE) with nonconductive materials to create ionic flexible electronic devices in 3D forms with enhanced performance. This unique capability allows us to readily manufacture various 3D flexible electronic devices. To demonstrate this, we printed UV-ICE circuits into polymer substrates with different mechanical properties to create resistive strain and force sensors; we printed flexible capacitive sensors with high sensitivity (2 kPa-1) and a wide range of measured pressures (from 5 Pa to 550 kPa) by creating a complex microstructure in the dielectric layer; we even realized ionic conductor-activated four-dimensional (4D) printing by printing a UV-ICE circuit into a shape memory polymer substrate. The proposed approach paves a new efficient way to realize multifunctional flexible devices and machines by bonding ICEs with other polymers in 3D forms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiangnan He
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Jianxiang Cheng
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Zhenqing Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Haitao Ye
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Xinfeng Wei
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Honggeng Li
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Yuan-Fang Zhang
- Shien-Ming Wu School of Intelligent Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou511442, China
| | - Hui Ying Yang
- Digital Manufacturing and Design Centre, Singapore University of Technology and Design, 8 Somapah Road, Singapore487372, Singapore
| | - Chuanfei Guo
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| | - Qi Ge
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Soft Mechanics & Smart Manufacturing, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
- Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen518055, China
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Tauber FJ, Slesarenko V. Early career scientists converse on the future of soft robotics. Front Robot AI 2023; 10:1129827. [PMID: 36909362 PMCID: PMC9994530 DOI: 10.3389/frobt.2023.1129827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/24/2023] Open
Abstract
During the recent decade, we have witnessed an extraordinary flourishing of soft robotics. Rekindled interest in soft robots is partially associated with the advances in manufacturing techniques that enable the fabrication of sophisticated multi-material robotic bodies with dimensions ranging across multiple length scales. In recent manuscripts, a reader might find peculiar-looking soft robots capable of grasping, walking, or swimming. However, the growth in publication numbers does not always reflect the real progress in the field since many manuscripts employ very similar ideas and just tweak soft body geometries. Therefore, we unreservedly agree with the sentiment that future research must move beyond "soft for soft's sake." Soft robotics is an undoubtedly fascinating field, but it requires a critical assessment of the limitations and challenges, enabling us to spotlight the areas and directions where soft robots will have the best leverage over their traditional counterparts. In this perspective paper, we discuss the current state of robotic research related to such important aspects as energy autonomy, electronic-free logic, and sustainability. The goal is to critically look at perspectives of soft robotics from two opposite points of view provided by early career researchers and highlight the most promising future direction, that is, in our opinion, the employment of soft robotic technologies for soft bio-inspired artificial organs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Falk J Tauber
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany.,Plant Biomechanics Group (PBG) Freiburg, Botanic Garden of the University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Viacheslav Slesarenko
- Cluster of Excellence livMatS, FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Boahen EK, Pan B, Kweon H, Kim JS, Choi H, Kong Z, Kim DJ, Zhu J, Ying WB, Lee KJ, Kim DH. Ultrafast, autonomous self-healable iontronic skin exhibiting piezo-ionic dynamics. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7699. [PMID: 36509757 PMCID: PMC9744819 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The self-healing properties and ionic sensing capabilities of the human skin offer inspiring groundwork for the designs of stretchable iontronic skins. However, from electronic to ionic mechanosensitive skins, simultaneously achieving autonomously superior self-healing properties, superior elasticity, and effective control of ion dynamics in a homogeneous system is rarely feasible. Here, we report a Cl-functionalized iontronic pressure sensitive material (CLiPS), designed via the introduction of Cl-functionalized groups into a polyurethane matrix, which realizes an ultrafast, autonomous self-healing speed (4.3 µm/min), high self-healing efficiency (91% within 60 min), and mechanosensitive piezo-ionic dynamics. This strategy promotes both an excellent elastic recovery (100%) and effective control of ion dynamics because the Cl groups trap the ions in the system via ion-dipole interactions, resulting in excellent pressure sensitivity (7.36 kPa-1) for tactile sensors. The skin-like sensor responds to pressure variations, demonstrating its potential for touch modulation in future wearable electronics and human-machine interfaces.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elvis K. Boahen
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Baohai Pan
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Hyukmin Kweon
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Choi
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Zhengyang Kong
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Jun Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Zhu
- grid.9227.e0000000119573309Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wu Bin Ying
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea ,grid.9227.e0000000119573309Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201 People’s Republic of China
| | - Kyung Jin Lee
- grid.254230.20000 0001 0722 6377Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134 Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea ,grid.49606.3d0000 0001 1364 9317Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763 Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Tactile sensing technology in bionic skin: A review. Biosens Bioelectron 2022; 220:114882. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2022.114882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
|
30
|
Park JM, Lim S, Sun JY. Materials development in stretchable iontronics. SOFT MATTER 2022; 18:6487-6510. [PMID: 36000330 DOI: 10.1039/d2sm00733a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable iontronics have recently been developed as an ideal interface to promote the interaction between humans and devices. Since the materials that use ions as charge carriers are typically transparent and stretchable, they have been used to fabricate devices with diverse functions with intrinsic transparency and stretchability. With the development of device design, material design has also been investigated to mitigate the issues associated with ionic materials, such as their weak mechanical properties, poor electrical properties, or poor environmental stabilities. In this review, we describe the recent progress on the design of materials in stretchable iontronics. By classifying stretchable ionic materials into three types of components (ionic conductors, ionic semiconductors, and ionic insulators), the issues each component has and the strategies to solve them are introduced, specifically in terms of molecular interactions. We then discuss the existing hurdles and challenges to be handled and shine light on the possibilities and opportunities from the insight of molecular interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Kwon JH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Binary Co-Gelator Strategy: Toward Highly Deformable Ionic Conductors for Wearable Ionoskins. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2022; 14:32533-32540. [PMID: 35708477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c07334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable ionic conductors have been actively developed due to the increasing demand for wearable electrochemical platforms. Herein, we propose a convenient and effective strategy for tailoring the mechanical deformability of ionic conductors. The mixing of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA, polymer gelator) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide ([BMI][TFSI], ionic liquid) produces mechanically stiff ionic conductors. To reduce the chain entanglement of polymer gelators and induce effective dissipation of applied stresses, flexible poly(butyl acrylate) (PBA) with a low glass-transition temperature is additionally doped into the ionic conductor. An extremely stretchable (∼1500%) homogeneous ternary ionic conductor is obtained without a notable change in electrochemical characteristics, unless the content of PBA exceeds the macrophase separation limit of 3 wt %. In addition, the mechanical elasticity (1.8 × 105 Pa) and durability (e.g., recovery ratio of ∼86.3% after 1000 stretching/releasing cycles) of the conductor further support its suitability as a strain sensory platform. In contrast to conventional ionoskins that have to fit the area of target body parts, even a small piece of the ternary ionic conductor successfully monitors human motion over large areas by taking advantage of its superior deformability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Jiang G, Wang G, Zhu Y, Cheng W, Cao K, Xu G, Zhao D, Yu H. A Scalable Bacterial Cellulose Ionogel for Multisensory Electronic Skin. RESEARCH 2022; 2022:9814767. [PMID: 35711672 PMCID: PMC9188022 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9814767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 05/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Electronic skin (e-skin), a new generation of flexible electronics, has drawn interest in soft robotics, artificial intelligence, and biomedical devices. However, most existing e-skins involve complex preparation procedures and are characterized by single-sensing capability and insufficient scalability. Here, we report on a one-step strategy in which a thermionic source is used for the in situ molecularization of bacterial cellulose polymeric fibers into molecular chains, controllably constructing an ionogel with a scalable mode for e-skin. The synergistic effect of a molecular-scale hydrogen bond interweaving network and a nanoscale fiber skeleton confers a robust tensile strength (up to 7.8 MPa) and high ionic conductivity (up to 62.58 mS/cm) on the as-developed ionogel. Inspired by the tongue to engineer the perceptual patterns in this ionogel, we present a smart e-skin with the perfect combination of excellent ion transport and discriminability, showing six stimulating responses to pressure, touch, temperature, humidity, magnetic force, and even astringency. This study proposes a simple, efficient, controllable, and sustainable approach toward a low-carbon, versatile, and scalable e-skin design and structure–performance development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Geyuan Jiang
- Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Wanke Cheng
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Kaiyue Cao
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Guangwen Xu
- Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
| | - Dawei Zhao
- Key Laboratory on Resources Chemicals and Materials of Ministry of Education, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang 110142, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Pulp and Paper, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin 300457, China
| | - Haipeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, China
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Migalev AS, Vigasina KD, Gotovtsev PM. A review of motor neural system robotic modeling approaches and instruments. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2022; 116:271-306. [PMID: 35041073 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00918-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we are considering an actively developing tool in neuroscience-robotic modeling. The new perspective and existing application fields, tools, and methods are discussed. We try to determine starting positions and approaches that are useful at the beginning of new research in this field. Among multiple directions of the research is robotic modeling on the level of muscles fibers and their afferents, skin surface sensors, muscles, and joints proprioceptors. Some examples of technical implementation for physical modeling are reviewed. They are software and hardware tools like event-related modeling algorithms, reduced neuron models, robotic drives constructions. We observe existing drives technologies and prospective electric motor types: switched reluctance and transverse flux motors. Next, we look at the existing examples and approaches for robotic modeling of the cerebellum and spinal cord neural networks. These examples show practical methods for the model neural network architecture and adaptation. Those methods allow the use of cortical and spinal cord reflexes for the network training and apply additional artificial blocks for data processing in other brain structures that transmit and receive data from biologically realistic models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander S Migalev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Intitute", 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., Moscow, 123182, Russia
| | - Kristina D Vigasina
- Institute of Higher Nervous Activity and Neurophysiology of RAS, 5A, Butlerova st., Moscow, 117485, Russia
| | - Pavel M Gotovtsev
- National Research Center "Kurchatov Intitute", 1, Akademika Kurchatova pl., Moscow, 123182, Russia
- Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology 9, Institutsky per., Dolgoprudny, Moscow Region, 141701, Russian Federation
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chen C, Wang R, Li XL, Zhao B, Wang H, Zhou Z, Zhu J, Liu JW. Structural Design of Nanowire Wearable Stretchable Thermoelectric Generator. NANO LETTERS 2022; 22:4131-4136. [PMID: 35536152 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.2c00872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Wearable thermoelectric generators as renewable energy conversion technologies have witnessed rapid development in the past decade. Herein, we design a nanowire (NW) film wavy structure which possesses an excellent temperature gradient ratio for stretchable thermoelectric generators. Taking advantage of the photothermal effect of Te NWs as the hot side and p-n NWs heterofilms (n-type Ag2Te and p-type Cu1.75Te NWs) as thermoelectric materials, a considerable output voltage can be achieved under light irradiation. Besides the electricity output, the wearable device can also make our skin warm and comfortable in cold weather. Meanwhile, we combine thermoelectric generators with passive radiative cooling technology to reduce insolation of the human body and improve the performance of the device under intense solar irradiation in hot weather. Interestingly, it can also offer continuous green energy to realize various signal perceptions, suggesting a robust strategy for electricity output and self-powered wearable electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Xin-Lin Li
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Thermal Science and Energy Engineering, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230027, China
| | - Heng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zhan Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Jianhua Zhu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Engineering and Resources Recycling, Key Laboratory of Metallurgical Emission and Resources Recycling (Ministry of Education), Anhui University of Technology, Maanshan 243002, China
| | - Jian-Wei Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Biomimetic Materials and Chemistry, Anhui Engineering Laboratory of Biomimetic Materials, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
A Highly Sensitive, Ultra-Durable, Eco-Friendly Ionic Skin for Human Motion Monitoring. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091902. [PMID: 35567071 PMCID: PMC9101320 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 04/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ionic conductive hydrogels have shown great potential in areas such as wearable devices and electronic skins. Aiming at the sensitivity and biodegradability of the traditional flexible hydrogel electronic skin, this paper developed an ionic skin (S−iSkin) based on edible starch–sodium alginate (starch–SA), which can convert the external strain stimulus into a voltage signal without an external power supply. As an excellent ion conductive polymer, S−iSkin exhibited good stretchability, low hydrophilicity and outstanding electrochemical and sensing properties. Driven by sodium ions, the ion charge transfer resistance of S−iSkin is reduced by 4 times, the capacitance value is increased by 2 times and its conductivity is increased by 7 times. Additionally, S−iSkin has excellent sensitivity and linearity (R2 = 0.998), a long service life and good biocompatibility. Under the action of micro-stress, it can produce a voltage change ratio of 2.6 times, and its sensitivity is 52.04. The service life test showed that it can work stably for 2000 s and work more than 200 stress–voltage response cycles. These findings provide a foundation for the development of health monitoring systems and micro-stress sensing devices based on renewable biomass materials.
Collapse
|
36
|
Lee Y, Lim S, Song WJ, Lee S, Yoon SJ, Park JM, Lee MG, Park YL, Sun JY. Triboresistive Touch Sensing: Grid-Free Touch-Point Recognition Based on Monolayered Ionic Power Generators. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2108586. [PMID: 35245965 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202108586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent growing pursuit of skin-mountable devices has been impeded by the complicated structures of most sensing systems, containing electrode grids, stacked multilayers, and even external power sources. Here, a type of touch sensing, termed "triboresistive touch sensing", is introduced for gridless touch recognition based on monolayered ionic power generators. A homogeneous monolayer, i.e., ionic poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS), generates electricity based on the electric field generated by touch. Voltages generated at each corner of the ionic PDMS rely on resistance between touch points and each corner, ensuring recognition of the touch positions without the need for electrode grid layers and external power sources. With notable advantages of high transparency (96.5%), stretchability (539.1%), and resilience (99.0%) of the ionic PDMS, epidermal triboresistive sensing is demonstrated to express touch position and readily play a musical instrument. A gridless system of triboresistive sensing allows rearrangement of the touch sections according to a given situation without any physical modification, and thus easily completes consecutive missions of controlling position, orientation, and gripping functions of a robot.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Younghoon Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungsoo Lim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Jun Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sudong Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sohee John Yoon
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Man Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Min-Gyu Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Lae Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong-Yun Sun
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Advanced Materials (RIAM), Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Kim T, Choi H, Choi H, Kim JS, Kim DH, Jeong U. Skin-inspired electrochemical tactility and luminescence. Electrochim Acta 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2022.140259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
38
|
Heng W, Solomon S, Gao W. Flexible Electronics and Devices as Human-Machine Interfaces for Medical Robotics. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107902. [PMID: 34897836 PMCID: PMC9035141 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Medical robots are invaluable players in non-pharmaceutical treatment of disabilities. Particularly, using prosthetic and rehabilitation devices with human-machine interfaces can greatly improve the quality of life for impaired patients. In recent years, flexible electronic interfaces and soft robotics have attracted tremendous attention in this field due to their high biocompatibility, functionality, conformability, and low-cost. Flexible human-machine interfaces on soft robotics will make a promising alternative to conventional rigid devices, which can potentially revolutionize the paradigm and future direction of medical robotics in terms of rehabilitation feedback and user experience. In this review, the fundamental components of the materials, structures, and mechanisms in flexible human-machine interfaces are summarized by recent and renowned applications in five primary areas: physical and chemical sensing, physiological recording, information processing and communication, soft robotic actuation, and feedback stimulation. This review further concludes by discussing the outlook and current challenges of these technologies as a human-machine interface in medical robotics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenzheng Heng
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Samuel Solomon
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| | - Wei Gao
- Andrew and Peggy Cherng Department of Medical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, 91125, USA
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Tai G, Wei D, Su M, Li P, Xie L, Yang J. Force-Sensitive Interface Engineering in Flexible Pressure Sensors: A Review. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22072652. [PMID: 35408265 PMCID: PMC9002484 DOI: 10.3390/s22072652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Flexible pressure sensors have received extensive attention in recent years due to their great importance in intelligent electronic devices. In order to improve the sensing performance of flexible pressure sensors, researchers are committed to making improvements in device materials, force-sensitive interfaces, and device structures. This paper focuses on the force-sensitive interface engineering of the device, which listing the main preparation methods of various force-sensitive interface microstructures and describing their respective advantages and disadvantages from the working mechanisms and practical applications of the flexible pressure sensor. What is more, the device structures of the flexible pressure sensor are investigated with the regular and irregular force-sensitive interface and accordingly the influences of different device structures on the performance are discussed. Finally, we not only summarize diverse practical applications of the existing flexible pressure sensors controlled by the force-sensitive interface but also briefly discuss some existing problems and future prospects of how to improve the device performance through the adjustment of the force-sensitive interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guojun Tai
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Chongqing School, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China
| | - Dapeng Wei
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Min Su
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
| | - Pei Li
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Lei Xie
- Department of Optoelectronic Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, China;
| | - Jun Yang
- Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China; (G.T.); (D.W.); (M.S.); (P.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Highly stable flexible pressure sensors with a quasi-homogeneous composition and interlinked interfaces. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1317. [PMID: 35273183 PMCID: PMC8913661 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-29093-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Electronic skins (e-skins) are devices that can respond to mechanical stimuli and enable robots to perceive their surroundings. A great challenge for existing e-skins is that they may easily fail under extreme mechanical conditions due to their multilayered architecture with mechanical mismatch and weak adhesion between the interlayers. Here we report a flexible pressure sensor with tough interfaces enabled by two strategies: quasi-homogeneous composition that ensures mechanical match of interlayers, and interlinked microconed interface that results in a high interfacial toughness of 390 J·m−2. The tough interface endows the sensor with exceptional signal stability determined by performing 100,000 cycles of rubbing, and fixing the sensor on a car tread and driving 2.6 km on an asphalt road. The topological interlinks can be further extended to soft robot-sensor integration, enabling a seamless interface between the sensor and robot for highly stable sensing performance during manipulation tasks under complicated mechanical conditions. E-skins often have poor interfaces that lead to unstable performances. Here, authors report e-skins with a quasi-homogeneous composition and bonded micro-structured interfaces, through which both the sensitivity and stability of the devices are improved.
Collapse
|
41
|
Zhang C, Yao M, Zhao Y, Nie J, He Y. Spatial Adjustment Strategy to Improve the Sensitivity of Ionogels for Flexible Sensors. MACROMOL CHEM PHYS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/macp.202200035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Miao Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yingying Zhao
- College of Chemistry Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Jun Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| | - Yong He
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
- College of Materials Science and Engineering Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Wang Z, Liu Z, Zhao G, Zhang Z, Zhao X, Wan X, Zhang Y, Wang ZL, Li L. Stretchable Unsymmetrical Piezoelectric BaTiO 3 Composite Hydrogel for Triboelectric Nanogenerators and Multimodal Sensors. ACS NANO 2022; 16:1661-1670. [PMID: 35014254 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Improving output performance of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) is crucial for expanding their applications in smart devices, especially for flexible and wearable bioelectronics. In this study, we design and fabricate a flexible, stretchable, and highly transparent TENG based on an unsymmetrical PAM/BTO composite film, made of polyacrylamide (PAM) hydrogel and BaTiO3 nanocubes (BTO NCs, BTO), and the TENG performance can be tailored by adjusting the amount and distribution location of BTO. The stretchable hydrogel electrode could bear over 8 times stretching. By changing the content and distribution location of BTO in the unsymmetrical hydrogel film, the output of the fabricated TENGs could be improved, acting as pressure sensors with high sensitivity to distinguish a spectrum of forces (0.25-6 N) at the low frequency. The mechanism of the enhanced output performance of the PAM/BTO composite hydrogel-based TENG is discussed in detail. By integrating piezoresistive, piezoelectric, and triboelectric effects, the optimized TENG and piezoresistive sensors are used as multimodal biomechanical sensors for detecting the motions of human bodies, pressure, and curvature with high sensitivity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Zhirong Liu
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Gengrui Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Zichao Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Zhao
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
| | - Xingyi Wan
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
| | - Yalong Zhang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0245, United States
| | - Linlin Li
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, P.R. China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P.R. China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Xiong Y, Han J, Wang Y, Wang ZL, Sun Q. Emerging Iontronic Sensing: Materials, Mechanisms, and Applications. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2022; 2022:9867378. [PMID: 36072274 PMCID: PMC9414182 DOI: 10.34133/2022/9867378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Iontronic sensors represent a novel class of soft electronics which not only replicate the biomimetic structures and perception functions of human skin but also simulate the mechanical sensing mechanism. Relying on the similar mechanism with skin perception, the iontronic sensors can achieve ion migration/redistribution in response to external stimuli, promising iontronic sensing to establish more intelligent sensing interface for human-robotic interaction. Here, a comprehensive review on advanced technologies and diversified applications for the exploitation of iontronic sensors toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence is provided. By virtue of the excellent stretchability, high transparency, ultrahigh sensitivity, and mechanical conformality, numerous attempts have been made to explore various novel ionic materials to fabricate iontronic sensors with skin-like perceptive properties, such as self-healing and multimodal sensing. Moreover, to achieve multifunctional artificial skins and intelligent devices, various mechanisms based on iontronics have been investigated to satisfy multiple functions and human interactive experiences. Benefiting from the unique material property, diverse sensing mechanisms, and elaborate device structure, iontronic sensors have demonstrated a variety of applications toward ionic skins and artificial intelligence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao Xiong
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jing Han
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yifei Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhong Lin Wang
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta GA 30332, USA
| | - Qijun Sun
- Beijing Institute of Nanoenergy and Nanosystems, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 101400, China
- School of Nanoscience and Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Center on Nanoenergy Research, School of Physical Science and Technology, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Chen B, Chen Q, Xiao S, Feng J, Zhang X, Wang T. Giant negative thermopower of ionic hydrogel by synergistic coordination and hydration interactions. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabi7233. [PMID: 34818039 PMCID: PMC8612679 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abi7233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
The design of ultrasensitive ionic thermopiles is important for low-grade heat collection and temperature sensing. However, high-quality ionic thermoelectric materials with negative thermopower have been rarely reported to date. Effective adjustment of the interaction between the polymer network and the electrolyte anion/cation is an important method to achieve notable thermopower. Here, we demonstrate an ionic hydrogel thermoelectric material with giant negative thermopower obtained by synergistic coordination and hydration interactions. The ionic hydrogel, made of polyvinyl alcohol and sodium hydroxide, is prepared by simple dry-annealed process and exhibits a thermopower of up to −37.61 millivolts per kelvin, an extremely high absolute thermopower for electronic and ionic conductors. This ionic hydrogel is promising for the design of high-thermopower ionic thermoelectric materials and the low-grade heat energy harvesting.
Collapse
|
45
|
Li F, Wang R, Song C, Zhao M, Ren H, Wang S, Liang K, Li D, Ma X, Zhu B, Wang H, Hao Y. A Skin-Inspired Artificial Mechanoreceptor for Tactile Enhancement and Integration. ACS NANO 2021; 15:16422-16431. [PMID: 34597014 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors endow humans with the sense of touch by translating the external stimuli into coded spikes, inspiring the rise of artificial mechanoreceptor systems. However, to incorporate slow adaptive receptors-like pressure sensors with artificial neurons remains a challenge. Here we demonstrate an artificial mechanoreceptor by rationally integrating a polypyrrole-based resistive pressure sensor with a volatile NbOx memristor, to mimic the tactile sensation and perception in natural skin, respectively. The artificial mechanoreceptor enables the tactile sensory coding by converting the external mechanical stimuli into strength-modulated electrical spikes. Also, tactile sensation enhancement is achieved by processing the spike frequency characteristics with the pulse coupled neural network. Furthermore, the artificial mechanoreceptor can integrate signals from parallel sensor channels and encode them into unified electrical spikes, resembling the coding of intensity in tactile neural processing. These results provide simple and efficient strategies for constructing future bio-inspired electronic systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Fanfan Li
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Chunyan Song
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Momo Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Huihui Ren
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Saisai Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Kun Liang
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Dingwei Li
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
- Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Xiaohua Ma
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Bowen Zhu
- Key Laboratory of 3D Micro/Nano Fabrication and Characterization of Zhejiang Province, School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310024, China
| | - Hong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| | - Yue Hao
- Key Laboratory of Wide Band Gap Semiconductor Technology, School of Microelectronics, Xidian University, Xi'an 710071, China
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kwon JH, Kim YM, Moon HC. Porous Ion Gel: A Versatile Ionotronic Sensory Platform for High-Performance, Wearable Ionoskins with Electrical and Optical Dual Output. ACS NANO 2021; 15:15132-15141. [PMID: 34427425 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c05570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The development of elastic ionic conductors offers opportunities to fabricate key wearable ionic components such as ionoskins that can perceive mechanical deformation. However, there is still plenty of room to overcome the trade-off between sensitivity and detectable range of previous systems and impart additional functionality. Here, we propose porous ion gels for high-performance, functional ionic sensory platforms. The porous ion gels can be effectively deformed by closing pores even with a small pressure, and a large change in the contact area of the gel and the electrode is induced, leading to a significant difference in electrical double-layer capacitance. The porous ion gels are applied to ionoskins after optimizing mechanical characteristics by adjusting gel parameters. The device indicates a high sensitivity of ∼152.8 kPa-1, a broad sensory pressure range (up to 400 kPa), and excellent durability (>6000 cycles). Successful monitoring of various human motions that induce different magnitudes of pressure is demonstrated with high precision. More interestingly, the functionality of the porous ion gel is extended to include electrochemiluminescence (ECL), resulting in the production of emissive ECL ionoskins. The ECL intensity from the emissive ionoskin is linearly correlated with the applied pressure, which can even be inferred even by the naked eye. The porous ion gel-based functional ionoskins are expected to be key components in future sensory ionotronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Han Kwon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Min Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Chul Moon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Seoul, Seoul 02504, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Li H, Gao G, Xu Z, Tang D, Chen T. Recent Progress in Bionic Skin Based on Conductive Polymer Gels. Macromol Rapid Commun 2021; 42:e2100480. [PMID: 34505726 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202100480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Bionic skin sensors based on conductive polymer gels have garnered interest for their potential applications in human-computer interaction, soft robotics, biomedical systems, sports, and healthcare, because of their intrinsic flexibility and stretchability embedded at the material level, and other such as self-healing, adhesion, high, and low temperature tolerance properties that can be tuned through macromolecular design. Here, important advances in polymer gel-based flexible sensors over recent years are summarized, from material design, sensor fabrication to system-level applications. This review focuses on the representative strategies of design and preparing of conductive polymer gels, and adjusting their conductivity, mechanics, and other properties such as self-healing and adhesiveness by controlling the macromolecular network structures. The state-of-art of present flexible pressure and strain sensors, temperature sensors, position sensors, and multifunctional sensors based on capacitance, voltage, and resistance sensing technologies, are also systematically reviewed. Finally, perspectives on issues regarding further advances and challenges are provided.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huijing Li
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Guorong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhenyu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Diane Tang
- YK Pao School, No 1800, Lane 900 North Sanxin Road, Songjiang District, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Related Technologies, Zhejiang Key Laboratory of Marine Materials and Protective Technologies, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, 315201, China.,School of Chemical Science, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 9A Yuquan Road, Beijing, 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Shen Z, Zhu X, Majidi C, Gu G. Cutaneous Ionogel Mechanoreceptors for Soft Machines, Physiological Sensing, and Amputee Prostheses. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2102069. [PMID: 34337793 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Touch sensing has a central role in robotic grasping and emerging human-machine interfaces for robot-assisted prosthetics. Although advancements in soft conductive polymers have promoted the creation of diverse pressure sensors, these sensors are difficult to be employed as touch skins for robotics and prostheses due to their limited sensitivity, narrow pressure range, and complex structure and fabrication process. Here, a highly sensitive and robust soft touch skin is presented with ultracapacitive sensing that combines ionic hydrogels with commercially available conductive fabrics. Prototypical designs of the capacitive sensors through facile manufacturing methods are introduced and a high sensitivity up to 1.5 kPa-1 (≈44 times higher than conventional parallel-plate capacitive counterparts), a broad pressure detection range of over four orders of magnitudes (≈35 Pa to 330 kPa), ultrahigh baseline of capacitance, fast response time (≈18 ms), and good repeatability are demonstrated. Ionogel skins composed of an array of cutaneous mechanoreceptors capable of monitoring various physiological signals and shape detection are further developed. The touch skin can be integrated within a soft bionic hand and provide an industrial robot and an amputee with robust tactile feedback when handling delicate objects, illustrating its potential applications in next-generation human-in-the-loop robotic systems with tactile sensing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zequn Shen
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Xiangyang Zhu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| | - Carmel Majidi
- Soft Machines Lab, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Guoying Gu
- Robotics Institute, School of Mechanical Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Mechanical System and Vibration, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, 200240, China
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Lee JI, Choi H, Kong SH, Park S, Park D, Kim JS, Kwon SH, Kim J, Choi SH, Lee SG, Kim DH, Kang MS. Visco-Poroelastic Electrochemiluminescence Skin with Piezo-Ionic Effect. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2021; 33:e2100321. [PMID: 34060148 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202100321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Following early research efforts devoted to achieving excellent sensitivity of electronic skins, recent design schemes for these devices have focused on strategies for transduction of spatially resolved sensing data into straightforward user-adaptive visual signals. Here, a material platform capable of transducing mechanical stimuli into visual readout is presented. The material layer comprises a mixture of an ionic transition metal complex luminophore and an ionic liquid (capable of producing electrochemiluminescence (ECL)) within a thermoplastic polyurethane matrix. The proposed material platform shows visco-poroelastic response to mechanical stress, which induces a change in the distribution of the ionic luminophore in the film, which is referred to as the piezo-ionic effect. This piezo-ionic effect is exploited to develop a simple device containing the composite layer sandwiched between two electrodes, which is termed "ECL skin". Emission from the ECL skin is examined, which increases with the applied normal/tensile stress. Additionally, locally applied stress to the ECL skin is spatially resolved and visualized without the use of spatially distributed arrays of pressure sensors. The simple fabrication and unique operation of the demonstrated ECL skin are expected to provide new insights into the design of materials for human-machine interactive electronic skins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jong Ik Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Hanbin Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Seok Hwan Kong
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsik Park
- Department of Organic Materials and Fiber Engineering, Soongsil University, Seoul, 06978, Republic of Korea
| | - Dongmok Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Joo Sung Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Hyun Kwon
- Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungwook Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Hyung Choi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hongik University, Seoul, 04066, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Geol Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering, Department of Organic Material Science and Engineering, Pusan National University, Busan, 46241, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Hwan Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Sung Kang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Institute of Emergent Materials, Sogang University, Seoul, 04107, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
Mechanoreceptors in human skin are important and efficient cutaneous sensors that are highly sensitive, selective, and adaptive to the environment. Among these, Merkel disk (MD) and cilia are capable of sensing an external mechanical force through a receptor with a sharp pillar-like structure at its end. Then, the signal of the action potential is generated by pumping Na+ ions through ion channels. In this study, a self-powered, stretchable, and wearable gel mechanoreceptor sensor is developed inspired by the structural features of the MD and cilia with sharp tips and the signaling characteristics of mechanoreceptor ion migration. Poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-trifluoroethylene) gel is used to implement a self-powered system, and polyvinylchloride-based elastic gel is utilized to detect sensing signals based on charge transfer and distribution. The surface of all gels is that of a conical structure to achieve high sensor sensitivity and conformal contact with a target surface. In addition, using the developed sensors, various biological signals related to pressure/strain occurring in the human body (e.g., blood pressure (BP), muscle movement, and motion) are acquired. Furthermore, the behavior of arterial BP was investigated during the contraction and relaxation of the muscles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoung-Yong Chun
- Institute of Advanced Machinery Design Technology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Seo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Soo Han
- Institute of Advanced Machinery Design Technology, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
- School of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Korea University, Anam-Dong, Seongbuk-Gu, Seoul 136-713, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|