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Petrovsky N. Clinical development of SpikoGen®, an Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvanted recombinant spike protein vaccine. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2024; 20:2363016. [PMID: 38839044 PMCID: PMC11155708 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2024.2363016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Recombinant protein vaccines represent a well-established, reliable and safe approach for pandemic vaccination. SpikoGen® is a recombinant spike protein trimer manufactured in insect cells and formulated with Advax-CpG55.2 adjuvant. In murine, hamster, ferret and non-human primate studies, SpikoGen® consistently provided protection against a range of SARS-CoV-2 variants. A pivotal Phase 3 placebo-controlled efficacy trial involving 16,876 participants confirmed the ability of SpikoGen® to prevent infection and severe disease caused by the virulent Delta strain. SpikoGen® subsequently received a marketing authorization from the Iranian FDA in early October 2021 for prevention of COVID-19 in adults. Following a successful pediatric study, its approval was extended to children 5 years and older. Eight million doses of SpikoGen® have been delivered, and a next-generation booster version is currently in development. This highlights the benefits of adjuvanted protein-based approaches which should not overlook when vaccine platforms are being selected for future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolai Petrovsky
- Research Department, Australian Respiratory and Sleep Medicine Institute Ltd, Adelaide, Australia
- Research Department, Vaxine Pty Ltd, Warradale, Australia
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2
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Cone AS, Zhou Y, McNamara RP, Eason AB, Arias GF, Landis JT, Shifflett KW, Chambers MG, Yuan R, Willcox S, Griffith JD, Dittmer DP. CD81 fusion alters SARS-CoV-2 Spike trafficking. mBio 2024:e0192224. [PMID: 39140770 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.01922-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic caused the biggest public health crises in recent history. Many expect future coronavirus introductions into the human population. Hence, it is essential to understand the basic biology of these viruses. In natural infection, the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) glycoprotein is co-expressed with all other viral proteins, which modify cellular compartments to maximize virion assembly. By comparison, most of S is degraded when the protein is expressed in isolation, as in current molecular vaccines. To probe the maturation pathway of S, we redirected its maturation by fusing S to the tetraspanin protein CD81. CD81 is a defining constituent of extracellular vesicles (EVs) or exosomes. EVs are generated in large numbers by all cells, extruded into blood and lymph, and transfer cargo between cells and systemically (estimated 1012 EVs per mL plasma). EVs, like platelets, can be transfused between unrelated donors. When fusing the proline-stabilized form of strain Delta S into the flexible, large extracellular loop of CD81 rather than being degraded in the lysosome, S was extruded into EVs. CD81-S fusion containing EVs were produced in large numbers and could be isolated to high purity. Purified CD81::S EVs bound ACE2, and S displayed on individual EV was observed by cryogenic electron microscopy (EM). The CD81::S-fusion EVs were non-toxic and elicited an anti-S trimer and anti-RBD antibody response in mice. This report shows a design path to maximize viral glycoprotein assembly and release without relying on the co-expression of potentially pathogenic nonstructural viral proteins. IMPORTANCE The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pandemic caused the biggest public health crises in recent history. To understand the maturation pathway of S, we fused S to the tetraspanin protein CD81. The resulting molecule is secreted in extracellular vesicles and induces antibodies in mice. This may be a general design path for viral glycoprotein vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Allaura S Cone
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yijun Zhou
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Ryan P McNamara
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Anthony B Eason
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Gabriel F Arias
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Justin T Landis
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Kyle W Shifflett
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Meredith G Chambers
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Runjie Yuan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Smaranda Willcox
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jack D Griffith
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
| | - Dirk P Dittmer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Fryer HA, Geers D, Gommers L, Zaeck LM, Tan NH, Jones-Freeman B, Goorhuis A, Postma DF, Visser LG, Hogarth PM, Koopmans MPG, GeurtsvanKessel CH, O'Hehir RE, van der Kuy PHM, de Vries RD, van Zelm MC. Fourth dose bivalent COVID-19 vaccines outperform monovalent boosters in eliciting cross-reactive memory B cells to Omicron subvariants. J Infect 2024:106246. [PMID: 39127451 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinf.2024.106246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
Bivalent COVID-19 vaccines comprising ancestral Wuhan-Hu-1 (WH1) and the Omicron BA.1 or BA.5 subvariant elicit enhanced serum antibody responses to emerging Omicron subvariants. Here, we characterized the RBD-specific memory B cell (Bmem) response following a fourth dose with a BA.1 or BA.5 bivalent vaccine, in direct comparison with a WH1 monovalent fourth dose. Healthcare workers previously immunized with mRNA or adenoviral vector monovalent vaccines were sampled before and one-month after a fourth dose with a monovalent or a BA.1 or BA.5 bivalent vaccine. Serum neutralizing antibodies (NAb) were quantified, as well as RBD-specific Bmem with an in-depth spectral flow cytometry panel including recombinant RBD proteins of the WH1, BA.1, BA.5, BQ.1.1, and XBB.1.5 variants. Both bivalent vaccines elicited higher NAb titers against Omicron subvariants compared to the monovalent vaccine. Following either vaccine type, recipients had slightly increased WH1 RBD-specific Bmem numbers. Both bivalent vaccines significantly increased WH1 RBD-specific Bmem binding of all Omicron subvariants tested by flow cytometry, while recognition of Omicron subvariants was not enhanced following monovalent vaccination. IgG1+ Bmem dominated the response, with substantial IgG4+ Bmem only detected in recipients of an mRNA vaccine for their primary dose. Thus, Omicron-based bivalent vaccines can significantly boost NAb and Bmem specific for ancestral WH1 and Omicron variants, and improve recognition of descendent subvariants by pre-existing, WH1-specific Bmem, beyond that of a conventional, monovalent vaccine. This provides new insights into the capacity of variant-based mRNA booster vaccines to improve immune memory against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants and potentially protect against severe disease. ONE-SENTENCE SUMMARY: Omicron BA.1 and BA.5 bivalent COVID-19 boosters, used as a fourth dose, increase RBD-specific Bmem cross-recognition of Omicron subvariants, both those encoded by the vaccines and antigenically distinct subvariants, further than a monovalent booster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Fryer
- Dept. Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daryl Geers
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Lennert Gommers
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Luca M Zaeck
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Ngoc H Tan
- Dept. Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam Public Health, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Douwe F Postma
- Department of Internal Medicine and Infectious Diseases, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Leo G Visser
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - P Mark Hogarth
- Dept. Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Immune Therapies Group, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Marion P G Koopmans
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | | | - Robyn E O'Hehir
- Dept. Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Allergy, Asthma and Clinical Immunology Service, Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - P Hugo M van der Kuy
- Dept. Hospital Pharmacy, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rory D de Vries
- Dept. Viroscience, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Menno C van Zelm
- Dept. Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Center of Tropical Medicine and Travel Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Dept. Immunology, Erasmus MC, University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
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4
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du Preez HN, Lin J, Maguire GEM, Aldous C, Kruger HG. COVID-19 vaccine adverse events: Evaluating the pathophysiology with an emphasis on sulfur metabolism and endotheliopathy. Eur J Clin Invest 2024:e14296. [PMID: 39118373 DOI: 10.1111/eci.14296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 07/24/2024] [Indexed: 08/10/2024]
Abstract
In this narrative review, we assess the pathophysiology of severe adverse events that presented after vaccination with DNA and mRNA vaccines against COVID-19. The focus is on the perspective of an undersulfated and degraded glycocalyx, considering its impact on immunomodulation, inflammatory responses, coagulation and oxidative stress. The paper explores various factors that lead to glutathione and inorganic sulfate depletion and their subsequent effect on glycocalyx sulfation and other metabolites, including hormones. Components of COVID-19 vaccines, such as DNA and mRNA material, spike protein antigen and lipid nanoparticles, are involved in possible cytotoxic effects. The common thread connecting these adverse events is endotheliopathy or glycocalyx degradation, caused by depleted glutathione and inorganic sulfate levels, shear stress from circulating nanoparticles, aggregation and formation of protein coronas; leading to imbalanced immune responses and chronic release of pro-inflammatory cytokines, ultimately resulting in oxidative stress and systemic inflammatory response syndrome. By understanding the underlying pathophysiology of severe adverse events, better treatment options can be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi N du Preez
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Johnson Lin
- School of Life Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Glenn E M Maguire
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
- School of Chemistry and Physics, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Colleen Aldous
- College of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
| | - Hendrik G Kruger
- Catalysis and Peptide Research Unit, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, South Africa
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5
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Dickey TH, Salinas ND, Patel P, Orr-Gonzalez S, Ouahes T, McAleese H, Richardson BL, Singleton M, Murphy M, Eaton B, Kwan JL, Holbrook MR, Lambert LE, Tolia NH. RBD design increases the functional antibody titers elicited by SARS-CoV-2 spike vaccination. Antiviral Res 2024; 228:105937. [PMID: 38901738 PMCID: PMC11250568 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2024.105937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/23/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
Most COVID-19 vaccines contain the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein as an antigen, but they lose efficacy as neutralizing antibody titers wane and escape variants emerge. Modifying the spike antigen to increase neutralizing antibody titers would help counteract this decrease in titer. We previously used a structure-based computational design method to identify nine amino acid changes in the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of spike that stabilize the RBD and increase the neutralizing antibody titers elicited by vaccination. Here, we introduce those enhancing amino acid changes into a full-length spike (FL-S-2P) ectodomain representative of most approved vaccine antigens. These amino acid changes can be incorporated into the FL-S-2P protein without negatively effecting expression or stability. Furthermore, the amino acid changes improved functional antibody titers in both mice and monkeys following vaccination. These amino acid changes could increase the duration of protection conferred by most COVID-19 vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thayne H Dickey
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Nichole D Salinas
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Palak Patel
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Sachy Orr-Gonzalez
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Tarik Ouahes
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Holly McAleese
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Brandi L Richardson
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Myesha Singleton
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Michael Murphy
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Brett Eaton
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jennifer L Kwan
- Epidemiology and Population Studies Unit, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Michael R Holbrook
- Integrated Research Facility, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Lynn E Lambert
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA
| | - Niraj H Tolia
- Laboratory of Malaria Immunology and Vaccinology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, 20894, USA.
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6
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Mendes MS. Pandemic, science and health: between determinisms and determinations. J Public Health (Oxf) 2024:fdae144. [PMID: 39068508 DOI: 10.1093/pubmed/fdae144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 07/19/2024] [Indexed: 07/30/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo Simões Mendes
- Department of Psychology, Paulinia University Center-UNIFACP, Paulinia, 13140-000, Brazil
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7
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Hussain W, Chaman S, Koser HN, Aun SM, Bibi Z, Pirzadi AN, Hussain J, Zubaria Z, Nabi G, Ullah MW, Wang S, Perveen I. Nanoparticle-Mediated Mucosal Vaccination: Harnessing Nucleic Acids for Immune Enhancement. Curr Microbiol 2024; 81:279. [PMID: 39031239 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-024-03803-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/22/2024]
Abstract
Recent advancements in in vitro transcribed mRNA (IVT-mRNA) vaccine manufacturing have attracted considerable interest as advanced methods for combating viral infections. The respiratory mucosa is a primary target for pathogen attack, but traditional intramuscular vaccines are not effective in generating protective ion mucosal surfaces. Mucosal immunization can induce both systemic and mucosal immunity by effectively eliminating microorganisms before their growth and development. However, there are several biological and physical obstacles to the administration of genetic payloads, such as IVT-mRNA and DNA, to the pulmonary and nasal mucosa. Nucleic acid vaccine nanocarriers should effectively protect and load genetic payloads to overcome barriers i.e., biological and physical, at the mucosal sites. This may aid in the transfection of specific antigens, epithelial cells, and incorporation of adjuvants. In this review, we address strategies for delivering genetic payloads, such as nucleic acid vaccines, that have been studied in the past and their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wajid Hussain
- Advanced Biomaterials & Tissues Engineering Center, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | - Sadia Chaman
- University of Veterinary and Animals Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | | | | | - Zainab Bibi
- University of the Punjab, Lahore, 54590, Pakistan
| | | | - Jawad Hussain
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China
| | | | - Ghulam Nabi
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Krakow, Poland
| | - Muhammad Wajid Ullah
- Biofuels Institute, School of the Environment and Safety Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, People's Republic of China
| | - Shenqi Wang
- Advanced Biomaterials & Tissues Engineering Center, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Sciences and Technology, Wuhan, 430074, China.
| | - Ishrat Perveen
- GenEd and Molecular Biology Labs, Food and Biotechnology Research Centre, Pakistan Council of Scientific and Industrial Research Centre, Lahore, 54000, Pakistan.
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8
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Hodgson D, Liu Y, Carolan L, Mahanty S, Subbarao K, Sullivan SG, Fox A, Kucharski A. Memory B cell proliferation drives differences in neutralising responses between ChAdOx1 and BNT162b2 SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.07.11.24310221. [PMID: 39040163 PMCID: PMC11261961 DOI: 10.1101/2024.07.11.24310221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/24/2024]
Abstract
Vaccination against COVID-19 has been pivotal in reducing the global burden of the disease. However, Phase III trial results and observational studies underscore differences in efficacy across vaccine technologies and dosing regimens. Notably, mRNA vaccines have exhibited superior effectiveness compared to Adenovirus (AdV) vaccines, especially with extended dosing intervals. Using in-host mechanistic modelling, this study elucidates these variations and unravels the biological mechanisms shaping the immune responses at the cellular level. We used data on the change in memory B cells, plasmablasts, and antibody titres after the second dose of a COVID-19 vaccine for Australian healthcare workers. Alongside this dataset, we constructed a kinetic model of humoral immunity which jointly captured the dynamics of multiple immune markers, and integrated hierarchical effects into this kinetics model, including age, dosing schedule, and vaccine type. Our analysis estimated that mRNA vaccines induced 2.1 times higher memory B cell proliferation than AdV vaccines after adjusting for age, interval between doses and priming dose. Additionally, extending the duration between the second vaccine dose and priming dose beyond 28 days boosted neutralising antibody production per plasmablast concentration by 30%. We also found that antibody responses after the second dose were more persistent when mRNA vaccines were used over AdV vaccines and for longer dosing regimens. Reconstructing in-host kinetics in response to vaccination could help optimise vaccine dosing regimens, improve vaccine efficacy in different population groups, and inform the design of future vaccines for enhanced protection against emerging pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hodgson
- Centre of Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School and Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Yi Liu
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Siddhartha Mahanty
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Sheena G. Sullivan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- School of Clinical Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Annette Fox
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Adam Kucharski
- Centre of Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases, London School and Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
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9
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Ruiz-Pablos M, Paiva B, Zabaleta A. Hypocortisolemic ASIA: a vaccine- and chronic infection-induced syndrome behind the origin of long COVID and myalgic encephalomyelitis. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1422940. [PMID: 39044822 PMCID: PMC11263040 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1422940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 06/25/2024] [Indexed: 07/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Myalgic encephalomyelitis or chronic fatigue syndrome (ME/CFS), long COVID (LC) and post-COVID-19 vaccine syndrome show similarities in their pathophysiology and clinical manifestations. These disorders are related to viral or adjuvant persistence, immunological alterations, autoimmune diseases and hormonal imbalances. A developmental model is postulated that involves the interaction between immune hyperactivation, autoimmune hypophysitis or pituitary hypophysitis, and immune depletion. This process might begin with a deficient CD4 T-cell response to viral infections in genetically predisposed individuals (HLA-DRB1), followed by an uncontrolled immune response with CD8 T-cell hyperactivation and elevated antibody production, some of which may be directed against autoantigens, which can trigger autoimmune hypophysitis or direct damage to the pituitary, resulting in decreased production of pituitary hormones, such as ACTH. As the disease progresses, prolonged exposure to viral antigens can lead to exhaustion of the immune system, exacerbating symptoms and pathology. It is suggested that these disorders could be included in the autoimmune/adjuvant-induced inflammatory syndrome (ASIA) because of their similar clinical manifestations and possible relationship to genetic factors, such as polymorphisms in the HLA-DRB1 gene. In addition, it is proposed that treatment with antivirals, corticosteroids/ginseng, antioxidants, and metabolic precursors could improve symptoms by modulating the immune response, pituitary function, inflammation and oxidative stress. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to suggest a possible autoimmune origin against the adenohypophysis and a possible improvement of symptoms after treatment with corticosteroid replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Ruiz-Pablos
- Faculty of Biological Sciences, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Bruno Paiva
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Aintzane Zabaleta
- Centro de Investigación Médica Aplicada (CIMA), IdiSNA, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra, Clinica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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10
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Xiang J, Katz L, Winokur PL, Chaudhary A, Digmann B, Bradford R, Rashid S, Ghosh S, Robertson A, Menetski J, Xu M, Gao P, Chen CZ, Lee T, Poelaert B, Eastman RT, Hall MD, Stapleton JT. Establishment of human post-vaccination SARS-CoV-2 standard reference sera. J Immunol Methods 2024; 530:113698. [PMID: 38823574 PMCID: PMC11215511 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2024.113698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Revised: 05/28/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/03/2024]
Abstract
There is a critical need to understand the effectiveness of serum elicited by different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 variants. We describe the generation of reference reagents comprised of post-vaccination sera from recipients of different primary vaccines with or without different vaccine booster regimens in order to allow standardized characterization of SARS-CoV-2 neutralization in vitro. We prepared and pooled serum obtained from donors who received a either primary vaccine series alone, or a vaccination strategy that included primary and boosted immunization using available SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccines (BNT162b2, Pfizer and mRNA-1273, Moderna), replication-incompetent adenovirus type 26 vaccine (Ad26.COV2·S, Johnson and Johnson), or recombinant baculovirus-expressed spike protein in a nanoparticle vaccine plus Matrix-M adjuvant (NVX-CoV2373, Novavax). No subjects had a history of clinical SARS-CoV-2 infection, and sera were screened with confirmation that there were no nucleocapsid antibodies detected to suggest natural infection. Twice frozen sera were aliquoted, and serum antibodies were characterized for SARS-CoV-2 spike protein binding (estimated WHO antibody binding units/ml), spike protein competition for ACE-2 binding, and SARS-CoV-2 spike protein pseudotyped lentivirus transduction. These reagents are available for distribution to the research community (BEI Resources), and should allow the direct comparison of antibody neutralization results between different laboratories. Further, these sera are an important tool to evaluate the functional neutralization activity of vaccine-induced antibodies against emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. IMPORTANCE: The explosion of COVID-19 demonstrated how novel coronaviruses can rapidly spread and evolve following introduction into human hosts. The extent of vaccine- and infection-induced protection against infection and disease severity is reduced over time due to the fall in concentration, and due to emerging variants that have altered antibody binding regions on the viral envelope spike protein. Here, we pooled sera obtained from individuals who were immunized with different SARS-CoV-2 vaccines and who did not have clinical or serologic evidence of prior infection. The sera pools were characterized for direct spike protein binding, blockade of virus-receptor binding, and neutralization of spike protein pseudotyped lentiviruses. These sera pools were aliquoted and are available to allow inter-laboratory comparison of results and to provide a tool to determine the effectiveness of prior vaccines in recognizing and neutralizing emerging variants of concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhua Xiang
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare System, 601 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Louis Katz
- Impact Life Blood Services, 5500 Lakeview Parkway, Davenport, IA 52807, USA
| | | | - Ashok Chaudhary
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare System, 601 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA
| | - Barbara Digmann
- Impact Life Blood Services, 5500 Lakeview Parkway, Davenport, IA 52807, USA
| | - Rebecca Bradford
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; The Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sujatha Rashid
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; The Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Sudakshina Ghosh
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; The Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Angela Robertson
- American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA; The Biodefense and Emerging Infections Research Resources Repository (BEI Resources), 10801 University Boulevard, Manassas, VA 20110, USA
| | - Joseph Menetski
- Foundation for the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20814, USA
| | - Miao Xu
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Peng Gao
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Catherine Z Chen
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Taylor Lee
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Brittany Poelaert
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Richard T Eastman
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Matthew D Hall
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Jack T Stapleton
- Iowa City Veterans Administration Healthcare System, 601 Highway 6, Iowa City, IA 52246, USA; The University of Iowa, 200 Hawkins Drive, Iowa City, IA 52242, USA.
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11
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Reinig S, Kuo C, Wu CC, Huang SY, Yu JS, Shih SR. Specific long-term changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG modifications and antibody functions in mRNA, adenovector, and protein subunit vaccines. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29793. [PMID: 39023111 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Revised: 06/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/02/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Various vaccine platforms were developed and deployed against the COVID-19 disease. The Fc-mediated functions of IgG antibodies are essential in the adaptive immune response elicited by vaccines. However, the long-term changes of protein subunit vaccines and their combinations with messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccines are unknown. A total of 272 serum and plasma samples were collected from individuals who received first to third doses of the protein subunit Medigen, the mRNA (BNT, Moderna), or the adenovector AstraZeneca vaccines. The IgG subclass level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Fc-N glycosylation was measured using liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry. Antibody-dependent-cellular-phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement deposition (ADCD) of anti-spike (S) IgG antibodies were measured by flow cytometry. IgG1 and 3 reached the highest anti-S IgG subclass level. IgG1, 2, and 4 subclass levels significantly increased in mRNA- and Medigen-vaccinated individuals. Fc-glycosylation was stable, except in female BNT vaccinees, who showed increased bisection and decreased galactosylation. Female BNT vaccinees had a higher anti-S IgG titer than that of males. ADCP declined in all groups. ADCD was significantly lower in AstraZeneca-vaccinated individuals. Each vaccine produced specific long-term changes in Fc structure and function. This finding is critical when selecting a vaccine platform or combination to achieve the desired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reinig
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin Kuo
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sheng-Yu Huang
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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12
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Petersson A, Holmberg J, Pattison-Granberg J, Ekblom K. Differences in SARS-CoV-2 antibodies depending on age, blood group, and sex in a Swedish blood donor cohort. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2024:1-7. [PMID: 38905129 DOI: 10.1080/00365513.2024.2361279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 05/25/2024] [Indexed: 06/23/2024]
Abstract
This study aimed to describe differences in prevalence and the long-term presence of nucleocapsid antibodies (N-antibodies) elicited by SARS-CoV-2 infection in a Swedish blood donor population not subjected to lockdown. We tested 20,651 blood donor samples for nucleocapsid antibodies from the beginning of March 2020 and 27 months onwards using the Roche Elecsys Anti-SARS-CoV-2 assay. The proportion of positive SARS-CoV-2 antibody samples was determined each week. After the exclusions of one-time donors and subjects with incomplete data, 19,726 samples from 4003 donors remained. Differences in antibody prevalences stratified for age, sex, and blood groups (ABO and RhD) were determined, as well as antibody loss and recovery. Lower antibody prevalence was seen for older donors, blood group AB, and RhD-negative subjects. A significant decrease in antibody titer between the first and the second antibody-positive donation was seen for the whole study group, females, older subjects, blood group O, AB, and RhD-positive subjects. The titer waned below the detection limit in 60 (3.0%) of 1983 N-antibody-positive donors, and for 18 of these donors, a second episode with antibodies was detected. We showed that N-antibodies persist for months or years and that surprisingly few antibody-positive donors lost their antibodies. We also conclude that antibody prevalence in a Swedish population never subject to lockdown did not apparently differ from populations that were subject to stricter regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Petersson
- Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | - Jimmy Holmberg
- Clinical Chemistry and Transfusion Medicine, Växjö Central Hospital, Växjö, Sweden
| | | | - Kim Ekblom
- Department of Research and Development, Region Kronoberg, Växjö, Sweden
- Department of Medical Biosciences, Clinical Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
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13
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Mak WA, Visser W, Koeleman JGM, Ong DSY. SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell responses: a comparative analysis between QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2, T-SPOT.COVID, and an in-house Omicron ELISpot. J Virol Methods 2024; 327:114949. [PMID: 38710307 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2024.114949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND T cell immunity plays a pivotal role in mitigating the severity of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Therefore, reliable functional T cell assays are required to evaluate severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific T cell immunity in specific patient populations. METHODS We recruited a cohort of 23 healthcare workers who received their bivalent Omicron BA.1 / ancestral mRNA booster vaccination or were infected with the Omicron variant at a median of 144 days and 227 days before blood collection, respectively. In this cohort, we compared the performances of two widely utilized commercial SARS-CoV-2 interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs), i.e., QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and T-SPOT.COVID, and an in-house designed Omicron enzyme-linked immunospot (ELISpot). RESULTS The QuantiFERON SARS-CoV-2 and T-SPOT.COVID assays detected SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cells in 34.8 % and 21.7 % of participants, respectively. Moreover, our in-house designed ELISpot that included Omicron BA.4 and BA.5 full-spike peptides detected T cell responses in 47.8 % of participants and was strongly associated with the T-SPOT.COVID. CONCLUSION The evaluation of SARS-CoV-2 T cell immunity using commercially accessible assays may yield disparate outcomes as results from different assays are not directly comparable. A specific Omicron ELISpot should be considered to assess Omicron-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willem A Mak
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Center for Experimental and Molecular Medicine, Amsterdam University Medical Centers, Amsterdam Infection and Immunity Institute, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Wendy Visser
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Johannes G M Koeleman
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands
| | - David S Y Ong
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Control, Franciscus Gasthuis & Vlietland, Rotterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Epidemiology, Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands
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14
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Kim J, Kwon HY, Ahn SJ. COVID-19 Vaccine-Associated Uveitis in Patients With a History of Uveitis. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024; 142:522-528. [PMID: 38662361 PMCID: PMC11046406 DOI: 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.0973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Importance Understanding the potential risk of uveitis recurrence after COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with a history of uveitis is crucial for vaccination strategies and clinical monitoring. Objective To investigate the risk of uveitis recurrence after COVID-19 vaccination in a cohort of individuals with a history of uveitis. Design, Setting, and Participants This retrospective population-based cohort study included individuals diagnosed with uveitis between January 1, 2015, and February 25, 2021, in South Korea. After excluding individuals without COVID-19 vaccination or with SARS-CoV-2 infection, individuals with a history of uveitis who had received at least 1 dose of a messenger RNA (BNT162b2 [Pfizer-BioNTech] or mRNA-1273 [Moderna]) or adenovirus vector-based (ChAdOx1 [AstraZeneca] or Ad26.COV2.S [Janssen]) COVID-19 vaccine were included. Data were analyzed from February 26, 2021, to December 31, 2022. Exposure Demographic and clinical data, along with vaccination details, were retrieved from the Korean National Health Insurance Service and Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency databases. Main Outcomes and Measures Outcomes of interest were incidence and risk of postvaccination uveitis in association with different COVID-19 vaccines and periods before and after COVID-19 vaccination. Uveitis was categorized by onset (early, within 30 days, or delayed) and type (anterior or nonanterior). Hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% CIs were calculated to evaluate the risk of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination, stratified according to vaccine type and vaccination period. Results Of 543 737 individuals with history of uveitis, 473 934 individuals (mean [SD] age, 58.9 [17.4] years; 243 127 [51.3] female) had documented COVID-19 vaccination and were included in analysis. The cumulative incidence of postvaccination uveitis was 8.6% at 3 months, 12.5% at 6 months, and 16.8% at 1 year, predominantly of the anterior type. Variations in the risk of postvaccination uveitis were observed across different vaccines and intervaccination periods. The risk of early postvaccination uveitis was increased for individuals receiving the BNT162b2 (HR, 1.68; 95% CI, 1.52-1.86), mRNA-1273 (HR, 1.51; 95% CI, 1.21-1.89), ChAdOx1 (HR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.43-1.79), and Ad26.COV2.S (HR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.40-3.07) vaccines. The risk of uveitis was higher particularly between the first and second vaccination doses (HR, 1.64; 95% CI, 1.55-1.73). Conclusions and Relevance These findings suggest that there was an elevated risk of uveitis following COVID-19 vaccination, with the vaccine type and period mediating this risk. For individuals with a history of uveitis, clinicians should consider the potential risk of uveitis recurrence in vaccination strategies and clinical monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyeong Kim
- Department of Pre-Medicine, College of Medicine, and Biostatistics Lab, Medical Research Collaborating Center, Hanyang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyeon Yoon Kwon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Seong Joon Ahn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanyang University Hospital, Hanyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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15
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Wu PC, Lin WC, Wang CW, Chung WH, Chen CB. Cutaneous adverse reactions associated with COVID-19 vaccines: Current evidence and potential immune mechanisms. Clin Immunol 2024; 263:110220. [PMID: 38642783 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2024.110220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/22/2024]
Abstract
As the number of vaccinated individuals has increased, there have been increasing reports of cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions. The main COVID-19 vaccines administered include messenger ribonucleic acid vaccines, non-replicating viral vector vaccines, inactivated whole-virus vaccines, and protein-based vaccines. These vaccines contain active components such as polyethylene glycol, polysorbate 80, aluminum, tromethamine, and disodium edetate dihydrate. Recent advances in understanding the coordination of inflammatory responses by specific subsets of lymphocytes have led to a new classification based on immune response patterns. We categorize these responses into four patterns: T helper (Th)1-, Th2-, Th17/22-, and Treg-polarized cutaneous inflammation after stimulation of COVID-19 vaccines. Although the association between COVID-19 vaccination and these cutaneous adverse reactions remains controversial, the occurrence of rare dermatoses and their short intervals suggest a possible relationship. Despite the potential adverse reactions, the administration of COVID-19 vaccines is crucial in the ongoing battle against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Po-Chien Wu
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chuang-Wei Wang
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center of Big Data and Meta-Analysis, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hung Chung
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Beijing Tsinghua Chang Gung Hospital, School of Clinical Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China; Department of Dermatology, Ruijin Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Bing Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Drug Hypersensitivity Clinical and Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Cancer Vaccine and Immune Cell Therapy Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Chang Gung Immunology Consortium, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, and Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Dermatology, Xiamen Chang Gung Hospital, Xiamen, China; College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Whole-Genome Research Core Laboratory of Human Diseases, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung, Taiwan; Immune-Oncology Center of Excellence, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Genomic Medicine Core Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou, Taiwan; School of Medicine, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
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16
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Kumar V, Shefrin S, Sundar D. Molecular insights into the binding interactions and energetics of the omicron spike variant with hACE2 and a neutralizing antibody. J Struct Biol 2024; 216:108087. [PMID: 38494148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2024.108087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
The global spread of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) since 2019 has led to a continuous evolution of viral variants, with the latest concern being the Omicron (B.1.1.529) variant. In this study, classical molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to elucidate the biophysical aspects of the Omicron spike protein's receptor-binding domain (RBD) in its interaction with human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (hACE2) and a neutralizing antibody, comparing it to the wildtype (WT). To model the Omicron variant, 15 in silico mutations were introduced in the RBD region of WT (retrieved from PDB). The simulations of WT spike-hACE2 and Omicron spike-hACE2 complexes revealed comparable binding stability and dynamics. Notably, the Q493R mutation in the Omicron spike increased interactions with hACE2, particularly with ASP38 and ASP355. Additionally, mutations such as N417K, T478K, and Y505H contributed to enhanced structural stability in the Omicron variant. Conversely, when comparing WT with Omicron in complex with a neutralizing antibody, simulation results demonstrated poorer binding dynamics and stability for the Omicron variant. The E484K mutation significantly decreased binding interactions, resulting in an overall decrease in binding energy (∼-57 kcal/mol) compared to WT (∼-84 kcal/mol). This study provides valuable molecular insights into the heightened infectivity of the Omicron variant, shedding light on the specific mutations influencing its interactions with hACE2 and neutralizing antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipul Kumar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Seyad Shefrin
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
| | - Durai Sundar
- Department of Biochemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology (IIT) Delhi, New Delhi 110016, India.
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17
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Warner BM, Yates JGE, Vendramelli R, Truong T, Meilleur C, Chan L, Leacy A, Pham PH, Pei Y, Susta L, Wootton SK, Kobasa D. Intranasal vaccination with an NDV-vectored SARS-CoV-2 vaccine protects against Delta and Omicron challenges. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:90. [PMID: 38782986 PMCID: PMC11116387 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00870-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The rapid development and deployment of vaccines following the emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has been estimated to have saved millions of lives. Despite their immense success, there remains a need for next-generation vaccination approaches for SARS-CoV-2 and future emerging coronaviruses and other respiratory viruses. Here we utilized a Newcastle Disease virus (NDV) vectored vaccine expressing the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 spike protein in a pre-fusion stabilized chimeric conformation (NDV-PFS). When delivered intranasally, NDV-PFS protected both Syrian hamsters and K18 mice against Delta and Omicron SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. Additionally, intranasal vaccination induced robust, durable protection that was extended to 6 months post-vaccination. Overall, our data provide evidence that NDV-vectored vaccines represent a viable next-generation mucosal vaccination approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce M Warner
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Jacob G E Yates
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Robert Vendramelli
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Thang Truong
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Courtney Meilleur
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Lily Chan
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Alexander Leacy
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Phuc H Pham
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Yanlong Pei
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Leonardo Susta
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Sarah K Wootton
- Department of Pathobiology, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Darwyn Kobasa
- Special Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Canada.
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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18
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Sood A, Raghavan S, Mishra D, Priya H. Effects of post-COVID-19 vaccination in oral cavity: a systematic review. Evid Based Dent 2024:10.1038/s41432-024-01014-6. [PMID: 38755446 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-01014-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES SARS-CoV-2 virus and its variants continue to be on a rampage worldwide. Several vaccines are being marketed to control their spread and reduce severity of symptoms in the affected. Various adverse events are being reported following the vaccine administration and therefore this systematic review investigated the oral adverse events post-COVID-19 vaccination. MATERIALS AND METHODS A systematic search of five databases was conducted. Case reports, case series and observational studies describing oral lesions/oral adverse effects (outcome) following anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination (exposure) in humans were included. Quality assessment of the studies was done using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal tools. A working classification was developed from reported final diagnosis. RESULTS The systematic review included 18 individual cases. Majority of oral lesions occurred following BNT162b2 vaccination with average age of occurrence at 59.94 years. 67% of the affected individuals were female, with hypertension being the most common comorbidity. DISCUSSION Immune-mediated oral events have a propensity of occurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. mRNA-based vaccinations may have an affinity for causing oral adverse effects. It might be due to the immune dysregulation caused by these vaccinations. CONCLUSION The female, geriatric population and older individuals with co-morbidities might have an increased affinity to develop oral lesions post-COVID-19 vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anubhuti Sood
- Translational Health Science and Technology Institute, Faridabad, India
| | | | - Deepika Mishra
- Division of Oral Pathology and Microbiology, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India
| | - Harsh Priya
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Delhi, India.
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19
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Cornejo A, Franco C, Rodriguez-Nuñez M, García A, Belisario I, Mayora S, Garzaro DJ, Zambrano JL, Jaspe RC, Hidalgo M, Parra-Giménez N, Claro FE, Liprandi F, de Waard JH, Rangel HR, Pujol FH. Humoral Immunity across the SARS-CoV-2 Spike after Sputnik V (Gam-COVID-Vac) Vaccination. Antibodies (Basel) 2024; 13:41. [PMID: 38804309 PMCID: PMC11130906 DOI: 10.3390/antib13020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2024] [Revised: 04/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 vaccines have contributed to attenuating the burden of the COVID-19 pandemic by promoting the development of effective immune responses, thus reducing the spread and severity of the pandemic. A clinical trial with the Sputnik-V vaccine was conducted in Venezuela from December 2020 to July 2021. The aim of this study was to explore the antibody reactivity of vaccinated individuals towards different regions of the spike protein (S). Neutralizing antibody (NAb) activity was assessed using a commercial surrogate assay, detecting NAbs against the receptor-binding domain (RBD), and a plaque reduction neutralization test. NAb levels were correlated with the reactivity of the antibodies to the spike regions over time. The presence of Abs against nucleoprotein was also determined to rule out the effect of exposure to the virus during the clinical trial in the serological response. A high serological reactivity was observed to S and specifically to S1 and the RBD. S2, although recognized with lower intensity by vaccinated individuals, was the subunit exhibiting the highest cross-reactivity in prepandemic sera. This study is in agreement with the high efficacy reported for the Sputnik V vaccine and shows that this vaccine is able to induce an immunity lasting for at least 180 days. The dissection of the Ab reactivity to different regions of S allowed us to identify the relevance of epitopes outside the RBD that are able to induce NAbs. This research may contribute to the understanding of vaccine immunity against SARS-CoV-2, which could contribute to the design of future vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Cornejo
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica Celular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020A, Venezuela;
| | - Christopher Franco
- Laboratorio de Virología Celular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.F.); (J.L.Z.)
| | - Mariajose Rodriguez-Nuñez
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (D.J.G.); (R.C.J.); (H.R.R.)
| | - Alexis García
- Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas 1040A, Venezuela; (A.G.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Inirida Belisario
- Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas 1040A, Venezuela; (A.G.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Soriuska Mayora
- Instituto de Inmunología, Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV), Caracas 1040A, Venezuela; (A.G.); (I.B.); (S.M.)
| | - Domingo José Garzaro
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (D.J.G.); (R.C.J.); (H.R.R.)
| | - José Luis Zambrano
- Laboratorio de Virología Celular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (C.F.); (J.L.Z.)
| | - Rossana Celeste Jaspe
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (D.J.G.); (R.C.J.); (H.R.R.)
| | - Mariana Hidalgo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela;
| | - Nereida Parra-Giménez
- Laboratorio de Fisiología de Parásitos, Centro Biofísica y Bioquímica, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela;
| | - Franklin Ennodio Claro
- Departamento de Tuberculosis, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina “Dr. Jacinto Convit”, UCV, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela; (F.E.C.); (J.H.d.W.)
| | - Ferdinando Liprandi
- Laboratorio de Biología de Virus, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela;
| | - Jacobus Henri de Waard
- Departamento de Tuberculosis, Servicio Autónomo Instituto de Biomedicina “Dr. Jacinto Convit”, UCV, Caracas 1010A, Venezuela; (F.E.C.); (J.H.d.W.)
- Laboratorios de Investigación, Facultad de Ciencias de Salud, Universidad de Las Américas (UDLA), Quito 170125, Ecuador
| | - Héctor Rafael Rangel
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (D.J.G.); (R.C.J.); (H.R.R.)
| | - Flor Helene Pujol
- Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Centro de Microbiología y Biología Celular, IVIC, Caracas 1020A, Venezuela; (M.R.-N.); (D.J.G.); (R.C.J.); (H.R.R.)
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20
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Lee R, Cheng S, Zhao J, Tsoi A, Lau K, Chan C, Li J, Hui D, Peiris M, Yen H. Cross-Reactive Antibody Responses to Coronaviruses Elicited by SARS-CoV-2 Infection or Vaccination. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024; 18:e13309. [PMID: 38725111 PMCID: PMC11082085 DOI: 10.1111/irv.13309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The newly emerged SARS-CoV-2 possesses shared antigenic epitopes with other human coronaviruses. We investigated if COVID-19 vaccination or SARS-CoV-2 infection may boost cross-reactive antibodies to other human coronaviruses. METHODS Prevaccination and postvaccination sera from SARS-CoV-2 naïve healthy subjects who received three doses of the mRNA vaccine (BioNTech, BNT) or the inactivated vaccine (CoronaVac, CV) were used to monitor the level of cross-reactive antibodies raised against other human coronaviruses by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In comparison, convalescent sera from COVID-19 patients with or without prior vaccination history were also tested. Pseudoparticle neutralization assay was performed to detect neutralization antibody against MERS-CoV. RESULTS Among SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve subjects, BNT or CV significantly increased the anti-S2 antibodies against Betacoronaviruses (OC43 and MERS-CoV) but not Alphacoronaviruses (229E). The prevaccination antibody response to the common cold human coronaviruses did not negatively impact the postvaccination antibody response to SARS-CoV-2. Cross-reactive antibodies that binds to the S2 protein of MERS-CoV were similarly detected from the convalescent sera of COVID-19 patients with or without vaccination history. However, these anti-S2 antibodies do not possess neutralizing activity in MERS-CoV pseudoparticle neutralization tests. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination may potentially modulate population immune landscape against previously exposed or novel human coronaviruses. The findings have implications for future sero-epidemiological studies on MERS-CoV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard S. H. Lee
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Samuel M. S. Cheng
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Jin Zhao
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Annie Y. S. Tsoi
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - Kaman K. M. Lau
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - CoCo H. C. Chan
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - John K. C. Li
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
| | - David S. C. Hui
- Department of Medicine and TherapeuticsCUHK, Prince of Wales HospitalHong KongChina
| | - Malik Peiris
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
- Centre for Immunology & InfectionHong Kong Science ParkHong KongChina
| | - Hui‐Ling Yen
- School of Public Health, LKS Faculty of MedicineThe University of Hong KongHong KongChina
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21
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Basu S, Kayal T, Patro PP, Patnaik A. JN.1: ongoing considerations of the shifting landscape of SARS-CoV-2 variants. Future Microbiol 2024; 19:559-562. [PMID: 38629923 PMCID: PMC11229580 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2024-0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soumya Basu
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
| | - Titirsha Kayal
- Department of Microbiology, Indira Gandhi Government Medical College & Hospital (IGGMC&H), Nagpur, Maharashtra, 440018, India
| | - Ponoop Prasad Patro
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
| | - Amit Patnaik
- Molecular Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, NIST University, Berhampur, Odisha, 761008, India
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22
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Titball RW, Bernstein DI, Fanget NVJ, Hall RA, Longet S, MacAry PA, Rupp RE, van Gils M, von Messling V, Walker DH, Barrett ADT. Progress with COVID vaccine development and implementation. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:69. [PMID: 38561358 PMCID: PMC10985065 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00867-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - David I Bernstein
- Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | | | - Roy A Hall
- Australian Infectious Diseases Research Centre, School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Stephanie Longet
- CIRI - Centre International de Recherche en Infectiologie, Team GIMAP, Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Inserm, U1111, CNRS, UMR5308, CIC 1408 Vaccinology, F42023, Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Paul A MacAry
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Richard E Rupp
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Marit van Gils
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - David H Walker
- Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Alan D T Barrett
- Sealy Institute for Vaccine Sciences and Department of Pathology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
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23
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Agbayani G, Akache B, Renner TM, Tran A, Stuible M, Dudani R, Harrison BA, Duque D, Bavananthasivam J, Deschatelets L, Hemraz UD, Régnier S, Durocher Y, McCluskie MJ. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen boosts antigen-specific immune responses induced by parenteral protein subunit vaccine prime in mice and hamsters. Eur J Immunol 2024:e2350620. [PMID: 38561974 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
With the continued transmission of SARS-CoV-2 across widely vaccinated populations, it remains important to develop new vaccines and vaccination strategies capable of providing protective immunity and limiting the spread of disease. Heterologous prime-boost vaccination based on the selection of different vaccine formulations and administration routes for priming and booster doses presents a promising strategy for inducing broader immune responses in key systemic and respiratory mucosal compartments. Intranasal vaccination can induce mucosal immune responses at the site of SARS-CoV-2 infection; however, the lack of clinically approved mucosal adjuvants makes it difficult to induce robust immune responses with protein subunit vaccines. Herein, we evaluated the immunogenicity of heterologous prime-boost regimens in mice and hamsters based on a parenteral vaccination of the antigen in combination with sulfated lactosylarchaeol (SLA) archaeosomes, a liposome adjuvant comprised of a single semisynthetic archaeal lipid, followed by an intranasally administered unadjuvanted SARS-CoV-2 spike antigen. Intranasal administration of unadjuvanted spike to mice and hamsters increased serum spike-specific IgG titers and spike-neutralizing activity compared with nonboosted animals. Spike-specific IgA responses were also detected in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in the lungs of mice that received an intranasal boost. In hamsters, the intranasal boost showed high efficacy against SARS-CoV-2 infection by protecting from body weight loss and reducing viral titers in the lungs and nasal turbinate. Overall, our heterologous intramuscular prime-intranasal boost with SLA-adjuvanted and unadjuvanted spike, respectively, demonstrated the potential of protein subunit formulations to promote antigen-specific systemic and mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Agbayani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bassel Akache
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyler M Renner
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anh Tran
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Matthew Stuible
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Renu Dudani
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Blair A Harrison
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diana Duque
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jegarubee Bavananthasivam
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lise Deschatelets
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Usha D Hemraz
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sophie Régnier
- Aquatic and Crop Resource Development Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yves Durocher
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Michael J McCluskie
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
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24
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Reinig S, Kuo C, Wu CC, Huang SY, Yu JS, Shih SR. Specific long-term changes in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG modifications and antibody functions in mRNA, adenovector, and protein subunit vaccines. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2023.06.16.23291455. [PMID: 38559243 PMCID: PMC10980124 DOI: 10.1101/2023.06.16.23291455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Various vaccine platforms were developed and deployed against the COVID-19 disease. The Fc-mediated functions of IgG antibodies are essential in the adaptive immune response elicited by vaccines. However, the long-term changes of protein subunit vaccines and their combinations with mRNA vaccines are unknown. A total of 272 serum and plasma samples were collected from individuals who received first to third doses of the protein subunit Medigen, the mRNA (BNT), or the adenovector AstraZeneca vaccines. The IgG subclass level was measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Fc-N glycosylation was measured using LC-MS/MS. Antibody-dependent phagocytosis (ADCP) and complement deposition (ADCD) of anti-spike (S) IgG antibodies were measured. IgG1 and 3 reached the highest anti-S IgG subclass level. IgG1, 2, and 4 subclass levels significantly increased in mRNA- and Medigen-vaccinated individuals. Fc-glycosylation was stable, except in female BNT vaccinees, who showed increased bisection and decreased galactosylation. Female BNT vaccinees had a higher anti-S IgG titer than that of males. ADCP declined in all groups. ADCD increased in Medigen-vaccinated individuals after the third dose. Each vaccine produced specific long-term changes in Fc structure and function. This finding is critical when selecting a vaccine platform or combination to achieve the desired immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reinig
- Research center for Emerging viral infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chin Kuo
- Research center for Emerging viral infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chun Wu
- Molecular research center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
| | - Sheng-Yu Huang
- Research center for Emerging viral infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Jau-Song Yu
- Molecular research center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Liver Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou 33305, Taiwan
- Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research center for Emerging viral infections, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Research Center for Food and Cosmetic Safety, Graduate Institute of Health Industry Technology, College of Human Ecology, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Clinical Virology Laboratory, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan
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25
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Duzett L, Mercado G, Tasouli-Drakou V, Kane A, Tam A. Pityriasis following COVID-19 vaccinations: a systematic review. Dermatol Reports 2024; 16:9742. [PMID: 38623364 PMCID: PMC11017724 DOI: 10.4081/dr.2023.9742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
In the wake of a global COVID-19 pandemic, where innovations in vaccination technology and the speed of development and distribution have been unprecedented, a wide variety of post-vaccination cutaneous reactions have surfaced. However, there has not been a systematic review that investigates pityriasis eruptions and the associated variants following COVID-19 inoculations. A PubMed search using Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses was performed to find case reports from the earliest record through November 2022. Data including types of vaccination and pityriasis were extracted and a quality review was performed; 47 reports with 94 patients were found: 64.9% had pityriasis rosea (PR), 3.2% PR-like eruptions, 16.0% pityriasis rubra pilaris, 7.4% pityriasis lichenoides et varioliformis acuta, 3.2% pityriasis lichenoides chronica, and 5.3% had reactions described as atypical. The top three COVID-19 vaccinations reported were Pfizer-BioNTech (47.9%), Oxford-AstraZeneca (11.7%), and Moderna (8.5%). Pityriasis reactivity was reported most frequently after the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccination, with pityriasis rosea being the most common variant. A large difference was additionally found between the ratio of post-vaccination pityriasis reactions following Pfizer and Moderna vaccinations (5.63), and the ratio of Pfizer's usage in the United States as of December 28, 2022 relative to that of Moderna (1.59). Further studies with adequate follow-up periods and diagnostic testing will thus need to be performed to elucidate the root of this discrepancy and better characterize the association between different pityriasis reactions and COVID-19 vaccinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Duzett
- Department of Clinical Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV
| | - Guadalupe Mercado
- Department of Clinical Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV
| | - Vasiliki Tasouli-Drakou
- Department of Clinical Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV
| | - Alicia Kane
- Department of Clinical Education, College of Osteopathic Medicine, Touro University Nevada, Henderson, NV
| | - Alison Tam
- Plastic Surgery Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA
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26
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Morales LC, Rajendran A, Ansari A, Kc R, Nasrullah M, Kiti K, Yotsomnuk P, Kulka M, Meenakshi Sundaram DN, Uludağ H. Biodistribution of Therapeutic Small Interfering RNAs Delivered with Lipid-Substituted Polyethylenimine-Based Delivery Systems. Mol Pharm 2024; 21:1436-1449. [PMID: 38291705 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.3c01077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2024]
Abstract
Small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) have emerged as a powerful tool to manipulate gene expression in vitro. However, their potential therapeutic application encounters significant challenges, such as degradation in vivo, limited cellular uptake, and restricted biodistribution, among others. This study evaluates the siRNA delivery efficiency of three different lipid-substituted polyethylenimine (PEI)-based carriers, named Leu-Fect A-C, to different organs in vivo, including xenograft tumors, when injected into the bloodstream of mice. The siRNA analysis was undertaken by stem-loop RT-PCR, followed by qPCR or digital droplet PCR. Formulating siRNAs with a Leu-Fect series of carriers generated nanoparticles that effectively delivered the siRNAs into K652 and MV4-11 cells, both models of leukemia. The Leu-Fect carriers were able to successfully deliver BCR-Abl and FLT3 siRNAs into leukemia xenograft tumors in mice. All three carriers demonstrated significantly enhanced siRNA delivery into organs other than the liver, including the xenograft tumors. Preferential biodistribution of siRNAs was observed in the lungs and spleen. Among the delivery systems, Leu-Fect A exhibited the highest biodistribution into organs. In conclusion, lipid-substituted PEI-based delivery systems offer improvements in addressing pharmacokinetic challenges associated with siRNA-based therapies, thus opening avenues for their potential translation into clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis C Morales
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Amarnath Rajendran
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Aysha Ansari
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Remant Kc
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohammad Nasrullah
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Kitipong Kiti
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Thasud, Muang, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand
| | - Panadda Yotsomnuk
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Thammasat School of Engineering, Klong Nueng, Klong Luang,Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
| | - Marianna Kulka
- Nanotechnology Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | | | - Hasan Uludağ
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
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27
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Abuawwad MT, Taha MJJ, Taha AJ, Kozaa YA, Falah O, Abuawwad IT, Hammad EM, Mahmoud AA, Aladawi M, Serhan HA. Guillain-Barré syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination: A systematic review and analysis of case reports. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 238:108183. [PMID: 38401232 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cases of Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS) have been believed to be associated with the novel COVID-19 infection, and also with the following vaccines developed against the infection. Our work aims to investigate the incidence of GBS after COVID-19 vaccination, and describe its clinical characteristics and potential confounders. METHODS An electronic search was conducted through four databases: PubMed, Scopus, medRxiv, and Google Scholar for all case reports and case series describing after COVID-19 vaccine administration. All published articles from inception until November 1st, 2022 were included. Differences between groups were assessed using Pearson chi-square test. Modified Erasmus GBS Outcome Score (mEGOS) for the ability to walk after GBS was calculated for all cases with sufficient clinical data, and Kaplan-Meier survival analysis was performed to study the effect of vaccine type on the relationship between vaccination time and complication of GBS. RESULTS About 103 studies describing 175 cases of GBS following COVID-19 vaccination were included. The Acute Inflammatory Demyelinating Polyradiculoneuropathy subtype was the most reported subtype with 74 cases (42.29%). The affected age group averaged around 53.59 ±18.83 years, with AMSAN occurring in a rather older group (63.88 ±20.87 years, p=0.049). The AstraZeneca vaccine was associated with AIDP (n=38, 21.71%) more than other vaccines, p=0.02. The bilateral facial palsy subtype was mostly linked to adenoviral vector vaccinations, accounting for an average of 72% of the total BFP cases. Dysesthesias was the most reported sensory complication (60%, p=0.349). Most GBS patients survived (96%, p=0.036), however, most patients had low mEGOS scores (4 ±3.57, p<0.01). On average, patients developed GBS at 13.43 ±11.45 days from vaccination (p=0.73), and survival analysis for complication of GBS into mechanical ventilation or walking impairment yielded a severely increased probability of complication after 25 days (p<0.01). Intravenous immunoglobulins (p=0.03) along with rehabilitation (p=0.19) were the most commonly used treatment. CONCLUSION This work investigates the incidence of Guillain-Barré Syndrome after COVID-19 vaccination. Most cases occurred after receiving the AstraZeneca or Pfizer vaccines, and despite low mortality rates, ambulation was compromised in most patients. A higher risk of GBS complication is associated with an onset later than 12-13 days, particularly with Pfizer, AstraZeneca, and Moderna vaccines. No specific predisposing or prognostic factor was identified, and the relation between the COVID-19 vaccines and GBS remain unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad T Abuawwad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mohammad J J Taha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ahmad J Taha
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Yasmeena Abdelall Kozaa
- Mansoura Manchester Programme For Medical Education, Faculty of Medicine, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Obaida Falah
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Ibrahim T Abuawwad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Kasr Alainy Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elsayed Mohamed Hammad
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ayman A Mahmoud
- Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology Unit, Internal Medicine Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt
| | - Mohammad Aladawi
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Nebraska, USA
| | - Hashem Abu Serhan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamad Medical Corporations, Doha, Qatar.
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28
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Feola S, Chiaro J, Fusciello M, Russo S, Kleino I, Ylösmäki L, Kekäläinen E, Hästbacka J, Pekkarinen PT, Ylösmäki E, Capone S, Folgori A, Raggioli A, Boni C, Tiezzi C, Vecchi A, Gelzo M, Kared H, Nardin A, Fehlings M, Barban V, Ahokas P, Viitala T, Castaldo G, Pastore L, Porter P, Pesonen S, Cerullo V. PeptiVAX: A new adaptable peptides-delivery platform for development of CTL-based, SARS-CoV-2 vaccines. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:129926. [PMID: 38331062 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.129926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) posed a threat to public health and the global economy, necessitating the development of various vaccination strategies. Mutations in the SPIKE protein gene, a crucial component of mRNA and adenovirus-based vaccines, raised concerns about vaccine efficacy, prompting the need for rapid vaccine updates. To address this, we leveraged PeptiCRAd, an oncolytic vaccine based on tumor antigen decorated oncolytic adenoviruses, creating a vaccine platform called PeptiVAX. First, we identified multiple CD8 T-cell epitopes from highly conserved regions across coronaviruses, expanding the range of T-cell responses to non-SPIKE proteins. We designed short segments containing the predicted epitopes presented by common HLA-Is in the global population. Testing the immunogenicity, we characterized T-cell responses to candidate peptides in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from pre-pandemic healthy donors and ICU patients. As a proof of concept in mice, we selected a peptide with epitopes predicted to bind to murine MHC-I haplotypes. Our technology successfully elicited peptide-specific T-cell responses, unaffected by the use of unarmed adenoviral vectors or adeno-based vaccines encoding SPIKE. In conclusion, PeptiVAX represents a fast and adaptable SARS-CoV-2 vaccine delivery system that broadens T-cell responses beyond the SPIKE protein, offering potential benefits for vaccine effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Feola
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jacopo Chiaro
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Manlio Fusciello
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Salvatore Russo
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Iivari Kleino
- Turku Bioscience Centre, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University Turku, Turku, Finland
| | | | - Eliisa Kekäläinen
- Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Hästbacka
- HUSLAB Clinical Microbiology, HUS Diagnostic Center, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Pirkka T Pekkarinen
- Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Division of Intensive Care Medicine, Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Finland
| | - Erkko Ylösmäki
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | - Carolina Boni
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Camilla Tiezzi
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchi
- Laboratory of Viral Immunopathology, Unit of Infectious Disease and Hepatology, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria di Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Monica Gelzo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Tapani Viitala
- Pharmaceutical Biophysics Research Group, Drug Research Program, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Giuseppe Castaldo
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Pastore
- CEINGE-Biotecnologie Avanzate, Naples, Italy; Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Naples, Italy; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples University "Federico II", S. Pansini 5, Italy
| | - Paul Porter
- Valo Therapeutics Oy, Helsinki, Finland; School of Nursing, Curtin University, GPO Box U 1987, Perth, WA 6845, Australia
| | | | - Vincenzo Cerullo
- Drug Research Program (DRP) ImmunoViroTherapy Lab (IVT), Division of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Faculty of Pharmacy, Viikinkaari 5E, University of Helsinki, 00790 Helsinki, Finland; Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), Fabianinkatu 33, University of Helsinki, 00710 Helsinki, Finland; Translational Immunology Program (TRIMM), Faculty of Medicine Helsinki University, postal code Haartmaninkatu 8, University of Helsinki, 00290 Helsinki, Finland; Digital Precision Cancer Medicine Flagship (iCAN), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland, FIMM, Helsinki Institute of Life Science (HiLIFE), University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, Naples University "Federico II", S. Pansini 5, Italy.
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29
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Almeida ND, Schiller I, Ke D, Sakr E, Plesa M, Vanamala S, Moneger AL, Bazan M, Lucchesi C, Wozniak N, Fritz JH, Piccirillo CA, Pelchat M, Arnold C, Galipeau Y, McCluskie PS, Langlois MA, Dasgupta K, Mazer BD. The effect of dose-interval on antibody response to mRNA COVID-19 vaccines: a prospective cohort study. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330549. [PMID: 38433831 PMCID: PMC10904688 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Vaccination against COVID-19 is highly effective in preventing severe disease and hospitalization, but primary COVID mRNA vaccination schedules often differed from those recommended by the manufacturers due to supply chain issues. We investigated the impact of delaying the second dose on antibody responses to COVID mRNA-vaccines in a prospective cohort of health-care workers in Quebec. Methods We recruited participants from the McGill University Health Centre who provided serum or participant-collected dried blood samples (DBS) at 28-days, 3 months, and 6 months post-second dose and at 28-days after a third dose. IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV2 spike (S), the receptor-binding domain (RBD), nucleocapsid (N) and neutralizing antibodies to the ancestral strain were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). We examined associations between long (≤89 days) versus short (<89 days) between-dose intervals and antibody response through multivariable mixed-effects models adjusted for age, sex, prior covid infection status, time since vaccine dose, and assay batch. Findings The cohort included 328 participants who received up to three vaccine doses (>80% Pfizer-BioNTech). Weighted averages of the serum (n=744) and DBS (n=216) cohort results from the multivariable models showed that IgG anti-S was 31% higher (95% CI: 12% to 53%) and IgG anti-RBD was 37% higher (95% CI: 14% to 65%) in the long vs. short interval participants, across all time points. Interpretation Our study indicates that extending the covid primary series between-dose interval beyond 89 days (approximately 3 months) provides stronger antibody responses than intervals less than 89 days. Our demonstration of a more robust antibody response with a longer between dose interval is reassuring as logistical and supply challenges are navigated in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisha D. Almeida
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ian Schiller
- Health Technology Assessment Unit, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Danbing Ke
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Elsa Sakr
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Plesa
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Sandeep Vanamala
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Anne-Laure Moneger
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Maria Bazan
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Chiara Lucchesi
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Natalia Wozniak
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jorg H. Fritz
- Goodman Cancer Centre, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Ciriaco A. Piccirillo
- Infectious Diseases and Immunology in Global Health Program, Research Institute of Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, and Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Martin Pelchat
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Corey Arnold
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Yannick Galipeau
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Pauline S. McCluskie
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Marc-Andre Langlois
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology and University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Kaberi Dasgupta
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Centre for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Bruce D. Mazer
- Translational Research in Respiratory Diseases, Meakins-Christie Laboratories, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Center, Montreal, QC, Canada
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
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30
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Suntronwong N, Kanokudom S, Auphimai C, Thongmee T, Assawakosri S, Vichaiwattana P, Yorsaeng R, Duangchinda T, Chantima W, Pakchotanon P, Nilyanimit P, Srimuan D, Thatsanathorn T, Sudhinaraset N, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y. Long-Term Dynamic Changes in Hybrid Immunity over Six Months after Inactivated and Adenoviral Vector Vaccination in Individuals with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:180. [PMID: 38400163 PMCID: PMC10891631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have largely focused on short-term immunogenicity in recovered individuals post mRNA vaccination. However, understanding the long-term durability, particularly in inactivated and adenoviral vectored vaccines, remains limited. We evaluated antibody responses, omicron variant neutralization, and IFN-γ responses in 119 previously infected individuals vaccinated with CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 up to six months post-vaccination. Both vaccines elicited robust immune responses in recovered individuals, surpassing those who were infection-naïve, and these persisted above pre-vaccination levels for six months. However, antibody levels declined over time (geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 0.52 for both vaccines). Notably, neutralizing activities against omicron declined faster in ChAdOx1 (GMR = 0.6) compared to CoronaVac recipients (GMR = 1.03). While the first dose of ChAdOx1 adequately induced immune responses in recovered individuals, a second dose demonstrated advantages in omicron variant neutralization and slower decline. Although both vaccines induced T cell responses, the median IFN-γ level at six months returned to pre-vaccination levels. However, more individuals exhibited reactive T cell responses. Extending the interval (13-15 months) between infection and vaccination could enhance antibody levels and broaden neutralization. Together, these findings demonstrate a robust humoral and cellular response that was sustained for at least six months after vaccination, thus guiding optimal vaccination strategies based on prior infection and vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Sitthichai Kanokudom
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Auphimai
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thanunrat Thongmee
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Suvichada Assawakosri
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thaneeya Duangchinda
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (T.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Warangkana Chantima
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattarakul Pakchotanon
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (T.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Donchida Srimuan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- The Royal Society of Thailand (FRS(T)), Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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31
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Reinig S, Shih SR. Non-neutralizing functions in anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibodies. Biomed J 2024; 47:100666. [PMID: 37778697 PMCID: PMC10825350 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2023.100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most individuals infected with or vaccinated against COVID-19 develop antigenic neutralizing immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies against the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. Although neutralizing antibodies are biomarkers of the adaptive immune response, their mere presence is insufficient to explain the protection afforded against the disease or its pathology. IgG exhibits other secondary effector functions that activate innate immune components, including complement, natural killer cells, and macrophages. The affinity for effector cells depends on the isotypes and glycosylation of IgG antibodies. The anti-spike IgG titer should be sufficient to provide significant Fc-mediated effects in severe COVID-19, mRNA, and protein subunit vaccinations. In combination with aberrant effector cells, pro-inflammatory afucosylated IgG1 and IgG3 may be detrimental in severe COVID-19. The antibody response of mRNA vaccines leads to higher fucosylation and a less inflammatory IgG profile, with a long-term shift to IgG4, which is correlated with protection from disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Reinig
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | - Shin-Ru Shih
- Research Center for Emerging Viral Infections, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Linkou Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Department of Medical Biotechnology and Laboratory Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Research Center for Chinese Herbal Medicine, Chang Gung University of Science and Technology, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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32
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Kachko A, Selvaraj P, Liu S, Kim J, Rotstein D, Stauft CB, Chabot S, Rajasagi N, Zhao Y, Wang T, Major M. Vaccine-associated respiratory pathology correlates with viral clearance and protective immunity after immunization with self-amplifying RNA expressing the spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 in mouse models. Vaccine 2024; 42:608-619. [PMID: 38142216 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.12.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/25/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we evaluated the immunogenicity and protective immunity of in vitro transcribed Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV TC-83 strain) self-amplifying RNA (saRNA) encoding the SARS-CoV-2 spike (S) protein in wild type (S-WT) and stabilized pre-fusion conformations (S-PP). Immunization with S-WT and S-PP saRNA induced specific neutralizing antibody responses in both K18-Tg hACE2 (K18) and BALB/c mice, as assessed using SARS-CoV-2 pseudotyped viruses. Protective immunity was assessed in challenge experiments. Two immunizations with S-WT and S-PP induced protective immunity, evidenced by lower mortality, lower weight loss and more than one log10 lower subgenomic virus RNA titers in the upper and lower respiratory tracts in both K18 and BALB/c mice. Histopathologic examination of lungs post-challenge showed that immunization with S-WT and S-PP resulted in a higher degree of immune cell infiltration and inflammatory changes, compared with control mice, characterized by high levels of T- and B-cell infiltration. No substantial differences were found in the presence and localization of eosinophils, macrophages, neutrophils, and natural killer cells. CD4 and CD8 T-cell depletion post immunization resulted in reduced lung inflammation post challenge but also prolonged virus clearance. These data indicate that immunization with saRNA encoding the SARS-CoV-2 S protein induces immune responses that are protective following challenge, that virus clearance is associated with pulmonary changes caused by T-cell and B-cell infiltration in the lungs, but that this T and B-cell infiltration plays an important role in viral clearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alla Kachko
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA.
| | - Prabhuanand Selvaraj
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Shufeng Liu
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Jaekwan Kim
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - David Rotstein
- Division of Food Compliance, Center for Veterinary Medicine, Food and Drug Administration, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Charles B Stauft
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Sylvie Chabot
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Naveen Rajasagi
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Yangqing Zhao
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Tony Wang
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
| | - Marian Major
- Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD, USA
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33
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Lin WZS, Bostic WKV, Malmstadt N. 3D-printed microfluidic device for high-throughput production of lipid nanoparticles incorporating SARS-CoV-2 spike protein mRNA. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:162-170. [PMID: 38165143 PMCID: PMC10853008 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00520h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) are drug carriers for protecting nucleic acids for cellular delivery. The first mRNA vaccines authorized by the United States Food and Drug Administration are the mRNA-1273 (Moderna) and BNT162b (BioNTech/Pfizer) vaccines against coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We designed a 3D printed Omnidirectional Sheath-flow Enabled Microfluidics (OSEM) device for producing mRNA-loaded LNPs that closely resemble the Moderna vaccine: we used the same lipid formulations to encapsulate mRNA encoding SARS-CoV-2 spike protein. The OSEM device is made of durable methacrylate-based materials that can support flow rates in the mL min-1 range and was fabricated by stereolithography (SLA), incorporating readily adaptable interfaces using commercial fluidic connectors. Two key features of the OSEM device are: 1) a 4-way hydrodynamic flow focusing region and 2) a staggered herringbone mixer (SHM). Superior to conventional planar fluid junctions, the 4-way sheath flow channel generates an evenly focused, circular center flow that facilitates the formation of LNPs with low polydispersity. Downstream, fluid mixing in the SHM is intensified by incorporating a zig-zag fluidic pathway to deliver high mRNA encapsulation efficiency. We characterized the mRNA-loaded LNPs produced in the OSEM device and showed that the enhanced 3D microfluidic structures enable a 5-fold higher throughput production rate (60 mL min-1) of LNPs compared to commercial multi-thousand-dollar micromixers. The device produced LNPs of diameter less than 90 nm, with low polydispersity (2-8%) and high mRNA encapsulation efficiency (>90%). The 3D-printed device provides a cost-effective and easily prepared solution for high-throughput LNP production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wan-Zhen Sophie Lin
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
| | - William Kristian Vu Bostic
- USC Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
| | - Noah Malmstadt
- Mork Family Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA.
- USC Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, USA
- USC Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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Sarker P, Haq MA, Akhtar E, Roy AK, Hosen MB, Huda TMN, Akter S, Ahmed R, Chowdhury MR, Ferdous J, Vandenent M, Islam MZ, Zaman RU, Arifeen SE, Razzaque A, Raqib R. Serosurveillance among urban slum and non-slum populations immunized with COVID-19 vaccines in Bangladesh. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e14. [PMID: 38178722 PMCID: PMC10804132 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268823001942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Using two rounds of serosurveillance, we aimed to observe the COVID-19 vaccination status and the dynamics of antibody responses to different vaccines among urban slum and non-slum populations of Bangladesh. Adults (>18 years) and children (10-17 years) were enrolled in March and October 2022. Data including COVID-19 vaccine types and dosage uptake were collected. SARS-CoV-2 spike (S)-specific antibodies were measured in blood. The proportion of vaccinated children was significantly lower among slum than non-slum populations. Two doses of vaccines showed an increase in the level of anti-S-antibodies up to 2 months, followed by reduced levels at 2-6 months and a resurgence at 6-12 months. Children showed significantly higher anti-S-antibodies after two doses of the Pfizer-BioNTech vaccine than adults; however, after 6 months, the level of antibodies declined in younger children (10 - < 12 years). In a mixed vaccine approach, mRNA vaccines contributed to the highest antibody response whether given as the first two doses or as the third dose. Our findings emphasized the need for increasing the coverage of COVID-19 vaccination among slum children and booster dosing among all children. The use of mRNA vaccines in the mixed vaccination approach was found to be useful in boosting the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Protim Sarker
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Evana Akhtar
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Anjan Kumar Roy
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Biplob Hosen
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Tarique Mohammad Nurul Huda
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukairiyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sharmin Akter
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Razu Ahmed
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md Razib Chowdhury
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | | | | | | | | | - Shams-El Arifeen
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Abdur Razzaque
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rubhana Raqib
- International Center for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh (icddr,b), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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De Castro E, Hulo C, Masson P, Auchincloss A, Bridge A, Le Mercier P. ViralZone 2024 provides higher-resolution images and advanced virus-specific resources. Nucleic Acids Res 2024; 52:D817-D821. [PMID: 37897348 PMCID: PMC10767872 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkad946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023] Open
Abstract
ViralZone (http://viralzone.expasy.org) is a knowledge repository for viruses that links biological knowledge and databases. It contains data on virion structure, genome, proteome, replication cycle and host-virus interactions. The new update provides better access to the data through contextual popups and higher resolution images in Scalable Vector Graphics (SVG) format. These images are designed to be dynamic and interactive with human viruses to give users better access to the data. In addition, a new coronavirus-specific resource provides regularly updated data on variants and molecular biology of SARS-CoV-2. Other virus-specific resources have been added to the database, particularly for HIV, herpesviruses and poxviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edouard De Castro
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Chantal Hulo
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Masson
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Auchincloss
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Alan Bridge
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
| | - Philippe Le Mercier
- Swiss-Prot group, SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, CMU, 1 Michel Servet, 1211 Geneva 4, Switzerland
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Mead MN, Seneff S, Wolfinger R, Rose J, Denhaerynck K, Kirsch S, McCullough PA. COVID-19 mRNA Vaccines: Lessons Learned from the Registrational Trials and Global Vaccination Campaign. Cureus 2024; 16:e52876. [PMID: 38274635 PMCID: PMC10810638 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.52876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Our understanding of COVID-19 vaccinations and their impact on health and mortality has evolved substantially since the first vaccine rollouts. Published reports from the original randomized phase 3 trials concluded that the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines could greatly reduce COVID-19 symptoms. In the interim, problems with the methods, execution, and reporting of these pivotal trials have emerged. Re-analysis of the Pfizer trial data identified statistically significant increases in serious adverse events (SAEs) in the vaccine group. Numerous SAEs were identified following the Emergency Use Authorization (EUA), including death, cancer, cardiac events, and various autoimmune, hematological, reproductive, and neurological disorders. Furthermore, these products never underwent adequate safety and toxicological testing in accordance with previously established scientific standards. Among the other major topics addressed in this narrative review are the published analyses of serious harms to humans, quality control issues and process-related impurities, mechanisms underlying adverse events (AEs), the immunologic basis for vaccine inefficacy, and concerning mortality trends based on the registrational trial data. The risk-benefit imbalance substantiated by the evidence to date contraindicates further booster injections and suggests that, at a minimum, the mRNA injections should be removed from the childhood immunization program until proper safety and toxicological studies are conducted. Federal agency approval of the COVID-19 mRNA vaccines on a blanket-coverage population-wide basis had no support from an honest assessment of all relevant registrational data and commensurate consideration of risks versus benefits. Given the extensive, well-documented SAEs and unacceptably high harm-to-reward ratio, we urge governments to endorse a global moratorium on the modified mRNA products until all relevant questions pertaining to causality, residual DNA, and aberrant protein production are answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nathaniel Mead
- Biology and Nutritional Epidemiology, Independent Research, Copper Hill, USA
| | - Stephanie Seneff
- Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA
| | - Russ Wolfinger
- Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Independent Research, Research Triangle Park, USA
| | - Jessica Rose
- Immunology and Public Health Research, Independent Research, Ottawa, CAN
| | - Kris Denhaerynck
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Independent Research, Basel, CHE
| | - Steve Kirsch
- Data Science, Independent Research, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Peter A McCullough
- Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Public Health, McCullough Foundation, Dallas, USA
- Cardiology, Epidemiology, and Public Health, Truth for Health Foundation, Tucson, USA
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Vashishtha VM, Kumar P. The durability of vaccine-induced protection: an overview. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:389-408. [PMID: 38488132 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2331065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Current vaccines vary widely in both their efficacy against infection and disease, and the durability of the efficacy. Some vaccines provide practically lifelong protection with a single dose, while others provide only limited protection following annual boosters. What variables make vaccine-induced immune responses last? Can breakthroughs in these factors and technologies help us produce vaccines with better protection and fewer doses? The durability of vaccine-induced protection is now a hot area in vaccinology research, especially after COVID-19 vaccines lost their luster. It has fueled discussion on the eventual utility of existing vaccines to society and bolstered the anti-vaxxer camp. To sustain public trust in vaccines, lasting vaccines must be developed. AREAS COVERED This review summarizes licensed vaccines' protection. It analyses immunological principles and vaccine and vaccinee parameters that determine longevity of antibodies. The review concludes with challenges and the way forward to improve vaccine durability. EXPERT OPINION Despite enormous advances, we still lack essential markers and reliable correlates of lasting protection. Most research has focused on humoral immune responses, but we must also focus on innate, mucosal, and cellular responses - their assessment, correlates, determinants, and novel adjuvants. Suitable vaccine designs and platforms for durable immunity must be found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vipin M Vashishtha
- Department of Pediatrics, Mangla Hospital & Research Center, Shakti Chowk, Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Puneet Kumar
- Department of Pediatrician, Kumar Child Clinic, New Delhi, India
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Baboo S, Diedrich JK, Torres JL, Copps J, Singh B, Garrett PT, Ward AB, Paulson JC, Yates JR. Evolving spike-protein N-glycosylation in SARS-CoV-2 variants. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.08.539897. [PMID: 37214937 PMCID: PMC10197516 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.08.539897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Since >3 years, SARS-CoV-2 has plunged humans into a colossal pandemic. Henceforth, multiple waves of infection have swept through the human population, led by variants that were able to partially evade acquired immunity. The co-evolution of SARS-CoV-2 variants with human immunity provides an excellent opportunity to study the interaction between viral pathogens and their human hosts. The heavily N-glycosylated spike-protein of SARS-CoV-2 plays a pivotal role in initiating infection and is the target for host immune-response, both of which are impacted by host-installed N-glycans. Using highly-sensitive DeGlyPHER approach, we compared the N-glycan landscape on spikes of the SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan-Hu-1 strain to seven WHO-defined variants of concern/interest, using recombinantly expressed, soluble spike-protein trimers, sharing same stabilizing-mutations. We found that N-glycan processing is conserved at most sites. However, in multiple variants, processing of N-glycans from high mannose- to complex-type is reduced at sites N165, N343 and N616, implicated in spike-protein function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabyasachi Baboo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jolene K. Diedrich
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jonathan L. Torres
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Jeffrey Copps
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Bhavya Singh
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Patrick T. Garrett
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - Andrew B. Ward
- Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - James C. Paulson
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, United States
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Dey D, Qing E, He Y, Chen Y, Jennings B, Cohn W, Singh S, Gakhar L, Schnicker NJ, Pierce BG, Whitelegge JP, Doray B, Orban J, Gallagher T, Hasan SS. A single C-terminal residue controls SARS-CoV-2 spike trafficking and incorporation into VLPs. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8358. [PMID: 38102143 PMCID: PMC10724246 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44076-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The spike (S) protein of SARS-CoV-2 is delivered to the virion assembly site in the ER-Golgi Intermediate Compartment (ERGIC) from both the ER and cis-Golgi in infected cells. However, the relevance and modulatory mechanism of this bidirectional trafficking are unclear. Here, using structure-function analyses, we show that S incorporation into virus-like particles (VLP) and VLP fusogenicity are determined by coatomer-dependent S delivery from the cis-Golgi and restricted by S-coatomer dissociation. Although S mimicry of the host coatomer-binding dibasic motif ensures retrograde trafficking to the ERGIC, avoidance of the host-like C-terminal acidic residue is critical for S-coatomer dissociation and therefore incorporation into virions or export for cell-cell fusion. Because this C-terminal residue is the key determinant of SARS-CoV-2 assembly and fusogenicity, our work provides a framework for the export of S protein encoded in genetic vaccines for surface display and immune activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debajit Dey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Enya Qing
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - Yanan He
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Yihong Chen
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Benjamin Jennings
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Whitaker Cohn
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Suruchi Singh
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Lokesh Gakhar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- PAQ Therapeutics, Burlington, MA, 01803, USA
| | - Nicholas J Schnicker
- Protein and Crystallography Facility, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, 52242, USA
| | - Brian G Pierce
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Cell Biology and Molecular Genetics, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Julian P Whitelegge
- Pasarow Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, The Jane and Terry Semel Institute for Neuroscience and Human Behavior, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Molecular Biology Institute, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Balraj Doray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hematology Division, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - John Orban
- University of Maryland Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology Research, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, 20742, USA
| | - Tom Gallagher
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Loyola University Chicago, Maywood, IL, 60153, USA
| | - S Saif Hasan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- University of Maryland Marlene and Stewart Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Medical Center, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA.
- Center for Biomolecular Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Silva CAT, Kamen AA, Henry O. Intensified Influenza Virus Production in Suspension HEK293SF Cell Cultures Operated in Fed-Batch or Perfusion with Continuous Harvest. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1819. [PMID: 38140223 PMCID: PMC10747379 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Major efforts in the intensification of cell culture-based viral vaccine manufacturing focus on the development of high-cell-density (HCD) processes, often operated in perfusion. While perfusion operations allow for higher viable cell densities and volumetric productivities, the high perfusion rates (PR) normally adopted-typically between 2 and 4 vessel volumes per day (VVD)-dramatically increase media consumption, resulting in a higher burden on the cell retention device and raising challenges for the handling and disposal of high volumes of media. In this study, we explore high inoculum fed-batch (HIFB) and low-PR perfusion operations to intensify a cell culture-based process for influenza virus production while minimizing media consumption. To reduce product retention time in the bioreactor, produced viral particles were continuously harvested using a tangential flow depth filtration (TFDF) system as a cell retention device and harvest unit. The feeding strategies developed-a hybrid fed-batch with continuous harvest and a low-PR perfusion-allowed for infections in the range of 8-10 × 106 cells/mL while maintaining cell-specific productivity comparable to the batch control, resulting in a global increase in the process productivity. Overall, our work demonstrates that feeding strategies that minimize media consumption are suitable for large-scale influenza vaccine production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina A. T. Silva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada;
| | - Amine A. Kamen
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0E9, Canada;
| | - Olivier Henry
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Polytechnique Montréal, Montreal, QC H3T 1J4, Canada
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41
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Valdes Angues R, Perea Bustos Y. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination and the Multi-Hit Hypothesis of Oncogenesis. Cureus 2023; 15:e50703. [PMID: 38234925 PMCID: PMC10792266 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.50703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a complex and dynamic disease. The "hallmarks of cancer" were proposed by Hanahan and Weinberg (2000) as a group of biological competencies that human cells attain as they progress from normalcy to neoplastic transformation. These competencies include self-sufficiency in proliferative signaling, insensitivity to growth-suppressive signals and immune surveillance, the ability to evade cell death, enabling replicative immortality, reprogramming energy metabolism, inducing angiogenesis, and activating tissue invasion and metastasis. Underlying these competencies are genome instability, which expedites their acquisition, and inflammation, which fosters their function(s). Additionally, cancer exhibits another dimension of complexity: a heterogeneous repertoire of infiltrating and resident host cells, secreted factors, and extracellular matrix, known as the tumor microenvironment, that through a dynamic and reciprocal relationship with cancer cells supports immortality, local invasion, and metastatic dissemination. This staggering intricacy calls for caution when advising all people with cancer (or a previous history of cancer) to receive the COVID-19 primary vaccine series plus additional booster doses. Moreover, because these patients were not included in the pivotal clinical trials, considerable uncertainty remains regarding vaccine efficacy, safety, and the risk of interactions with anticancer therapies, which could reduce the value and innocuity of either medical treatment. After reviewing the available literature, we are particularly concerned that certain COVID-19 vaccines may generate a pro-tumorigenic milieu (i.e., a specific environment that could lead to neoplastic transformation) that predisposes some (stable) oncologic patients and survivors to cancer progression, recurrence, and/or metastasis. This hypothesis is based on biological plausibility and fulfillment of the multi-hit hypothesis of oncogenesis (i.e., induction of lymphopenia and inflammation, downregulation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) expression, activation of oncogenic cascades, sequestration of tumor suppressor proteins, dysregulation of the RNA-G quadruplex-protein binding system, alteration of type I interferon responses, unsilencing of retrotransposable elements, etc.) together with growing evidence and safety reports filed to Vaccine Adverse Effects Report System (VAERS) suggesting that some cancer patients experienced disease exacerbation or recurrence following COVID-19 vaccination. In light of the above and because some of these concerns (i.e., alteration of oncogenic pathways, promotion of inflammatory cascades, and dysregulation of the renin-angiotensin system) also apply to cancer patients infected with SARS-CoV-2, we encourage the scientific and medical community to urgently evaluate the impact of both COVID-19 and COVID-19 vaccination on cancer biology and tumor registries, adjusting public health recommendations accordingly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raquel Valdes Angues
- Neurology, Oregon Health and Science University School of Medicine, Portland, USA
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Sidhu N, Vanathi M, Gupta N, Tandon R. COVID and COVID vaccine-related corneal morbidity: A review. Indian J Ophthalmol 2023; 71:3595-3599. [PMID: 37991289 PMCID: PMC10788745 DOI: 10.4103/ijo.ijo_765_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2023] [Revised: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 07/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Systemic coronavirus disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) virus has had several ocular consequences. Many vaccines have been developed against the disease, with adverse events being reported as well. Various ocular adverse events secondary to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccines have also featured in literature in recent times. This review features the reported corneal-related effects of COVID infection and vaccination. These include direct effects on corneal grafts and unilateral or bilateral corneal melts. The compilation of reported experiences from across the world in this systematic review will help clinicians recognize the possible presentations, pathogenesis, and management of the same.
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Affiliation(s)
- Navneet Sidhu
- Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Murugesan Vanathi
- Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Noopur Gupta
- Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Radhika Tandon
- Dr. R. P. Center for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
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Khan S, Marquez-Martinez S, Erkens T, de Wilde A, Costes LMM, Vinken P, De Jonghe S, Roosen W, Talia C, Chamanza R, Serroyen J, Tolboom J, Zahn RC, Wegmann F. Intravenous Administration of Ad26.COV2.S Does Not Induce Thrombocytopenia or Thrombotic Events or Affect SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Bioavailability in Blood Compared with Intramuscular Vaccination in Rabbits. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1792. [PMID: 38140195 PMCID: PMC10747520 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11121792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Vaccine-induced immune thrombotic thrombocytopenia (VITT) is a very rare but serious adverse reaction that can occur after Ad26.COV2.S vaccination in humans, leading to thrombosis at unusual anatomic sites. One hypothesis is that accidental intravenous (IV) administration of Ad26.COV2.S or drainage of the vaccine from the muscle into the circulatory system may result in interaction of the vaccine with blood factors associated with platelet activation, leading to VITT. Here, we demonstrate that, similar to intramuscular (IM) administration of Ad26.COV2.S in rabbits, IV dosing was well tolerated, with no significant differences between dosing routes for the assessed hematologic, coagulation time, innate immune, or clinical chemistry parameters and no histopathologic indication of thrombotic events. For both routes, all other non-adverse findings observed were consistent with a normal vaccine response and comparable to those observed for unrelated or other Ad26-based control vaccines. However, Ad26.COV2.S induced significantly higher levels of C-reactive protein on day 1 after IM vaccination compared with an Ad26-based control vaccine encoding a different transgene, suggesting an inflammatory effect of the vaccine-encoded spike protein. Although based on a limited number of animals, these data indicate that an accidental IV injection of Ad26.COV2.S may not represent an increased risk for VITT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Selina Khan
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Sonia Marquez-Martinez
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Tim Erkens
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Adriaan de Wilde
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Lea M. M. Costes
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Petra Vinken
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Sandra De Jonghe
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Wendy Roosen
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Chiara Talia
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Ronnie Chamanza
- Janssen Research & Development—A Division of Janssen Pharmaceutica NV, 2340 Beerse, Belgium; (T.E.); (S.D.J.); (W.R.); (C.T.)
| | - Jan Serroyen
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Jeroen Tolboom
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Roland C. Zahn
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
| | - Frank Wegmann
- Janssen Vaccines & Prevention, 2333 CN Leiden, The Netherlands; (S.M.-M.); (A.d.W.); (L.M.M.C.); (J.S.); (J.T.); (F.W.)
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Liu Y, Sánchez-Ovando S, Carolan L, Dowson L, Khvorov A, Jessica Hadiprodjo A, Tseng YY, Delahunty C, Khatami A, Macnish M, Dougherty S, Hagenauer M, Riley KE, Jadhav A, Harvey J, Kaiser M, Mathew S, Hodgson D, Leung V, Subbarao K, Cheng AC, Macartney K, Koirala A, Marshall H, Clark J, Blyth CC, Wark P, Kucharski AJ, Sullivan SG, Fox A. Superior immunogenicity of mRNA over adenoviral vectored COVID-19 vaccines reflects B cell dynamics independent of anti-vector immunity: Implications for future pandemic vaccines. Vaccine 2023; 41:7192-7200. [PMID: 37903679 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Both vector and mRNA vaccines were an important part of the response to the COVID-19 pandemic and may be required in future outbreaks and pandemics. The aim of this study was to validate whether immunogenicity differs for adenoviral vectored (AdV) versus mRNA vaccines against SARS-CoV-2, and to investigate how anti-vector immunity and B cell dynamics modulate immunogenicity. We enrolled SARS-CoV-2 infection-naïve health care workers who had received two doses of either AdV AZD1222 (n = 184) or mRNA BNT162b2 vaccine (n = 274) between April and October 2021. Blood was collected at least once, 10-48 days after vaccine dose 2 for antibody and B cell analyses. Median ages were 42 and 39 years, for AdV and mRNA vaccinees, respectively. Surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT) and spike binding antibody titres were a median of 4.2 and 2.2 times lower, respectively, for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees (p < 0.001). Median percentages of memory B cells that recognized fluorescent-tagged spike and RBD were 2.9 and 8.3 times lower, respectively for AdV compared to mRNA vaccinees. Titres of IgG reactive with human adenovirus type 5 hexon protein rose a median of 2.2-fold after AdV vaccination but were not correlated with anti-spike antibody titres. Together the results show that mRNA induced substantially more sVNT antibody than AdV vaccine, which reflected greater B cell expansion and targeting of the RBD rather than an attenuating effect of anti-vector antibodies. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT05110911.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Liu
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Stephany Sánchez-Ovando
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise Carolan
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Leslie Dowson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Arseniy Khvorov
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - A Jessica Hadiprodjo
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Yeu Yang Tseng
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Catherine Delahunty
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Ameneh Khatami
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Marion Macnish
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Sonia Dougherty
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Michelle Hagenauer
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kathryn E Riley
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ajay Jadhav
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joanne Harvey
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia
| | - Marti Kaiser
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Suja Mathew
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - David Hodgson
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Vivian Leung
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kanta Subbarao
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Allen C Cheng
- Alfred Health, Monash Health and Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Kristine Macartney
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Archana Koirala
- The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Sydney Children's Hospital Network, National Centre for Immunisation Research and Surveillance, Sydney, Australia; Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Helen Marshall
- Adelaide Medical School and Robinson Research Institute, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, Australia; Division of Paediatric Medicine, Women's and Children's Health Network, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julia Clark
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Children's Health Queensland Hospital and Health Service, and University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Christopher C Blyth
- Wesfarmers Centre of Vaccines and Infectious Diseases, Telethon Kids Institute, Perth, Australia; School of Medicine, University of Western Australia, Perth Children's Hospital, and Department of Microbiology, PathWest Laboratory Medicine, QEII medical centre, Perth, Australia
| | - Peter Wark
- Immune Health Program, Hunter Medical Research Institute and School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia
| | - Adam J Kucharski
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Sheena G Sullivan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Epidemiology, University of California, Los Angeles, USA
| | - Annette Fox
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Melbourne, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia; WHO Collaborating Centre for Reference and Research on Influenza, Royal Melbourne Hospital, at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia.
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Chastagnier L, Marquette C, Petiot E. In situ transient transfection of 3D cell cultures and tissues, a promising tool for tissue engineering and gene therapy. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108211. [PMID: 37463610 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 04/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Various research fields use the transfection of mammalian cells with genetic material to induce the expression of a target transgene or gene silencing. It is a tool widely used in biological research, bioproduction, and therapy. Current transfection protocols are usually performed on 2D adherent cells or suspension cultures. The important rise of new gene therapies and regenerative medicine in the last decade raises the need for new tools to empower the in situ transfection of tissues and 3D cell cultures. This review will present novel in situ transfection methods based on a chemical or physical non-viral transfection of cells in tissues and 3D cultures, discuss the advantages and remaining gaps, and propose future developments and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Chastagnier
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Christophe Marquette
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Emma Petiot
- 3D Innovation Lab - 3d.FAB - ICBMS, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Université Lyon 1, CNRS, INSA, CPE-Lyon, UMR 5246, bat. Lederer, 5 rue Gaston Berger, 69100 Villeurbanne, France.
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Kocatürk E, Salameh P, Sarac E, Vera Ayala CE, Thomsen SF, Zuberbier T, Ensina LF, Popov TA, van Doorn MBA, Giménez-Arnau AM, Asero R, Criado PR, Aarestrup FM, AbdulHameed Ansari Z, Al Abri S, Al-Ahmad M, Al Hinai B, Allenova A, Al-Nesf M, Altrichter S, Arnaout R, Bartosińska J, Bauer A, Bernstein JA, Bizjak M, Bonnekoh H, Bouillet L, Brzoza Z, Calvalcanti Dela Bianca Melo AC, Campinhos FL, Carne E, Purayil SC, Cherrez-Ojeda I, Chong-Neto HJ, Christoff G, Conlon N, Jardim Criado RF, Cvenkel K, Damadoglu E, Danilycheva I, Day C, de Montjoye L, Demir S, Ferucci SM, Fomina D, Fukunaga A, Garcia E, Gelincik A, Göbel JH, Godse K, Gonçalo M, Gotua M, Grattan C, Gugala A, Guillet C, Kalyoncu AF, Karakaya G, Kasperska-Zając A, Katelaris CH, Khoshkhui M, Kleinheinz A, Kolacinska-Flont M, Kolkhir P, Košnik M, Krasowska D, Kumaran MS, Kuprys-Lipinska I, Kurowski M, Kuznetsova EV, Larenas-Linnemann D, Lebedkina MS, Lee Y, Makris M, Gómez RM, Nasr I, Neisinger S, Oda Y, Kara RÖ, Palitot EB, Papapostolou N, Salvador Parisi CA, Pesque D, Peter J, Petkova E, Ridge K, Rudenko M, Rutkowski K, Saini SS, Salman A, Sanchez J, Şekerel B, Serdotetskova SA, Serpa FS, Dikicier BS, Sidiropoulos N, Sikora A, Sørensen JA, Soria A, Kucuk OS, Thalappil SR, Tomaszewska K, Tuncay G, Unal D, Valle S, van Lindonk E, Vestergaard C, Meshkova RY, Vitchuk A, Xepapadaki P, Ye YM, Zalewska-Janowska A, Zamlynski M, Maurer M. Urticaria exacerbations and adverse reactions in patients with chronic urticaria receiving COVID-19 vaccination: Results of the UCARE COVAC-CU study. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 152:1095-1106. [PMID: 37574079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.07.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Concern about disease exacerbations and fear of reactions after coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations are common in chronic urticaria (CU) patients and may lead to vaccine hesitancy. OBJECTIVE We assessed the frequency and risk factors of CU exacerbation and adverse reactions in CU patients after COVID-19 vaccination. METHODS COVAC-CU is an international multicenter study of Urticaria Centers of Reference and Excellence (UCAREs) that retrospectively evaluated the effects of COVID-19 vaccination in CU patients aged ≥18 years and vaccinated with ≥1 dose of any COVID-19 vaccine. We evaluated CU exacerbations and severe allergic reactions as well as other adverse events associated with COVID-19 vaccinations and their association with various CU parameters. RESULTS Across 2769 COVID-19-vaccinated CU patients, most (90%) received at least 2 COVID-19 vaccine doses, and most patients received CU treatment and had well-controlled disease. The rate of COVID-19 vaccination-induced CU exacerbation was 9%. Of 223 patients with CU exacerbation after the first dose, 53.4% experienced recurrence of CU exacerbation after the second dose. CU exacerbation most often started <48 hours after vaccination (59.2%), lasted for a few weeks or less (70%), and was treated mainly with antihistamines (70.3%). Factors that increased the risk for COVID-19 vaccination-induced CU exacerbation included female sex, disease duration shorter than 24 months, having chronic spontaneous versus inducible urticaria, receipt of adenovirus viral vector vaccine, having nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug/aspirin intolerance, and having concerns about getting vaccinated; receiving omalizumab treatment and Latino/Hispanic ethnicity lowered the risk. First-dose vaccine-related adverse effects, most commonly local reactions, fever, fatigue, and muscle pain, were reported by 43.5% of CU patients. Seven patients reported severe allergic reactions. CONCLUSIONS COVID-19 vaccination leads to disease exacerbation in only a small number of CU patients and is generally well tolerated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emek Kocatürk
- Department of Dermatology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Pascale Salameh
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany; Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Institut National de Santé Publique, Epidémiologie Clinique et Toxicologie-Liban (INSPECT-LB), Beirut, Lebanon; Department of Primary Care and Population Health, University of Nicosia Medical School, Nicosia, Cyprus; School of Medicine, Lebanese American University, Beirut, Germany; Faculty of Pharmacy, Lebanese University, Hadat, Lebanon
| | - Esra Sarac
- Department of Dermatology, Koc University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Carolina E Vera Ayala
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Simon Francis Thomsen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Torsten Zuberbier
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Luis Felipe Ensina
- Department of Dermatology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Todor A Popov
- Department of Allergology, University Hospital Sv Ivan Rilski, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Martijn B A van Doorn
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands; Centre for Human Drug Research, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ana Maria Giménez-Arnau
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Riccardo Asero
- Ambulatorio di Allergologia, Clinica San Carlo, Paderno Dugnano, Italy
| | - Paulo Ricardo Criado
- Alergoskin Alergia e Dermatologia, Centro Universitário Faculdade de Medicina do ABC, Santo André, Brazil
| | - Fernando M Aarestrup
- Department of Allergy and Immunology, Faculdade de Ciências, Médicas e da Saúde de Juiz de Fora (SUPREMA), Hospital Maternidade Therezinha de Jesus, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Salma Al Abri
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Mona Al-Ahmad
- Microbiology Department, College of Medicine, Kuwait University, Kuwait City, Kuwait
| | - Bushra Al Hinai
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Anastasiia Allenova
- Laboratory of Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Moscow, Russia; Medical Research and Education Center, M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maryam Al-Nesf
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | - Sabine Altrichter
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Venereology, Kepler University Hospital, Linz, Austria
| | - Rand Arnaout
- Department of Dermatology, King Faisal Specialist Hospital & Research Center, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Joanna Bartosińska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Andrea Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Technical University Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Bernstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy, and Immunology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Mojca Bizjak
- Division of Allergy, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Hanna Bonnekoh
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laurence Bouillet
- National Reference Center for Angioedema, Grenoble University Hospital, Grenoble, France
| | - Zenon Brzoza
- Department of Internal Diseases with the Division of Allergology, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Opole, Opole, Poland
| | | | - Fernanda L Campinhos
- Asthma Reference Center, UCARE Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Esperito Santo, Brazil
| | - Emily Carne
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | | | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Research Department, Universidad Espiritu Santo, Samborondon, Ecuador; Department Allergy and Pulmonology, Respiralab Research Group, Guayaquil, Ecuador
| | - Herberto Jose Chong-Neto
- Departamento de Pediatria, Serviço de Alergia e Imunologia, Complexo Hospital de Clínicas, Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil
| | - George Christoff
- Faculty of Public Health, Medical University Sofia, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Niall Conlon
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | | | - Klara Cvenkel
- Department of Dermatovenereology, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Ebru Damadoglu
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Inna Danilycheva
- Department of Allergology, NRC Institute of Immunology FMBA of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - Cascia Day
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Laurence de Montjoye
- Department of Dermatology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Cliniques Universitaires Saint-Luc, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Semra Demir
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Silvia Mariel Ferucci
- Department of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca'Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Daria Fomina
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergoloy and Immunology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenow First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia; Department of Pulmonology, Astana Medical University, Kazakhstan, Russia
| | - Atsushi Fukunaga
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Elizabeth Garcia
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de los Andes-UNIMEQ ORL, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Asli Gelincik
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Joe Hannah Göbel
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Kiran Godse
- Department of Dermatology, Dr D. Y. Patil Medical College & Hospital, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Margarida Gonçalo
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Maia Gotua
- Center of Allergy and Immunology, David Tvildiani Medical University, Tbilisi, Georgia
| | - Clive Grattan
- Department of Dermatology, St Thomas Hospital London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agata Gugala
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Carole Guillet
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ali Fuat Kalyoncu
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gul Karakaya
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Alicja Kasperska-Zając
- Department of Clinical Allergology and Urticaria, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland
| | | | - Maryam Khoshkhui
- Allergy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Marta Kolacinska-Flont
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma, and Allergy, Barlicki Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Pavel Kolkhir
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Mitja Košnik
- Division of Allergy, University Clinic of Respiratory and Allergic Diseases Golnik, Golnik, Slovenia
| | - Dorota Krasowska
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Pediatric Dermatology, Medical University of Lublin, Lublin, Poland
| | - Muthu Sendhil Kumaran
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology, and Leprology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Izabela Kuprys-Lipinska
- Department of Internal Medicine, Asthma, and Allergy, Barlicki Memorial Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Marcin Kurowski
- Department of Immunology and Allergy, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Elizaveta V Kuznetsova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergy, Sechenow First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | | | - Marina S Lebedkina
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergoloy and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Youngsoo Lee
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | - Michael Makris
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital "Attikon", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Iman Nasr
- Clinical Immunology and Allergy Unit, Royal Hospital, Muscat, Oman
| | - Sophia Neisinger
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany
| | - Yoshiko Oda
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Rabia Öztaş Kara
- Department of Dermatology, University of Sakarya School of Medicine, Sakarya, Turkey
| | - Esther Bastos Palitot
- Federal University of Paraiba, Department of Infectious, Parasitic and Inflammatory Diseases, João Pessoa, Paraiba, Brazil; Lauro Wanderley University Hospital - Ebserh Network, João Pessoa, Brazil
| | - Niki Papapostolou
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital "Attikon", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - David Pesque
- Department of Dermatology, Hospital del Mar Research Institute, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jonathan Peter
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Elena Petkova
- University Hospital "Alexandrovska", Clinic of Allergology, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Katie Ridge
- School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, St James's Hospital Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Rudenko
- London Allergy & Immunology Centre, Department of Allergy and Immunology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Krzysztof Rutkowski
- Urticaria Clinic, St John's Institute of Dermatology, London, United Kingdom
| | - Sarbjit S Saini
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, Md
| | - Andac Salman
- Department of Dermatology, Marmara University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Group of Clinical and Experimental Allergy, Hospital "Alma Mater de Antioquia", University of Antioquia, Antioquia, Colombia
| | - Bülent Şekerel
- Pediatric Allergy Asthma Division, Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Sofia A Serdotetskova
- Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow City Research and Practical Center of Allergoloy and Immunology, Moscow, Russia
| | - Faradiba S Serpa
- Asthma Reference Center, UCARE Hospital Santa Casa de Misericórdia de Vitória, Esperito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Nikitas Sidiropoulos
- Allergy Unit, 2nd Department of Dermatology and Venereology, University Hospital "Attikon", National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Agnieszka Sikora
- Department of Clinical Allergology and Urticaria, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland
| | - Jennifer Astrup Sørensen
- Department of Dermatology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Angele Soria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, Tenon Hospital APHP, Sorbonne Université Paris, Paris, France
| | - Ozlem Su Kucuk
- Department of Dermatology, Bezmialem Vakif University School of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sherin Rahim Thalappil
- Department of Medicine, Allergy and Immunology Division, Hamad Medical Corporation, Doha, Qatar
| | | | - Gulseren Tuncay
- Department of Chest Diseases, Division of Allergy and Immunology, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Derya Unal
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Immunology and Allergy Diseases, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Solange Valle
- Medicine Department, Immunology Service, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Esmee van Lindonk
- Department of Dermatology, Erasmus MC Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | - Raisa Y Meshkova
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Allergology, Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk
| | - Aleksandr Vitchuk
- Department of Dermatology, Smolensk State Medical University, Smolensk, Russia
| | - Paraskevi Xepapadaki
- Allergy Department, 2nd Pediatric Clinic, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Young-Min Ye
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Korea
| | | | - Mateusz Zamlynski
- Department of Clinical Allergology and Urticaria, Medical University of Silesia, Silesia, Poland
| | - Marcus Maurer
- Institute of Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany; Department of Immunology and Allergology, Fraunhofer Institute for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology ITMP, Berlin, Germany.
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Liana P, Maulana MA, Rahmawati E, Pasaribu RP, Rahadiyanto KY, Salim NA, Umar TP. Figuring the characteristics of the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 gene mutations in an Indonesian hospital: a descriptive study. EXPLORATION OF MEDICINE 2023:839-846. [DOI: 10.37349/emed.2023.00181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Aim: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a respiratory infection caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). The SARS-CoV-2 has undergone several mutations, and ultimately, Indonesia was designated the Asian epicenter of the pandemic in 2021 due to the emergence of Delta variant SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the characteristics of the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 gene mutations.
Methods: This is a cross-sectional descriptive study to determine the mutation characteristics of the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 with data collected from patients’ medical records and whole genome sequencing (WGS).
Results: The forty-nine patients who contracted the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 were mainly aged 31−45 years and female. Four sublineages were identified, namely AY.23 (69.39%), AY.24 (22.45%), B.1.617.2 (6.12%), and AY.62 (2.04%), with fever and malaise being the most common clinical manifestations (79.60%). Furthermore, the spike (S) protein was most frequently mutated (12 mutations), with mutations in the Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 membrane (M) protein, nucleocapsid (N) protein, open reading frame (ORF), and nonstructural protein (NSP) also identified.
Conclusions: The most common Delta variant SARS-CoV-2 sublineage in the current study cohort was AY.23, with the S protein being most frequently mutated. Continuous genomic surveillance is required to contain future outbreaks or infection waves, especially during the COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phey Liana
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya–RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Muhammad Agung Maulana
- Medical Profession Program, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30114, Indonesia
| | - Eny Rahmawati
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya–RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Rouly Pola Pasaribu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya–RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Kemas Yakub Rahadiyanto
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya, Palembang 30114, Indonesia
| | - Nelda Aprilia Salim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sriwijaya–RSUP Dr. Mohammad Hoesin, Palembang 30126, Indonesia
| | - Tungki Pratama Umar
- UCL Centre for Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine, Division of Surgery and Interventional Science, University College London–Royal Free Hospital, NW3 2PS London, UK
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Schest S, Langer C, Stiegler Y, Karnuth B, Arends J, Stiegler H, Masetto T, Peter C, Grimmler M. Vaccine-induced SARS-CoV-2 antibody response: the comparability of S1-specific binding assays depends on epitope and isotype discrimination. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1257265. [PMID: 37965324 PMCID: PMC10641008 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1257265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Quantification of the SARS-CoV-2-specific immune response by serological immunoassays is critical for the management of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, neutralizing antibody titers to the viral spike (S) protein have been proposed as a correlate of protection (CoP). The WHO established the First International Standard (WHO IS) for anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoglobulin (Ig) (NIBSC 20/136) to harmonize binding assays with the same antigen specificity by assigning the same unitage in binding antibody units (BAU)/ml. Method In this study, we analyzed the S1-specific antibody response in a cohort of healthcare workers in Germany (n = 76) during a three-dose vaccination course over 8.5 months. Subjects received either heterologous or homologous prime-boost vaccination with ChAdOx1 nCoV-19 (AstraZeneca) and BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech) or three doses of BNT162b2. Antibodies were quantified using three anti-S1 binding assays (ELISA, ECLIA, and PETIA) harmonized to the WHO IS. Serum levels of neutralizing antibodies were determined using a surrogate virus neutralization test (sVNT). Binding assays were compared using Spearman's rank correlation and Passing-Bablok regression. Findings All assays showed good correlation and similar antibody kinetics correlating with neutralizing potential. However, the assays show large proportional differences in BAU/ml. ECLIA and PETIA, which detect total antibodies against the receptor- binding domain (RBD) within the S1 subunit, interact similarly with the convalescent plasma-derived WHO IS but differently with vaccine serum, indicating a high sensitivity to the IgG/IgM/IgA ratio. Conclusion All three binding assays allow monitoring of the antibody response in COVID-19-vaccinated individuals. However, the assay-specific differences hinder the definition of a common protective threshold in BAU/ml. Our results highlight the need for the thoughtful use of conversion factors and consideration of method-specific differences. To improve the management of future pandemics and harmonize total antibody assays, we should strive for reference material with a well-characterized Ig isotype composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Schest
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
- Health University of Applied Sciences Tyrol, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Claus Langer
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Yuriko Stiegler
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Bianca Karnuth
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Jan Arends
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Hugo Stiegler
- Medizinisches Versorgungszentrum für Labormedizin und Mikrobiologie Ruhr GmbH, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas Masetto
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
| | - Christoph Peter
- Institute of Molecular Medicine I, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Matthias Grimmler
- DiaSys Diagnostic Systems GmbH, Holzheim, Germany
- Institute for Biomolecular Research, Hochschule Fresenius gGmbH, University of Applied Sciences, Idstein, Germany
- DiaServe Laboratories GmbH, Iffeldorf, Germany
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49
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Guthrie CM, Tan X, Meeker AC, Self AE, Liu L, Cheng Y. Engineering a dual vaccine against COVID-19 and tuberculosis. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2023; 13:1273019. [PMID: 37965265 PMCID: PMC10641007 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2023.1273019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2 virus, has been one of the top public health threats across the world over the past three years. Mycobacterium bovis BCG is currently the only licensed vaccine for tuberculosis, one of the deadliest infectious diseases in the world, that is caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. In the past decades, recombinant M.bovis BCG has been studied as a novel vaccine vector for other infectious diseases in humans besides tuberculosis, such as viral infections. In the current study, we generated a recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD that expresses a fusion protein consisting of M. tb Ag85A protein and the receptor-binding domain (RBD) of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using synthetic biology technique. Our results show that the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain successfully expressed this fusion protein. Interestingly, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD significantly induced SARS-CoV-2 spike-specific T cell activation and IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain, and was more potent than the recombinant M.bovis BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. As expected, the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD activated an increased number of M. tb Ag85A-specific IFNγ-releasing T cells and enhanced IgG production in mice when compared to the parental M.bovis BCG strain or the BCG strain expressing SARS-CoV-2 spike RBD alone. Taken together, our results indicate a potential application of the recombinant M. bovis BCG strain AspikeRBD as a novel dual vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 and M. tb in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlyn Monèt Guthrie
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Xuejuan Tan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Amber Cherry Meeker
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Ashton Elisabeth Self
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Lin Liu
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
| | - Yong Cheng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
- Oklahoma Center for Respiratory and Infectious Diseases, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, United States
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Hueting D, Schriever K, Sun R, Vlachiotis S, Zuo F, Du L, Persson H, Hofström C, Ohlin M, Walldén K, Buggert M, Hammarström L, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarström Q, Andréll J, Syrén PO. Design, structure and plasma binding of ancestral β-CoV scaffold antigens. Nat Commun 2023; 14:6527. [PMID: 37845250 PMCID: PMC10579346 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-42200-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2023] [Indexed: 10/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We report the application of ancestral sequence reconstruction on coronavirus spike protein, resulting in stable and highly soluble ancestral scaffold antigens (AnSAs). The AnSAs interact with plasma of patients recovered from COVID-19 but do not bind to the human angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor. Cryo-EM analysis of the AnSAs yield high resolution structures (2.6-2.8 Å) indicating a closed pre-fusion conformation in which all three receptor-binding domains (RBDs) are facing downwards. The structures reveal an intricate hydrogen-bonding network mediated by well-resolved loops, both within and across monomers, tethering the N-terminal domain and RBD together. We show that AnSA-5 can induce and boost a broad-spectrum immune response against the wild-type RBD as well as circulating variants of concern in an immune organoid model derived from tonsils. Finally, we highlight how AnSAs are potent scaffolds by replacing the ancestral RBD with the wild-type sequence, which restores ACE2 binding and increases the interaction with convalescent plasma.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hueting
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karen Schriever
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Stelios Vlachiotis
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fanglei Zuo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Likun Du
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Helena Persson
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Camilla Hofström
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
| | - Mats Ohlin
- Drug Discovery and Development Platform, Science for Life Laboratory, Solna, Sweden
- Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Walldén
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Buggert
- Center for Infectious Disease, Department of Medicine Huddinge, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Juni Andréll
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Science for Life Laboratory, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Per-Olof Syrén
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Department of Fibre and Polymer Technology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
- School of Engineering Sciences in Chemistry, Biotechnology and Health, Science for Life Laboratory, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden.
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