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Lima HS, Tupinambás U, Guimarães FG. Estimating time-varying epidemiological parameters and underreporting of Covid-19 cases in Brazil using a mathematical model with fuzzy transitions between epidemic periods. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305522. [PMID: 38885221 PMCID: PMC11182538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/01/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Our study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, spanning five waves over three years. We employed a novel Susceptible-Infected-Recovered-Dead-Susceptible (SIRDS) model with a fuzzy transition between epidemic periods to estimate time-varying parameters and evaluate case underreporting. The initial basic reproduction number (R0) is identified at 2.44 (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 2.42-2.46), decreasing to 1.00 (95% CI: 0.99-1.01) during the first wave. The model estimates an underreporting factor of 12.9 (95% CI: 12.5-13.2) more infections than officially reported by Brazilian health authorities, with an increasing factor of 5.8 (95% CI: 5.2-6.4), 12.9 (95% CI: 12.5-13.3), and 16.8 (95% CI: 15.8-17.5) in 2020, 2021, and 2022 respectively. Additionally, the Infection Fatality Rate (IFR) is initially 0.88% (95% CI: 0.81%-0.94%) during the initial phase but consistently reduces across subsequent outbreaks, reaching its lowest value of 0.018% (95% CI: 0.011-0.033) in the last outbreak. Regarding the immunity period, the observed uncertainty and low sensitivity indicate that inferring this parameter is particularly challenging. Brazil successfully reduced R0 during the first wave, coinciding with decreased human mobility. Ineffective public health measures during the second wave resulted in the highest mortality rates within the studied period. We attribute lower mortality rates in 2022 to increased vaccination coverage and the lower lethality of the Omicron variant. We demonstrate the model generalization by its application to other countries. Comparative analyses with serological research further validate the accuracy of the model. In forecasting analysis, our model provides reasonable outbreak predictions. In conclusion, our study provides a nuanced understanding of the Covid-19 pandemic in Brazil, employing a novel epidemiological model. The findings contribute to the broader discourse on pandemic dynamics, underreporting, and the effectiveness of health interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélder Seixas Lima
- Instituto Federal do Norte de Minas Gerais, Januária, MG, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Electrical Engineering, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Unaí Tupinambás
- Department of Medical Clinic, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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Bailón-Cuenca JA, Cortés-Sarabia K, Legorreta-Soberanis J, Alvarado-Castro VM, Juárez-Baltazar U, Sánchez-Gervacio BM, Vences-Velázquez A, Leyva-Vázquez MA, Del Moral-Hernández O, Illades-Aguiar B. Detection of IgG antibodies against the receptor binding domain of the spike protein and nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 at university students from Southern Mexico: a cross-sectional study. BMC Infect Dis 2024; 24:584. [PMID: 38867165 PMCID: PMC11170790 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-024-09435-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural infection and vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is associated with the development of immunity against the structural proteins of the virus. Specifically, the two most immunogenic are the S (spike) and N (nucleocapsid) proteins. Seroprevalence studies performed in university students provide information to estimate the number of infected patients (symptomatic or asymptomatic) and generate knowledge about the viral spread, vaccine efficacy, and epidemiological control. Which, the aim of this study was to evaluate IgG antibodies against the S and N proteins of SARS-CoV-2 at university students from Southern Mexico. METHODS A total of 1418 serum samples were collected from eighteen work centers of the Autonomous University of Guerrero. Antibodies were detected by Indirect ELISA using as antigen peptides derived from the S and N proteins. RESULTS We reported a total seroprevalence of 39.9% anti-S/N (positive to both antigens), 14.1% anti-S and 0.5% anti-N. The highest seroprevalence was reported in the work centers from Costa Grande, Acapulco and Centro. Seroprevalence was associated with age, COVID-19, contact with infected patients, and vaccination. CONCLUSION University students could play an essential role in disseminating SARS-CoV-2. We reported a seroprevalence of 54.5% against the S and N proteins, which could be due to the high population rate and cultural resistance to safety measures against COVID-19 in the different regions of the state.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesús Adolfo Bailón-Cuenca
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Karen Cortés-Sarabia
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - José Legorreta-Soberanis
- Centro de Investigación de Enfermedades Tropicales, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Acapulco, Guerrero, México
| | | | - Ulises Juárez-Baltazar
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | | | - Amalia Vences-Velázquez
- Laboratorio de Inmunobiología y Diagnóstico Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Marco Antonio Leyva-Vázquez
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México
| | - Oscar Del Moral-Hernández
- Laboratorio de Virología, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero. Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.
| | - Berenice Illades-Aguiar
- Laboratorio de Biomedicina Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Guerrero, Chilpancingo de los Bravo, Guerrero, México.
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3
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Oliveira MDS, Carvalho RF, Meurer CM, Rodrigues ÉM, Dias BP, Santos IGCD, Nascimento CA, Rodrigues YM, Santos AJFD, Almeida KDS, de Souza UJB, Campos FS, Ribeiro J, Soares CMDA, Ribeiro Júnior JC. Prevalence, under-reporting, and epidemiological surveillance of COVID-19 in the Araguaína City of Brazil. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300191. [PMID: 38838042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Asymptomatic and underreported individuals remain a source of coronafig disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission to others. Data on the prevalence and epidemiological factors influencing transmission are fundamental for establishing control measures, especially in vulnerable regions such as the Amazon. This study aimed to determine the point prevalence and active infection of COVID-19 among the population in Araguaína, a Brazilian city located in the Amazon region, analyzed the socioeconomic and behavioral variables of a statistically representative sample of this population using an epidemiological survey, and identify the viral genomic diversity in the region. During the sixth epidemiological week of 2021 (February 8 to 12), samples of 497 inhabitants of the municipality asymptomatic for respiratory syndromes underwent reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and serological tests (immunoglobulin M and immunoglobulin G). A questionnaire collated data on socioeconomic factors, prevention measures, and health status history. The active infection rate was 6.2%, and the prevalence was 13.5% of the study population. Active infection cases were under-reported; each reported positive case represented 14-28 under-reported cases. Lineages P.2, P.1, and B.1.1 were detected. Working from home was a protective factor against the infection, and clinical signs of fever, dry cough, and loss of taste or smell were associated with testing positive (p <0.05). A descriptive analysis of the indicators revealed that the entire population was susceptible to the disease. Intensified vaccination strategies are required regardless of socioeconomic factors, health conditions, and preventive measures. Implementation of objective, comprehensive, and efficient management tools to minimize the spread of COVID-19 in this municipality can serve as a model for other regions of Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monike da Silva Oliveira
- Molecular Biology Laboratory, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, Goiás, Brazil
- Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | - Carolina Merlin Meurer
- Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Ézio Machado Rodrigues
- Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | - Bianca Pereira Dias
- Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | | | - Yron Moreira Rodrigues
- Microbiology Laboratory, Federal University of North Tocantins, Araguaína, Tocantins, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Fabrício Souza Campos
- Bioinformatics and Biotechnology Laboratory, Federal University of Tocantins, Gurupi, Tocantins, Brazil
- Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Juliane Ribeiro
- Molecular Biology and Animal Virology Laboratory, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Moura SS, Menezes Júnior LAA, Carraro JCC, Machado-Coelho GLL, Meireles AL. Poor Sleep Quality and Working From Home Influence the Prevalence of Leisure Time Physical Inactivity During the COVID-19 Pandemic: COVID-Inconfidentes Study. J Occup Environ Med 2023; 65:e640-e647. [PMID: 37505098 DOI: 10.1097/jom.0000000000002930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the study is to explore possible associations according to quality of sleep and work from home (WFH) with physical inactivity (PI) during the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study in two Brazilian cities (>18 years), by probability sampling. Leisure-time physical activity was self-reported and classified according to guidelines. Sleep was by applying the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Work from home was classified as: total WFH or no WFH. RESULTS A total of 1750 adults were analyzed, 69.1% were physically inactive, 51.9% had poor sleep quality, and 79.8% were not in WFH. PI was associated with poor sleep quality and non-WFH. Compared with those who reported WFH and good sleep quality, those who reported non-WFH and poor sleep quality had 4 times the prevalence of PI. CONCLUSIONS Poor sleep quality, and not WFH, is associated with leisure PI. These factors combined increase the probability of PI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samara Silva Moura
- From the Post-graduate Program in Health and Nutrition, Nutrition School, Federal University of Ouro Preto. Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.S.d.M., L.A.A.d.M.J., J.C.C.C., G.L.L.M.-C., A.L.M.); and Epidemiology Laboratory, Medical School, Federal University of Ouro Preto. OuroPreto, Minas Gerais, Brazil (S.S.d.M., L.A.A.d.M.J., G.L.L.M.-C.)
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Vias NP, Cassidy CA, Edwards JK, Xiong K, Parker CB, Aiello AE, Boyce RM, Shook-Sa BE. Estimation of SARS-CoV-2 Seroprevalence in Central North Carolina: Accounting for Outcome Misclassification in Complex Sample Designs. Epidemiology 2023; 34:721-731. [PMID: 37527450 PMCID: PMC10403265 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Population-based seroprevalence studies are crucial to understand community transmission of COVID-19 and guide responses to the pandemic. Seroprevalence is typically measured from diagnostic tests with imperfect sensitivity and specificity. Failing to account for measurement error can lead to biased estimates of seroprevalence. Methods to adjust seroprevalence estimates for the sensitivity and specificity of the diagnostic test have largely focused on estimation in the context of convenience sampling. Many existing methods are inappropriate when data are collected using a complex sample design. METHODS We present methods for seroprevalence point estimation and confidence interval construction that account for imperfect test performance for use with complex sample data. We apply these methods to data from the Chatham County COVID-19 Cohort (C4), a longitudinal seroprevalence study conducted in central North Carolina. Using simulations, we evaluate bias and confidence interval coverage for the proposed estimator compared with a standard estimator under a stratified, three-stage cluster sample design. RESULTS We obtained estimates of seroprevalence and corresponding confidence intervals for the C4 study. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased rapidly from 10.4% in January to 95.6% in July 2021 in Chatham County, North Carolina. In simulation, the proposed estimator demonstrates desirable confidence interval coverage and minimal bias under a wide range of scenarios. CONCLUSION We propose a straightforward method for producing valid estimates and confidence intervals when data are based on a complex sample design. The method can be applied to estimate the prevalence of other infections when estimates of test sensitivity and specificity are available.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nishma P. Vias
- Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Caitlin A. Cassidy
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jessie K. Edwards
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Khou Xiong
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Cherese Beatty Parker
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Allison E. Aiello
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
- Robert N Butler Columbia Aging Center, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, New York, NY
| | - Ross M. Boyce
- Department of Epidemiology, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Division of Infectious Diseases, School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bonnie E. Shook-Sa
- Department of Biostatistics, Gillings School of Global Public Health, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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6
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Gouvea-Reis FA, Soares da Silva DC, Borja LS, Dias PDO, Percio J, Peterka C, de Oliveira J, Sodré G, Feres CM, Dos Santos W, Souza F, Passarella Teixeira AI, Cilião-Alves DC, Romero GAS, Ferreira Noronha E, Croda J, Haddad R, Ramalho WM, de Moraes C, Araújo WND. SARS CoV-2 seroprevalence and diagnostic accuracy during a COVID-19 outbreak in a major penitentiary complex in Brazil, June to July 2020. Int J Prison Health 2023; 19:143-156. [PMID: 38899623 DOI: 10.1108/ijph-08-2021-0083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to estimate the overall SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and evaluate the accuracy of an antibody rapid test compared to a reference serological assay during a COVID-19 outbreak in a prison complex housing over 13,000 prisoners in Brasília. DESIGN/METHODOLOGY/APPROACH The authors obtained a randomized, stratified representative sample of each prison unit and conducted a repeated serosurvey among prisoners between June and July 2020, using a lateral-flow immunochromatographic assay (LFIA). Samples were also retested using a chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay (CLIA) to compare SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and 21-days incidence, as well as to estimate the overall infection fatality rate (IFR) and determine the diagnostic accuracy of the LFIA test. FINDINGS This study identified 485 eligible individuals and enrolled 460 participants. Baseline and 21-days follow-up seroprevalence were estimated at 52.0% (95% CI 44.9-59.0) and 56.7% (95% CI 48.2-65.3) with LFIA; and 80.7% (95% CI 74.1-87.3) and 81.1% (95% CI 74.4-87.8) with CLIA, with an overall IFR of 0.02%. There were 78.2% (95% CI 66.7-89.7) symptomatic individuals among the positive cases. Sensitivity and specificity of LFIA were estimated at 43.4% and 83.3% for IgM; 46.5% and 91.5% for IgG; and 59.1% and 77.3% for combined tests. ORIGINALITY/VALUE The authors found high seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies within the prison complex. The occurrence of asymptomatic infection highlights the importance of periodic mass testing in addition to case-finding of symptomatic individuals; however, the field performance of LFIA tests should be validated. This study recommends that vaccination strategies consider the inclusion of prisoners and prison staff in priority groups.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Cassio Peterka
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Giselle Sodré
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Distrito Federal, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | | | - Fábio Souza
- Secretaria de Estado de Administração Penitenciária do Distrito Federal, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Julio Croda
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil; Yale University School of Public Health, New Haven, Connecticut, USA and Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | | | | | - Camile de Moraes
- Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde, Ministério da Saúde, Brasilia, Brazil
| | - Wildo Navegantes de Araújo
- Universidade de Brasilia, Brasilia, Brazil and National Institute for Science and Technology for Health Technology Assessment, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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7
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Nogueira de Brito R, Passarella Teixeira AI, Carvalho Gontijo C, Da Silva Faria R, Massa Ramalho W, Sierra Romero GA, Castro M, Pessoa V, Araújo Torres L, Pereira Leite L, Ferreira Noronha E, Haddad R, Navegantes de Araújo W. Seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 and Vaccination Coverage among Residents of a Lower-Middle-Class Population in the Federal District, Brazil. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11050916. [PMID: 37243020 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11050916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2023] [Revised: 04/01/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Estimating seroprevalence and vaccination coverage against COVID-19 is crucial to the development of well-targeted public health policies at the local level. Here, we estimated seroprevalence and vaccination coverage in a lower-middle-class population in Brazil. We conducted an observational, cross-sectional, population-based survey from 24 September to 19 December 2021. CMIA tests were used to detect anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG against the N-protein. The overall seroprevalence was 24.15% (177/733), and vaccination coverage was 91.40% (670/733); 72.09% (483/670) were fully vaccinated. Among vaccinated participants, seroprevalence was 24.77% (95% CI 21.50-28.04; 166/670), with a prevalence ratio (PR) of 1.03 (95% CI 0.98-1.08; p-value 0.131). Among participants who received an mRNA vaccine with S-based epitope (485), seroprevalence was 16.29% (95% CI 13.04-19.85; 79/485). Among unvaccinated participants, seroprevalence was 17.46% (95% CI 10.04-28.62; 11/63). Finally, in spite of the political climate and other possible causes for vaccine hesitancy, the positive Brazilian culture towards vaccination might have curbed hesitancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Rafael Da Silva Faria
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Walter Massa Ramalho
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | | | - Manoel Castro
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Vitoria Pessoa
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Larissa Araújo Torres
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Larissa Pereira Leite
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Elza Ferreira Noronha
- Department of Tropical Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Haddad
- Laboratório de Diagnóstico Molecular, Hospital Universitário de Brasília, Brasilia 70910-900, DF, Brazil
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Metzger C, Leroy T, Bochnakian A, Jeulin H, Gegout-Petit A, Legrand K, Schvoerer E, Guillemin F. Seroprevalence and SARS-CoV-2 invasion in general populations: A scoping review over the first year of the pandemic. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0269104. [PMID: 37075077 PMCID: PMC10118383 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0269104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2022] [Indexed: 04/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic, counting infected people has underestimated asymptomatic cases. This literature scoping review assessed the seroprevalence progression in general populations worldwide over the first year of the pandemic. Seroprevalence studies were searched in PubMed, Web of Science and medRxiv databases up to early April 2021. Inclusion criteria were a general population of all ages or blood donors as a proxy. All articles were screened for the title and abstract by two readers, and data were extracted from selected articles. Discrepancies were resolved with a third reader. From 139 articles (including 6 reviews), the seroprevalence estimated in 41 countries ranged from 0 to 69%, with a heterogenous increase over time and continents, unevenly distributed among countries (differences up to 69%) and sometimes among regions within a country (up to 10%). The seroprevalence of asymptomatic cases ranged from 0% to 31.5%. Seropositivity risk factors included low income, low education, low smoking frequency, deprived area residency, high number of children, densely populated centres, and presence of a case in a household. This review of seroprevalence studies over the first year of the pandemic documented the progression of this virus across the world in time and space and the risk factors that influenced its spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Metzger
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Taylor Leroy
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Agathe Bochnakian
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Hélène Jeulin
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F‐54000, Nancy,
France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F‐54500, Nancy,
France
| | | | - Karine Legrand
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
| | - Evelyne Schvoerer
- Université de Lorraine, CNRS, LCPME, F‐54000, Nancy,
France
- Laboratoire de Virologie, CHRU de Nancy Brabois, F‐54500, Nancy,
France
| | - Francis Guillemin
- CHRU -Nancy, INSERM, Université de Lorraine, CIC Epidémiologie clinique,
F-54000, Nancy, France
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9
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Caniza H, Forriol F, Pangrazio O, Gil-Conesa M. Safety of International Professional Sports Competitions During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Association Football Experience. Sports Med 2023; 53:765-768. [PMID: 36167919 PMCID: PMC9514706 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-022-01763-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Major sporting events were suspended during the most acute phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Competitions are resuming with enhanced hygiene protocols and altered mechanics. While risks for players and staff have been studied, the impact of large-scale tournaments on the communities that host them remains largely unstudied. CONMEBOL Copa América is one of the first wide-scale international tournaments to be conducted in its original format since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. The tournament saw 10 national teams compete in four Brazilian cities during a period of heightened viral transmission. The analysis of over 28,000 compulsory PCR tests showed that positive cases did not lead to the uncontrolled spread of the disease among staff and players. More importantly, the data indicate that locally hired staff were not exposed to increased risk while working. The Copa América experience shows that international sporting competitions can be conducted safely even under unfavourable epidemiological situations.
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Fabrin C, Boing AC, Garcia LP, Boing AF. Socioeconomic inequality in hospital case fatality rate and care among children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 in Brazil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023; 26:e230015. [PMID: 36820752 PMCID: PMC9949490 DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720230015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze the association of hospital case fatality rate and care received by children and adolescents hospitalized for COVID-19 with the gross domestic product (GDP) per capita of Brazilian municipalities and regions of residence. METHODS Data were collected from the Influenza Epidemiological Surveillance Information System and the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics. The dichotomous outcomes analyzed were hospital case fatality rate of COVID-19, biological samples collected for COVID-19 diagnosis, X-rays, computed tomography (CT) scans, use of ventilatory support, and intensive care unit hospitalization. The covariates were municipal GDP per capita and the Brazilian region of residence. Poisson regression was used for the outcomes recorded in 2020 and 2021 in Brazil, covering the two COVID-19 waves in the country, adjusted for age and gender. RESULTS The hospital case fatality rate was 7.6%. In municipalities with lower GDP per capita deciles, the case fatality rate was almost four times higher among children and twice as high in adolescents compared to cities with higher deciles. Additionally, residents of municipalities with lower GDP per capita had fewer biological samples collected for diagnosis, X-ray examinations, and CT scans. We found regional disparities associated with case fatality rate, with worse indicators in the North and Northeast regions. The findings remained consistent over the two COVID-19 waves. CONCLUSION Municipalities with lower GDP per capita, as well as the North and Northeast regions, had worse indicators of hospital case fatality rate and care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Fabrin
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Collective Health – Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
| | - Alexandra Crispim Boing
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Collective Health – Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
| | | | - Antonio Fernando Boing
- Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Graduate Program in Collective Health – Florianópolis (SC), Brazil
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11
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Fabrin C, Boing AC, Garcia LP, Boing AF. Desigualdade socioeconômica na letalidade e no cuidado hospitalar de crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 no Brasil. REVISTA BRASILEIRA DE EPIDEMIOLOGIA 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1980-549720230015.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/22/2023] Open
Abstract
RESUMO Objetivo: Analisar a associação entre a letalidade e o cuidado hospitalar recebido por crianças e adolescentes internados por COVID-19 e o produto interno bruto (PIB) per capita dos municípios brasileiros e a região de residência. Métodos: Os dados foram extraídos do Sistema de Informação de Vigilância Epidemiológica da Gripe e do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística. Analisaram-se como desfechos dicotômicos a letalidade hospitalar por COVID-19, a coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico de COVID-19, a realização de exames raio X e tomografia, o uso de suporte ventilatório e a internação em unidade de terapia intensiva. As covariáveis foram o PIB municipal per capita e a região brasileira de residência. Foi realizada regressão de Poisson para os desfechos registrados em 2020 e 2021 no Brasil e segundo o período compreendido em duas ondas de COVID-19 no país, ajustando-a por idade e sexo. Resultados: A letalidade hospitalar foi de 7,6%. Nos municípios dos menores decis de PIB per capita a letalidade foi quase quatro vezes maior entre crianças e duas vezes mais elevada entre adolescentes quando comparada àquela dos maiores decis. Adicionalmente, os residentes de municípios com menor PIB per capita realizaram menos coleta de amostra biológica para diagnóstico, exames de raio X e tomografias. Foram encontradas disparidades regionais associadas à letalidade, com piores indicadores nas regiões Norte e Nordeste. Os achados mantiveram-se consistentes durante as duas ondas de COVID-19. Conclusão: Em municípios com menor PIB per capita e das regiões Norte e Nordeste houve piores indicadores de letalidade e cuidado hospitalar.
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A COVID-19 model incorporating variants, vaccination, waning immunity, and population behavior. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20377. [PMID: 36437375 PMCID: PMC9701759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24967-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccines for COVID-19 have allowed countries to combat the spread of the disease. However, new variants have resulted in significant spikes in cases and raised severe health and economic concerns. We present a COVID-19 model to predict coupled effects of vaccine multiple-dose roll-out strategies, vaccine efficacy, waning immunity, population level of caution, sense of safety, under-reporting of cases, and highly prevalent variants such as the Delta (B.1.617.2) and Omicron (B.1.1.529). The modeling framework can incorporate new variants as they emerge to give critical insights into the new cases and guide public policy decision-making concerning vaccine roll-outs and reopening strategies. The model is shown to recreate the history of COVID-19 for five countries (Germany, India, Japan, South Africa, and the United States). Parameters for crucial aspects of the pandemic, such as population behavior, new variants, vaccination, and waning immunity, can be adjusted to predict pandemic scenarios. The model was used to conduct trend analysis to simulate pandemic dynamics taking into account the societal level of caution, societal sense of safety, and the proportions of individuals vaccinated with first, second, and booster doses. We used the results of serological testing studies to estimate the actual number of cases across countries. The model allows quantification of otherwise hard to quantify aspects such as the infectious power of variants and the effectiveness of government mandates and population behavior. Some example cases are presented by investigating the competitive nature of COVID variants and the effect of different vaccine distribution strategies between immunity groups.
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Murari TB, Fonseca LMDS, Pereira HBDB, Nascimento Filho AS, Saba H, Scorza FA, G. de Almeida AC, Maciel ELN, Mendes JFF, Rocha Filho TM, David JR, Badaró R, Machado BAS, Moret MA. Retrospective Cohort Study of COVID-19 in Patients of the Brazilian Public Health System with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:1504. [PMID: 36146584 PMCID: PMC9500832 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10091504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 09/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Several vaccines against COVID-19 are now available, based on different techniques and made by different laboratories spread around the world. With the roll out of the vaccination process in an advanced stage in many countries, the reduced risk of hospitalization due to the Omicron variant relative to the Delta variant infection, despite the higher transmission risk of Omicron, may lead to a misinterpretation of the results, as infection by Omicron is associated with a significant reduction in severe outcomes and shorter hospitalization time than the Delta variant. We compared the in-hospital mortality due to the Omicron (Jan-Mar 2022) with Gamma (Jan 2021) and Delta (Oct-Dec 2021) variants of patients in the Brazilian public health system. This study also discusses the decrease in booster vaccine effectiveness in patients hospitalized due to the Omicron variant compared with the Delta variant. Without a remodeling of vaccines for new variants, booster doses may be necessary with a shorter time interval.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago B. Murari
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Larissa Moraes dos Santos Fonseca
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Hernane B. de B. Pereira
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo Saba
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
| | - Fulvio A. Scorza
- Disciplina de Neurociência, Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (EPM/UNIFESP), São Paulo 04021-001, SP, Brazil
| | - Antônio-Carlos G. de Almeida
- Departamento de Engenharia de Biossistemas, Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei (UFSJ), São João del-Rei 36307-352, MG, Brazil
| | - Ethel L. N. Maciel
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória 29075-910, ES, Brazil
| | - José F. F. Mendes
- Departamento de Física and I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3880 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Tarcísio M. Rocha Filho
- International Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília 70910-900, DF, Brazil
| | - John R. David
- Faculty of Public Health, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Immunology and Infectious Diseases, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Roberto Badaró
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Bruna Aparecida Souza Machado
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- SENAI Institute of Innovation (ISI) in Health Advanced Systems, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. Moret
- Modelagem Computacional, University Center SENAI/CIMATEC, Salvador 41650-010, BA, Brazil
- Departamento de Ciências Exatas e da Terra, Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador 41150-000, BA, Brazil
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14
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Schwalb A, Armyra E, Méndez-Aranda M, Ugarte-Gil C. COVID-19 in Latin America and the Caribbean: Two years of the pandemic. J Intern Med 2022; 292:409-427. [PMID: 35411985 PMCID: PMC9115176 DOI: 10.1111/joim.13499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Worldwide, nations have struggled during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. However, Latin America and the Caribbean faced an unmatched catastrophic toll. As of March 2022, the region has reported approximately 15% of cases and 28% of deaths worldwide. Considering the relatively late arrival of SARS-CoV-2, several factors in the region were determinants of the humanitarian crisis that ensued. Pandemic unpreparedness, fragile healthcare systems, forthright inequalities, and poor governmental support facilitated the spread of the virus throughout the region. Moreover, reliance on repurposed and ineffective drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and ivermectin-to treat or prevent COVID-19-was publicised through misinformation and created a false sense of security and poor adherence to social distancing measures. While there were hopes that herd immunity could be achieved after the region's disastrous first peak, the emergence of the Gamma, Lambda, and Mu variants made this unattainable. This review explores how Latin America and the Caribbean fared during the first 2 years of the pandemic, and how, despite all the challenges, the region became a global leader in COVID-19 vaccination, with 63% of its population fully vaccinated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alvaro Schwalb
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK
| | - Eleonora Armyra
- Health Innovation Lab, Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - Melissa Méndez-Aranda
- Facultad de Ciencias y Filosofía, Laboratorio de Investigación en Enfermedades Infecciosas, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
| | - César Ugarte-Gil
- Instituto de Medicina Tropical Alexander von Humboldt, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru.,London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.,School of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima, Peru
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15
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Fernandes RS, de Oliveira Silva J, Gomes KB, Azevedo RB, Townsend DM, de Paula Sabino A, Branco de Barros AL. Recent advances in point of care testing for COVID-19 detection. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113538. [PMID: 36076617 PMCID: PMC9371983 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organizations declaration of the COVID-19 pandemic was a milestone for the scientific community. The high transmission rate and the huge number of deaths, along with the lack of knowledge about the virus and the evolution of the disease, stimulated a relentless search for diagnostic tests, treatments, and vaccines. The main challenges were the differential diagnosis of COVID-19 and the development of specific, rapid, and sensitive tests that could reach all people. RT-PCR remains the gold standard for diagnosing COVID-19. However, new methods, such as other molecular techniques and immunoassays emerged. Also, the need for accessible tests with quick results boosted the development of point of care tests (POCT) that are fast, and automated, with high precision and accuracy. This assay reduces the dependence on laboratory conditions and mass testing of the population, dispersing the pressure regarding screening and detection. This review summarizes the advances in the diagnostic field since the pandemic started, emphasizing various laboratory techniques for detecting COVID-19. We reviewed the main existing diagnostic methods, as well as POCT under development, starting with RT-PCR detection, but also exploring other nucleic acid techniques, such as digital PCR, loop-mediated isothermal amplification-based assay (RT-LAMP), clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR), and next-generation sequencing (NGS), and immunoassay tests, and nanoparticle-based biosensors, developed as portable instruments for the rapid standard diagnosis of COVID-19.
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16
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Cardoso OA, Gomes CC, Cerutti C, Maciel ELN, de Alencar FEC, Almada GL, Macedo LR, Silva LT, de Medeiros NF, Jabor PM, Zanotti RL, Reuter T, de Andrade VLG, Bastos WM, Zandonade E. SARS-CoV-2 infection prevalence and associated factors: a serial population-based study in Espírito Santo, Brazil, May to June 2020. EPIDEMIOLOGIA E SERVIÇOS DE SAÚDE 2022; 31:e2022112. [PMID: 36043577 PMCID: PMC9887971 DOI: 10.1590/s1679-49742022000200023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To analyze SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence and association of sociodemographic and clinical aspects in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil. METHODS This was a serial cross-sectional study carried out in four phases, using households as the unit of analysis, from May to June 2020. Eleven municipalities were surveyed, with a sample of 4,500 households in each phase. RESULTS Prevalence ranged from 2.1% (95%CI 1.7;2.5) on May 10 (first phase) to 9.6% (95%CI 8.8;10.4) on June 21 (fourth phase). In the Greater Vitória Metropolitan Region, the prevalence were 2.7% (95%CI 2.2;3.3) in the first phase, and 11.5% (95%CI 10.5;12.6) in the fourth phase; in the interior region of the state, prevalence ranged from 0.4% (95%CI 0.1;0.9) to 4.4% (95%CI 3.2;5.5) between the two phases. CONCLUSION The increase in SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence found in the fourth phase highlighted the high transmission of the virus, information that can support management of the pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orlei Amaral Cardoso
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Subsecretaria de
Estado de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Cristiana Costa Gomes
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Subsecretaria de
Estado de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Crispim Cerutti
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de Medicina
Social, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | | | | | - Gilton Luiz Almada
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Centro de
Informações Estratégicas de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Laylla Ribeiro Macedo
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Laboratório de
Epidemiologia, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Letícia Tabachi Silva
- Governo do Estado do Espírito Santo, Instituto Jones dos Santos
Neves, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Nésio Fernandes de Medeiros
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Subsecretaria de
Estado de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Pablo Medeiros Jabor
- Instituto Jones dos Santos Neves, Coordenação de Geoespacialização,
Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Raphael Lubiana Zanotti
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Subsecretaria de
Estado de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Tania Reuter
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Hospital Universitário
Cassiano Antônio de Moraes, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Vera Lucia Gomes de Andrade
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Espírito Santo, Subsecretaria de
Estado de Vigilância em Saúde, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Whisllay Maciel Bastos
- Secretaria de Estado da Saúde do Tocantins, Diretoria Geral de
Vigilância em Saúde, Palmas, TO, Brazil
| | - Eliana Zandonade
- Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Departamento de
Estatística, Vitória, ES, Brazil
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17
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Shifa M, Gordon D, Leibbrandt M, Zhang M. Socioeconomic-Related Inequalities in COVID-19 Vulnerability in South Africa. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10480. [PMID: 36078194 PMCID: PMC9518327 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Individuals' vulnerability to the risk of COVID-19 infection varies due to their health, socioeconomic, and living circumstances, which also affect the effectiveness of implementing non-pharmacological interventions (NPIs). In this study, we analysed socioeconomic-related inequalities in COVID-19 vulnerability using data from the nationally representative South African General Household Survey 2019. We developed a COVID-19 vulnerability index, which includes health and social risk factors for COVID-19 exposure and susceptibility. The concentration curve and concentration index were used to measure socioeconomic-related inequalities in COVID-19 vulnerability. Recentred influence function regression was then utilised to decompose factors that explain the socioeconomic-related inequalities in COVID-19 vulnerability. The concentration index estimates were all negative and highly significant (p < 0.01), indicating that vulnerability to COVID-19 was more concentrated among the poor. According to the decomposition analysis, higher income and education significantly (p < 0.01) positively impacted lowering socioeconomic-related COVID-19 vulnerability. Living in an urban region, being Black, and old all had significant (p < 0.01) positive impacts on increasing socioeconomic-related COVID-19 vulnerability. Our findings contribute to a better understanding of socially defined COVID-19-vulnerable populations in South Africa and the implications for future pandemic preparedness plans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muna Shifa
- Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - David Gordon
- School for Policy Studies, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TH, UK
| | - Murray Leibbrandt
- Southern Africa Labour and Development Research Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mary Zhang
- Oxford School of Global and Area Studies, University of Oxford, Oxford OX2 6LH, UK
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Hajissa K, Mussa A, Karobari MI, Abbas MA, Ibrahim IK, Assiry AA, Iqbal A, Alhumaid S, Mutair AA, Rabaan AA, Messina P, Scardina GA. The SARS-CoV-2 Antibodies, Their Diagnostic Utility, and Their Potential for Vaccine Development. Vaccines (Basel) 2022; 10:vaccines10081346. [PMID: 36016233 PMCID: PMC9412318 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines10081346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Revised: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies (Abs) are important immune mediators and powerful diagnostic markers in a wide range of infectious diseases. Understanding the humoral immunity or the development of effective antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 is a prerequisite for limiting disease burden in the community and aids in the development of new diagnostic, therapeutic, and vaccination options. Accordingly, the role of antiviral antibodies in the resistance to and diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection was explored. Antibody testing showed the potential in adding important diagnostic value to the routine diagnosis and clinical management of COVID-19. They could also play a critical role in COVID-19 surveillance, allowing for a better understanding of the full scope of the disease. The development of several vaccines and the success of passive immunotherapy suggest that anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies have the potential to be used in the treatment and prevention of SARS-CoV-2 infection. In this review, we highlight the role of antibodies in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 infection and provide an update on their protective roles in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection as well as vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalid Hajissa
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Ali Mussa
- Department of Haematology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Education, Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman P.O. Box 382, Sudan
| | - Mohmed Isaqali Karobari
- Conservative Dentistry Unit, School of Dental Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Health Campus, Kubang Kerian, Kota Bharu 16150, Kelantan, Malaysia
- Department of Conservative Dentistry & Endodontics, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences University, Chennai 600077, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Restorative Dentistry & Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Puthisastra, Phnom Penh 12211, Cambodia
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
| | - Muhammad Adamu Abbas
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, College of Health Sciences, Bayero University Kano, Kano 3011, Nigeria
| | - Ibrahim Khider Ibrahim
- Department of Haematology, Faculty of Medical Laboratory Sciences, Al Neelain University, Khartoum 11111, Sudan
| | - Ali A Assiry
- Preventive Dental Science Department, Faculty of Dentistry, Najran University, Najran 55461, Saudi Arabia
| | - Azhar Iqbal
- Department of Restorative Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Jouf University, Sakaka 72345, Saudi Arabia
| | - Saad Alhumaid
- Administration of Pharmaceutical Care, Al-Ahsa Health Cluster, Ministry of Health, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abbas Al Mutair
- Research Center, Almoosa Specialist Hospital, Al-Ahsa 36342, Saudi Arabia
- College of Nursing, Princess Norah Bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11564, Saudi Arabia
- School of Nursing, Wollongong University, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Nursing Department, Prince Sultan Military College of Health Sciences, Dhahran 33048, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali A. Rabaan
- Molecular Diagnostic Laboratory, Johns Hopkins Aramco Healthcare, Dhahran 31311, Saudi Arabia
- College of Medicine, Alfaisal University, Riyadh 11533, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Public Health and Nutrition, The University of Haripur, Haripur 22610, Pakistan
| | - Pietro Messina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Alessandro Scardina
- Department of Surgical, Oncological and Stomatological Disciplines, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy
- Correspondence: (K.H.); (M.I.K.); (G.A.S.)
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Oliveira ECD, Terças-Trettel ACP, Andrade ACDS, Muraro AP, Santos ESD, Espinosa MM, Musis CRD. [Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil: a population-based survey]. CAD SAUDE PUBLICA 2022; 38:e00093021. [PMID: 35703597 DOI: 10.1590/0102-311xpt093021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Seroprevalence data provide relevant information on the development and progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. The study aimed to estimate the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Mato Grosso State, Brazil, and its distribution according to sociodemographic and economic characteristics. This population-based serological survey was conducted in September-October 2020 in individuals 18 years or older in ten municipalities (counties) in the state of Mato Grosso. Interviews and collection of biological samples were conducted in the households, and determination of IgG antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 was performed with chemiluminescence. A total of 4,306 individuals were evaluated, and COVID-19 prevalence was estimated at 12.5% (95%CI: 10.5; 14.7), ranging from 7.4% to 24.3% between municipalities. No significant differences were found in prevalence of infection according to race/color, schooling, or family income, but lower prevalence was seen in individuals with a pensioner living in the same household, who did not receive emergency financial aid, and whose family income had not decreased after social distancing measures during the epidemic. Estimated prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in this population-based survey is essential to measure the magnitude of the disease and will back measures to confront and control the pandemic.
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Loyola S, Cano-Pérez E, Torres-Pacheco J, Malambo-Garcia D, Gomez R, Gomez-Camargo D. Epidemiology of COVID-19 in Individuals under 18 Years Old in Cartagena, Colombia: An Ecological Study of the First 14 Months of the Pandemic. Trop Med Infect Dis 2022; 7:107. [PMID: 35736985 PMCID: PMC9228173 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed7060107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemiology of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been scarcely described in individuals under 18 years old, particularly during the first months of the pandemic. The study aimed to describe the COVID-19 epidemiology in the Colombian department of Bolívar from March 2020 to April 2021 among individuals under 18 years. Furthermore, we explored whether the use of data generated by a Bolívar reference laboratory captures the departmental epidemiology. Two information sources were used; the national COVID-19 surveillance system and the Bolívar COVID-19 reference laboratory. In using a population-based ecological approach and information from confirmed symptomatic cases, epidemic curves and heat maps were constructed to assess the COVID-19 dynamics and patterns by sex, age, and residence (Cartagena vs. 45 other municipalities). The COVID-19 incidence was comparable between males and females but varied by age group, being higher in children aged 10 years and older. Cartagena had a significantly higher number of cases and experienced early epidemic peaks. Our analyses suggest that information generated by the reference laboratory does not capture the COVID-19 departmental epidemiology, despite conducting population-based surveillance across Bolívar. The study provides a retrospective characterization of the COVID-19 epidemiology in an understudied population and information that may be useful for future evidence-based responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steev Loyola
- Molecular Research Unit (UNIMOL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia; (E.C.-P.); (J.T.-P.); (D.M.-G.)
- PhD Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia;
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia, Lima 150135, Peru
| | - Eder Cano-Pérez
- Molecular Research Unit (UNIMOL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia; (E.C.-P.); (J.T.-P.); (D.M.-G.)
| | - Jaison Torres-Pacheco
- Molecular Research Unit (UNIMOL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia; (E.C.-P.); (J.T.-P.); (D.M.-G.)
| | - Dacia Malambo-Garcia
- Molecular Research Unit (UNIMOL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia; (E.C.-P.); (J.T.-P.); (D.M.-G.)
- PhD Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia;
| | - Ruben Gomez
- PhD Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia;
| | - Doris Gomez-Camargo
- Molecular Research Unit (UNIMOL), Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia; (E.C.-P.); (J.T.-P.); (D.M.-G.)
- PhD Program in Tropical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Cartagena, Cartagena de Indias 130014, Colombia;
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21
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Azami M, Moradi Y, Moradkhani A, Aghaei A. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence around the world: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Med Res 2022; 27:81. [PMID: 35655237 PMCID: PMC9160514 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-022-00710-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 05/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Covid-19 has been one of the major concerns around the world in the last 2 years. One of the challenges of this disease has been to determine its prevalence. Conflicting results of the serology test in Covid explored the need for an updated meta-analysis on this issue. Thus, this systematic review aimed to estimate the prevalence of global SARS-CoV-2 serology in different populations and geographical areas. METHODS To identify studies evaluating the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2, a comprehensive literature search was performed from international databases, including Medline (PubMed), Web of Sciences, Scopus, EMBASE, and CINHAL. RESULTS In this meta-analysis, the results showed that SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence is between 3 and 15% worldwide. In Eastern Mediterranean, the pooled estimate of seroprevalence SARS-CoV-2 was 15% (CI 95% 5-29%), and in Africa, the pooled estimate was 6% (CI 95% 1-13%). In America, the pooled estimate was 8% (CI 95% 6-11%), and in Europe, the pooled estimate was 5% (CI 95% 4-6%). Also the last region, Western Pacific, the pooled estimate was 3% (CI 95% 2-4%). Besides, we analyzed three of these areas separately. This analysis estimated the prevalence in subgroups such as study population, diagnostic methods, sampling methods, time, perspective, and type of the study. CONCLUSION The present meta-analysis showed that the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 has been between 3 and 15% worldwide. Even considering the low estimate of this rate and the increasing vaccination in the world, many people are still susceptible to SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mobin Azami
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Yousef Moradi
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Asra Moradkhani
- Student Research Committee, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Aghaei
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Faculty of Medicine, Kurdistan University of Medical Science, Sanandaj, Iran.
- Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Research Institute for Health Development, Kurdistan University of Medical Sciences, Sanandaj, Iran.
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22
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Prakash O, Solanki B, Sheth JK, Shah C, Kadam M, Vyas S, Shukla A, Tiwari H. Covid-19 Serosurveillance Positivity in General Population: Comparison at Different Times. NATIONAL JOURNAL OF COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.5455/njcm.20210518084014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Serological surveys estimating the cumulative incidence of the disease are powerful and effective tools for monitoring the epidemic and in determining the immunity status.
Objectives: To compare the percentage sero-positivity for IgG antibodies against SARS-CoV2 at two different time period in the same population to understand the pandemic and predict about the immunity status of the population.
Methods: As a part of Covid19 pandemic management, two separate population based sero-survey within a gap of 1½ months were carried in Ahmedabad city to scientifically document the progress of the Covid19 pandemic. Various demographic factors and other parameters from both the survey were compared with seropositivity for valid and precise estimation of disease situation as well as immunity status of the population.
Results: The study documents an increase in seropositivity by 5.32% (from 17.92% to 23.24%). The seropositivity shows increasing trend with increase in the age group and the seropositivity is significantly higher among females. Overall higher seropositivity against the reported cases in the first sero-survey and the narrow increase in the seropositivity during the subsequent sero-survey inspite of high number of cases may indicate temporary status of the antibodies. This may also be due to the difference in the level of stigma, health care service delivery, service utilization and related field level situation affecting the asymptomatic/unreported case positivity.
Conclusion: The result of seropositivity comparison indicates the scopes for further research to confirm and generate greater evidences regarding the factors affecting seropositivity.
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23
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Razafindrakoto M, Roubaud F, Saboia J, Castilho MR, Pero V. Municípios in the Time of Covid-19 in Brazil: Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities, Transmission Factors and Public Policies. THE EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF DEVELOPMENT RESEARCH 2022; 34:2730-2758. [PMID: 34785867 PMCID: PMC8582239 DOI: 10.1057/s41287-021-00487-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This paper aims at identifying the Covid-19 infection and mortality risk factors in Brazil during the pandemic's first wave. Three groups of variables are considered: socioeconomic and health vulnerabilities, factors related to the virus transmission channels (mobility and density) and the effects of the policy responses. The analysis at the level of all 5,570 municipalities, drawing on a matching of different statistical and administrative databases, returns three main results. First, structurally vulnerable populations are hardest hit-non-white, poor, in poor health, favela residents and informal workers-showing the impact of socioeconomic inequalities. Second, we highlight some policy repercussions. The Auxilio Emergencial (emergency cash transfer) has had a mitigating effect in communities with relatively more informal workers. Finally, Covid-19 has hit hardest in municipalities that are more pro-Bolsonaro. The president's rhetoric and attitudes may have prompted his supporters to adopt more risky behaviour, suffer the consequences and infect others. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1057/s41287-021-00487-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mireille Razafindrakoto
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LEDa-DIAL Research Unit, PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine, 4 rue d’Enghien, 75010 Paris, France
| | - François Roubaud
- Institut de Recherche pour le Développement, LEDa-DIAL Research Unit, PSL, Université Paris-Dauphine, 4 rue d’Enghien, 75010 Paris, France
| | - João Saboia
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 250, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240 Brazil
| | - Marta Reis Castilho
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 250, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240 Brazil
| | - Valeria Pero
- Institute of Economics, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Avenida Pasteur, 250, Rio de Janeiro, 22290-240 Brazil
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24
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Current Advances in Paper-Based Biosensor Technologies for Rapid COVID-19 Diagnosis. BIOCHIP JOURNAL 2022; 16:376-396. [PMID: 35968255 PMCID: PMC9363872 DOI: 10.1007/s13206-022-00078-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had significant economic and social impacts on billions of people worldwide since severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) was first reported in Wuhan, China, in November 2019. Although polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based technology serves as a robust test to detect SARS-CoV-2 in patients with COVID-19, there is a high demand for cost-effective, rapid, comfortable, and accurate point-of-care diagnostic tests in medical facilities. This review introduces the SARS-CoV-2 viral structure and diagnostic biomarkers derived from viral components. A comprehensive introduction of a paper-based diagnostic platform, including detection mechanisms for various target biomarkers and a COVID-19 commercial kit is presented. Intrinsic limitations related to the poor performance of currently developed paper-based devices and unresolved issues are discussed. Furthermore, we provide insight into novel paper-based diagnostic platforms integrated with advanced technologies such as nanotechnology, aptamers, surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), and clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)-Cas. Finally, we discuss the prospects for the development of highly sensitive, accurate, cost-effective, and easy-to-use point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostic methods.
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25
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Li J, Lai S, Gao GF, Shi W. The emergence, genomic diversity and global spread of SARS-CoV-2. Nature 2021; 600:408-418. [PMID: 34880490 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-04188-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 210] [Impact Index Per Article: 70.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Since the first cases of COVID-19 were documented in Wuhan, China in 2019, the world has witnessed a devastating global pandemic, with more than 238 million cases, nearly 5 million fatalities and the daily number of people infected increasing rapidly. Here we describe the currently available data on the emergence of the SARS-CoV-2 virus, the causative agent of COVID-19, outline the early viral spread in Wuhan and its transmission patterns in China and across the rest of the world, and highlight how genomic surveillance, together with other data such as those on human mobility, has helped to trace the spread and genetic variation of the virus and has also comprised a key element for the control of the pandemic. We pay particular attention to characterizing and describing the international spread of the major variants of concern of SARS-CoV-2 that were first identified in late 2020 and demonstrate that virus evolution has entered a new phase. More broadly, we highlight our currently limited understanding of coronavirus diversity in nature, the rapid spread of the virus and its variants in such an increasingly connected world, the reduced protection of vaccines, and the urgent need for coordinated global surveillance using genomic techniques. In summary, we provide important information for the prevention and control of both the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and any new diseases that will inevitably emerge in the human population in future generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Li
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.,Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China
| | - Shengjie Lai
- WorldPop, School of Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - George F Gao
- National Institute for Viral Disease Control and Prevention, China CDC, Beijing, China.,CAS Key Laboratory of Pathogen Microbiology and Immunology, Institute of Microbiology,, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,Center for Influenza Research and Early-warning (CASCIRE), CAS-TWAS Center of Excellence for Emerging Infectious Diseases (CEEID), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Weifeng Shi
- School of Public Health, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China. .,Key Laboratory of Etiology and Epidemiology of Emerging Infectious Diseases in the Universities of Shandong, Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Tai'an, China.
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26
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Zhou Y, Wu Y, Ding L, Huang X, Xiong Y. Point-of-care COVID-19 diagnostics powered by lateral flow assay. Trends Analyt Chem 2021; 145:116452. [PMID: 34629572 PMCID: PMC8487324 DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Since its first discovery in December 2019, the global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic caused by the novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) has been posing a serious threat to human life and health. Diagnostic testing is critical for the control and management of the COVID-19 pandemic. In particular, diagnostic testing at the point of care (POC) has been widely accepted as part of the post restriction COVID-19 control strategy. Lateral flow assay (LFA) is a popular POC diagnostic platform that plays an important role in controlling the COVID-19 pandemic in industrialized countries and resource-limited settings. Numerous pioneering studies on the design and development of diverse LFA-based diagnostic technologies for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19 have been done and reported by researchers. Hundreds of LFA-based diagnostic prototypes have sprung up, some of which have been developed into commercial test kits for the rapid diagnosis of COVID-19. In this review, we summarize the crucial role of rapid diagnostic tests using LFA in targeting SARS-CoV-2-specific RNA, antibodies, antigens, and whole virus. Then, we discuss the design principle and working mechanisms of these available LFA methods, emphasizing their clinical diagnostic efficiency. Ultimately, we elaborate the challenges of current LFA diagnostics for COVID-19 and highlight the need for continuous improvement in rapid diagnostic tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaofeng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Yuhao Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Lu Ding
- Hypertension Research Institute of Jiangxi Province, Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi, 330006, PR China
| | - Xiaolin Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
| | - Yonghua Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
- School of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University, Nanchang, 330047, PR China
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27
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Schneider APH, Gaedke MÂ, Koepp J, Reuter ÉM, Darsie C, Possuelo LG, de Moura Valim AR, Carneiro M, Covid-Vrp G. [Social distancing as protection factor against COVID-19 in a non-metropolitan area in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, BrazilLas medidas de distanciamiento social como factor de protección contra la COVID-19 en el interior de Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]. Rev Panam Salud Publica 2021; 45:e145. [PMID: 34840556 PMCID: PMC8611616 DOI: 10.26633/rpsp.2021.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective To estimate the SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in a non-metropolitan area (Vale do Rio Pardo) in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and determine the association between seroprevalence and adherence to social distancing measures. Method For the present population-based, cross-sectional study, data were collected in four stages from August to October 2020. SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence was assessed using an IgG/IgM rapid test. Demographic, socioeconomic, clinical, and behavioral data were also collected, with administration of a three-question survey to determine adherence to social distancing measures with a focus on the level of social distancing practiced by participants, their routine activities, and circulation of people in the home. The association between sociodemographic data and social distancing was assessed using the chi-square test for linear trends in proportions, and the association between social distancing and seroprevalence was assessed using Poisson regression (95% confidence interval [95%CI]; P< 0.05). Results Of 4 252 tested and interviewed participants, 11.8% (95%CI: 10.8; 12.8) did not adhere to social distancing measures. The prevalence of a positive rapid test was 4.7% in participants who did not practice social distancing and 1.9% in participants who adhered to social distancing measures (P< 0.05). The variables male sex, age 20 to 59 years, having completed high school, monthly family income ranging from R$ 3 136.00 to R$ 6 270.00, and living in rural areas were associated with non-adherence to social distancing (P< 0.05). Adherence to all social distancing measures provided protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection (prevalence ratio: 0.37; 95%CI: 0.19; 0.73). Conclusions The results indicate a reduction in seroprevalence with the adherence to social distancing measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Helfer Schneider
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Departamento de Ciências da Vida Santa Cruz do Sul (RS) Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Departamento de Ciências da Vida, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Mari Ângela Gaedke
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Janine Koepp
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Éboni Marília Reuter
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Camilo Darsie
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Departamento de Ciências, Humanidades e Educação Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação, Departamento de Ciências, Humanidades e Educação, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Lia Gonçalves Possuelo
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Andréia Rosane de Moura Valim
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Marcelo Carneiro
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul (UNISC), Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde, Santa Cruz do Sul (RS), Brasil
| | - Grupo Covid-Vrp
- Grupo de pesquisa COVID-Vale do Rio Pardo: Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner, Adilson Ben da Costa, Renato Michel, Ingre Paz, Daiana Klein Weber Carissimi, Suzane Beatriz Frantz Krug, Eliane Carlosso Krummenauer, Rochele Mosmann de Menezes, Clauciane Zell, Bruna Rezende, Caroline Bertelli, Fernanda Iochimns e Léa Vargas Grupo de pesquisa COVID-Vale do Rio Pardo: Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner, Adilson Ben da Costa, Renato Michel, Ingre Paz, Daiana Klein Weber Carissimi, Suzane Beatriz Frantz Krug, Eliane Carlosso Krummenauer, Rochele Mosmann de Menezes, Clauciane Zell, Bruna Rezende, Caroline Bertelli, Fernanda Iochimns e Léa Vargas
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28
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Barros AJD, Victora CG, Menezes AMB, Horta BL, Barros FC, Hartwig FP, Victora GD, Vidaletti LP, Silveira MF, Mesenburg MA, Jacques N, Struchiner CJ, Brust FR, Dall'Agnol MM, Delamare APL, François CHR, Ikeda MLR, Pellegrini DCP, Reuter CP, Silva SGD, Dellagostin OA, Hallal PC. Population-level seropositivity trend for SARS-Cov-2 in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Rev Saude Publica 2021; 55:78. [PMID: 34816981 PMCID: PMC8577540 DOI: 10.11606/s1518-8787.2021055004075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To describe the evolution of seropositivity in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, through 10 consecutive surveys conducted between April 2020 and April 2021. METHODS Nine cities covering all regions of the State were studied, 500 households in each city. One resident in each household was randomly selected for testing. In survey rounds 1–8 we used the rapid WONDFO SARS-CoV-2 Antibody Test (Wondfo Biotech Co., Guangzhou, China). In rounds 9–10, we used a direct ELISA test that identifies IgG to the viral S protein (S-UFRJ). In terms of social distancing, individuals were asked three questions, from which we generated an exposure score using principal components analysis. RESULTS Antibody prevalence in early April 2020 was 0.07%, increasing to 10.0% in February 2021, and to 18.2% in April 2021. In round 10, self-reported whites showed the lowest seroprevalence (17.3%), while indigenous individuals presented the highest (44.4%). Seropositivity increased by 40% when comparing the most with the least exposed. CONCLUSIONS The proportion of the population already infected by SARS-Cov-2 in the state is still far from any perspective of herd immunity and the infection affects population groups in very different levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aluísio J D Barros
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Ana M B Menezes
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Fernando P Hartwig
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- The Rockefeller University. Laboratory for Lymphocyte Dynamics. New York, NY, USA
| | - Luis Paulo Vidaletti
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Mariângela F Silveira
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Marilia A Mesenburg
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil.,Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Porto Alegre, RS Brasil
| | - Nadège Jacques
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Cláudio J Struchiner
- Fundação Getúlio Vargas. Escola de Matemática Aplicada. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil
| | - Flávia Roberta Brust
- Universidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Porto Alegre, RS Brasil
| | - Marinel M Dall'Agnol
- Universidade Federal de Santa Maria. Centro de Ciências da Saúde. Departamento de Saúde Coletiva. Santa Maria, RS, Brasil
| | - Ana Paula Longaray Delamare
- Universidade de Caxias do Sul. Instituto de Biotecnologia. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biotecnologia. Caxias do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Carlos Henrique R François
- Universidade Regional do Noroeste do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Faculdade de Medicina. Ijuí, RS, Brasil
| | - Maria Letícia R Ikeda
- Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos. Curso de Enfermagem. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Saúde Coletiva. São Leopoldo, RS, Brasil
| | - Débora C P Pellegrini
- Universidade Federal do Pampa - Campus Uruguaiana. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal. Uruguaiana, RS, Brasil
| | - Cézane Priscila Reuter
- Universidade de Santa Cruz do Sul. Departamento de Ciências da Saúde. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Promoção da Saúde. Santa Cruz do Sul, RS, Brasil
| | - Shana G da Silva
- Universidade Federal da Fronteira Sul. Curso de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biomédicas. Passo Fundo, RS, Brasil
| | - Odir A Dellagostin
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
| | - Pedro C Hallal
- Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Faculdade de Medicina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Epidemiologia. Pelotas, RS, Brasil
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29
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Decker SRDR, Dambros E, Reis ROD, Nedel CE, Plotzki R, Bertoldi EG. Prospective study on COVID-19 seroprevalence and behavioural patterns in military personnel from the Southern Brazil. Infect Dis (Lond) 2021; 54:228-231. [PMID: 34781806 DOI: 10.1080/23744235.2021.1995039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sérgio Renato da Rosa Decker
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil.,Ramiro Barcelos, nº 2400, 2ºfloor, ZIP code 90035-003, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Dambros
- Centro de Ensino e Treinamento Manoel Álvares, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, Brazil
| | | | - Carlos Eduardo Nedel
- Seção de Saúde, 3° Batalhão Logístico - Batalhão Presidente Médici, Exército Brasileiro, Bagé, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Renan Plotzki
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Residência Médica em Cirurgia Geral, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Gehling Bertoldi
- Faculdade de Medicina, Programa de Pós-graduação em Cardiologia e Ciências Cardiovasculares, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
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Carrat F, de Lamballerie X, Rahib D, Blanché H, Lapidus N, Artaud F, Kab S, Renuy A, Szabo de Edelenyi F, Meyer L, Lydié N, Charles MA, Ancel PY, Jusot F, Rouquette A, Priet S, Saba Villarroel PM, Fourié T, Lusivika-Nzinga C, Nicol J, Legot S, Druesne-Pecollo N, Esseddik Y, Lai C, Gagliolo JM, Deleuze JF, Bajos N, Severi G, Touvier M, Zins M. Antibody status and cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection among adults in three regions of France following the first lockdown and associated risk factors: a multicohort study. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1458-1472. [PMID: 34293141 PMCID: PMC8344948 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to estimate the seropositivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in May-June 2020 after the first lockdown period in adults living in three regions in France and to identify the associated risk factors. METHODS Between 4 May 2020 and 23 June 2020, 16 000 participants in a survey on COVID-19 from an existing consortium of three general adult population cohorts living in the Ile-de-France (IDF) or Grand Est (GE) (two regions with high rate of COVID-19) or in the Nouvelle-Aquitaine (NA) (with a low rate) were randomly selected to take a dried-blood spot for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies assessment with three different serological methods (ClinicalTrial Identifier #NCT04392388). The primary outcome was a positive anti-SARS-CoV-2 ELISA IgG result against the spike protein of the virus (ELISA-S). Estimates were adjusted using sampling weights and post-stratification methods. Multiple imputation was used to infer the cumulative incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection with adjustments for imperfect tests accuracies. RESULTS The analysis included 14 628 participants, 983 with a positive ELISA-S. The weighted estimates of seropositivity and cumulative incidence were 10.0% [95% confidence interval (CI): 9.1%, 10.9%] and 11.4% (95% CI: 10.1%, 12.8%) in IDF, 9.0% (95% CI: 7.7%, 10.2%) and 9.8% (95% CI: 8.1%, 11.8%) in GE and 3.1% (95% CI: 2.4%, 3.7%) and 2.9% (95% CI: 2.1%, 3.8%) in NA, respectively. Seropositivity was higher in younger participants [odds ratio (OR) = 1.84 (95% CI: 1.79, 6.09) in <40 vs 50-60 years old and OR = 0.56 (95% CI: 0.42, 0.74) in ≥70 vs 50-60 years old)] and when at least one child or adolescent lived in the same household [OR = 1.30 (95% CI: 1.11, 1.53)] and was lower in smokers compared with non-smokers [OR = 0.71 (95% CI: 0.57, 0.89)]. CONCLUSIONS Seropositivity to anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in the French adult population was ≤10% after the first wave. Modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrice Carrat
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- Département de Santé Publique, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Xavier de Lamballerie
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Hélène Blanché
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | - Nathanael Lapidus
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
- Département de Santé Publique, APHP.Sorbonne Université, Paris, France
| | - Fanny Artaud
- CESP UMR1018, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
| | - Sofiane Kab
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm UMS 11, Villejuif, France
| | - Adeline Renuy
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm UMS 11, Villejuif, France
| | - Fabien Szabo de Edelenyi
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Laurence Meyer
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CESP U1018, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Santé Publique, APHP.Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | | | | | - Pierre-Yves Ancel
- Obstetrical, Perinatal and Pediatric Epidemiology Research Team, Center for Epidemiology and Statistics Sorbonne Paris Cité, Inserm U1153, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
- Clinical Research Unit, Center for Clinical Investigation P1419, Cochin Broca Hôtel-Dieu Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Florence Jusot
- Université Paris-Dauphine, PSL-Research University, LEDa, Paris, France
| | - Alexandra Rouquette
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CESP U1018, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
- Service de Santé Publique, APHP.Paris Saclay, Le Kremlin Bicêtre, France
| | - Stéphane Priet
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Paola Mariela Saba Villarroel
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Toscane Fourié
- Unité des Virus Émergents, UVE: Aix Marseille Univ, IRD 190, Inserm 1207, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Clovis Lusivika-Nzinga
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Nicol
- Sorbonne Université, Inserm, Institut Pierre-Louis d’Epidémiologie et de Santé Publique, Paris, France
| | - Stephane Legot
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm UMS 11, Villejuif, France
| | - Nathalie Druesne-Pecollo
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Younes Esseddik
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Cindy Lai
- Institut de Santé Publique, Pôle Recherche Clinique, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Paris, France
| | | | - Jean-François Deleuze
- Fondation Jean Dausset-CEPH (Centre d’Etude du Polymorphisme Humain), CEPH-Biobank, Paris, France
| | | | - Gianluca Severi
- CESP UMR1018, Université Paris-Saclay, UVSQ, Inserm, Gustave Roussy, Villejuif, France
- Department of Statistics, Computer Science and Applications, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Mathilde Touvier
- Sorbonne Paris Nord University, Inserm U1153, INRAE U1125, CNAM, Nutritional Epidemiology Research Team (EREN), Epidemiology and Statistics Research Center, University of Paris (CRESS), Bobigny, France
| | - Marie Zins
- Paris University, Paris, France
- Paris-Saclay University, Inserm UMS 11, Villejuif, France
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Toth DJA, Beams AB, Keegan LT, Zhang Y, Greene T, Orleans B, Seegert N, Looney A, Alder SC, Samore MH. High variability in transmission of SARS-CoV-2 within households and implications for control. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0259097. [PMID: 34758042 PMCID: PMC8580228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0259097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) poses a high risk of transmission in close-contact indoor settings, which may include households. Prior studies have found a wide range of household secondary attack rates and may contain biases due to simplifying assumptions about transmission variability and test accuracy. METHODS We compiled serological SARS-CoV-2 antibody test data and prior SARS-CoV-2 test reporting from members of 9,224 Utah households. We paired these data with a probabilistic model of household importation and transmission. We calculated a maximum likelihood estimate of the importation probability, mean and variability of household transmission probability, and sensitivity and specificity of test data. Given our household transmission estimates, we estimated the threshold of non-household transmission required for epidemic growth in the population. RESULTS We estimated that individuals in our study households had a 0.41% (95% CI 0.32%- 0.51%) chance of acquiring SARS-CoV-2 infection outside their household. Our household secondary attack rate estimate was 36% (27%- 48%), substantially higher than the crude estimate of 16% unadjusted for imperfect serological test specificity and other factors. We found evidence for high variability in individual transmissibility, with higher probability of no transmissions or many transmissions compared to standard models. With household transmission at our estimates, the average number of non-household transmissions per case must be kept below 0.41 (0.33-0.52) to avoid continued growth of the pandemic in Utah. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that crude estimates of household secondary attack rate based on serology data without accounting for false positive tests may underestimate the true average transmissibility, even when test specificity is high. Our finding of potential high variability (overdispersion) in transmissibility of infected individuals is consistent with characterizing SARS-CoV-2 transmission being largely driven by superspreading from a minority of infected individuals. Mitigation efforts targeting large households and other locations where many people congregate indoors might curb continued spread of the virus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damon J. A. Toth
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Alexander B. Beams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Mathematics, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Lindsay T. Keegan
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Yue Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Tom Greene
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Brian Orleans
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Nathan Seegert
- Department of Finance, University of Utah David Eccles School of Business, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Adam Looney
- Department of Finance, University of Utah David Eccles School of Business, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Stephen C. Alder
- Department of Family and Preventive Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
| | - Matthew H. Samore
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
- Department of Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah, United States of America
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Viana K, Zarpelon L, Leandro A, Terencio M, Lopes R, Martins C, Silva I, Sibim A, Marques F, da Silva R, Rivas A, Souza A, dos-Santos A, Torres S, Garcia M, Giunchetti R, Chiba-de-Castro W. Infection in asymptomatic carriers of SARS-CoV-2 can interfere with the achievement of robust immunity on a population scale. J Gen Virol 2021; 102:001684. [PMID: 34788210 PMCID: PMC8742991 DOI: 10.1099/jgv.0.001684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) continues to spread worldwide as a severe pandemic, and a significant portion of the infected population may remain asymptomatic. Given this, five surveys were carried out between May and September 2020 with a total of 3585 volunteers in the municipality of Foz do Iguaçu, State of Paraná, a triple border region between Brazil/Argentina/Paraguay. Five months after the first infection, volunteers were re-analysed for the production of IgG anti-Spike and anti-RBD-Spike, in addition to analyses of cellular immunity. Seroconversion rates ranged from 4.4 % to a peak of 37.21 % followed by a reduction in seroconversion to 21.1 % in September, indicating that 25 % of the population lost their circulating anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies 3 months after infection. Analyses after 5 months of infection showed that only 17.2 % of people still had anti-RBD-Spike antibodies, however, most volunteers had some degree of cellular immune response. The strategy of letting people become naturally infected with SARS-CoV-2 to achieve herd immunity is flawed, and the first contact with the virus may not generate enough immunogenic stimulus to prevent a possible second infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelvinson Viana
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Luis Zarpelon
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Andre Leandro
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Terencio
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Renata Lopes
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Isaak Silva
- Centro de Controle de Zoonoses de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Sibim
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Fábio Marques
- Fundação Municipal de Saúde de Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | | | - Açucena Rivas
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Adrieli Souza
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Angelo dos-Santos
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Sara Torres
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
| | - Maria Garcia
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, Brazil
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Flamand C, Alves Sarmento C, Enfissi A, Bailly S, Beillard E, Gaillet M, Michaud C, Servas V, Clement N, Perilhou A, Carage T, Musso D, Carod JF, Eustache S, Tourbillon C, Boizon E, James S, Djossou F, Salje H, Cauchemez S, Rousset D. Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG at the first epidemic peak in French Guiana, July 2020. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2021; 15:e0009945. [PMID: 34767549 PMCID: PMC8639096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND While Latin America has been heavily affected by the pandemic, only a few seroprevalence studies have been conducted there during the first epidemic wave in the first half of 2020. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS A cross-sectional survey was performed between 15 July 2020 and 23 July 2020 among individuals who visited 4 medical laboratories or 5 health centers for routine screening or clinical management, with the exception of symptomatic suggestive cases of covid-19. Samples were screened for the presence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG directed against domain S1 of the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein using the anti-SARS-CoV-2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) from Euroimmun. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The overall seroprevalence was 15.4% [9.3%-24.4%] among 480 participants, ranging from 4.0% to 25.5% across the different municipalities. The seroprevalence did not differ according to gender (p = 0.19) or age (p = 0.51). Among SARS-CoV-2 positive individuals, we found that 24.6% [11.5%-45.2%] reported symptoms consistent with COVID-19. Our findings revealed high levels of infection across the territory but a low number of resulting deaths, which can be explained by French Guiana's young population structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claude Flamand
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | | | - Antoine Enfissi
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Sarah Bailly
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Emmanuel Beillard
- Medical Biology Laboratory, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Mélanie Gaillet
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Céline Michaud
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Véronique Servas
- Health Centers Department, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Nathalie Clement
- Clinical Core of the Center for Translational Sciences, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Anaïs Perilhou
- Clinical Core of the Center for Translational Sciences, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Thierry Carage
- Carage Medical Biology Laboratory, Kourou, French Guiana
| | - Didier Musso
- Laboratoires Eurofins Labazur Guyane, Remire, French Guiana
- Aix Marseille University, IRD, AP-HM, SSA, VITROME, IHU-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-françois Carod
- Medical Biology laboratory, Centre Hospitalier de l’Ouest Guyanais, Saint-Laurent du Maroni, French Guiana
| | - Stéphanie Eustache
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Céline Tourbillon
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Elodie Boizon
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Samantha James
- Epidemiology unit, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Félix Djossou
- Infectious and Tropical Diseases Unit, Cayenne Hospital Center, Cayenne, French Guiana
| | - Henrik Salje
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Simon Cauchemez
- Mathematical Modelling of Infectious Diseases Unit, Institut Pasteur, UMR2000, CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Rousset
- Laboratory of Virology, Institut Pasteur in French Guiana, Cayenne, French Guiana
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El Rifay AS, Mahmoud SH, Marouf MA, Gomaa MR, El Taweel A, Abo Shama NM, GabAllah M, Abd El Dayem SM, Kandeil A, Mostafa A, El‐Shesheny R, Kayali G, Ali MA. Determinants of having severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 neutralizing antibodies in Egypt. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2021; 15:750-756. [PMID: 34264010 PMCID: PMC8446982 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reported laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 cases underestimate the true burden of disease as cases without laboratory confirmation, and asymptomatic and mild cases are missed by local surveillance systems. Population-based seroprevalence studies can provide better estimates of burden of disease by taking into account infections that were missed by surveillance systems. Additionally, little is known about the determinants of seroconversion in community settings. METHODS We conducted a cross-sectional serologic survey among 888 participants in Egypt. RESULTS Neutralizing antibodies were detected in 30% of study volunteers. Age and educational level were associated with being seropositive as people older than 70 years and people with graduate degrees had lower seroprevalence. Self-reporting cases having COVID-19-related symptoms such as fever, malaise, headache, dyspnea, dry cough, chest pain, diarrhea, and loss of taste or smell were all associated with having antibodies. Fever and loss of taste or smell were strong predictors with odds ratios of 2.1 (95% confidence interval: 1.3-3.5) and 4.5 (95% confidence interval: 2.6-7.8), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Our results can guide COVID-19 prevention and control policies and assist in determining the immunity level in some Egyptian communities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amira S. El Rifay
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
- Child Health DepartmentNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Sara H. Mahmoud
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Mohamed A. Marouf
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Mokhtar R. Gomaa
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Ahmed El Taweel
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Noura M. Abo Shama
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Mohamed GabAllah
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | | | - Ahmed Kandeil
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Ahmed Mostafa
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Rabeh El‐Shesheny
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
| | - Ghazi Kayali
- Department of Epidemiology, Human Genetics, and Environmental SciencesUniversity of TexasHoustonTexasUSA
- Life Sciences DivisionHuman LinkDubaiUnited Arab Emirates
| | - Mohamed A. Ali
- Centre of Scientific Excellence for Influenza VirusesNational Research CentreGizaEgypt
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Rocha Filho TM, Moret MA, Chow CC, Phillips JC, Cordeiro AJA, Scorza FA, Almeida ACG, Mendes JFF. A data-driven model for COVID-19 pandemic - Evolution of the attack rate and prognosis for Brazil. CHAOS, SOLITONS, AND FRACTALS 2021; 152:111359. [PMID: 34483500 PMCID: PMC8405546 DOI: 10.1016/j.chaos.2021.111359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a compartmental model SEIAHRV (Susceptible, Exposed, Infected, Asymptomatic, Hospitalized, Recovered, Vaccinated) with age structure for the spread of the SARAS-CoV virus. In order to model current different vaccines we use compartments for individuals vaccinated with one and two doses without vaccine failure and a compartment for vaccinated individual with vaccine failure. The model allows to consider any number of different vaccines with different efficacies and delays between doses. Contacts among age groups are modeled by a contact matrix and the contagion matrix is obtained from a probability of contagion p c per contact. The model uses known epidemiological parameters and the time dependent probability p c is obtained by fitting the model output to the series of deaths in each locality, and reflects non-pharmaceutical interventions. As a benchmark the output of the model is compared to two good quality serological surveys, and applied to study the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the main Brazilian cities with a total population of more than one million. We also discuss with some detail the case of the city of Manaus which raised special attention due to a previous report of We also estimate the attack rate, the total proportion of cases (symptomatic and asymptomatic) with respect to the total population, for all Brazilian states since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic. We argue that the model present here is relevant to assessing present policies not only in Brazil but also in any place where good serological surveys are not available.
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Rocha Filho
- International Center for Condensed Matter Physics and Instituto de Física, Universidade de Brasília, Brasília - BRAZIL
| | - M A Moret
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC and Universidade do Estado da Bahia, Salvador - Brazil
| | - C C Chow
- Mathematical Biology, NIDDK, NIH, Bethesda, Md 20892 - USA
| | - J C Phillips
- Physics and Astronomy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854 - USA
| | - A J A Cordeiro
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC, Salvador and Instituto Federal de Educacão e Tecnologia da Bahia, Feira de Santana - Brazil
| | - F A Scorza
- Escola Paulista de Medicina, Universidade Federal de São Paulo, São Paulo - Brazil
| | - A-C G Almeida
- Universidade Federal de São João del-Rei, São João del-Rei - Brazil
| | - J F F Mendes
- Departamento de Física and I3N, Universidade de Aveiro, 3880 Aveiro - Portugal
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Abstract
Continuous deterministic models have been widely used to guide non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to combat the spread of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The validity of continuous deterministic models is questionable because they fail to incorporate two important characteristics of human society: high clustering and low degree of separation. A small-world network model is used to study the spread of COVID-19, thus providing more reliable information to provide guidance to mitigate it. Optimal timing of lockdown and reopening society is investigated so that intervention measures to combat COVID-19 can work more efficiently. Several important findings are listed as follows: travel restrictions should be implemented as soon as possible; if 'flattening the curve' is the purpose of the interventions, measures to reduce community transmission need not be very strict so that the lockdown can be sustainable; the fraction of the population that is susceptible, rather than the levels of daily new cases and deaths, is a better criterion to decide when to reopen society; and society can be safely reopened when the susceptible population is still as high as 70%, given that the basic reproduction number is 2.5. Results from small-world network models can be significantly different than those from continuous deterministic models, and the differences are mainly due to a major shortfall intrinsically embedded in the continuous deterministic models. As such, small-world network models provide meaningful improvements over continuous deterministic models and therefore should be used in the mathematical modeling of infection spread to guide the present COVID-19 interventions. For future epidemics, the present framework of mathematical modeling can be a better alternative to continuous deterministic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marvin Du
- College of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA.
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Cai R, Novosad P, Tandel V, Asher S, Malani A. Representative estimates of COVID-19 infection fatality rates from four locations in India: cross-sectional study. BMJ Open 2021. [PMID: 34610940 DOI: 10.1101/2021.01.05.21249264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To estimate age-specific and sex-specific mortality risk among all SARS-CoV-2 infections in four settings in India, a major lower-middle-income country and to compare age trends in mortality with similar estimates in high-income countries. DESIGN Cross-sectional study. SETTING India, multiple regions representing combined population >150 million. PARTICIPANTS Aggregate infection counts were drawn from four large population-representative prevalence/seroprevalence surveys. Data on corresponding number of deaths were drawn from official government reports of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 deaths. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OUTCOME MEASURES The primary outcome was age-specific and sex-specific infection fatality rate (IFR), estimated as the number of confirmed deaths per infection. The secondary outcome was the slope of the IFR-by-age function, representing increased risk associated with age. RESULTS Among males aged 50-89, measured IFR was 0.12% in Karnataka (95% CI 0.09% to 0.15%), 0.42% in Tamil Nadu (95% CI 0.39% to 0.45%), 0.53% in Mumbai (95% CI 0.52% to 0.54%) and an imprecise 5.64% (95% CI 0% to 11.16%) among migrants returning to Bihar. Estimated IFR was approximately twice as high for males as for females, heterogeneous across contexts and rose less dramatically at older ages compared with similar studies in high-income countries. CONCLUSIONS Estimated age-specific IFRs during the first wave varied substantially across India. While estimated IFRs in Mumbai, Karnataka and Tamil Nadu were considerably lower than comparable estimates from high-income countries, adjustment for under-reporting based on crude estimates of excess mortality puts them almost exactly equal with higher-income country benchmarks. In a marginalised migrant population, estimated IFRs were much higher than in other contexts around the world. Estimated IFRs suggest that the elderly in India are at an advantage relative to peers in high-income countries. Our findings suggest that the standard estimation approach may substantially underestimate IFR in low-income settings due to under-reporting of COVID-19 deaths, and that COVID-19 IFRs may be similar in low-income and high-income settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Cai
- Development Data Lab, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Paul Novosad
- Economics, Dartmouth College, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Vaidehi Tandel
- Real Estate and Planning Henley Business School, University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sam Asher
- Economics, Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies, Washington, District of Columbia, USA
| | - Anup Malani
- University of Chicago Law School, Chicago, Illinois, USA
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Marra V, Quartin M. A Bayesian estimate of the early COVID-19 infection fatality ratio in Brazil based on a random seroprevalence survey. Int J Infect Dis 2021; 111:190-195. [PMID: 34390858 PMCID: PMC8358085 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Revised: 07/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of estimates of the infection fatality ratio (IFR) of SARS-CoV-2 in different countries have been published. In Brazil, the fragile political situation, together with socioeconomic and ethnic diversity, could result in substantially different IFR estimates. METHODS We infer the IFR in Brazil in 2020 by combining three datasets. We compute the prevalence via the population-based seroprevalence survey, EPICOVID19-BR. For the fatalities we obtain the absolute number using the public Painel Coronavírus dataset and the age-relative number using the public SIVEP-Gripe dataset. The time delay between the development of antibodies and subsequent fatality is estimated via the SIVEP-Gripe dataset. We obtain the IFR for each survey stage and 27 federal states. We include the effect of fading IgG antibody levels by marginalizing over the test detectability time window. RESULTS We infer a country-wide average IFR (maximum posterior and 95% CI) of 1.03% (0.88-1.22%) and age-specific IFRs of 0.032% (0.023-0.041%) [< 30 years], 0.22% (0.18-0.27%) [30-49 years], 1.2% (1.0-1.5%) [50-69 years], and 3.0% (2.4-3.9%) [≥ 70 years]. We find that the fatality ratio in the country increased significantly at the end of June 2020, likely due to the increased strain on the health system. CONCLUSIONS Our IFR estimate is based on data and does not rely on extrapolating models. This estimate sets a baseline value with which future medications and treatment protocols may be confronted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerio Marra
- Núcleo de Astrofísica e Cosmologia & Departamento de Física, Universidade Federal do Espírito Santo, Vitória, ES, Brazil
| | - Miguel Quartin
- Instituto de Física & Observatório do Valongo, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Tess BH, Granato CFH, Alves MCGP, Pintão MCT, Nunes MC, Rizzatti EG, Reinach FDC. Assessment of initial SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the most affected districts in the municipality of São Paulo, Brazil. Braz J Infect Dis 2021; 25:101604. [PMID: 34416142 PMCID: PMC8352673 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjid.2021.101604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 06/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background São Paulo city has been one of the regions most affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Frequent asymptomatic and oligosymptomatic infections and poor access to diagnostic tests make serosurveys crucial to monitor the magnitude of the epidemic and to inform public health policies, such as vaccination plans. Objectives To estimate, early in the epidemic, the seroprevalence of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in adults living in the six most affected districts in São Paulo city, and to assess potential associated risk factors. Methods This was a cross-sectional population-based survey of 1,152 households randomly selected from 72 census tracts. During the period May 4–12, 2020, 463 participants completed a questionnaire on sociodemographic characteristics and history of symptoms in the past two weeks, and provided a blood sample. Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was the outcome of interest and was estimated based on results of two immunoassays, Maglumi SARS-CoV-2 chemiluminescence assay Immunoglobulin (Ig) M (IgM) and IgG, and Roche electrochemiluminescence assay total Ig. Serum samples reactive to either assay were considered positive. Results Weighted overall seroprevalence was 6% (95%CI 3.9–8.3%). No association was observed between seropositivity and sex, age group or education level. Participants who reported black and brown skin color showed a 2.7 fold higher prevalence than people with white skin (p = 0.007). Among the 30 seropositive individuals, 14 (46.6%) reported no COVID-19 compatible symptoms in the past two weeks. Conclusion This study represents the first assessment of SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence in the city of São Paulo and 6% is the baseline estimate of a series of population-based seroprevalence surveys. Serological screening using sound serological assays is the key tool to monitoring temporal and geographic changes in the spread of the virus through an important epicenter of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil. Ultimately, it may inform prevention and control efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Helena Tess
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina FMUSP, Departamento de Medicina Preventiva, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | - Edgar Gil Rizzatti
- Grupo Fleury, Divisão de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Díaz-Salazar C, Sánchez-García A, Rodríguez-Gutiérrez R, Camacho-Ortiz A, Saldívar-Rodríguez D, González-González JG. Prevalence and associated characteristics of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in Mexico 5 months after pandemic arrival. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:835. [PMID: 34412620 PMCID: PMC8374409 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06550-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Seroprevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies is now available in several world regions to better estimate transmission dynamics. However, to date, there is no epidemiological data regarding anti-SARS-CoV-2 prevalence in Mexico. Therefore, we aimed to determine the prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies and define the clinical and demographic characteristics associated with seroprevalence. Methods We conducted a cross-sectional serological survey in Ciudad Guadalupe, NL, Mexico. City government employees voluntarily participated during July 2020. Demographic and clinical characteristics were collected at the time of blood sampling to analyze the associated characteristics. IgM/IgG antibodies were determined using a qualitative chemiluminescent immunoassay. Descriptive statistics were used for categorical and continuous variables. Statistical significance was tested using the Chi-squared test, Student’s t-test and the Mann–Whitney. Logistic regression models and the odds ratios (adjusted and unadjusted) were used to estimate the association of demographic and clinical characteristics. Results Of the 3,268 participants included, 193 (5.9%, 95% CI 5.1–6.8) tested positive for IgM/IgG against SARS-CoV-2. Sex, city of residence, and comorbidities did not show any association with having IgM/IgG antibodies. A total of 114 out of 193 (59.1%) subjects with a positive test were asymptomatic, and the odds of being positive were higher in those who reported symptoms of COVID-19 in the previous four weeks to the survey (OR 4.1, 95% CI 2.9–5.5). Conclusions There is a low rate of SARS-CoV-2 infection among government employees that have continuously been working during the pandemic. Six in ten infections were asymptomatic, and seroprevalence is low and still far from herd immunity. Epidemiological surveillance and preventive measures should be mandatory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz-Salazar
- Municipal Health Clinic of Guadalupe, Av. Benito Juárez 928, Colonia Nueva Exposición, 67150, Guadalupe, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Adriana Sánchez-García
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Madero y Av. Gonzalitos S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.,Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit Mexico), Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N Edificio CRIDS, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - René Rodríguez-Gutiérrez
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Madero y Av. Gonzalitos S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.,Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit Mexico), Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N Edificio CRIDS, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.,Knowledge and Evaluation Research Unit in Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, 210 2nd St SW, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Adrián Camacho-Ortiz
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Infectious Diseases Department, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Madero y Av. Gonzalitos S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - Donato Saldívar-Rodríguez
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. Jose E. González", Obstetrics Division, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Madero y Av. Gonzalitos s/n, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico
| | - José Gerardo González-González
- Facultad de Medicina y Hospital Universitario "Dr. José E. González", Endocrinology Division, Department of Internal Medicine, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Madero y Av. Gonzalitos S/N, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico. .,Plataforma INVEST Medicina UANL-KER Unit Mayo Clinic (KER Unit Mexico), Calle Dr. Eduardo Aguirre Pequeño S/N Edificio CRIDS, Colonia Mitras Centro, 64460, Monterrey, Nuevo Leon, Mexico.
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Laajaj R, De Los Rios C, Sarmiento-Barbieri I, Aristizabal D, Behrentz E, Bernal R, Buitrago G, Cucunubá Z, de la Hoz F, Gaviria A, Hernández LJ, León L, Moyano D, Osorio E, Varela AR, Restrepo S, Rodriguez R, Schady N, Vives M, Webb D. COVID-19 spread, detection, and dynamics in Bogota, Colombia. Nat Commun 2021; 12:4726. [PMID: 34354078 PMCID: PMC8342514 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-25038-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Latin America has been severely affected by the COVID-19 pandemic but estimations of rates of infections are very limited and lack the level of detail required to guide policy decisions. We implemented a COVID-19 sentinel surveillance study with 59,770 RT-PCR tests on mostly asymptomatic individuals and combine this data with administrative records on all detected cases to capture the spread and dynamics of the COVID-19 pandemic in Bogota from June 2020 to early March 2021. We describe various features of the pandemic that appear to be specific to a middle income countries. We find that, by March 2021, slightly more than half of the population in Bogota has been infected, despite only a small fraction of this population being detected. The initial buildup of immunity contributed to the containment of the pandemic in the first and second waves. We also show that the share of the population infected by March 2021 varies widely by occupation, socio-economic stratum, and location. This, in turn, has affected the dynamics of the spread with different groups being infected in the two waves.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Giancarlo Buitrago
- Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
- Hospital Universitario Nacional de Colombia, Bogota, Colombia
| | - Zulma Cucunubá
- Imperial College London, London, UK
- Universidad Pontificia Javeriana, Bogota, Colombia
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Tsai AC, Harling G, Reynolds Z, Gilbert RF, Siedner MJ. Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Transmission in the United States Before Versus After Relaxation of Statewide Social Distancing Measures. Clin Infect Dis 2021; 73:S120-S126. [PMID: 33009800 PMCID: PMC7797755 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciaa1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Weeks after issuing social distancing orders to suppress severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) transmission and reduce growth in cases of severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), all US states and the District of Columbia partially or fully relaxed these measures. METHODS We identified all statewide social distancing measures that were implemented and/or relaxed in the United States between 10 March and 15 July 2020, triangulating data from state government and third-party sources. Using segmented linear regression, we estimated the extent to which relaxation of social distancing affected epidemic control, as indicated by the time-varying, state-specific effective reproduction number (Rt). RESULTS In the 8 weeks prior to relaxation, mean Rt declined by 0.012 units per day (95% confidence interval [CI], -.013 to -.012), and 46/51 jurisdictions achieved Rt < 1.0 by the date of relaxation. After relaxation of social distancing, Rt reversed course and began increasing by 0.007 units per day (95% CI, .006-.007), reaching a mean Rt of 1.16. Eight weeks later, the mean Rt was 1.16 and only 9/51 jurisdictions were maintaining an Rt < 1.0. Parallel models showed similar reversals in the growth of COVID-19 cases and deaths. Indicators often used to motivate relaxation at the time of relaxation (eg, test positivity rate <5%) predicted greater postrelaxation epidemic growth. CONCLUSIONS We detected an immediate and significant reversal in SARS-CoV-2 epidemic suppression after relaxation of social distancing measures across the United States. Premature relaxation of social distancing measures undermined the country's ability to control the disease burden associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander C Tsai
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Health Policy Research Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Guy Harling
- University College London, London, United Kingdom
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
| | - Zahra Reynolds
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Rebecca F Gilbert
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Mark J Siedner
- Center for Global Health, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
- Africa Health Research Institute, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
- Medical Practice Evaluation Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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Flower B, Marks M. Did Laos really control the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in 2020? LANCET REGIONAL HEALTH-WESTERN PACIFIC 2021; 13:100202. [PMID: 34308399 PMCID: PMC8290237 DOI: 10.1016/j.lanwpc.2021.100202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Barnaby Flower
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam
| | - Michael Marks
- Clinical Research Department, Faculty of Infectious and Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine, London.,Hospital for Tropical Diseases, London, United Kingdom
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Núñez-Zapata SF, Benites-Peralta B, Mayta-Tristan P, Rodríguez-Morales AJ. High seroprevalence for SARS-CoV-2 infection in South America, but still not enough for herd immunity! Int J Infect Dis 2021; 109:244-246. [PMID: 34260956 PMCID: PMC8272886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijid.2021.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Herd immunity is considered to be a relevant aspect of COVID-19 epidemiology. In this regard, seroprevalence studies are essential for understanding how far countries and regions are from that potential point. This study analyzed seroprevalence data in nine studies from South America, which is a region that has been badly affected by COVID-19. Seroprevalence values were high, with percentages up to 70.0% (95% CI 67.0-73.4%) in Iquitos, Peru. A meta-analysis of such data enabled a pooled seroprevalence to be obtained, estimated at 33.6% (95% CI 28.6-38.5%). Despite this, the COVID-19 pandemic in South America continues to significantly affect countries such as Brazil, Colombia, and Peru.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susy Fanny Núñez-Zapata
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Instituto Nacional de Salud, Lima, Peru.
| | - Bruno Benites-Peralta
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Hospital Nacional Guillermo Almenara Irigoyen, Lima, Peru
| | - Percy Mayta-Tristan
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru
| | - Alfonso J Rodríguez-Morales
- Master Program on Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima, Peru; Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundacion Universitaria Autónoma de las Américas, Pereira, Risaralda, Colombia.
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Sil BK, Jamiruddin MR, Haq MA, Khondoker MU, Jahan N, Khandker SS, Ali T, Oishee MJ, Kaitsuka T, Mie M, Tomizawa K, Kobatake E, Haque M, Adnan N. AuNP Coupled Rapid Flow-Through Dot-Blot Immuno-Assay for Enhanced Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Specific Nucleocapsid and Receptor Binding Domain IgG. Int J Nanomedicine 2021; 16:4739-4753. [PMID: 34267520 PMCID: PMC8277418 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s313140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serological tests detecting severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) are widely used in seroprevalence studies and evaluating the efficacy of the vaccination program. Some of the widely used serological testing techniques are enzyme-linked immune-sorbent assay (ELISA), chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA), and lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA). However, these tests are plagued with low sensitivity or specificity, time-consuming, labor-intensive, and expensive. We developed a serological test implementing flow-through dot-blot assay (FT-DBA) for SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG detection, which provides enhanced sensitivity and specificity while being quick to perform and easy to use. METHODS SARS-CoV-2 antigens were immobilized on nitrocellulose membrane to capture human IgG, which was then detected with anti-human IgG conjugated gold nanoparticle (hIgG-AuNP). A total of 181 samples were analyzed in-house. Within which 35 were further evaluated in US FDA-approved CLIA Elecsys SARS-CoV-2 assay. The positive panel consisted of RT-qPCR positive samples from patients with both <14 days and >14 days from the onset of clinical symptoms. The negative panel contained samples collected from the pre-pandemic era dengue patients and healthy donors during the pandemic. Moreover, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of FT-DBA were evaluated against RT-qPCR positive sera. However, the overall efficacies were assessed with sera that seroconverted against either nucleocapsid (NCP) or receptor-binding domain (RBD). RESULTS In-house ELISA selected a total of 81 true seropositive and 100 seronegative samples. The sensitivity of samples with <14 days using FT-DBA was 94.7%, increasing to 100% for samples >14 days. The overall detection sensitivity and specificity were 98.8% and 98%, respectively, whereas the overall PPV and NPV were 99.6% and 99%. Moreover, comparative analysis between in-house ELISA assays and FT-DBA revealed clinical agreement of Cohen's Kappa value of 0.944. The FT-DBA showed sensitivity and specificity of 100% when compared with commercial CLIA kits. CONCLUSION The assay can confirm past SARS-CoV-2 infection with high accuracy within 2 minutes compared to commercial CLIA or in-house ELISA. It can help track SARS-CoV-2 disease progression, population screening, and vaccination response. The ease of use of the assay without requiring any instruments while being semi-quantitative provides the avenue of its implementation in remote areas around the globe, where conventional serodiagnosis is not feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bijon Kumar Sil
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Md Ahsanul Haq
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Nowshin Jahan
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Shahad Saif Khandker
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Ali
- Gonoshasthaya-RNA Molecular Diagnostic and Research Center, Dhaka, 1205, Bangladesh
| | | | - Taku Kaitsuka
- School of Pharmacy, International University of Health and Welfare, Okawa, Fukuoka, 831-8501, Japan
| | - Masayasu Mie
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tomizawa
- Department of Molecular Physiology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, 860-0811, Japan
| | - Eiry Kobatake
- School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8502, Japan
| | - Mainul Haque
- The Unit of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine and Defence Health Universiti Pertahanan, Nasional Malaysia (National Defence University of Malaysia), Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
| | - Nihad Adnan
- Department of Microbiology, Jahangirnagar University, Savar, Dhaka, 1342, Bangladesh
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Ristić M, Milosavljević B, Vapa S, Marković M, Petrović V. Seroprevalence of antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 virus in Northern Serbia (Vojvodina): A four consecutive sentinel population-based survey study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0254516. [PMID: 34242377 PMCID: PMC8270141 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0254516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Monitoring changes of seroprevalence over time is important at the beginning and during of COVID-19 outbreak to anticipate its dynamics and plan an adequate public health response. Methods We conducted a repeated cross-sectional investigation among asymptomatic outpatient subjects and covered 0.1% of total population of Northern Serbia (Autonomous Province of Vojvodina). Each participant was tested for anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies using an immunochromatographic qualitative test (point-of-care rapid test). In the last round of survey IgG antibodies targeting the S1 subunit of the spike protein and the nucleocapsid protein of SARS-CoV-2 virus were assessed. Results During the four rounds of survey (between the end of April and the end of September), anti-SARS-CoV-2 seropositivities based on immunochromatographic test results were 2.60% (95% CI 1.80–3.63), 3.93% (95% CI 2.85–5.28), 6.11% (95% CI 4.72–7.77) and 14.60% (95% 12.51–16.89), respectively. After adjusting with results obtained from the Line immunoassay test, the estimated overall seroprevalence increased to 16.67% (95% CI 14.45–19.08) corresponding to 322,033 infections in total by the end of September 2020 in Vojvodina’s population. Throughout the course of the study, for every RT-PCR confirmed case of COVID-19, there were 39–87 additional infections in Vojvodina. No significant difference (p>0.05) in SARS-CoV-2 seropositivity regarding gender and between age subgroups was observed over the course of the survey. Conclusions The population prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies implies much more widespread infection in Vojvodina than indicated by the number of confirmed cases. However, our results suggest that the population of Vojvodina has not reached a desirable level of protection from SARS-CoV-2 virus by the end of September 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mioljub Ristić
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Miloš Marković
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vladimir Petrović
- Department of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Institute of Public Health of Vojvodina, Novi Sad, Serbia
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Filho TR, Mendes J, Chow C, Phillips J, Cordeiro A, Scorza F, Almeida AC, Moret M. Attack rate and the price of SARS-CoV-2 herd immunity in Brazil. RESEARCH SQUARE 2021:rs.3.rs-659187. [PMID: 34268503 PMCID: PMC8282102 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-659187/v2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We introduce a compartmental model with age structure to study the dynamics of the SARS-COV-2 pandemic. The contagion matrix in the model is given by the product of a probability per contact with a contact matrix explicitly taking into account the contact structure among different age groups. The probability of contagion per contact is considered as time dependent to represent non-pharmaceutical interventions, and is fitted from the time series of deaths. The approach is used to study the evolution of the COVID-19 pandemic in the main Brazilian cities and compared to two good quality serological surveys. We also discuss with some detail the case of the city of Manaus which raised special attention due to a previous report of three-quarters attack rate by the end of 2020. We discuss estimates for Manaus and all Brazilian cities with a total population of more than one million. We also estimate the attack rate with respect to the total population, in each Brazilian state by January, 1st 2021 and May, 23 2021.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Antônio Cordeiro
- Centro Universitário SENAI CIMATEC and Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia and Unopar Candeias
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48
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Hallal PC, Victora CG, Silveira MF, Barros AJD, Menezes AMB, Horta BL, Struchiner CJ, Hartwig FP, Victora GD, Pellanda LC, Burattini MN, Dellagostin OA, Barros FC. The challenge of conducting epidemiological research in times of pandemic and denialism: 1-year anniversary of the EPICOVID-19 project in Brazil. Int J Epidemiol 2021; 50:1049-1052. [PMID: 34215876 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyab129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Pedro C Hallal
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Cesar G Victora
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Mariângela F Silveira
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Aluísio J D Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Ana M B Menezes
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Bernardo L Horta
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando P Hartwig
- Postgraduate Program in Epidemiology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Gabriel D Victora
- Laboratory of Lymphocyte Dynamics, Rockefeller University, New York, USA
| | - Lúcia C Pellanda
- Universidade Federal de Ciências de Saúde de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | - Odir A Dellagostin
- Postgraduate Program in Biotechnology, Universidade Federal de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Fernando C Barros
- Postgraduate Program in Health and Behavior, Universidade Católica de Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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49
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Martinez EZ, Passos ADC, Fabbro ALD, Silva ASD, Escarso AC, Pazin-Filho A, Fonseca BALD, Maciel BC, Araújo DCDAE, Clé DV, Gaspar GG, Santos JLFD, Ferreira JBB, Souza JP, Mello LMD, Santos LLD, Passos LMR, Siconelli MJL, Cavalli RDC, Santana RDC, Calado RDT, Scarpelini S, Bollela VR, Floriano VG, Bellissimo-Rodrigues F. Prevalence of virological and serological markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population of Ribeirão Preto, Southeast Brazil: an epidemiological survey. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2021; 54:e02102021. [PMID: 34231775 PMCID: PMC8253575 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0210-2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological household survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of the current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ribeirão Preto, a municipality of southeast Brazil. METHODS: The survey was conducted in two phases using a clustered sampling scheme. The first phase spanned May 1-3 and involved 709 participants. The second phase spanned June 11-14, 2020, and involved 646 participants. RESULTS: During the first phase, RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs was positive at 0.14%. The serological tests were positive in 1.27% of the patients during the first phase and 2.79% during the second phase. People living in households with more than five members had a prevalence of 10.83% (95%CI: 1.58-74.27) higher than those living alone or with someone other. Considering the proportion of the positive serological test results with sex and age adjustments, approximately 2.37% (95%CI: 1.32-3.42) of the population had been cumulatively infected by mid-June 2020, which is equivalent to 16,670 people (95%CI: 9,267-24,074). Considering that 68 deaths from the disease in the residents of the city had been confirmed as at the date of the second phase of the survey, the infection fatality rate was estimated to be 0.41% (95%CI: 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that approximately 88% of the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of the survey were not reported to the local epidemiological surveillance service. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide in-depth knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and are helpful for the preventive and decision-making policies of public managers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edson Zangiacomi Martinez
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Afonso Dinis Costa Passos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Amaury Lelis Dal Fabbro
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Anderson Soares da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Andreia Cássia Escarso
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Antônio Pazin-Filho
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Benedito Carlos Maciel
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisão de Cardiologia do Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Diego Villa Clé
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Imagens Médicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Clínica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Gilberto Gambero Gaspar
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Jair Lício Ferreira Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Janise Braga Barros Ferreira
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - João Paulo Souza
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luane Marques de Mello
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Luciane Loures Dos Santos
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | | | - Márcio Junio Lima Siconelli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Ricardo de Carvalho Cavalli
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Ginecologia e Obstetrícia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo de Carvalho Santana
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Rodrigo do Tocantins Calado
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Imagens Médicas, Hematologia e Oncologia Clínica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Sandro Scarpelini
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Cirurgia, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil.,Secretaria Municipal da Saúde, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Valdes Roberto Bollela
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Divisões de Imunologia Clínica, Emergência e Doenças Infecciosas, e Unidade de Emergência, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Vitor Gonçalves Floriano
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Clínica Médica, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - Fernando Bellissimo-Rodrigues
- Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Medicina Social, Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brasil
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50
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Franceschi VB, Santos AS, Glaeser AB, Paiz JC, Caldana GD, Machado Lessa CL, de Menezes Mayer A, Küchle JG, Gazzola Zen PR, Vigo A, Winck AT, Rotta LN, Thompson CE. Population-based prevalence surveys during the Covid-19 pandemic: A systematic review. Rev Med Virol 2021; 31:e2200. [PMID: 34260777 PMCID: PMC7883186 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.2200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Population-based prevalence surveys of Covid-19 contribute to establish the burden of infection, the role of asymptomatic and mild infections in transmission, and allow more precise decisions about reopen policies. We performed a systematic review to evaluate qualitative aspects of these studies, assessing their reliability and compiling practices that can influence the methodological quality. We searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, bioRxiv and medRxiv, and included cross-sectional studies using molecular and/or serological tests to estimate the prevalence of Covid-19 in the general population. Survey quality was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Checklist for Prevalence Studies. A correspondence analysis correlated methodological parameters of each study to identify patterns related to higher, intermediate and lower risks of bias. The available data described 37 surveys from 19 countries. The majority were from Europe and America, used antibody testing, and reached highly heterogeneous sample sizes and prevalence estimates. Minority communities were disproportionately affected by Covid-19. Important risk of bias was detected in four domains: sample size, data analysis with sufficient coverage, measurements in standard way and response rate. The correspondence analysis showed few consistent patterns for high risk of bias. Intermediate risk of bias was related to American and European studies, municipal and regional initiatives, blood samples and prevalence >1%. Low risk of bias was related to Asian studies, nationwide initiatives, reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction tests and prevalence <1%. We identified methodological standards applied worldwide in Covid-19 prevalence surveys, which may assist researchers with the planning, execution and reporting of future population-based surveys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinícius Bonetti Franceschi
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM)Center of BiotechnologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Andressa Schneiders Santos
- Undergraduate Program in BiomedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Andressa Barreto Glaeser
- Graduate Program in PathologyUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Janini Cristina Paiz
- Graduate Program in EpidemiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Gabriel Dickin Caldana
- Graduate Program in Health SciencesUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Carem Luana Machado Lessa
- Graduate Program in PathologyUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Amanda de Menezes Mayer
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM)Center of BiotechnologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Julia Gonçalves Küchle
- Undergraduate Program in Biomedical InformaticsUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Paulo Ricardo Gazzola Zen
- Graduate Program in PathologyUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Department of Internal MedicineUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Alvaro Vigo
- Graduate Program in EpidemiologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Department of StatisticsUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Ana Trindade Winck
- Department of Exact and Social Applied SciencesUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Liane Nanci Rotta
- Graduate Program in Health SciencesUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Department of Diagnostic MethodsUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
| | - Claudia Elizabeth Thompson
- Graduate Program in Cell and Molecular Biology (PPGBCM)Center of BiotechnologyUniversidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Graduate Program in Health SciencesUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
- Department of PharmacosciencesUniversidade Federal de Ciências da Saúde de Porto Alegre (UFCSPA)Porto AlegreRio Grande do SulBrazil
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