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Seaman WT, Keener O, Nanayakkara D, Mollan KR, Premkumar L, Cuadra EC, Jones CD, Pettifor A, Bowman NM, Wang F, Webster-Cyriaque J. Oral SARS-CoV-2 host responses predict the early COVID-19 disease course. Sci Rep 2024; 14:21788. [PMID: 39294156 PMCID: PMC11411107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67504-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 09/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Oral fluids provide ready detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and host responses. This study sought to evaluate relationships between oral virus, oral and systemic anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies, and symptoms. Oral fluids (saliva/throat wash (saliva/TW)) and serum were collected from asymptomatic and symptomatic, nasopharyngeal (NP) SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR+ human participants (n = 45). SARS-CoV-2 RT-qPCR and N-antigen detection by immunoblot and lateral flow assay (LFA) were performed. RT-qPCR for subgenomic RNA (sgRNA) was sequence confirmed. SARS-CoV-2-anti-S protein RBD LFA and ELISA assessed IgM and IgG responses. Structural analysis identified host salivary molecules analogous to SARS-CoV-2-N-antigen. At time of enrollment (baseline, BL), LFA-detected N-antigen in 86% of TW and was immunoblot-confirmed. However, only 3/17 were saliva/TW qPCR+ . Sixty percent of saliva and 83% of TW demonstrated persistent N-antigen at 4 weeks. N-antigen LFA signal in three anti-spike sero-negative participants suggested potential cross-detection of 4 structurally analogous salivary RNA binding proteins (alignment 19-29aa, RMSD 1-1.5 Angstroms). At enrollment, symptomatic participants demonstrated replication-associated sgRNA junctions, were IgG+ (94%/100% in saliva/TW), and IgM+ (63%/54%). At 4 weeks, SARS-CoV-2 IgG (100%/83%) and IgM (80%/67%) persisted. Oral and serum IgG correlated 100% with NP+ PCR status. Cough and fatigue severity (p = 0.010 and 0.018 respectively), and presence of weakness, nausea, and composite upper respiratory symptoms (p = 0.037, 0.005, and 0.017, respectively) were negatively associated with saliva IgM but not TW or serum IgM. Throat wash IgM levels were higher in women compared to men, although the association did not reach statistical significance (median: 290 (female) versus 0.697, p = 0.056). Important to transmission and disease course, oral viral replication and persistence showed clear relationships with select symptoms and early oral IgM responses during early infection. N-antigen cross-reactivity may reflect mimicry of structurally analogous host proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- William T Seaman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Olive Keener
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- North Carolina School of Math and Science, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Dinelka Nanayakkara
- Department of Biostatistics, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Katie R Mollan
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Room 2341b, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Edwing Centeno Cuadra
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Corbin D Jones
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Room 2341b, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Biology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Audrey Pettifor
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Room 2341b, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Natalie M Bowman
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Room 2341b, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA
| | | | - Jennifer Webster-Cyriaque
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
- UNC School of Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 111 Mason Farm Rd, Medical Biomolecular Research Building, Room 2341b, Chapel Hill, NC, 27599, USA.
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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2
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Li R, Sone N, Gotoh S, Sun X, Hagood JS. Contemporary and emerging technologies for research in children's rare and interstitial lung disease. Pediatr Pulmonol 2024; 59:2349-2359. [PMID: 37204232 DOI: 10.1002/ppul.26490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Although recent decades have seen the identification, classification and discovery of the genetic basis of many children's interstitial and rare lung disease (chILD) disorders, detailed understanding of pathogenesis and specific therapies are still lacking for most of them. Fortunately, a revolution of technological advancements has created new opportunities to address these critical knowledge gaps. High-throughput sequencing has facilitated analysis of transcription of thousands of genes in thousands of single cells, creating tremendous breakthroughs in understanding normal and diseased cellular biology. Spatial techniques allow analysis of transcriptomes and proteomes at the subcellular level in the context of tissue architecture, in many cases even in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens. Gene editing techniques allow creation of "humanized" animal models in a shorter time frame, for improved knowledge and preclinical therapeutic testing. Regenerative medicine approaches and bioengineering advancements facilitate the creation of patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells and their differentiation into tissue-specific cell types which can be studied in multicellular "organoids" or "organ-on-a-chip" approaches. These technologies, singly and in combination, are already being applied to gain new biological insights into chILD disorders. The time is ripe to systematically apply these technologies to chILD, together with sophisticated data science approaches, to improve both biological understanding and disease-specific therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rongbo Li
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Naoyuki Sone
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Shimpei Gotoh
- Center for iPS Cell Research and Application, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Xin Sun
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Respiratory Medicine, UC-San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - James S Hagood
- Department of Pediatrics, Pulmonology Division, Program for Rare and Interstitial Lung Disease, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, USA
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3
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Khera HK, Mishra R. Nucleic Acid Based Testing (NABing): A Game Changer Technology for Public Health. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:2168-2200. [PMID: 37695473 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00870-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
Timely and accurate detection of the causal agent of a disease is crucial to restrict suffering and save lives. Mere symptoms are often not enough to detect the root cause of the disease. Better diagnostics applied for screening at a population level and sensitive detection assays remain the crucial component of disease surveillance which may include clinical, plant, and environmental samples, including wastewater. The recent advances in genome sequencing, nucleic acid amplification, and detection methods have revolutionized nucleic acid-based testing (NABing) and screening assays. A typical NABing assay consists of three modules: isolation of the nucleic acid from the collected sample, identification of the target sequence, and final reading the target with the help of a signal, which may be in the form of color, fluorescence, etc. Here, we review current NABing assays covering the different aspects of all three modules. We also describe the frequently used target amplification or signal amplification procedures along with the variety of applications of this fast-evolving technology and challenges in implementation of NABing in the context of disease management especially in low-resource settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harvinder Kour Khera
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New inStem Building NCBS Campus, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
| | - Rakesh Mishra
- Tata Institute for Genetics and Society, New inStem Building NCBS Campus, GKVK Post, Bellary Road, Bengaluru, 560065, India.
- CSIR-Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Uppal Rd, IICT Colony, Habsiguda, Hyderabad, Telangana, 500007, India.
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4
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Hsieh MS, Chen MY, Chang YS, Huang CS, Hsu TN, Huang MS, Yeh CT, Tzeng YM. Targeting the Neuropilin-1 receptor with Ovatodiolide and progress in using periodontal ligament organoids for COVID-19 research and therapy. Life Sci 2024; 351:122764. [PMID: 38838817 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
The discovery of SARS-CoV-2 RNA in the periodontal tissues of patients who tested positive for COVID-19, 24 days post the initial symptom onset, indicates the oral cavity could serve as a viral reservoir. This research aims to investigate the antiviral capabilities of Ovatodiolide, introducing a novel periodontal ligament organoid model for the study of SARS-CoV-2. We have successfully established a reliable and expandable organoid culture from the human periodontal ligament, showcasing characteristics typical of epithelial stem cells. This organoid model enables us to delve into the lesser-known aspects of dental epithelial stem cell biology and their interactions with viruses and oral tissues. We conducted a series of in vitro and ex vivo studies to examine the inhibitory impacts of Ova on SARS-CoV-2. Our findings indicate that Ovatodiolide molecules can bind effectively to the NRP1 active domain. Our study identifies potential interaction sites for Ovatodiolide (OVA) within the b1 domain of the NRP1 receptor. We generated point mutations at this site, resulting in three variants: Y25A, T44A, and a double mutation Y25A/T44A. While these mutations did not alter the binding activity of the spike protein, they did impact the concentration of OVA required for inhibition. The inhibitory concentrations for these variants are 15 μM for Y25A, 15.2 μM for T44A, and 25 μM for the double mutant Y25A/T44A. In addition, in vitro inhibition experiments demonstrate that the EC50 of Ova against the main protease (Mpro) of the SARS-CoV-2 virus is 7.316 μM. Our in vitro studies and the use of the periodontal ligament organoid model highlight Ovatodiolide's potential as a small molecule therapeutic agent that impedes the virus's ability to bind to the Neuropilin-1 receptor on host cells. The research uncovers various pathways and biochemical strategies through which Ovatodiolide may function as an effective antiviral small molecule drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Shou Hsieh
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yao Chen
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 110, Taiwan; Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 235, Taiwan; TMU Research Center for Digestive Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sheng Chang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sheng Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Nien Hsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Mao-Suan Huang
- Department of Otolaryngology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Shuang Ho Hospital, Taipei Medical University, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Tai Yeh
- Department of Medical Research & Education, Taipei Medical University-Shuang Ho Hospital, New Taipei City 23561, Taiwan; International Ph.D. Program in Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei City 11031, Taiwan; Continuing Education Program of Food Biotechnology Applications, College of Science and Engineering, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
| | - Yew-Min Tzeng
- Department of Applied Science, National Taitung University, Taitung 95092, Taiwan.
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5
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Joyce JD, Moore GA, Goswami P, Harrell TL, Taylor TM, Hawks SA, Green JC, Jia M, Irwin MD, Leslie E, Duggal NK, Thompson CK, Bertke AS. SARS-CoV-2 Rapidly Infects Peripheral Sensory and Autonomic Neurons, Contributing to Central Nervous System Neuroinvasion before Viremia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8245. [PMID: 39125815 PMCID: PMC11311394 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25158245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Neurological symptoms associated with COVID-19, acute and long term, suggest SARS-CoV-2 affects both the peripheral and central nervous systems (PNS/CNS). Although studies have shown olfactory and hematogenous invasion into the CNS, coinciding with neuroinflammation, little attention has been paid to susceptibility of the PNS to infection or to its contribution to CNS invasion. Here we show that sensory and autonomic neurons in the PNS are susceptible to productive infection with SARS-CoV-2 and outline physiological and molecular mechanisms mediating neuroinvasion. Our infection of K18-hACE2 mice, wild-type mice, and golden Syrian hamsters, as well as primary peripheral sensory and autonomic neuronal cultures, show viral RNA, proteins, and infectious virus in PNS neurons, satellite glial cells, and functionally connected CNS tissues. Additionally, we demonstrate, in vitro, that neuropilin-1 facilitates SARS-CoV-2 neuronal entry. SARS-CoV-2 rapidly invades the PNS prior to viremia, establishes a productive infection in peripheral neurons, and results in sensory symptoms often reported by COVID-19 patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan D. Joyce
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (J.D.J.)
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Greyson A. Moore
- Biomedical and Veterinary Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Poorna Goswami
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (J.D.J.)
| | - Telvin L. Harrell
- Biomedical and Veterinary Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Tina M. Taylor
- Population Health Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Seth A. Hawks
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Jillian C. Green
- Biomedical and Veterinary Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Mo Jia
- Population Health Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Matthew D. Irwin
- Biomedical and Veterinary Science, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Emma Leslie
- Translational Biology, Medicine, and Health, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA; (J.D.J.)
| | - Nisha K. Duggal
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Biomedical Sciences and Pathobiology, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Christopher K. Thompson
- School of Neuroscience, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
| | - Andrea S. Bertke
- Center for Emerging Zoonotic and Arthropod-borne Pathogens, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
- Population Health Sciences, Virginia Maryland College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060, USA
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6
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Pranzatelli TJ, Perez P, Ku A, Matuck B, Huynh K, Sakai S, Abed M, Jang SI, Yamada E, Dominick K, Ahmed Z, Oliver A, Wasikowski R, Easter QT, Baer AN, Pelayo E, Khavandgar Z, Kleiner DE, Magone MT, Gupta S, Lessard C, Farris AD, Burbelo PD, Martin D, Morell RJ, Zheng C, Rachmaninoff N, Maldonado-Ortiz J, Qu X, Aure M, Dezfulian MH, Lake R, Teichmann S, Barber DL, Tsoi LC, Sowalsky AG, Tyc KM, Liu J, Gudjonsson J, Byrd KM, Johnson PL, Chiorini JA, Warner BM. GZMK+CD8+ T cells Target A Specific Acinar Cell Type in Sjögren's Disease. RESEARCH SQUARE 2024:rs.3.rs-3601404. [PMID: 38196575 PMCID: PMC10775371 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3601404/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2024]
Abstract
Sjögren's Disease (SjD) is a systemic autoimmune disease without a clear etiology or effective therapy. Utilizing unbiased single-cell and spatial transcriptomics to analyze human minor salivary glands in health and disease we developed a comprehensive understanding of the cellular landscape of healthy salivary glands and how that landscape changes in SjD patients. We identified novel seromucous acinar cell types and identified a population of PRR4+CST3+WFDC2- seromucous acinar cells that are particularly targeted in SjD. Notably, GZMK+CD8 T cells, enriched in SjD, exhibited a cytotoxic phenotype and were physically associated with immune-engaged epithelial cells in disease. These findings shed light on the immune response's impact on transitioning acinar cells with high levels of secretion and explain the loss of this specific cell population in SjD. This study explores the complex interplay of varied cell types in the salivary glands and their role in the pathology of Sjögren's Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J.F. Pranzatelli
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Biology, University of Maryland College Park, MD, USA
| | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Anson Ku
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bruno Matuck
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Khoa Huynh
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | - Shunsuke Sakai
- T-lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mehdi Abed
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Shyh-Ing Jang
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eiko Yamada
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kalie Dominick
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zara Ahmed
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Amanda Oliver
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Rachael Wasikowski
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Quinn T. Easter
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Alan N. Baer
- Sjögren’s Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Eileen Pelayo
- Sjögren’s Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zohreh Khavandgar
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Sjögren’s Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - M. Teresa Magone
- Consult Services Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Sarthak Gupta
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lupus Clinical Trials Unit, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin, Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda MD, USA
| | - Christopher Lessard
- Genes & Human Disease Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - A. Darise Farris
- Arthritis & Clinical Immunology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Peter D. Burbelo
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Robert J. Morell
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Changyu Zheng
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Jose Maldonado-Ortiz
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Sjögren’s Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xufeng Qu
- Massey Cancer Center, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Marit Aure
- Matrix and Morphogenesis Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | | | - Ross Lake
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis (LCGP) Microscopy Core Facility, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sarah Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Daniel L. Barber
- T-lymphocyte Biology Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Lam C. Tsoi
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Adam G. Sowalsky
- Laboratory of Genitourinary Cancer Pathogenesis, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Katarzyna M. Tyc
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, VA, USA
| | - Johann Gudjonsson
- Department of Dermatology, Michigan Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Kevin M. Byrd
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - John A. Chiorini
- Adeno-Associated Virus Biology Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Blake M. Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Sjögren’s Clinical Investigations Team, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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7
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Seymour D, Forshaw G, Porteous M, Mawer D, Wiggins F, Mitchell A, Hewitt C, Beetar-King T, Davies K, Jackson D, Hannah M, Pitcher M, Arnold U, Strachan R, Killip M, Nixon P. Investigating the effectiveness of commercially available mouthwash on SARS-CoV-2 in vivo using viable virus titre as the primary outcome. A randomised controlled trial. Access Microbiol 2024; 6:000722.v3. [PMID: 39130730 PMCID: PMC11316591 DOI: 10.1099/acmi.0.000722.v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024] Open
Abstract
This multi-arm, parallel group, single-blinded randomised controlled trial aimed to assess three commercially available mouthwashes effectiveness against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). This manuscript has been written in accordance with the CONSORT statement. Methods. Eligible participants were SARS-CoV-2 positive with a positive test in the last 72 h. All participants had mild to moderate symptoms and could provide five saliva samples over a 60 min period. Participants delivered a baseline saliva sample and then used a mouthwash as per manufacturer's instructions. They provided further saliva samples at minute 1, 10, 30 and 60. Participants were randomised to one of four groups; OraWize+, Total Care Listerine, Cool Mint Listerine and water (control). The lab-based research team were blind to the intervention. The research question was: can SARS-CoV-2 be rendered inactive in saliva by using a mouthwash and how long does this effect last? The primary outcome was the amount of viable infectious SARS-CoV-2 virus in the sample, compared to the baseline sample. The secondary outcome measure was the amount of genetic material from the SARS-CoV-2 virus in the sample, measured via PCR testing. Results. In total 100 participants were recruited (25 per group). Eight participants did not receive the allocated intervention and did not have saliva samples collected. There were no adverse events. In total 42 of the 92 participants had viable virus which could be cultured at baseline. Statistical analysis of the primary outcome was not advised due to the reduced level of viable virus at baseline and the positive skewness present in the distribution of log10(titre) data. Observational data of the primary outcome measure is presented. Analysis of the secondary outcome PCR measure showed that there was strong evidence for a decrease in SARS-CoV-2 RNA levels compared to water for all mouthwashes after 1 min, OraWize+ -0.49 (-0.92, -0.05), p-value 0.029, Cool Mint Listerine -0.81 (-1.25, -0.38), p-value<0.001, Total Care Listerine -1.05 (-1.48, -0.62), p-value<0.001. For the remaining timepoints there was generally no evidence of virus level reduction compared to water although there is weak evidence for a decrease at ten minutes using Total Care Listerine -0.44 (-0.88, 0.01), p-value 0.053. Conclusion. The three mouthwashes included in this trial observationally demonstrated a reduction in virus titre level 1 min after use, with virus levels normalising up to 60 min compared to the control. Although an interesting observation, this result could not be statistically analysed. Using the secondary outcome PCR measure all three included mouthwashes reduced virus levels compared to water at 1 min and these results were statistically significant. Clinically this result does not support the use of the included mouthwashes to reduce SARS-CoV-2 levels in saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.W. Seymour
- York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
| | - G. Forshaw
- York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
| | - M. Porteous
- York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
| | - D. Mawer
- York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
| | - F. Wiggins
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ARRC Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - A. Mitchell
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ARRC Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - C. Hewitt
- York Trials Unit, Department of Health Sciences, ARRC Building, University of York, Heslington, York, YO10 5DD, UK
| | - T. Beetar-King
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - K.A. Davies
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - D. Jackson
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - M.J. Hannah
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - M. Pitcher
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - U. Arnold
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - R. Strachan
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - M.J. Killip
- High Containment Microbiology, United Kingdom Health Security Agency, 61 Colindale Avenue, Colindale, London, NW9 5EQ, UK
| | - P.J. Nixon
- York and Scarborough Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Wigginton Road, York, YO31 8HE, UK
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8
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Alfaifi AA, Holm JB, Wang TW, Lim J, Meiller TF, Rock P, Sultan AS, Jabra-Rizk MA. Oral Microbiota Alterations in Subjects with SARS-CoV-2 Displaying Prevalence of the Opportunistic Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. Microorganisms 2024; 12:1356. [PMID: 39065125 PMCID: PMC11278750 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms12071356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 06/19/2024] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity remains an underappreciated site for SARS-CoV-2 infection despite the myriad of oral conditions in COVID-19 patients. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 was shown to replicate in the salivary gland cells causing tissue inflammation. Given the established association between inflammation and microbiome disruption, we comparatively profiled oral microbial differences at a metagenomic level in a cohort of hospitalized COVID-19 patients and matched healthy controls. Specifically, we aimed to evaluate colonization by the opportunistic fungal pathogen Candida albicans, the etiologic agent of oral candidiasis. Comprehensive shotgun metagenomic analysis indicated that, overall, COVID-19 patients exhibited significantly reduced bacterial and viral diversity/richness; we identified 12 differentially abundant bacterial species to be negatively associated with COVID-19, and the functional pathways of certain bacteria to be highly associated with COVID-19 status. Strikingly, C. albicans was recovered from approximately half of the COVID-19 subjects but not from any of the healthy controls. The prevalence of Candida is likely linked to immune hypo-dysregulation caused by COVID-19 favoring Candida proliferation, warranting investigations into the interplay between Candida and SARS-CoV2 and potential therapeutic approaches directed toward oral candidiasis. Collectively, our findings prompt a reassessment of oral opportunistic infection risks during COVID-19 disease and their potential long-term impacts on oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.A.); (T.W.W.); (T.F.M.); (A.S.S.)
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh 11426, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh 11481, Saudi Arabia
| | - Johanna B. Holm
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.B.H.); (J.L.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.A.); (T.W.W.); (T.F.M.); (A.S.S.)
| | - Jonathan Lim
- Institute for Genome Sciences, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (J.B.H.); (J.L.)
| | - Timothy F. Meiller
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.A.); (T.W.W.); (T.F.M.); (A.S.S.)
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Peter Rock
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA;
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.A.); (T.W.W.); (T.F.M.); (A.S.S.)
- Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA; (A.A.A.); (T.W.W.); (T.F.M.); (A.S.S.)
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA
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9
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Peskersoy C, Oguzhan A, Akcay C, Dincturk BA, Can HS, Kamer EK, Haciyanli M. Evaluation of oral health status and immunological parameters of hospitalized COVID-19 patients during acute and recovery phases: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent Sci 2024; 19:1515-1524. [PMID: 39035327 PMCID: PMC11259628 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2024.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose It is known that COVID-19 patients show many clinical oral symptoms due to the immunological mechanisms triggered by the virus. Aim of this study is to analyze the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2, and to evaluate the oral health status of hospitalized patients. Materials and methods 160 patients with COVID-19 confirmed by SARS-CoV-2-specific RT-PCR testing and 160 healthy volunteers (HI) with similar age, gender and systemic status were included to compare the bio-chemical and oral manifestations. Oropharyngeal swab specimens were collected to evaluate the salivary interleukins (IL-1, IL-6, IL-10) and immunoglobulins (sIgA, sIgG, sIgM). Oral findings (DMFT, plaque index, salivary flow rate), socio-demographic information and systemic conditions were also recorded. Chi-square, Mann-Whitney U and Spearman's ratio tests were applied to determine the possible correlations between the factors (P = 0.05). Results The mean DMFT scores of COVID-19 patients (12.71 ± 7.3) were significantly higher than the HI (7.39 ± 2.8), whereas cases of total or partial edentulism were more common among COVID-19 patients (P < 0.05). While plaque index scores were similar for both groups (P > 0.05), salivary parameters were found statistically different (P < 0.05). Severe and moderate cases showed higher proinflammatory interleukin levels (IL-1 = 68.74 pg/ml, IL-6 = 53.31 pg/ml) amongst all (P < 0.05). While secretory immunoglobulins were almost depleted at baseline, (sIgA = 0.11 mg/ml, sIgG = 0.21 mg/ml, sIgM = 0.08 mg/ml) they reached to threshold levels after 4 weeks. Conclusion Higher proinflammatory interleukin levels indicated that traces of ongoing "Cytokine Storm" in COVID-19 patients which can also be observed in oral environment. Poor oral hygiene and malnutrition due to edentulism can pave the way for having a severe COVID-19 infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Peskersoy
- Ege University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Aybeniz Oguzhan
- Ege University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Cagri Akcay
- Izmir Katip Celebi University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery and Infectious Diseases, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Beyza A. Dincturk
- Dokuz Eylul University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Hulya S.E. Can
- Gazi University, Faculty of Dentistry, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdinc K. Kamer
- Health Sciences University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Izmir, Turkey
| | - Mehmet Haciyanli
- Izmir Katip Celebi University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Surgery, Izmir, Turkey
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10
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Ferrés M, Martínez-Valdebenito C, Henriquez C, Marco C, Angulo J, Barrera A, Palma C, Barriga Pinto G, Cuiza A, Ferreira L, Rioseco ML, Calvo M, Fritz R, Bravo S, Bruhn A, Graf J, Llancaqueo A, Rivera G, Cerda C, Tischler N, Valdivieso F, Vial P, Mertz G, Vial C, Le Corre N. Viral shedding and viraemia of Andes virus during acute hantavirus infection: a prospective study. THE LANCET. INFECTIOUS DISEASES 2024; 24:775-782. [PMID: 38582089 PMCID: PMC11193614 DOI: 10.1016/s1473-3099(24)00142-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Andes virus (ANDV) is a zoonotic Orthohantavirus leading to hantavirus cardiopulmonary syndrome. Although most transmissions occur through environmental exposure to rodent faeces and urine, rare person-to-person transmission has been documented, mainly for close contacts. This study investigates the presence and infectivity of ANDV in body fluids from confirmed cases and the duration of viraemia. METHODS In this prospective study, 131 participants with confirmed ANDV infection were enrolled in Chile in a prospective study between 2008 and 2022. Clinical samples (buffy coat, plasma, gingival crevicular fluid [GCF], saliva, nasopharyngeal swabs [NPS], and urine) were collected weekly for 3 weeks together with clinical and epidemiological data. Samples were categorised as acute or convalescent (up to and after 16 days following onset of symptoms). Infectivity of positive fluids was assessed after the culture of samples on Vero E6 cells and use of flow cytometry assays to determine the production of ANDV nucleoprotein. FINDINGS ANDV RNA was detected in 100% of buffy coats during acute phase, declining to 95% by day 17, and to 93% between days 23-29. ANDV RNA in GCF and saliva decreased from 30% and 12%, respectively, during the acute phase, to 12% and 11% during the convalescent phase. Successful infectivity assays of RT-qPCR-positive fluids, including GCF, saliva, NPS, and urine, were observed in 18 (42%) of 43 samples obtained during the acute phase of infection. After re-culture, the capacity to infect Vero E6 cells was maintained in 16 (89%) of 18 samples. Severity was associated with the presence of ANDV RNA in one or more fluids besides blood (odds ratio 2·58 [95% CI 1·42-5·18]). INTERPRETATION ANDV infection is a systemic and viraemic infection, that affects various organs. The presence of infectious particles in body fluids contributes to our understanding of potential mechanisms for person-to-person transmission, supporting the development of preventive strategies. Detection of ANDV RNA in additional fluids at hospital admission is a predictor of disease severity. FUNDING National Institutes of Health and Agencia de Investigación y Desarrollo. TRANSLATION For the Spanish translation of the abstract see Supplementary Materials section.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Ferrés
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Constanza Martínez-Valdebenito
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carolina Henriquez
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Claudia Marco
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jenniffer Angulo
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Aldo Barrera
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Carlos Palma
- Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
| | - Gonzalo Barriga Pinto
- Laboratory of Emerging Viruses, Virology Program, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Analia Cuiza
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - María Luisa Rioseco
- Hospital Regional de Puerto Montt, Universidad San Sebastián, Sede Patagonía, Puerto Montt, Chile
| | - Mario Calvo
- Hospital Regional de Valdivia, Valdivia, Chile
| | | | - Sebastián Bravo
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Bruhn
- Departamento de Medicina Intensiva, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | | | | | | | - Nicole Tischler
- Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Universidad San Sebastián, Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Laboratorio de Virología Molecular, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Pablo Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile; Departamento de Pediatría, Clínica Alemana de Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Cecilia Vial
- Programa Hantavirus y Zoonosis, Instituto de Ciencias e Innovación en Medicina, Facultad de Medicina Clínica Alemana Universidad del Desarrollo, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Le Corre
- Departamento de Enfermedades Infecciosas e Inmunología Pediátricas, Facultad de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile; Laboratorio de Infectología y Virología Molecular, Red Salud UC-Christus, Santiago, Chile
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11
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Nakamura H, Tanaka T, Zheng C, Afione SA, Atsumi T, Noguchi M, Oliveira FR, Motta ACF, Chahud F, Rocha EM, Warner BM, Chiorini JA. Amplified Type I Interferon Response in Sjögren's Disease via Ectopic Toll-Like Receptor 7 Expression in Salivary Gland Epithelial Cells Induced by Lysosome-Associated Membrane Protein 3. Arthritis Rheumatol 2024; 76:1109-1119. [PMID: 38472139 DOI: 10.1002/art.42844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 03/11/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lysosome-associated membrane protein 3 (LAMP3) misexpression in salivary gland epithelial cells plays a causal role in the development of salivary gland dysfunction and autoimmunity associated with Sjögren's disease (SjD). This study aimed to clarify how epithelial LAMP3 misexpression is induced in SjD. METHODS To explore upstream signaling pathways associated with LAMP3 expression, we conducted multiple RNA sequencing analyses of minor salivary glands from patients with SjD, submandibular glands from a mouse model of SjD, and salivary gland epithelial cell lines. A hypothesis generated by the RNA sequencing analyses was further tested by in vitro and in vivo assays with gene manipulation. RESULTS Transcriptome analysis suggested LAMP3 expression was associated with enhanced type I interferon (IFN) and IFNγ signaling pathways in patients with SjD. In vitro studies showed that type I IFN but not IFNγ stimulation could induce LAMP3 expression in salivary gland epithelial cells. Moreover, we discovered that LAMP3 overexpression could induce ectopic Toll-like receptor 7 (TLR-7) expression and type I IFN production in salivary gland epithelial cells both in vitro and in vivo. TLR-7 knockout mice did not develop any SjD-related symptoms following LAMP3 induction. CONCLUSION Epithelial LAMP3 misexpression can be induced through enhanced type I IFN response in salivary glands. In addition, LAMP3 can promote type I IFN production via ectopic TLR-7 expression in salivary gland epithelial cells. This positive feedback loop can contribute to maintaining LAMP3 misexpression and amplifying type I IFN production in salivary glands, which plays an essential role in the pathophysiology of SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroyuki Nakamura
- Sapporo Medical University School of Medicine, Sapporo, Japan
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tsutomu Tanaka
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Changyu Zheng
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Sandra A Afione
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tatsuya Atsumi
- Faculty of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masayuki Noguchi
- Institute for Genetic Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Ana Carolina F Motta
- School of Dentistry of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando Chahud
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Eduardo M Rocha
- Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Blake M Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - John A Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, NIH, Bethesda, Maryland
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12
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Ma L, Liu Q, Wang M, Liu L, Hu Z, Zhou Y, Liu J. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 pathology and cell tropism in tongue tissues of COVID-19 autopsies. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2024; 14:1394721. [PMID: 38975331 PMCID: PMC11224463 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1394721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Since 2019, Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19) has affected millions of people worldwide. Except for acute respiratory distress syndrome, dysgeusis is also a common symptom of COVID-19 that burdens patients for weeks or permanently. However, the mechanisms underlying taste dysfunctions remain unclear. Here, we performed complete autopsies of five patients who died of COVID-19. Integrated tongue samples, including numerous taste buds, salivary glands, vessels, and nerves were collected to map the pathology, distribution, cell tropism, and receptor distribution of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in the tongue. Our results revealed that all patients had moderate lymphocyte infiltration around the salivary glands and in the lamina propria adjacent to the mucosa, and pyknosis in the epithelia of taste buds and salivary glands. This may be because the serous acini, salivary gland ducts, and taste buds are the primary sites of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Multicolor immunofluorescence showed that SARS-CoV-2 readily infects Keratin (KRT)7+ taste receptor cells in taste buds, secretory cells in serous acini, and inner epithelial cells in the ducts. The major receptors, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) and transmembrane protease serine subtype 2 (TMPRSS2), were both abundantly expressed in these cells. Viral antigens and receptor were both rarely detected in vessels and nerves. This indicates that SARS-CoV-2 infection triggers pathological injury in the tongue, and that dysgeusis may be directly related to viral infection and cellular damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Longda Ma
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Manli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhihong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
| | - Yiwu Zhou
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Jia Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China
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13
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Sasso-Cerri E, Martinelli VD, de Oliveira SA, da Silva AAS, de Moraes JCG, Cerri PS. Submandibular Gland Pathogenesis Following SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Implications for Xerostomia. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:6820. [PMID: 38999930 PMCID: PMC11241347 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25136820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2024] [Revised: 06/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/15/2024] [Indexed: 07/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Although SARS-CoV-2 induces mucin hypersecretion in the respiratory tract, hyposalivation/xerostomia has been reported by COVID-19 patients. We evaluate the submandibular gland (SMGs) pathogenesis in SARS-CoV-2-infected K18-hACE2 mice, focusing on the impact of infection on the mucin production and structural integrity of acini, ductal system, myoepithelial cells (MECs) and telocytes. The spike protein, the nucleocapsid protein, hACE2, actin, EGF, TNF-α and IL-1β were detected by immunofluorescence, and the Egfr and Muc5b expression was evaluated. In the infected animals, significant acinar hypertrophy was observed in contrast to ductal atrophy. Nucleocapsid proteins and/or viral particles were detected in the SMG cells, mainly in the nuclear membrane-derived vesicles, confirming the nuclear role in the viral formation. The acinar cells showed intense TNF-α and IL-1β immunoexpression, and the EGF-EGFR signaling increased, together with Muc5b upregulation. This finding explains mucin hypersecretion and acinar hypertrophy, which compress the ducts. Dying MECs and actin reduction were also observed, indicating failure of contraction and acinar support, favoring acinar hypertrophy. Viral assembly was found in the dying telocytes, pointing to these intercommunicating cells as viral transmitters in SMGs. Therefore, EGF-EGFR-induced mucin hypersecretion was triggered by SARS-CoV-2 in acinar cells, likely mediated by cytokines. The damage to telocytes and MECs may have favored the acinar hypertrophy, leading to ductal obstruction, explaining xerostomia in COVID-19 patients. Thus, acinar cells, telocytes and MECs may be viral targets, which favor replication and cell-to-cell viral transmission in the SMG, corroborating the high viral load in saliva of infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Sasso-Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School–São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (V.D.M.); (J.C.G.d.M.)
| | - Vitor Dallacqua Martinelli
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School–São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (V.D.M.); (J.C.G.d.M.)
| | - Salmo Azambuja de Oliveira
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil; (S.A.d.O.); (A.A.S.d.S.)
| | - André Acácio Souza da Silva
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo 04023-900, Brazil; (S.A.d.O.); (A.A.S.d.S.)
| | - Juliana Cerini Grassi de Moraes
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School–São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (V.D.M.); (J.C.G.d.M.)
| | - Paulo Sérgio Cerri
- Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Department of Morphology, Genetics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Dental School–São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara 14801-903, Brazil; (V.D.M.); (J.C.G.d.M.)
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14
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Easter QT, Fernandes Matuck B, Beldorati Stark G, Worth CL, Predeus AV, Fremin B, Huynh K, Ranganathan V, Ren Z, Pereira D, Rupp BT, Weaver T, Miller K, Perez P, Hasuike A, Chen Z, Bush M, Qu X, Lee J, Randell SH, Wallet SM, Sequeira I, Koo H, Tyc KM, Liu J, Ko KI, Teichmann SA, Byrd KM. Single-cell and spatially resolved interactomics of tooth-associated keratinocytes in periodontitis. Nat Commun 2024; 15:5016. [PMID: 38876998 PMCID: PMC11178863 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-49037-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis affects billions of people worldwide. To address relationships of periodontal niche cell types and microbes in periodontitis, we generated an integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNAseq) atlas of human periodontium (34-sample, 105918-cell), including sulcular and junctional keratinocytes (SK/JKs). SK/JKs displayed altered differentiation states and were enriched for effector cytokines in periodontitis. Single-cell metagenomics revealed 37 bacterial species with cell-specific tropism. Fluorescence in situ hybridization detected intracellular 16 S and mRNA signals of multiple species and correlated with SK/JK proinflammatory phenotypes in situ. Cell-cell communication analysis predicted keratinocyte-specific innate and adaptive immune interactions. Highly multiplexed immunofluorescence (33-antibody) revealed peri-epithelial immune foci, with innate cells often spatially constrained around JKs. Spatial phenotyping revealed immunosuppressed JK-microniches and SK-localized tertiary lymphoid structures in periodontitis. Here, we demonstrate impacts on and predicted interactomics of SK and JK cells in health and periodontitis, which requires further investigation to support precision periodontal interventions in states of chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quinn T Easter
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Bruno Fernandes Matuck
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Khoa Huynh
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | | | - Zhi Ren
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Diana Pereira
- Center for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts Centre for Squamous Cancer, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Brittany T Rupp
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Theresa Weaver
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | | | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Akira Hasuike
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- Department of Periodontology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Zhaoxu Chen
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mandy Bush
- Respiratory TRACTS Core, Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Xufeng Qu
- VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Shared Resource Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Janice Lee
- Craniofacial Anomalies & Regeneration Section, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Scott H Randell
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Shannon M Wallet
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Inês Sequeira
- Center for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts Centre for Squamous Cancer, Institute of Dentistry, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Hyun Koo
- Biofilm Research Laboratories, Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Katarzyna M Tyc
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Shared Resource Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Jinze Liu
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
- VCU Massey Comprehensive Cancer Center, Bioinformatics Shared Resource Core, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Kang I Ko
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Sarah A Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kevin M Byrd
- Lab of Oral & Craniofacial Innovation (LOCI), Department of Innovation & Technology Research, ADA Science & Research Institute, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
- Division of Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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15
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Hartvigsen B, Jakobsen KK, Benfield T, Gredal NT, Ersbøll AK, Grønlund MW, Bundgaard H, Andersen MP, Steenhard N, von Buchwald C, Todsen T. Molecular Detection of SARS-CoV-2 From Throat Swabs Performed With or Without Specimen Collection From the Tonsils: Protocol for a Multicenter Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Res Protoc 2024; 13:e47446. [PMID: 38865190 PMCID: PMC11208824 DOI: 10.2196/47446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Testing for SARS-CoV-2 is essential to provide early COVID-19 treatment for people at high risk of severe illness and to limit the spread of infection in society. Proper upper respiratory specimen collection is the most critical step in the diagnosis of the SARS-CoV-2 virus in public settings, and throat swabs were the preferred specimens used for mass testing in many countries during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, there is still a discussion about whether throat swabs have a high enough sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 diagnostic testing, as previous studies have reported a large variability in the sensitivity from 52% to 100%. Many previous studies exploring the diagnostic accuracy of throat swabs lack a detailed description of the sampling technique, which makes it difficult to compare the different diagnostic accuracy results. Some studies perform a throat swab by only collecting specimens from the posterior oropharyngeal wall, while others also include a swab of the palatine tonsils for SARS-CoV-2 testing. However, studies suggest that the palatine tonsils could have a tissue tropism for SARS-CoV-2 that may improve the SARS-CoV-2 detection during sampling. This may explain the variation of sensitivity reported, but no clinical studies have yet explored the differences in sensitivity and patient discomfort whether the palatine tonsils are included during the throat swab or not. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to examine the sensitivity and patient discomfort of a throat swab including the palatine tonsils compared to only swabbing the posterior oropharyngeal wall in molecular testing for SARS-CoV-2. METHODS We will conduct a randomized controlled study to compare the molecular detection rate of SARS-CoV-2 by a throat swab performed from the posterior oropharyngeal wall and the palatine tonsils (intervention group) or the posterior oropharyngeal wall only (control group). Participants will be randomized in a 1:1 ratio. All participants fill out a baseline questionnaire upon enrollment in the trial, examining their reason for being tested, symptoms, and previous tonsillectomy. A follow-up questionnaire will be sent to participants to explore the development of symptoms after testing. RESULTS A total of 2315 participants were enrolled in this study between November 10, 2022, and December 22, 2022. The results from the follow-up questionnaire are expected to be completed at the beginning of 2024. CONCLUSIONS This randomized clinical trial will provide us with information about whether throat swabs including specimens from the palatine tonsils will improve the diagnostic sensitivity for SARS-CoV-2 molecular detection. These results can, therefore, be used to improve future testing recommendations and provide additional information about tissue tropism for SARS-CoV-2. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov NCT05611203; https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT05611203. INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT IDENTIFIER (IRRID) DERR1-10.2196/47446.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikte Hartvigsen
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kathrine Kronberg Jakobsen
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Benfield
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amager and Hvidovre, Copenhagen University Hospital, Hvidovre, Denmark
| | - Niels Tobias Gredal
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Annette Kjær Ersbøll
- Copenhagen Emergency Medical Services, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- National Institute of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mathias Waldemar Grønlund
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Henning Bundgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Cardiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Nina Steenhard
- TestCenter Danmark, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christian von Buchwald
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tobias Todsen
- Copenhagen Academy for Medical Education and Simulation, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery and Audiology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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16
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Alfaifi AA, Wang TW, Perez P, Sultan AS, Meiller TF, Rock P, Kleiner DE, Chertow DS, Hewitt SM, Gasmi B, Stein S, Ramelli S, Martin D, Warner BM, Jabra-Rizk MA. SARS-CoV-2 Infection of Salivary Glands Compromises Oral Antifungal Innate Immunity and Predisposes to Oral Candidiasis. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.05.13.593942. [PMID: 38798323 PMCID: PMC11118411 DOI: 10.1101/2024.05.13.593942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Saliva contains antimicrobial peptides considered integral components of host innate immunity, and crucial for protection against colonizing microbial species. Most notable is histatin-5 which is exclusively produced in salivary glands with uniquely potent antifungal activity against the opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans. Recently, SARS-CoV-2 was shown to replicate in salivary gland acinar cells eliciting local immune cell activation. In this study, we performed mechanistic and clinical studies to investigate the implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection on salivary histatin-5 production and Candida colonization. Bulk RNA-sequencing of parotid salivary glands from COVID-19 autopsies demonstrated statistically significant decreased expression of histatin genes. In situ hybridization, coupled with immunofluorescence for co-localization of SARS-CoV-2 spike and histatin in salivary gland cells, showed that histatin was absent or minimally present in acinar cells with replicating viruses. To investigate the clinical implications of these findings, salivary histatin-5 levels and oral Candida burden in saliva samples from three independent cohorts of mild and severe COVID-19 patients and matched healthy controls were evaluated. Results revealed significantly reduced histatin-5 in SARS-CoV-2 infected subjects, concomitant with enhanced prevalence of C. albicans. Analysis of prospectively recovered samples indicated that the decrease in histatin-5 is likely reversible in mild-moderate disease as concentrations tended to increase during the post-acute phase. Importantly, salivary cytokine profiling demonstrated correlations between activation of the Th17 inflammatory pathway, changes in histatin-5 concentrations, and subsequent clearance of C. albicans in a heavily colonized subject. The importance of salivary histatin-5 in controlling the proliferation of C. albicans was demonstrated using an ex vivo assay where C. albicans was able to proliferate in COVID-19 saliva with low histatin-5, but not with high histatin-5. Taken together, the findings from this study provide direct evidence implicating SARS-CoV-2 infection of salivary glands with compromised oral innate immunity, and potential predisposition to oral candidiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Areej A. Alfaifi
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Restorative and Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, King Saud bin Abdulaziz University for Health Sciences, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
- King Abdullah International Medical Research Center (KAIMRC), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tristan W. Wang
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Paola Perez
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ahmed S. Sultan
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Timothy F. Meiller
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- University of Maryland Greenebaum Cancer Center, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Peter Rock
- Department of Anesthesia, School of Medicine, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David E. Kleiner
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Daniel S. Chertow
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Laboratory of Virology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Hamilton, MT, United States of America, USA
| | - Stephen M. Hewitt
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Billel Gasmi
- Laboratory of Pathology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sydney Stein
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sabrina Ramelli
- Critical Care Medicine Department, Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Daniel Martin
- Genomics and Computational Biology Core, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Blake M. Warner
- Salivary Disorders Unit, National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Mary Ann Jabra-Rizk
- Department of Oncology and Diagnostic Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Maryland Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
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17
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Castilho NL, Martelli DRB, Machado RA, Cunha ZA, dos Reis C, Queiroz PR, de Sá Silva D, Oliveira EA, Coletta RD, Martelli-Júnior H. Frequency of Oral Lesions, Olfactory, and Gustatory Disorders and Xerostomia in Patients with COVID-19. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:179. [PMID: 38920880 PMCID: PMC11203208 DOI: 10.3390/dj12060179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2024] [Revised: 05/18/2024] [Accepted: 05/27/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
COVID-19, a respiratory illness with a global impact on millions, has recently been linked to manifestations affecting various bodily systems, including the oral cavity. Studies highlight oral issues, like ulcers, blisters, and white patches, alongside olfactory and gustatory dysfunction, influencing an individual's quality of life. In this context, our study aimed to assess the frequency of oral lesions, olfactory and gustatory disorders, and xerostomia resulting from COVID-19. An observational study was conducted with 414 patients to evaluate the frequency of oral symptoms resulting from COVID-19. Patients were diagnosed with mild symptoms and evaluated through clinical examination of the oral cavity and a questionnaire to assess functional alterations. The findings showed that 139 out of 414 patients presented clinical manifestations, with oral lesions being the most prevalent (19.1%), followed by gustatory disorders (18.1%), xerostomia (14.2%), and olfactory dysfunction (14%). The most prevalent oral lesions were ulcerations (n = 51), candidiasis (n = 8), and erythema or red plaques (n = 7). Unfortunately, 50 (12.1%) patients died during this study. Therefore, oral lesions, olfactory and gustatory dysfunctions, and xerostomia are common symptoms associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natália Lopes Castilho
- Health Science/Primary Care Postgraduate Program, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros 39400-000, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (Z.A.C.)
| | - Daniella R. Barbosa Martelli
- Health Science/Primary Care Postgraduate Program, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros 39400-000, Brazil; (D.R.B.M.); (H.M.-J.)
| | - Renato Assis Machado
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, Brazil;
| | - Zêus Araujo Cunha
- Health Science/Primary Care Postgraduate Program, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros 39400-000, Brazil; (N.L.C.); (Z.A.C.)
| | - Claudiojanes dos Reis
- Mário Ribeiro Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, Funorte University Center, Montes Claros 39401-222, Brazil; (C.d.R.); (P.R.Q.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | - Priscila Regina Queiroz
- Mário Ribeiro Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, Funorte University Center, Montes Claros 39401-222, Brazil; (C.d.R.); (P.R.Q.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | - Dayane de Sá Silva
- Mário Ribeiro Clinical Hospital, School of Medicine, Funorte University Center, Montes Claros 39401-222, Brazil; (C.d.R.); (P.R.Q.); (D.d.S.S.)
| | - Eduardo Araujo Oliveira
- Health Sciences Postgraduate Program, Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Federal University of Minas Gerais (UFMG), Belo Horizonte 30310-580, Brazil;
- Department of Pediatrics, Rady Children’s Hospital, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricardo D. Coletta
- Department of Oral Diagnosis and Graduate Program in Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Campinas, Piracicaba 13414-018, Brazil;
| | - Hercílio Martelli-Júnior
- Health Science/Primary Care Postgraduate Program, Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Pathology, Dental School, State University of Montes Claros (UNIMONTES), Montes Claros 39400-000, Brazil; (D.R.B.M.); (H.M.-J.)
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18
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Poleti ML, Gregório D, Bistaffa AGI, Vilhena FV, Simão ANC, Mori MTE, Stadtlober NP, Lozovoy MAB, da Silva Santos PS, Tatibana BT, Fernandes TMF. Can toothbrushing reduce the intraoral viral load of SARS-CoV-2? A pilot study with a dentifrice containing an antimicrobial phthalocyanine derivative. GMS HYGIENE AND INFECTION CONTROL 2024; 19:Doc32. [PMID: 38993377 PMCID: PMC11238404 DOI: 10.3205/dgkh000487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/13/2024]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess whether toothbrushing with a dentifrice containing an antimicrobial phthalocyanine derivative (APD) can reduce the intraoral viral load of SARS-CoV-2. Twenty COVID-19-positive dentate patients aged ≥18 years were selected instructed to brush their teeth for 2 min with a dentifrice containing APD. Self-collected samples of unstimulated saliva were carried out three times: T0 (baseline), T5 (5 min after toothbrushing), and T30 (30 min after toothbrushing). The analysis of viral RNA was performed by RT-qPCR for detection of three viral genes (ORF1ab, N and S genes). Results were statistically tested using Friedman's test and pairwise comparison with Bonferroni corrections, with a significance level of 5%. There was an increase in the cycle threshold (Ct) value from T0 to T5 in 13 patients (72.2%), and from T0 to T30 in 14 patients (77.8%). In two patients (11.1%) no SARS-CoV-2 was detected at T5 and five patients (27.8%) at T30. The Ct values were statistically significantly higher (p=0.020) at T30 in comparison to T0 and T5. This pilot study suggests that toothbrushing with a dentifrice containing APD could reduce the SARS-CoV-2 viral load in the oral cavity. However, further studies are needed to confirm this possible beneficial effect against SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Danielle Gregório
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Paraná – UNOPAR/UNIDERP, Londrina, Brazil
| | | | | | - Andréa Name Colado Simão
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Mayara Tiemi Enokida Mori
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Nicole Perugini Stadtlober
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Marcell Alysson Batisti Lozovoy
- Research Laboratory in Applied Immunology, Department of Pathology, Clinical Analysis and Toxicology, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | | | - Thais Maria Freire Fernandes
- Postgraduate Program in Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of North Paraná – UNOPAR/UNIDERP, Londrina, Brazil
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19
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Silveira FM, Kirschnick LB, Calderipe CB, Schuch LF, Martins MD, Bologna-Molina R, Santos-Silva AR, Vasconcelos ACU. Morphological and tissue-based molecular characterization of oral lesions in patients with COVID-19: An update of a living systematic review. JOURNAL OF ORAL AND MAXILLOFACIAL SURGERY, MEDICINE, AND PATHOLOGY 2024. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoms.2024.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/14/2024]
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20
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Kreesaeng P, Tangbumrungtham N, Rachapattayakhom R, Roongpuvapaht B, Tanjararak K. Prevalence and Prognostic Factors Associated with Early Recovery of Olfactory Dysfunction in COVID-19 Patients. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2024; 103:68S-75S. [PMID: 37743845 DOI: 10.1177/01455613231202207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The prevalence of smell dysfunction, along with its risk factors, has been evaluated in previous literature; however, little has been established regarding its relation to other factors such as disease severity, history of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations, and medical treatment for COVID-19 infection. These factors may impact the overall recovery of olfaction in COVID-19 patients. OBJECTIVE This study investigated the prevalence of early olfactory recovery from COVID-19 infection and its associated factors. METHODS This study was a prospective cohort study on 348 COVID-19 patients with a new onset of anosmia or hyposmia. Smell sensation scores on the olfactory self-assessment test were collected at baseline and every week until 6 weeks of follow-up. The primary outcome was the prevalence of early olfactory recovery. The secondary outcomes were analyzing factors associated with early olfactory recovery and the median time to complete recovery of smell loss. RESULTS The prevalence of early olfactory recovery was 63.1% (95% CI: 0.58-0.68), and significant associated factors in multivariate analysis included patients without allergic rhinitis (OR 2.22, 95% CI: 1.12-4.40, P = 0.023) and no alteration of taste perception (OR 1.62, 95% CI: 1.02-2.57, P = 0.042). The median time to complete recovery from smell loss was 2 weeks. CONCLUSION The present study found that the prevalence of early olfactory recovery within 2 weeks was 63.1%. The median time to olfactory recovery was also 2 weeks. Patients without allergic rhinitis and taste alteration had a significantly better chance of early recovery of olfactory function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pattraporn Kreesaeng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Navarat Tangbumrungtham
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ratchaporn Rachapattayakhom
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Boonsam Roongpuvapaht
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kangsadarn Tanjararak
- Department of Otolaryngology Head & Neck Surgery, Ramathibodi Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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21
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Gupta T, Kumar M, Kaur UJ, Rao A, Bharti R. Mapping ACE2 and TMPRSS2 co-expression in human brain tissue: implications for SARS-CoV-2 neurological manifestations. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:316-326. [PMID: 38600308 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-024-01206-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 03/31/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
The Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) primarily targets respiratory cells, but emerging evidence shows neurological involvement, with the virus directly affecting neurons and glia. SARS-CoV-2 entry into a target cell requires co-expression of ACE2 (Angiotensin-converting enzyme-2) and TMPRSS2 (Trans membrane serine protease-2). Relevant literature on human neurological tissue is sparse and mostly focused on the olfactory areas. This prompted our study to map brain-wide expression of these entry proteins and assess age-related changes. The normal brain tissue samples were collected from cerebral cortex, hippocampus, basal ganglia, thalamus, hypothalamus, brain stem and cerebellum; and were divided into two groups - up to 40 years (n = 10) and above 40 years (n = 10). ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression analysis was done using qRT-PCR and protein co-expression was seen by immunofluorescence. The ACE2 and TMPRSS2 gene expression was observed to be highest in hypothalamus and thalamus regions, respectively. Immunoreactivity for both ACE-2 and TMPRSS2 was observed in all examined brain regions, confirming the presence of these viral entry receptors. Co-localisation was maximum in hypothalamus. Our study did not find any trend related to different age groups. The expression of both these viral entry receptors suggests that normal human brain is susceptibility to SARS-CoV-2, perhaps which could be related to the cognitive and neurological impairment that occur in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tulika Gupta
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Munish Kumar
- Division of Neuro-anesthesia, Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ujjwal Jit Kaur
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Asha Rao
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ranjana Bharti
- Department of Anatomy, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
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22
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Lane D, Allsopp R, Holmes CW, Slingsby OC, Jukes-Jones R, Bird P, Anderson NL, Razavi M, Yip R, Pearson TW, Pope M, Khunti K, Doykov I, Hällqvist J, Mills K, Skipp P, Carling R, Ng L, Shaw J, Gupta P, Jones DJL. A high throughput immuno-affinity mass spectrometry method for detection and quantitation of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in human saliva and its comparison with RT-PCR, RT-LAMP, and lateral flow rapid antigen test. Clin Chem Lab Med 2024; 62:1206-1216. [PMID: 38253336 DOI: 10.1515/cclm-2023-0243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Many reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods exist that can detect SARS-CoV-2 RNA in different matrices. RT-PCR is highly sensitive, although viral RNA may be detected long after active infection has taken place. SARS-CoV-2 proteins have shorter detection windows hence their detection might be more meaningful. Given salivary droplets represent a main source of transmission, we explored the detection of viral RNA and protein using four different detection platforms including SISCAPA peptide immunoaffinity liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (SISCAPA-LC-MS) using polyclonal capture antibodies. METHODS The SISCAPA-LC MS method was compared to RT-PCR, RT-loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), and a lateral flow rapid antigen test (RAT) for the detection of virus material in the drool saliva of 102 patients hospitalised after infection with SARS-CoV-2. Cycle thresholds (Ct) of RT-PCR (E gene) were compared to RT-LAMP time-to-positive (TTP) (NE and Orf1a genes), RAT optical densitometry measurements (test line/control line ratio) and to SISCAPA-LC-MS for measurements of viral protein. RESULTS SISCAPA-LC-MS showed low sensitivity (37.7 %) but high specificity (89.8 %). RAT showed lower sensitivity (24.5 %) and high specificity (100 %). RT-LAMP had high sensitivity (83.0 %) and specificity (100.0 %). At high initial viral RNA loads (<20 Ct), results obtained using SISCAPA-LC-MS correlated with RT-PCR (R2 0.57, p-value 0.002). CONCLUSIONS Detection of SARS-CoV-2 nucleoprotein in saliva was less frequent than the detection of viral RNA. The SISCAPA-LC-MS method allowed processing of multiple samples in <150 min and was scalable, enabling high throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lane
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Rebecca Allsopp
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Christopher W Holmes
- Clinical Microbiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | - Rebekah Jukes-Jones
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Paul Bird
- Clinical Microbiology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, UK
| | | | | | - Richard Yip
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | | | - Matt Pope
- SISCAPA Assay Technologies, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Kamlesh Khunti
- Leicester Diabetes Centre, Leicester General Hospital, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Ivan Doykov
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Jenny Hällqvist
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Kevin Mills
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Department, Translational Mass Spectrometry Research Group, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
- Great Ormond Street Biomedical Research Centre, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, UK
| | - Paul Skipp
- Centre for Proteomic Research, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Carling
- Biochemical Sciences, Synnovis, Guys & St Thomas' NHSFT, London, UK
- GKT School Medical Education, Kings College London, London, UK
| | - Leong Ng
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Jacqui Shaw
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Pankaj Gupta
- The Department of Chemical Pathology and Metabolic Diseases, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Donald J L Jones
- Department of Genetics and Genome Biology, Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
- van Geest MS-OMICS Facility, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
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23
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da Silva SM, Amaral C, Malta-Luís C, Grilo D, Duarte AG, Morais I, Afonso G, Faria N, Antunes W, Gomes I, Sá-Leão R, Miragaia M, Serrano M, Pimentel C. A one-step low-cost molecular test for SARS-CoV-2 detection suitable for community testing using minimally processed saliva. Biol Methods Protoc 2024; 9:bpae035. [PMID: 38835855 PMCID: PMC11147803 DOI: 10.1093/biomethods/bpae035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The gold standard for coronavirus disease 2019 diagnostic testing relies on RNA extraction from naso/oropharyngeal swab followed by amplification through reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) with fluorogenic probes. While the test is extremely sensitive and specific, its high cost and the potential discomfort associated with specimen collection made it suboptimal for public health screening purposes. In this study, we developed an equally reliable, but cheaper and less invasive alternative test based on a one-step RT-PCR with the DNA-intercalating dye SYBR Green, which enables the detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) directly from saliva samples or RNA isolated from nasopharyngeal (NP) swabs. Importantly, we found that this type of testing can be fine-tuned to discriminate SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern. The saliva RT-PCR SYBR Green test was successfully used in a mass-screening initiative targeting nearly 4500 asymptomatic children under the age of 12. Testing was performed at a reasonable cost, and in some cases, the saliva test outperformed NP rapid antigen tests in identifying infected children. Whole genome sequencing revealed that the antigen testing failure could not be attributed to a specific lineage of SARS-CoV-2. Overall, this work strongly supports the view that RT-PCR saliva tests based on DNA-intercalating dyes represent a powerful strategy for community screening of SARS-CoV-2. The tests can be easily applied to other infectious agents and, therefore, constitute a powerful resource for an effective response to future pandemics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M da Silva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Catarina Amaral
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Cláudia Malta-Luís
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Diana Grilo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Américo G Duarte
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Inês Morais
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Afonso
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Nuno Faria
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Centro de Investigação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Av. Dr Alfredo Bensaúde, Lisboa, 1849-012, Portugal
| | - Inês Gomes
- Centro de Investigação da Academia Militar (CINAMIL), Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Av. Dr Alfredo Bensaúde, Lisboa, 1849-012, Portugal
| | - Raquel Sá-Leão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Maria Miragaia
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Mónica Serrano
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
| | - Catarina Pimentel
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Oeiras, 2780-157, Portugal
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24
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Alkharobi HE. Oral symptoms potentially associated with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 in tobacco users. Tob Induc Dis 2024; 22:TID-22-75. [PMID: 38742218 PMCID: PMC11089344 DOI: 10.18332/tid/186531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/16/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is a worldwide infection characterized by various symptoms. Few studies have examined its oral manifestations. However, there is insufficient information on the oral manifestations of patients with COVID-19 who use tobacco products. Therefore, this cross-sectional study investigated oral symptoms of tobacco-using patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. METHODS This study used a convenience sample of non-hospitalized patients (aged ≥18 years) with mild-to-moderate COVID-19 diagnosed by polymerized chain reaction (PCR). This study excluded pregnant or lactating women or patients with serious COVID-19 complications, including those who required hospitalization or were on specific medications (antiviral, corticosteroid, antimicrobial, or immunosuppressive). Oral examinations were performed, including labial, buccal, and gingival mucosa, tongue, floor of the mouth, and palate, for any newly developed lesions associated with the onset of COVID-19. The salivary flow was determined using the passive drool collection technique. RESULTS Lip dryness, gingivitis, tongue lesions, and taste loss were the most commonly reported oral symptoms in patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. The most common general symptoms were tiredness and headache (63.9%), followed by dry cough, myalgia, sore throat, and fever. This study found 139 occurrences of oral symptoms, of which 52 were dry lips (27 tobacco non-users, and 25 tobacco users), and 11 were gingivitis (five non-users, and six tobacco users), and 12 tongue changes (eight non-users, and four tobacco users). Ageusia, or loss of taste sensation, was most commonly reported with or without other oral COVID-19 symptoms (55 occurrences: 36 non-users and 19 tobacco users). No significant differences were found in oral symptoms between tobacco non-users and tobacco users. CONCLUSIONS There is a need to expand the routine examination protocol for patients during future respiratory pandemics, as monitoring oral health allows dentists to improve the management of oral sequelae during a pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanaa E. Alkharobi
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, King Abdul-Aziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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25
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Onozuka D, Takatera S, Matsuo H, Yoshida H, Hamaguchi S, Yamamoto S, Sada RM, Suzuki K, Konishi K, Kutsuna S. Oral mouthwashes for asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19 and salivary viral load: a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:491. [PMID: 38664718 PMCID: PMC11044332 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04246-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/29/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent randomized clinical trials suggest that the effect of using cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes on the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) viral load in COVID-19 patients has been inconsistent. Additionally, no clinical study has investigated the effectiveness of on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash against COVID-19. METHODS We performed a randomized, placebo-controlled, open-label clinical trial to assess for any effects of using mouthwash on the salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load among asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adult COVID-19-positive patients. Patients were randomized to receive either 20 mL of 0.05% CPC, 10 mL of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide, or 20 mL of placebo mouthwash (purified water) in a 1:1:1 ratio. The primary endpoint was the cycle threshold (Ct) values employed for SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load estimation. We used linear mixed-effects models to assess for any effect of the mouthwashes on SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. RESULTS Of a total of 96 eligible participants enrolled from November 7, 2022, to January 19, 2023, 90 were accepted for the primary analysis. The use of 0.05% CPC mouthwash was not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.640; 95% confidence interval [CI], -1.425 to 2.706; P = 0.543); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.158; 95% CI, -0.797 to 3.112; P = 0.246); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 1.283; 95% CI, -0.719 to 3.285; P = 0.209); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.304; 95% CI, -1.777 to 2.385; P = 0.775); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.782; 95% CI, -1.195 to 2.759; P = 0.438). The use of 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash was also not shown to be superior to placebo in change from baseline salivary Ct value at 30 min (difference vs. placebo, 0.905; 95% CI, -1.079 to 2.888; P = 0.371); 2 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.709; 95% CI, -1.275 to 2.693; P = 0.483); 4 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.220; 95% CI, -1.787 to 2.226; P = 0.830); 10 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.198; 95% CI, -1.901 to 2.296; P = 0.854); or 24 h (difference vs. placebo, 0.784; 95% CI, -1.236 to 2.804; P = 0.447). CONCLUSIONS In asymptomatic to mildly symptomatic adults with COVID-19, compared to placebo, the use of 0.05% CPC and 0.01% on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash did not lead to a significant reduction in SARS-CoV-2 salivary viral load. Future studies of the efficacy of CPC and on-demand aqueous chlorine dioxide mouthwash on the viral viability of SARS-CoV-2 should be conducted using different specimen types and in multiple populations and settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Onozuka
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
| | - Satoko Takatera
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroo Matsuo
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hisao Yoshida
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shigeto Hamaguchi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shungo Yamamoto
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Ryuichi Minoda Sada
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Koichiro Suzuki
- The Research Foundation for Microbial Diseases of Osaka University (BIKEN), Osaka, Japan
| | - Keiji Konishi
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Kutsuna
- Department of Oral Microbe Control, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, 2-2 Yamadaoka, Osaka, 565-0871, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Analysis for Human Specimen, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Division of Fostering Required Medical Human Resources, Center for Infectious Disease Education and Research (CiDER), Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
- Department of Transformative Protection to Infectious Disease, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
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26
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Cerkezi S, Nakova M, Gorgoski I, Ferati K, Bexheti-Ferati A, Palermo A, Inchingolo AD, Ferrante L, Inchingolo AM, Inchingolo F, Dipalma G. The Role of Sulfhydryl (Thiols) Groups in Oral and Periodontal Diseases. Biomedicines 2024; 12:882. [PMID: 38672236 PMCID: PMC11048028 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12040882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
AIM The sulfhydryl (thiols) group of glutathione plays an important role in the neutralization of foreign organic compounds and the reduction in peroxides. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the concentration of sulfhydryl groups in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, and to examine the differences between these groups. MATERIAL AND METHODS To assess the concentration of sulfhydryl groups (thiols) in the gingival tissue of healthy individuals and those with gingivitis or periodontitis, we used spectrophotometric analysis using dithionitrobenzoate (DTNB) as a reagent to measure the accessible sulfhydryl groups present in gingival tissue proteins. The sample was divided into three distinct groups: individuals with periodontal health, gingivitis, and periodontitis, and different indices were used to assess the periodontal status of the participants. Next, a statistical analysis was conducted to compare the concentrations of sulfhydryl groups among the different groups of patients. CONCLUSIONS The results of this study showed significantly decreased levels of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in gingival tissue from patients with gingivitis and periodontitis, compared with healthy people (control group). These results confirm the role of sulfhydryl (thiols) groups in defense against free radicals. They share a significant role in detoxification, signal transduction, apoptosis, and various other functions at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabetim Cerkezi
- Orthodontic Department, Dentristy School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Marija Nakova
- Periodontology Department, Dentistry School, Medical Science Faculty, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetova, North Macedonia;
| | - Icko Gorgoski
- Faculty of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, University St. Cyril and Methodius, 1000 Skopje, North Macedonia;
| | - Kenan Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Arberesha Bexheti-Ferati
- Faculty of Medicine, State University of Tetova, 1220 Tetovo, North Macedonia; (K.F.); (A.B.-F.)
| | - Andrea Palermo
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, Birmingham B4 6BN, UK;
| | - Alessio Danilo Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Laura Ferrante
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Angelo Michele Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Francesco Inchingolo
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
| | - Gianna Dipalma
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, 70121 Bari, Italy; (A.D.I.); (L.F.); (G.D.)
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27
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Gao F, Lin W, Wang X, Liao M, Zhang M, Qin N, Chen X, Xia L, Chen Q, Sha O. Identification of receptors and factors associated with human coronaviruses in the oral cavity using single-cell RNA sequencing. Heliyon 2024; 10:e28280. [PMID: 38560173 PMCID: PMC10981076 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e28280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2023] [Revised: 03/12/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) ravaged the world, and Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) exhibited highly prevalent oral symptoms that had significantly impacted the lives of affected patients. However, the involvement of four human coronavirus (HCoVs), namely SARS-CoV-2, SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and HCoV-229E, in oral cavity infections remained poorly understood. We integrated single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) data of seven human oral tissues through consistent normalization procedure, including minor salivary gland (MSG), parotid gland (PG), tongue, gingiva, buccal, periodontium and pulp. The Seurat, scDblFinder, Harmony, SingleR, Ucell and scCancer packages were comprehensively used for analysis. We identified specific cell clusters and generated expression profiles of SARS-CoV-2 and coronavirus-associated receptors and factors (SCARFs) in seven oral regions, providing direction for predicting the tropism of four HCoVs for oral tissues, as well as for dental clinical treatment. Based on our analysis, it appears that various SCARFs, including ACE2, ASGR1, KREMEN1, DPP4, ANPEP, CD209, CLEC4G/M, TMPRSS family proteins (including TMPRSS2, TMPRSS4, and TMPRSS11A), and FURIN, are expressed at low levels in the oral cavity. Conversely, BSG, CTSB, and CTSL exhibit enrichment in oral tissues. Our study also demonstrates widespread expression of restriction factors, particularly IFITM1-3 and LY6E, in oral cells. Additionally, some replication, assembly, and trafficking factors appear to exhibit broad oral tissues expression patterns. Overall, the oral cavity could potentially serve as a high-risk site for SARS-CoV-2 infection, while displaying a comparatively lower degree of susceptibility towards other HCoVs (including SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV and HCoV-229E). Specifically, MSG, tongue, and gingiva represent potential sites of vulnerability for four HCoVs infection, with the MSG exhibiting a particularly high susceptibility. However, the expression patterns of SCARFs in other oral sites demonstrate relatively intricate and may only be specifically associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Our study sheds light on the mechanisms of HCoVs infection in the oral cavity as well as gains insight into the characteristics and distribution of possible HCoVs target cells in oral tissues, providing potential therapeutic targets for HCoVs infection in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Gao
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Weiming Lin
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xia Wang
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- The Chinese University of Hong Kong Shenzhen, School of Medicine, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingfeng Liao
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Mingxia Zhang
- The Third People's Hospital of Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China
| | - Nianhong Qin
- Department of Stomatology, Shenzhen People's Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Xianxiong Chen
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Lixin Xia
- Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- Stomatology Hospital, School of Stomatology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Research of Zhejiang Province, Cancer Center of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ou Sha
- School of Dentistry, Shenzhen University Medical School, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
- Institute of Dental Research, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
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28
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Nakagawa T, Santos J, Nasamran CA, Sen P, Sadat S, Monther A, Bendik J, Ebisumoto K, Hu J, Preissl S, Guo T, Vavinskaya V, Fisch KM, Califano JA. Defining the relationship of salivary gland malignancies to novel cell subpopulations in human salivary glands using single nucleus RNA-sequencing. Int J Cancer 2024; 154:1492-1503. [PMID: 37971144 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.34790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Salivary glands have essential roles in maintaining oral health, mastication, taste and speech, by secreting saliva. Salivary glands are composed of several types of cells, and each cell type is predicted to be involved in the carcinogenesis of different types of cancers including adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC), acinic cell carcinoma (AciCC), salivary duct carcinoma (SDC), myoepithelial carcinoma (MECA) and other histology. In our study, we performed single nucleus RNA-seq on three human salivary gland samples to clarify the gene expression profile of each complex cellular component of the salivary glands and related these expression patterns to expression found in salivary gland cancers (SGC) to infer cell of origin. By single nucleus RNA-seq, salivary gland cells were stratified into four clusters: acinar cells, ductal cells 1, ductal cells 2 and myoepithelial cells/stromal cells. The localization of each cell group was verified by IHC of each cluster marker gene, and one group of ductal cells was found to represent intercalated ductal cells labeled with HES1. Furthermore, in comparison with SGC RNA-seq data, acinar cell markers were upregulated in AciCC, but downregulated in ACC and ductal cell markers were upregulated in SDC but downregulated in MECA, suggesting that markers of origin are highly expressed in some SGC. Cell type expressions in specific SGC histology are similar to those found in normal salivary gland populations, indicating a potential etiologic relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuya Nakagawa
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jessica Santos
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Chanond A Nasamran
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Prakriti Sen
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Sayed Sadat
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Abdula Monther
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph Bendik
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Koji Ebisumoto
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Jingjing Hu
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sebastian Preissl
- Center for Epigenomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Theresa Guo
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Vera Vavinskaya
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Kathleen M Fisch
- Center for Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
- Division of Otolaryngology - Head and Neck Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA
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Zhou C, Cai Z, Jin B, Lin H, Xu L, Jin Z. Saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2: a bibliometric analysis of global research. Mol Cell Biochem 2024; 479:761-777. [PMID: 37178376 PMCID: PMC10182745 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-023-04760-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Saliva has emerged as a promising noninvasive biofluid for the diagnosis of oral and systemic diseases, including viral infections. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, a growing number of studies focused on saliva-based detection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). Taking advantage of the WoS core collection (WoSCC) and CiteSpace, we retrieved 1021 articles related to saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 and conducted a comprehensive bibliometric analysis. We analyzed countries, institutions, authors, cited authors, and cited journals to summarize their contribution and influence and analyzed keywords to explore research hotspots and trends. From 2020 to 2021, research focused on viral transmission via saliva and verification of saliva as a reliable specimen, whereas from 2021 to the present, the focus of research has switched to saliva-based biosensors for SARS-CoV-2 detection. By far, saliva has been verified as a reliable specimen for SARS-CoV-2 detection, although a standardized procedure for saliva sampling and processing is needed. Studies on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2 will promote the development of saliva-based diagnostics and biosensors for viral detection. Collectively, our findings could provide valuable information to help scientists perceive the basic knowledge landscapes on saliva-based detection of SARS-CoV-2, the past and current research hotspots, and future opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun Zhou
- Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Science and Education, the Affiliated Jinhua Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhaopin Cai
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Boxing Jin
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Huisong Lin
- Zhejiang Institute of Medical Device Testing, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhigang Jin
- Jinhua People's Hospital Joint Center for Biomedical Research, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
- College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, 321000, Zhejiang, China.
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Ahmad Wadi AFA, Onomura D, Funamori H, Khatun MM, Okada S, Iizasa H, Yoshiyama H. Effects of Strain Differences, Humidity Changes, and Saliva Contamination on the Inactivation of SARS-CoV-2 by Ion Irradiation. Viruses 2024; 16:520. [PMID: 38675863 PMCID: PMC11055001 DOI: 10.3390/v16040520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2024] [Revised: 03/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/26/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the methods to inactivate viruses is to denature viral proteins using released ions. However, there have been no reports detailing the effects of changes in humidity or contamination with body fluids on the inactivation of viruses. This study investigated the effects of humidity changes and saliva contamination on the efficacy of SARS-CoV-2 inactivation with ions using multiple viral strains. Virus solutions with different infectious titers were dropped onto a circular nitrocellulose membrane and irradiated with ions from 10 cm above the membrane. After the irradiation of ions for 60, 90, and 120 min, changes in viral infectious titers were measured. The effect of ions on virus inactivation under different humidity conditions was also examined using virus solutions containing 90% mixtures of saliva collected from 10 people. A decrease in viral infectivity was observed over time for all strains, but ion irradiation further accelerated the decrease in viral infectivity. Ion irradiation can inactivate all viral strains, but at 80% humidity, the effect did not appear until 90 min after irradiation. The presence of saliva protected the virus from drying and maintained infectiousness for a longer period compared with no saliva. In particular, the Omicron strain retained its infectivity titer longer than the other strains. Ion irradiation demonstrated a consistent reduction in the number of infectious viruses when compared to the control across varying levels of humidity and irradiation periods. This underscores the notable effectiveness of irradiation, even when the reduction effect is as modest as 50%, thereby emphasizing its crucial role in mitigating the rapid dissemination of SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afifah Fatimah Azzahra Ahmad Wadi
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Muslim Indonesia, Makassar 9023, South Sulawesi, Indonesia
| | - Daichi Onomura
- Division of Virology, Department of Infection and Immunity, Faculty of Medicine, Jichi Medical University, Shimotsuke 329-0498, Tochigi, Japan;
| | | | - Mst Mahmuda Khatun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Shunpei Okada
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Hisashi Iizasa
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
| | - Hironori Yoshiyama
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Shimane University, 89-1 Enya, Izumo 693-8504, Shimane, Japan; (A.F.A.A.W.); (M.M.K.); (S.O.); (H.I.)
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Drouin A, Plumb ID, McCullough M, James Gist J, Liu S, Theberge M, Katz J, Moreida M, Flaherty S, Chatwani B, Briggs Hagen M, Midgley CM, Fusco D. Clinical and laboratory characteristics of patients hospitalized with severe COVID-19 in New Orleans, August 2020 to September 2021. Sci Rep 2024; 14:6539. [PMID: 38503862 PMCID: PMC10951213 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-57306-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/21/2024] Open
Abstract
Louisiana experienced high morbidity and mortality from COVID-19. To assess possible explanatory factors, we conducted a cohort study (ClinSeqSer) of patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in New Orleans during August 2020-September 2021. Following enrollment, we reviewed medical charts, and performed SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR testing on nasal and saliva specimens. We used multivariable logistic regression to assess associations between patient characteristics and severe illness, defined as ≥ 6 L/min oxygen or intubation. Among 456 patients, median age was 56 years, 277 (60.5%) were Black non-Hispanic, 436 (95.2%) had underlying health conditions, and 358 were unvaccinated (92.0% of 389 verified). Overall, 187 patients (40.1%) had severe illness; 60 (13.1%) died during admission. In multivariable models, severe illness was associated with age ≥ 65 years (OR 2.08, 95% CI 1.22-3.56), hospitalization > 5 days after illness onset (OR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.21), and SARS CoV-2 cycle threshold (Ct) result of < 32 in saliva (OR 4.79, 95% CI 1.22-18.77). Among patients who were predominantly Black non-Hispanic, unvaccinated and with underlying health conditions, approximately 1 in 3 patients had severe COVID-19. Older age and delayed time to admission might have contributed to high case-severity. An association between case-severity and low Ct value in saliva warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Drouin
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Ian D Plumb
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | | | | | - Sharon Liu
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Marc Theberge
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Joshua Katz
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Matthew Moreida
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA
| | - Shelby Flaherty
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Bhoomija Chatwani
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melissa Briggs Hagen
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Claire M Midgley
- Applied Epidemiology Studies Team, Epidemiology Branch, and on detail to the Global Respiratory Viruses Branch Coronavirus and Other Respiratory Viruses Division, Centers for Disease Control, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Dahlene Fusco
- Department of Medicine, Tulane University School of Medicine, 1430 Tulane Avenue, New Orleans, LA, 70130, USA.
- University Medical Center, New Orleans, LA, USA.
- School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA.
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Grinstein-Koren O, Lusthaus M, Tabibian-Keissar H, Kaplan I, Buchner A, Ilatov R, Vered M, Zlotogorski-Hurvitz A. Pathological changes in oral epithelium and the expression of SARS-CoV-2 entry receptors, ACE2 and furin. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0300269. [PMID: 38489333 PMCID: PMC10942036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0300269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-2 and co-factors like furin, play key-roles in entry of SARS-CoV-2 into host cells. Furin is also involved in oral carcinogenesis. We investigated their expression in oral pre-malignant/malignant epithelial pathologies to evaluate whether ACE2 and furin expression might increase susceptibility of patients with these lesions for SARS-CoV-2 infection. METHODS Study included normal oral mucosa (N = 14), epithelial hyperplasia-mild dysplasia (N = 27), moderate-to-severe dysplasia (N = 24), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC, N = 34) and oral lichen planus (N = 51). Evaluation of ACE2/furin membranous/membranous-cytoplasmic immunohistochemical expression was divided by epithelial thirds (basal/middle/upper), on a 5-tier scale (0, 1-weak, 1.5 -weak-to-moderate, 2-moderate, 3-strong). Total score per case was the sum of all epithelial thirds, and the mean staining score per group was calculated. Real time-polymerase chain reaction was performed for ACE2-RNA. Statistical differences were analyzed by One-way ANOVA, significance at p<0.05. RESULTS All oral mucosa samples were negative for ACE2 immuno-expression and its transcripts. Overall, furin expression was weakly present with total mean expression being higher in moderate-to-severe dysplasia and hyperplasia-mild dysplasia than in normal epithelium (p = 0.01, each) and SCC (p = 0.008, p = 0.009, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Oral mucosa, normal or with epithelial pathologies lacked ACE2 expression. Furin was weak and mainly expressed in dysplastic lesions. Thus, patients with epithelial pathologies do not seem to be at higher risk for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Overall, results show that oral mucosae do not seem to be a major site of SARS-CoV-2 entry and these were discussed vis-à-vis a comprehensive analysis of the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osnat Grinstein-Koren
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Michal Lusthaus
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Ilana Kaplan
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
| | - Amos Buchner
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Ron Ilatov
- Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
| | - Marilena Vered
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Institute of Pathology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, Ramat Gan, Israel
| | - Ayelet Zlotogorski-Hurvitz
- Department of Oral Pathology, Oral Medicine and Maxillofacial Imaging, Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv, Israel
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Rabin Medical Center, Petach-Tikva, Israel
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Atyeo N, Maldonado J, Warner B, Chiorini J. Salivary Glands and Viral Pathogenesis. J Dent Res 2024; 103:227-234. [PMID: 38344753 PMCID: PMC10985391 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231222871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The oral cavity is an epidemiologically relevant route of viral transmission due to the shedding of viruses in saliva. With advancements in salivary diagnostics, an increasing number of viruses have been detected. However, the anatomic source of virus in saliva is still largely unknown. Some viruses have a well-established tropism for the salivary glands (SGs), and recent studies have emphasized the importance of the glands as potential reservoirs for infectious viruses. Viral infections of the SGs have been linked to acute and chronic SG pathology and may be associated with SG dysfunction, with phenotypes similar to those seen in SjÖgren's disease (SjD), an autoimmune condition that affects the salivary and lacrimal glands. Understanding the breadth of viruses that infect the SG and the conserved or distinct host responses to these infections may provide insights into the pathogenesis of virus-mediated SG diseases. There is a need for further research to fully understand the molecular mechanisms by which viruses enter and replicate in the glands, their physiologic impact on SG function, and whether the SGs can serve as a long-term reservoir for infectious viral particles. The purpose of this review is to highlight a group of viruses that infect the salivary gland: hepatitis C virus, hepatitis D virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, enteric viruses, human T-cell leukemia virus type I, human immunodeficiency virus, human cytomegalovirus, and BK polyomavirus. We focus on the effects of viral infection on salivary gland (SG) inflammation, function, and its association with SjD.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Atyeo
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.O. Maldonado
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Center for Oral Health Integration, HealthPartners Institute, Bloomington, MN, USA
- Department of Diagnostic and Biological Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - B.M. Warner
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - J.A. Chiorini
- National Institute of Dental and Craniofacial Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Zhong L, Wang F, Liu D, Kuang W, Ji N, Li J, Zeng X, Li T, Dan H, Chen Q. Single-cell transcriptomics dissects premalignant progression in proliferative verrucous leukoplakia. Oral Dis 2024; 30:172-186. [PMID: 35950708 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 08/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Proliferative verrucous leukoplakia (PVL) is characterized by a spectrum of clinicopathological features and a high risk of malignant transformation. In this study, we aimed to delineate the dynamic changes in molecular signature during PVL progression and identify the potential cell subtypes that play a key role in the premalignant evolution of PVL. METHODS We performed single-cell RNA sequencing on three biopsy samples from a large PVL lesion. These samples exhibited a histopathological continuum of PVL progression. RESULTS By analyzing the transcriptome profiles of 27,611 cells from these samples, we identified ten major cell lineages and revealed that cellular remodeling occurred during the progression of PVL lesions, including epithelial, stromal, and immune cells. Epithelial cells are shifted to tumorigenic states and secretory patterns at the premalignant stage. Immune cells showed growing immunosuppressive phenotypes during PVL progression. Remarkably, two novel cell subtypes INSR+ endothelial cells and ASPN+ fibroblasts, were discovered and may play vital roles in microenvironment remodeling, such as angiogenesis and stromal fibrosis, which are closely involved in malignant transformation. CONCLUSION Our work is the first to depict the cellular landscape of PVL and speculate that disease progression may be driven by functional remodeling of multiple cell subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Fei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenjing Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jing Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Taiwen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hongxia Dan
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qianming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Zhang Z, Wen S, Liu J, Ouyang Y, Su Z, Chen D, Liang Z, Wang Y, Luo T, Jiang Q, Guo L. Advances in the relationship between periodontopathogens and respiratory diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2024; 29:42. [PMID: 38240101 PMCID: PMC10828996 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2024.13166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a common chronic inflammatory and destructive disease in the mouth and is considered to be associated with systemic diseases. Accumulating evidence has suggested that periodontitis is a risk factor for pulmonary diseases such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), asthma, coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‑19) and lung cancer. The presence of common periodontal pathogens has been detected in samples from a variety of pulmonary diseases. Periodontal pathogens can be involved in lung diseases by promoting the adhesion and invasion of respiratory pathogens, regulating the apoptosis of respiratory epithelium and inducing overexpression of mucin and disrupting the balance of immune systemin respiratory epithelium cells. Additionally, measures to control plaque and maintain the health of periodontal tissue can decrease the incidence of respiratory adverse events. This evidence suggests a close association between periodontitis and pulmonary diseases. The present study aimed to review the clinical association between periodontitis and pneumonia, COPD, asthma, COVID‑19 and lung cancer, and propose a possible mechanism and potential role of periodontal pathogens in linking periodontal disease and lung disease. This could provide a direction for further research on the association between periodontitis and lung disease and provide novel ideas for the clinical diagnosis and treatment management of these two diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyi Zhang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Siyi Wen
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Jiaohong Liu
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yuanting Ouyang
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Zhikang Su
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Ding Chen
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Zitian Liang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Diseases, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Tao Luo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Qianzhou Jiang
- Department of Endodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
| | - Lvhua Guo
- Department of Prosthodontics, Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong Engineering Research Center of Oral Restoration and Reconstruction, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Basic and Applied Research of Oral Regenerative Medicine, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510182, P.R. China
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Bontempo A, Chirino A, Heidari A, Lugo A, Shindo S, Pastore MR, Antonson SA, Godoy C, Nichols FC, Potempa J, Davey ME, Kawai T, Cayabyab MJ. Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 infection by Porphyromonas gingivalis and the oral microbiome. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.27.582258. [PMID: 38464164 PMCID: PMC10925342 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.27.582258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic persists despite the availability of vaccines, and it is therefore crucial to develop new therapeutic and preventive approaches. In this study, we investigated the potential role of the oral microbiome in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Using an in vitro SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection assay, we found a potent inhibitory effect exerted by Porphyromonas gingivalis on SARS-CoV-2 infection mediated by known P. gingivalis compounds such as phosphoglycerol dihydroceramide (PGDHC) and gingipains as well as by unknown bacterial factors. We found that the gingipain-mediated inhibition of infection is likely due to cytotoxicity, while PGDHC inhibited virus infection by an unknown mechanism. Unidentified factors present in P. gingivalis supernatant inhibited SARS-CoV-2 likely via the fusion step of the virus life cycle. We addressed the role of other oral bacteria and found certain periodontal pathogens capable of inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus infection by inducing cytotoxicity on target cells. In the human oral cavity, we observed the modulatory activity of oral microbial communities varied among individuals in that some saliva-based cultures were capable of inhibiting while others were enhancing infection. These findings contribute to our understanding of the complex relationship between the oral microbiome and viral infections, offering potential avenues for innovative therapeutic strategies in combating COVID-19.
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Aalam SMM, Varela AR, Khaderi A, Mondesir RJ, Mun DG, Ding A, Lombaert IM, Coppes RP, Emperumal CP, Pandey A, Janus JR, Kannan N. The Mayo Clinic Salivary Tissue-Organoid Biobanking: A Resource for Salivary Regeneration Research. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.02.23.581761. [PMID: 38464033 PMCID: PMC10925098 DOI: 10.1101/2024.02.23.581761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2024]
Abstract
The salivary gland (SG) is an essential organ that secretes saliva, which supports versatile oral function throughout life, and is maintained by elusive epithelial stem and progenitor cells (SGSPC). Unfortunately, aging, drugs, autoimmune disorders, and cancer treatments can lead to salivary dysfunction and associated health consequences. Despite many ongoing therapeutic efforts to mediate those conditions, investigating human SGSPC is challenging due to lack of standardized tissue collection, limited tissue access, and inadequate purification methods. Herein, we established a diverse and clinically annotated salivary regenerative biobanking at the Mayo Clinic, optimizing viable salivary cell isolation and clonal assays in both 2D and 3D-matrigel growth environments. Our analysis identified ductal epithelial cells in vitro enriched with SGSPC expressing the CD24/EpCAM/CD49f+ and PSMA- phenotype. We identified PSMA expression as a reliable SGSPC differentiation marker. Moreover, we identified progenitor cell types with shared phenotypes exhibiting three distinct clonal patterns of salivary differentiation in a 2D environment. Leveraging innovative label-free unbiased LC-MS/MS-based single-cell proteomics, we identified 819 proteins across 71 single cell proteome datasets from purified progenitor-enriched parotid gland (PG) and sub-mandibular gland (SMG) cultures. We identified distinctive co-expression of proteins, such as KRT1/5/13/14/15/17/23/76 and 79, exclusively observed in rare, scattered salivary ductal basal cells, indicating the potential de novo source of SGSPC. We also identified an entire class of peroxiredoxin peroxidases, enriched in PG than SMG, and attendant H2O2-dependent cell proliferation in vitro suggesting a potential role for PRDX-dependent floodgate oxidative signaling in salivary homeostasis. The distinctive clinical resources and research insights presented here offer a foundation for exploring personalized regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Rita Varela
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Aalim Khaderi
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ronsard J Mondesir
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Dong-Gi Mun
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andrew Ding
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Isabelle M.A. Lombaert
- Biologic and Materials Sciences and Prosthodontics, University of Michigan School of Dentistry, 1011 N. University Ave, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Biointerfaces Institute, University of Michigan, 2900 Plymouth Rd, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Rob P. Coppes
- Departments of Radiation Oncology and Biomedical Sciences, Section Molecular Cell Biology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Akhilesh Pandey
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Individualized Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576104, Karnataka, India
| | - Jeffrey R. Janus
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Nagarajan Kannan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Center for Regenerative Biotherapeutics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
- Mayo Clinic Comprehensive Cancer Center, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
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Rius-Salvador M, García-Múrria MJ, Rusu L, Bañó-Polo M, León R, Geller R, Mingarro I, Martinez-Gil L. Cetylpyridinium chloride and chlorhexidine show antiviral activity against Influenza A virus and Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297291. [PMID: 38363760 PMCID: PMC10871507 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The oral cavity is the site of entry and replication for many respiratory viruses. Furthermore, it is the source of droplets and aerosols that facilitate viral transmission. It is thought that appropriate oral hygiene that alters viral infectivity might reduce the spread of respiratory viruses and contribute to infection control. MATERIALS AND METHODS Here, we analyzed the antiviral activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), chlorhexidine (CHX), and three commercial CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations against the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus. To do so the aforementioned compounds and preparations were incubated with the Influenza A virus or with the Respiratory syncytial virus. Next, we analyzed the viability of the treated viral particles. RESULTS Our results indicate that CPC and CHX decrease the infectivity of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory Syncytial virus in vitro between 90 and 99.9% depending on the concentration. Likewise, CPC and CHX-containing mouthwash preparations were up to 99.99% effective in decreasing the viral viability of both the Influenza A virus and the Respiratory syncytial virus in vitro. CONCLUSION The use of a mouthwash containing CPC or CHX alone or in combination might represent a cost-effective measure to limit infection and spread of enveloped respiratory viruses infecting the oral cavity, aiding in reducing viral transmission. Our findings may stimulate future clinical studies to evaluate the effects of CPC and CHX in reducing viral respiratory transmissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Rius-Salvador
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Maria Jesús García-Múrria
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luciana Rusu
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), UV-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Manuel Bañó-Polo
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Rubén León
- Department of Microbiology, DENTAID Research Center, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
| | - Ron Geller
- Institute for Integrative Systems Biology (I2SysBio), UV-CSIC, Paterna, Spain
| | - Ismael Mingarro
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
| | - Luis Martinez-Gil
- Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia Molecular, Institut Universitari de Biotecnologia i Biomedicina (BIOTECMED), Universitat de València, Burjassot, Spain
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Hoki M, Yamada Y, Hiratomo E, Hirata M, Takeuchi Y, Yoshimatsu M, Kikuchi M, Kishimoto Y, Marx A, Haga H. Expression of FOXI1 and POU2F3 varies among different salivary gland neoplasms and is higher in Warthin tumor. Discov Oncol 2024; 15:36. [PMID: 38358561 PMCID: PMC10869675 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-024-00892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/11/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Salivary gland tumors are histologically diverse. Ionocytes and tuft cells, rare epithelial cells found in normal salivary glands, might be associated with salivary tumors. Here, we explored the expression of FOXI1 and POU2F3, master regulators of ionocytes and tuft cells, respectively, for common salivary neoplasms using immunohistochemistry. METHODS We analyzed normal salivary tissues and nine salivary gland tumors; Warthin tumors (WT), pleomorphic adenomas (PA), basal cell adenomas, and oncocytomas were benign, whereas mucoepidermoid, adenoid cystic, acinic cell, salivary duct carcinomas, and polymorphous adenocarcinomas were malignant. RESULTS Normal salivary glands contained a few FOXI1- and POU2F3-positive cells in the ducts instead of the acini, consistent with ionocytes and tuft cells, respectively. Among the benign tumors, only WTs and PAs consistently expressed FOXI1 (10/10 and 9/10, respectively). The median H-score of WTs was significantly higher than that of PAs (17.5 vs. 4, P = 0.01). While WTs and PAs harbored POU2F3-positive cells (10/10 and 9/10, respectively), the median H-score was higher in WTs than in PAs (10.5 vs 4, respectively). Furthermore, WTs exhibited a unique staining pattern of FOXI1- and POU2F3-positive cells, which were present in luminal and abluminal locations, respectively. Whereas none of the malignant tumors expressed FOXI1, only adenoid cystic carcinoma consistently expressed POU2F3 (5/5), with a median H-score of 4. CONCLUSION The expression patterns of the characteristic transcription factors found in ionocytes and tuft cells vary among salivary gland tumor types and are higher in WT, which might be relevant for understanding and diagnosing salivary gland neoplasms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masahito Hoki
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yosuke Yamada
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan.
| | - Emi Hiratomo
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirata
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Yasuhide Takeuchi
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
| | - Masayoshi Yoshimatsu
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kikuchi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head & Neck Surgery, Kobe City Medical Center General Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yo Kishimoto
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Alexander Marx
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, University of Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Hironori Haga
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology, Kyoto University Hospital, 54 Shogoin Kawahara-cho, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, 606-8507, Japan
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Abela IA, Schwarzmüller M, Ulyte A, Radtke T, Haile SR, Ammann P, Raineri A, Rueegg S, Epp S, Berger C, Böni J, Manrique A, Audigé A, Huber M, Schreiber PW, Scheier T, Fehr J, Weber J, Rusert P, Günthard HF, Kouyos RD, Puhan MA, Kriemler S, Trkola A, Pasin C. Cross-protective HCoV immunity reduces symptom development during SARS-CoV-2 infection. mBio 2024; 15:e0272223. [PMID: 38270455 PMCID: PMC10865973 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02722-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical parameters link to severe coronavirus disease 2019, but factors that prevent symptomatic disease remain unknown. We investigated the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and endemic human coronavirus (HCoV) antibody responses on symptoms in a longitudinal children cohort (n = 2,917) and a cross-sectional cohort including children and adults (n = 882), all first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (March 2020 to March 2021) in Switzerland. Saliva (n = 4,993) and plasma (n = 7,486) antibody reactivity to the four HCoVs (subunit S1 [S1]) and SARS-CoV-2 (S1, receptor binding domain, subunit S2 [S2], nucleocapsid protein) was determined along with neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2 Wuhan, Alpha, Delta, and Omicron (BA.2) in a subset of individuals. Inferred recent SARS-CoV-2 infection was associated with a strong correlation between mucosal and systemic SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike responses. Individuals with pre-existing HCoV-S1 reactivity exhibited significantly higher antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 in both plasma (IgG regression coefficients = 0.20, 95% CI = [0.09, 0.32], P < 0.001) and saliva (IgG regression coefficient = 0.60, 95% CI = [0.088, 1.11], P = 0.025). Saliva neutralization activity was modest but surprisingly broad, retaining activity against Wuhan (median NT50 = 32.0, 1Q-3Q = [16.4, 50.2]), Alpha (median NT50 = 34.9, 1Q-3Q = [26.0, 46.6]), and Delta (median NT50 = 28.0, 1Q-3Q = [19.9, 41.7]). In line with a rapid mucosal defense triggered by cross-reactive HCoV immunity, asymptomatic individuals presented with higher pre-existing HCoV-S1 activity in plasma (IgG HKU1, odds ratio [OR] = 0.53, 95% CI = [0.29,0.97], P = 0.038) and saliva (total HCoV, OR = 0.55, 95% CI = [0.33, 0.91], P = 0.019) and higher SARS-CoV-2 reactivity in saliva (IgG S2 fold change = 1.26, 95% CI = [1.03, 1.54], P = 0.030). By investigating the systemic and mucosal immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 and HCoVs in a population without prior exposure to SARS-CoV-2 or vaccination, we identified specific antibody reactivities associated with lack of symptom development.IMPORTANCEKnowledge of the interplay between human coronavirus (HCoV) immunity and severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection is critical to understanding the coexistence of current endemic coronaviruses and to building knowledge potential future zoonotic coronavirus transmissions. This study, which retrospectively analyzed a large cohort of individuals first exposed to SARS-CoV-2 in Switzerland in 2020-2021, revealed several key findings. Pre-existing HCoV immunity, particularly mucosal antibody responses, played a significant role in improving SARS-CoV-2 immune response upon infection and reducing symptoms development. Mucosal neutralizing activity against SARS-CoV-2, although low in magnitude, retained activity against SARS-CoV-2 variants underlining the importance of maintaining local mucosal immunity to SARS-CoV-2. While the cross-protective effect of HCoV immunity was not sufficient to block infection by SARS-CoV-2, the present study revealed a remarkable impact on limiting symptomatic disease. These findings support the feasibility of generating pan-protective coronavirus vaccines by inducing potent mucosal immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene A. Abela
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Agne Ulyte
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Radtke
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sarah R. Haile
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Priska Ammann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alessia Raineri
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sonja Rueegg
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Selina Epp
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Jürg Böni
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Amapola Manrique
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Annette Audigé
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Michael Huber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter W. Schreiber
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Scheier
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jan Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacqueline Weber
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Rusert
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Huldrych F. Günthard
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Roger D. Kouyos
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Milo A. Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Susi Kriemler
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute (EBPI), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Trkola
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chloé Pasin
- Institute of Medical Virology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Infectious Diseases and Hospital Epidemiology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Collegium Helveticum, Zurich, Switzerland
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Song Y, Mehl F, Zeichner SL. Vaccine Strategies to Elicit Mucosal Immunity. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:191. [PMID: 38400174 PMCID: PMC10892965 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Vaccines are essential tools to prevent infection and control transmission of infectious diseases that threaten public health. Most infectious agents enter their hosts across mucosal surfaces, which make up key first lines of host defense against pathogens. Mucosal immune responses play critical roles in host immune defense to provide durable and better recall responses. Substantial attention has been focused on developing effective mucosal vaccines to elicit robust localized and systemic immune responses by administration via mucosal routes. Mucosal vaccines that elicit effective immune responses yield protection superior to parenterally delivered vaccines. Beyond their valuable immunogenicity, mucosal vaccines can be less expensive and easier to administer without a need for injection materials and more highly trained personnel. However, developing effective mucosal vaccines faces many challenges, and much effort has been directed at their development. In this article, we review the history of mucosal vaccine development and present an overview of mucosal compartment biology and the roles that mucosal immunity plays in defending against infection, knowledge that has helped inform mucosal vaccine development. We explore new progress in mucosal vaccine design and optimization and novel approaches created to improve the efficacy and safety of mucosal vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yufeng Song
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Frances Mehl
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
| | - Steven L. Zeichner
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA; (Y.S.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22908, USA
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Guo X, Zhang M, Feng Y, Liu X, Wang C, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Zhang D, Guo Y. Transcriptome analysis of salivary glands of rabies-virus-infected mice. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1354936. [PMID: 38380102 PMCID: PMC10877373 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1354936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Rabies is a fatal zoonotic disease that poses a threat to public health. Rabies virus (RABV) is excreted in the saliva of infected animals, and is primarily transmitted by bite. The role of the salivary glands in virus propagation is significant, but has been less studied in the pathogenic mechanisms of RABV. To identify functionally important genes in the salivary glands, we used RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) to establish and analyze mRNA expression profiles in parotid tissue infected with two RABV strains, CVS-11 and PB4. The biological functions of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were determined by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analysis, which revealed 3,764 DEGs (678 up-regulated and 3,086 down-regulated) in the CVS-11 infected group and 4,557 DEGs (874 up-regulated and 3,683 down-regulated) in the PB4 infected group. Various biological processes are involved, including the salivary secretion pathway and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt (PI3K-Akt) signaling pathway. This study provides the first mapping of the transcriptome changes in response to RABV infection in parotid tissue, offering new insights into the study of RABV-affected salivary gland function and RABV pathogenic mechanisms in parotid tissue. The salivary gland-enriched transcripts may be potential targets of interest for rabies disease control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Maolin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Feng
- Changchun Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changchun, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chongyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zichen Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Danwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yidi Guo
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Severe Zoonotic Infectious Diseases, Key Laboratory for Zoonosis Research of the Ministry of Education, Institute of Zoonosis, and College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, China
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Brunello G, Wolf V, Kerberger R, Bernhard M, Lübke N, Becker J, Schwarz-Herzke B, Timm J, Becker K. Eligibility and efficacy of a CPC- and CHX-based antiviral mouthwash for the elimination of SARS-CoV-2 from the saliva: A randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2024; 51:158-166. [PMID: 38058254 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM This study aimed at investigating the efficacy of a 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride-0.05% chlorhexidine (CPC-CHX) mouthwash in reducing viral load in the saliva as compared with sterile water. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty SARS-CoV-2 positive patients were asked to dispense 4 mL of saliva. Half the patients rinsed for 60 s with 15 mL CPC-CHX, and the remaining patients rinsed with sterile water (control). Four millilitres of saliva were collected after 15, 30 and 60 min after rinsing. Quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) specific for SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein were performed. For ELISA, the intact (representing the active virus) to total virus load (I/T) was calculated. RESULTS SARS-CoV-2 copy numbers/mL from RT-qPCR tended to decrease in the control group, whereas in the CPC-CHX group, an increase was observed after T30. However, mixed linear model analysis revealed no statistical differences between groups (p = .124), time points (p = .616) and vaccinated or non-vaccinated patients (p = .953). Similarly, no impact of group (p = .880), time points (p = .306) and vaccination (p = .711) was observed for I/T ratio values. CONCLUSIONS Within the limitation of this study, there was no evidence that the intervention reduced salivary SARS-CoV-2 viral load during the course of 60 min. Therefore, commonly used pre-procedural rinsing might not be clinically relevant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Brunello
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Neurosciences, Dentistry Section, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Viktoria Wolf
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Robert Kerberger
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Orthodontics, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael Bernhard
- Emergency Department, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Nadine Lübke
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jürgen Becker
- Department of Oral Surgery, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Beryl Schwarz-Herzke
- Institute for Anatomy II, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jörg Timm
- Institute of Virology, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Kathrin Becker
- Department of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopaedics, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Caetano A, Sharpe P. Redefining Mucosal Inflammation with Spatial Genomics. J Dent Res 2024; 103:129-137. [PMID: 38166489 PMCID: PMC10845836 DOI: 10.1177/00220345231216114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The human oral mucosa contains one of the most complex cellular systems that are essential for normal physiology and defense against a wide variety of local pathogens. Evolving techniques and experimental systems have helped refine our understanding of this complex cellular network. Current single-cell RNA sequencing methods can resolve subtle differences between cell types and states, thus providing a great tool for studying the molecular and cellular repertoire of the oral mucosa in health and disease. However, it requires the dissociation of tissue samples, which means that the interrelationships between cells are lost. Spatial transcriptomic methods bypass tissue dissociation and retain this spatial information, thereby allowing gene expression to be assessed across thousands of cells within the context of tissue structural organization. Here, we discuss the contribution of spatial technologies in shaping our understanding of this complex system. We consider the impact on identifying disease cellular neighborhoods and how space defines cell state. We also discuss the limitations and future directions of spatial sequencing technologies with recent advances in machine learning. Finally, we offer a perspective on open questions about mucosal homeostasis that these technologies are well placed to address.
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Affiliation(s)
- A.J. Caetano
- Centre for Oral Immunobiology and Regenerative Medicine, Barts Centre for Squamous Cancer, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - P.T. Sharpe
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King’s College London, London, UK
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Ganesan SM, Peter TK, Withanage MHH, Boksa F, Zeng E, Martinez A, Dabdoub SM, Dhingra K, Hernandez-Kapila Y. COVID-19 associated oral and oropharyngeal microbiome: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:603-626. [PMID: 37277934 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Three years into the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, there are still growing concerns with the emergence of different variants, unknown long- and short-term effects of the virus, and potential biological mechanisms underlying etiopathogenesis and increased risk for morbidity and mortality. The role of the microbiome in human physiology and the initiation and progression of several oral and systemic diseases have been actively studied in the past decade. With the proof of viral transmission, carriage, and a potential role in etiopathogenesis, saliva and the oral environment have been a focus of COVID-19 research beyond diagnostic purposes. The oral environment hosts diverse microbial communities and contributes to human oral and systemic health. Several investigations have identified disruptions in the oral microbiome in COVID-19 patients. However, all these studies are cross-sectional in nature and present heterogeneity in study design, techniques, and analysis. Therefore, in this undertaking, we (a) systematically reviewed the current literature associating COVID-19 with changes in the microbiome; (b) performed a re-analysis of publicly available data as a means to standardize the analysis, and (c) reported alterations in the microbial characteristics in COVID-19 patients compared to negative controls. Overall, we identified that COVID-19 is associated with oral microbial dysbiosis with significant reduction in diversity. However, alterations in specific bacterial members differed across the study. Re-analysis from our pipeline shed light on Neisseria as the potential key microbial member associated with COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sukirth M Ganesan
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Tabitha K Peter
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Miyuraj H H Withanage
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Frank Boksa
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
| | - Erliang Zeng
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - April Martinez
- Division of Periodontology, University of California at San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, California, USA
| | - Shareef M Dabdoub
- Department of Periodontics, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa, USA
- Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
- Division of Biostatistics and Computational Biology, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry and Dental Clinics, Iowa City, Iowa, USA
| | - Kunaal Dhingra
- Periodontology Division, Centre for Dental Education and Research, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Yvonne Hernandez-Kapila
- Section of Biosystems and Function Periodontics, University of California at Los Angeles School of Dentistry, Los Angeles, California, USA
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Gorgzadeh A, Nazari A, Ali Ehsan Ismaeel A, Safarzadeh D, Hassan JAK, Mohammadzadehsaliani S, Kheradjoo H, Yasamineh P, Yasamineh S. A state-of-the-art review of the recent advances in exosome isolation and detection methods in viral infection. Virol J 2024; 21:34. [PMID: 38291452 PMCID: PMC10829349 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-024-02301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Proteins, RNA, DNA, lipids, and carbohydrates are only some of the molecular components found in exosomes released by tumor cells. They play an essential role in healthy and diseased cells as messengers of short- and long-distance intercellular communication. However, since exosomes are released by every kind of cell and may be found in blood and other bodily fluids, they may one day serve as biomarkers for a wide range of disorders. In many pathological conditions, including cancer, inflammation, and infection, they play a role. It has been shown that the biogenesis of exosomes is analogous to that of viruses and that the exosomal cargo plays an essential role in the propagation, dissemination, and infection of several viruses. Bidirectional modulation of the immune response is achieved by the ability of exosomes associated with viruses to facilitate immunological escape and stimulate the body's antiviral immune response. Recently, exosomes have received a lot of interest due to their potential therapeutic use as biomarkers for viral infections such as human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Hepatitis B virus (HBV), Hepatitis C virus (HCV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), and SARS-CoV-2. This article discusses the purification procedures and detection techniques for exosomes and examines the research on exosomes as a biomarker of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ahmad Nazari
- Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Diba Safarzadeh
- Vocational School of Health Service, Near East University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Jawad A K Hassan
- National University of Science and Technology, Nasiriyah, Dhi Qar, Iraq
| | | | | | - Pooneh Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Saman Yasamineh
- Young Researchers and Elite Club, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran.
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47
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Zheng L, Shi L, Wu X, Hu P, Zhang B, Han X, Wang K, Li X, Yang F, Wang Y, Li X, Qiao R. Advances in Research on Pig Salivary Analytes: A Window to Reveal Pig Health and Physiological Status. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:374. [PMID: 38338017 PMCID: PMC10854898 DOI: 10.3390/ani14030374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Saliva is an important exocrine fluid that is easy to collect and is a complex mixture of proteins and other molecules from multiple sources from which considerable biological information can be mined. Pig saliva, as an easily available biological liquid rich in bioactive ingredients, is rich in nucleic acid analytes, such as eggs, enzymes, amino acids, sugars, etc. The expression levels of these components in different diseases have received extensive attention, and the analysis of specific proteins, metabolites, and biological compositions in pig saliva has become a new direction for disease diagnosis and treatment. The study of the changes in analytes in pig saliva can provide a new strategy for early diagnosis, prognosis assessment, and treatment of diseases. In this paper, the detection methods and research progress of porcine salivary analytes are reviewed, the application and research progress of porcine salivary analytes in diseases are discussed, and the future application prospect is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Ruimin Qiao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450046, China; (L.Z.); (L.S.)
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48
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Watanabe J, Iwamatsu-Kobayashi Y, Kikuchi K, Kajita T, Morishima H, Yamauchi K, Yashiro W, Nishimura H, Kanetaka H, Egusa H. Visualization of droplets and aerosols in simulated dental treatments to clarify the effectiveness of oral suction devices. J Prosthodont Res 2024; 68:85-91. [PMID: 36823102 DOI: 10.2186/jpr.jpr_d_23_00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The hazards of aerosols generated during dental treatments are poorly understood. This study aimed to establish visualization methods, discover conditions for droplets/aerosols generated in simulating dental treatments and identify the conditions for effective suction methods. METHODS The spreading area was evaluated via image analysis of the droplets/aerosols generated by a dental air turbine on a mannequin using a light emitting diode (LED) light source and high-speed camera. The effects of different bur types and treatment sites, reduction effect of intra-oral suction (IOS) and extra-oral suction (EOS) devices, and effect of EOS installation conditions were evaluated. RESULTS Regarding the bur types, a bud-shaped bur on the air turbine generated the most droplets/aerosols compared with round-shaped, round end-tapered, or needle-tapered burs. Regarding the treatment site, the area of droplets/aerosols produced by an air turbine from the palatal plane of the anterior maxillary teeth was significantly higher. The generated droplet/aerosol area was reduced by 92.1% by using IOS alone and 97.8% by combining IOS and EOS. EOS most effectively aspirated droplets/aerosols when placed close (10 cm) to the mouth in the vertical direction (0°). CONCLUSIONS The droplets/aerosols generated by an air turbine could be visualized using an LED light and a high-speed camera in simulating dental treatments. The bur shape and position of the dental air turbine considerably influenced droplet/aerosol diffusion. The combined use of IOS and EOS at a proper position (close and perpendicular to the mouth) facilitated effective diffusion prevention to protect the dental-care environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Watanabe
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Yoko Iwamatsu-Kobayashi
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kenji Kikuchi
- Biological Flow Studies Laboratory, Department of Finemechanics, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Sendai
| | - Tomonari Kajita
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Oncology and Surgical Sciences, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiromitsu Morishima
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Kensuke Yamauchi
- Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstructive Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Wataru Yashiro
- Next-Generation Detection System Smart Lab, International Center for Synchrotron Radiation Innovation Smart (SRIS), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Frontier Quantum-beam Metrology Laboratory, Institute of Multidisciplinary Research for Advanced Materials (IMRAM), Tohoku University, Sendai
- Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hidekazu Nishimura
- Virus Research Center, Clinical Research Division, Sendai Medical Center, National Hospital Organization, Sendai
| | - Hiroyasu Kanetaka
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
| | - Hiroshi Egusa
- Division of Dental Safety and System Management, Tohoku University Hospital, Sendai
- Division of Molecular and Regenerative Prosthodontics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
- Liaison Centre for Innovative Dentistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Dentistry, Sendai
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49
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Marcotte H, Cao Y, Zuo F, Simonelli L, Sammartino JC, Pedotti M, Sun R, Cassaniti I, Hagbom M, Piralla A, Yang J, Du L, Percivalle E, Bertoglio F, Schubert M, Abolhassani H, Sherina N, Guerra C, Borte S, Rezaei N, Kumagai-Braesch M, Xue Y, Su C, Yan Q, He P, Grönwall C, Klareskog L, Calzolai L, Cavalli A, Wang Q, Robbiani DF, Hust M, Shi Z, Feng L, Svensson L, Chen L, Bao L, Baldanti F, Xiao J, Qin C, Hammarström L, Yang X, Varani L, Xie XS, Pan-Hammarström Q. Conversion of monoclonal IgG to dimeric and secretory IgA restores neutralizing ability and prevents infection of Omicron lineages. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2315354120. [PMID: 38194459 PMCID: PMC10801922 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2315354120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The emergence of Omicron lineages and descendent subvariants continues to present a severe threat to the effectiveness of vaccines and therapeutic antibodies. We have previously suggested that an insufficient mucosal immunoglobulin A (IgA) response induced by the mRNA vaccines is associated with a surge in breakthrough infections. Here, we further show that the intramuscular mRNA and/or inactivated vaccines cannot sufficiently boost the mucosal secretory IgA response in uninfected individuals, particularly against the Omicron variant. We thus engineered and characterized recombinant monomeric, dimeric, and secretory IgA1 antibodies derived from four neutralizing IgG monoclonal antibodies (mAbs 01A05, rmAb23, DXP-604, and XG014) targeting the receptor-binding domain of the spike protein. Compared to their parental IgG antibodies, dimeric and secretory IgA1 antibodies showed a higher neutralizing activity against different variants of concern (VOCs), in part due to an increased avidity. Importantly, the dimeric or secretory IgA1 form of the DXP-604 antibody significantly outperformed its parental IgG antibody, and neutralized the Omicron lineages BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5 with a 25- to 75-fold increase in potency. In human angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) transgenic mice, a single intranasal dose of the dimeric IgA DXP-604 conferred prophylactic and therapeutic protection against Omicron BA.5. Thus, dimeric or secretory IgA delivered by nasal administration may potentially be exploited for the treatment and prevention of Omicron infection, thereby providing an alternative tool for combating immune evasion by the current circulating subvariants and, potentially, future VOCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harold Marcotte
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Yunlong Cao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglei Zuo
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Luca Simonelli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Josè Camilla Sammartino
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Mattia Pedotti
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Rui Sun
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Irene Cassaniti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Marie Hagbom
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
| | - Antonio Piralla
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Jinxuan Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Likun Du
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Elena Percivalle
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Federico Bertoglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Maren Schubert
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Natalia Sherina
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Concetta Guerra
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Borte
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig04129, Germany
- ImmunoDeficiencyCenter Leipzig, Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic and Research Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Hospital St. Georg, Leipzig04129, Germany
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Pediatrics Center of Excellence, Children’s Medical Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran14194, Iran
| | - Makiko Kumagai-Braesch
- Division of Transplantation Surgery, Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm14186, Sweden
| | - Yintong Xue
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing100191, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chen Su
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping He
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
- Rheumatology Unit, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm17176, Sweden
| | - Luigi Calzolai
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre, Ispra21027, Italy
| | - Andrea Cavalli
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Qiao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology (Ministry of Education/National Health Commission/Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences), Shanghai Institute of Infectious Disease and Biosecurity, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, 200032 Shanghai200032, People’s Republic of China
| | - Davide F. Robbiani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Michael Hust
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Institute of Biochemistry, Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Technische Universität Braunschweig, Braunschweig38106, Germany
| | - Zhengli Shi
- State Key laboratory of Virology, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei430071, People’s Republic of China
| | - Liqiang Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institutes of Biomedicine and Health, Chinese Academy of Sciences,Guangzhou510530, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lennart Svensson
- Division of Molecular Medicine and Virology, Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping 58185, Sweden
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm17177, Sweden
| | - Ling Chen
- Guangzhou Laboratory, Guangzhou510005, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linlin Bao
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100021, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fausto Baldanti
- Microbiology and Virology Department, Fondazione Istituto di ricovero e cura a carattere scientifico (IRCCS) Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia27100, Italy
- Department of Clinical, Surgical, Diagnostic and Paediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia27100, Italy
| | - Junyu Xiao
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuan Qin
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Animal Models of Emerging and Remerging Infectious Diseases, National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Institute of Laboratory Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Comparative Medicine Center, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing100021, People’s Republic of China
- National Center of Technology Innovation for Animal Model, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lennart Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
| | - Xinglou Yang
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Biodiversity Information, Kunming Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming650023, People’s Republic of China
| | - Luca Varani
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona6500, Switzerland
| | - Xiaoliang Sunney Xie
- Changping Laboratory, Beijing102206, People’s Republic of China
- School of Life Sciences, Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center, Peking University, Beijing100871, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm17165, Sweden
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50
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Uddin MKM, Hossain ME, Ami JQ, Hasan R, Hasan MM, Islam A, Hasan MJ, Shaly NJ, Ahmed S, Samina P, Rahman MZ, Rahman M, Banu S. SalivaDirect: an alternative to a conventional RNA extraction protocol for molecular detection of SARS-CoV-2 in a clinical setting. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0327223. [PMID: 38014980 PMCID: PMC10783095 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03272-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Affordable and accessible tests for COVID-19 allow for timely disease treatment and pandemic management. SalivaDirect is a faster and easier method to implement than NPS sampling. Patients can self-collect saliva samples at home or in other non-clinical settings without the help of a healthcare professional. Sample processing in SalivaDirect is less complex and more adaptable than in conventional nucleic acid extraction methods. We found that SalivaDirect has good diagnostic performance and is ideal for large-scale testing in settings where supplies may be limited or trained healthcare professionals are unavailable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Enayet Hossain
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Jenifar Quaiyum Ami
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rashedul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Mahmudul Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashabul Islam
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Jahid Hasan
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nusrat Jahan Shaly
- Nutrition and Clinical Services Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahriar Ahmed
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Pushpita Samina
- Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mohammed Ziaur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Mustafizur Rahman
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sayera Banu
- Infectious Diseases Division, International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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