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Wu J, Jiang M, Li J, Hu X, Long Q, Song S, Ye H, He Y, Ma X, Yu W, Chen X, Zhao L, Wu F, Chen X, Zheng J, Wang M, Zheng B, Yang S, Bu L, Chen Q, Li K, Zheng Y, Gao Z. Heterogeneity of SARS-CoV-2 immune responses after the nationwide Omicron wave in China. Microbiol Spectr 2024:e0111724. [PMID: 39287459 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01117-24] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 08/21/2024] [Indexed: 09/19/2024] Open
Abstract
It remains unclear how previous infections and vaccinations influenced and shaped heterogeneous immune responses against Omicron and its variants in diverse populations in China. After the national wave of Omicron in early 2023, we evaluated serum levels of neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) against Omicron (B.1.1.529) and its variants (BA.5, BF.7, and CH1.1) in 33 COVID-19 convalescents and 40 uninfected vaccinees, using vesicular stomatitis virus-based pseudovirus neutralizing assay. In addition, we followed 34 Delta convalescent patients to compare their immune responses against Omicron before (late 2021) and after the Omicron wave (early 2023). NAbs at the acute phase of the disease were investigated in 50 Omicron inpatients, including 24 vaccinated and 26 unvaccinated patients. Among them, nasal mucosal IgA levels were measured in 42 subjects. Compared to vaccination, breakthrough infections significantly increased the breadth and magnitude of serum nAbs and mucosal IgA levels against Omicron variants. Exposure to Omicron but not Delta elicited stronger pan-Omicron responses. In Omicron inpatients, nAbs continued to rise as vaccination doses increased. However, in both vaccinees and convalescents, a fourth dose vaccination did not elicit higher nAbs against Omicron. Furthermore, nAbs against Omicron variants lasted longer than nAbs against WT SARS-CoV-2. Breakthrough infections of Omicron variants elicited specific immune responses against Omicron compared to vaccination and Delta infection. Although repeated vaccination revealed limited impacts on serum nAbs, populations at high risk of hospitalization may still benefit from continued vaccination.IMPORTANCEThe study described the specific humoral immunity against Omicron and its variants (BA.5, BF.7, and CH1.1) in diverse populations, including Delta-positive convalescent patients, Omicron-infected patients with a previous or current confirmed Delta infection, Omicron-positive patients, and healthy controls. In addition, we followed Delta convalescents for 1 year to evaluate the effect of a booster vaccine, breakthrough infection, and reinfection. Nasal mucosal IgA levels against SARS-CoV-2 were also examined. The findings of this study demonstrated the varied responses of individuals in different states following the outbreak of Omicron, highlighting the potential advantages of ongoing immunization for groups that are more vulnerable and have a greater likelihood of being hospitalized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Mingzheng Jiang
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jiwei Li
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyi Hu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qiuyue Long
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shixu Song
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Hongli Ye
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yukun He
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xinqian Ma
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenyi Yu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Lili Zhao
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Fangfang Wu
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoyong Chen
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Jianshi Zheng
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Binghan Zheng
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Shuoqi Yang
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Liang Bu
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Qin Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Ke Li
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Yali Zheng
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
| | - Zhancheng Gao
- Department of Respiratory, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Institute of Chest and Lung Diseases, Xiang'an Hospital of Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Peking University People's Hospital, Beijing, China
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2
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Eisenreich W, Leberfing J, Rudel T, Heesemann J, Goebel W. Interactions of SARS-CoV-2 with Human Target Cells-A Metabolic View. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:9977. [PMID: 39337465 PMCID: PMC11432161 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25189977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/13/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
Viruses are obligate intracellular parasites, and they exploit the cellular pathways and resources of their respective host cells to survive and successfully multiply. The strategies of viruses concerning how to take advantage of the metabolic capabilities of host cells for their own replication can vary considerably. The most common metabolic alterations triggered by viruses affect the central carbon metabolism of infected host cells, in particular glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the tricarboxylic acid cycle. The upregulation of these processes is aimed to increase the supply of nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids since these metabolic products are crucial for efficient viral proliferation. In detail, however, this manipulation may affect multiple sites and regulatory mechanisms of host-cell metabolism, depending not only on the specific viruses but also on the type of infected host cells. In this review, we report metabolic situations and reprogramming in different human host cells, tissues, and organs that are favorable for acute and persistent SARS-CoV-2 infection. This knowledge may be fundamental for the development of host-directed therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Julian Leberfing
- Structural Membrane Biochemistry, Bavarian NMR Center (BNMRZ), Department of Bioscience, TUM School of Natural Sciences, Technical University of Munich, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85747 Garching, Germany;
| | - Thomas Rudel
- Chair of Microbiology, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Jürgen Heesemann
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80336 München, Germany; (J.H.); (W.G.)
| | - Werner Goebel
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, 80336 München, Germany; (J.H.); (W.G.)
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3
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Wagenhäuser I, Almanzar G, Förg FB, Stein A, Eiter I, Reusch J, Mees J, Herzog A, Vogel U, Frey A, Lâm TT, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Dölken L, Kurzai O, Frantz S, Gabel A, Petri N, Prelog M, Krone M. Heterologous and homologous COVID-19 mRNA vaccination schemes for induction of basic immunity show similar immunogenicity regarding long-term spike-specific cellular immunity in healthcare workers. Vaccine 2024; 42:126132. [PMID: 39034219 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 07/23/2024]
Abstract
Healthcare workers (HCWs) are recommended to receive at least three spike-antigen exposures to generate basic immunity and to mediate herd protection of vulnerable patients. So far, less attention has been put on the cellular immune response induced by homologous (three BTN162b2mRNA doses) or heterologous (mRNA-1273 as third dose building on two BTN162bmRNA doses) and the immunological impact of breakthrough infections (BTIs). Therefore, in 356 vaccinated HCWs with or without BTIs the Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-IgG concentrations and avidities and B- and T-cell-reactivity against SARS-CoV-2-Spike-S1- and Nucleocapsid-antigens were assessed with Interferon-gamma-ELISpot and by flow-cytometry. HCWs who had hybrid immunity due to BTIs exhibited strong T-cell-reactivity against the Spike-S1-antigen. A lasso regression model revealed a significant reduction in T-cell immune responses among smokers (p < 0.0001), with less significant impact observed for age, sex, heterologous vaccination, body-mass-index, Anti-Nucleocapsid T-cell reactivity, days since last COVID-19-immunization, and Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-IgG. Although subgroup analysis revealed higher Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-IgG after heterologous vaccination, similar cellular reactivity and percentages of Spike-reactive T- and B-cells were found between homologous and heterologous vaccination. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-Spike-IgG concentrations and avidity significantly correlated with activated T-cells. CD4 + and CD8 + responses correlated with each other. A strong long-term cellular immune response should be considered as baseline for recommendations of booster doses in HCWs with prioritization of smokers. HCWs presented significant T-cellular reactivity towards Spike-S1-antigen with particularly strong responses in hybrid immunized HCWs who had BTIs. HCWs without BTI presented similar percentages of Spike-specific B- and T-cells between homologous or heterologous vaccination indicating similar immunogenicity for both mRNA vaccines, BNT162b2mRNA and mRNA-1273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabell Wagenhäuser
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology / Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Franziska Bernhardine Förg
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology / Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Astrid Stein
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology / Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Isabella Eiter
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Julia Reusch
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Juliane Mees
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Anna Herzog
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Ulrich Vogel
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Anna Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Thiên-Trí Lâm
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Lars Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Oliver Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, 07745, Germany
| | - Stefan Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Alexander Gabel
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Nils Petri
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology / Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany.
| | - Manuel Krone
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, 97080, Germany
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4
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Voss WN, Mallory MA, Byrne PO, Marchioni JM, Knudson SA, Powers JM, Leist SR, Dadonaite B, Townsend DR, Kain J, Huang Y, Satterwhite E, Castillo IN, Mattocks M, Paresi C, Munt JE, Scobey T, Seeger A, Premkumar L, Bloom JD, Georgiou G, McLellan JS, Baric RS, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 arises from serological recall of IgG antibodies distinctly imprinted by infection or vaccination. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101668. [PMID: 39094579 PMCID: PMC11384961 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 07/09/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
We describe the molecular-level composition of polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-spike antibodies from ancestral severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, vaccination, or their combination ("hybrid immunity") at monoclonal resolution. Infection primarily triggers S2/N-terminal domain (NTD)-reactive antibodies, whereas vaccination mainly induces anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) antibodies. This imprint persists after secondary exposures wherein >60% of ensuing hybrid immunity derives from the original IgG pool. Monoclonal constituents of the original IgG pool can increase breadth, affinity, and prevalence upon secondary exposures, as exemplified by the plasma antibody SC27. Following a breakthrough infection, vaccine-induced SC27 gained neutralization breadth and potency against SARS-CoV-2 variants and zoonotic viruses (half-maximal inhibitory concentration [IC50] ∼0.1-1.75 nM) and increased its binding affinity to the protective RBD class 1/4 epitope (dissociation constant [KD] < 5 pM). According to polyclonal escape analysis, SC27-like binding patterns are common in SARS-CoV-2 hybrid immunity. Our findings provide a detailed molecular definition of immunological imprinting and show that vaccination can produce class 1/4 (SC27-like) IgG antibodies circulating in the blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- William N Voss
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Michael A Mallory
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Patrick O Byrne
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Marchioni
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Sean A Knudson
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - John M Powers
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Bernadeta Dadonaite
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Douglas R Townsend
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jessica Kain
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Yimin Huang
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ed Satterwhite
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Izabella N Castillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Melissa Mattocks
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Chelsea Paresi
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jennifer E Munt
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Trevor Scobey
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Allison Seeger
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Lakshmanane Premkumar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jesse D Bloom
- Basic Sciences Division and Computational Biology Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, WA, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jason S McLellan
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Jason J Lavinder
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
| | - Gregory C Ippolito
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, USA.
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5
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Favà A, Couceiro C, Calatayud L, Hernandez-Hermida Y, Melilli E, Montero N, Manonelles A, Coloma A, Codina S, Lloberas N, Oliveras L, Lino LA, Galofré C, Sabé N, Gomez-Preciado F, Sandoval D, Pizarro D, Domínguez MA, Cruzado JM. Hybrid immunity protection against SARS-CoV-2 and severe COVID-19 in kidney transplantation: A retrospective, comparative cohort study. Am J Transplant 2024:S1600-6135(24)00455-6. [PMID: 39097095 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajt.2024.07.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/25/2024] [Indexed: 08/05/2024]
Abstract
Hybrid immunity, resulting from a combination of SARS-CoV-2 infection and vaccination, offers robust protection against COVID-19 in the general population. However, its impact on immunocompromised patients remains unexplored. We investigated the effect of hybrid immunity against the Omicron variant in a population of kidney transplant recipients receiving the fourth dose mRNA monovalent vaccination. By extracting data from the clinical records and performing individual interviews, participants were categorized into the hybrid cohort (previously infected and vaccinated individuals) and the vaccine cohort (vaccinated-only individuals). The study comprised 1114 participants, 442 in the hybrid and 672 in the vaccine cohorts. From April 2022 to August 2023, 286 infections, 38 hospitalizations and 9 deaths were reported. The cumulative incidence of infection was 12.1% (95% confidence interval [CI], 9.03-16.03) for the hybrid cohort and 36.54% (95% CI, 32.81-40.54) for the vaccine cohort after 300 days of follow-up. Hybrid immunity was associated to a 72% lower risk of infection (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.28; 95% CI, 0.21-0.38) and a 96% lower risk of hospitalization (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.04; 95% CI, 0.01-0.32). No deaths occurred in the hybrid cohort. Hybrid immunity was associated with a lower incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection and severe COVID-19, underscoring its importance for risk stratification in this vulnerable patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Favà
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Carlos Couceiro
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Laura Calatayud
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Research Network for Respiratory Diseases (CIBERES), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Edoardo Melilli
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Montero
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Manonelles
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Coloma
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Sergi Codina
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Lloberas
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Laia Oliveras
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Luis Arturo Lino
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Claudia Galofré
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nuria Sabé
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Gomez-Preciado
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Diego Sandoval
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Daniel Pizarro
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Angeles Domínguez
- Microbiology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Research Network for Infectious Diseases (CIBERINFEC), ISCIII, Madrid, Spain; Department of Pathology and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep Maria Cruzado
- Nephrology Department, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain; Nephrology and Renal Transplantation Group, Infectious Disease and Transplantation Program, Bellvitge Institute for Biomedical Research (IDIBELL), Barcelona, Spain; Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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6
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Rothoeft T, Maier C, Talarico A, Hoffmann A, Schlegtendal A, Lange B, Petersmann A, Denz R, Timmesfeld N, Toepfner N, Vidal-Blanco E, Pfaender S, Lücke T, Brinkmann F. Natural and hybrid immunity after SARS-CoV-2 infection in children and adolescents. Infection 2024; 52:1449-1458. [PMID: 38499828 PMCID: PMC11288991 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-024-02225-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE In contrast to adults, immune protection against SARS-CoV-2 in children and adolescents with natural or hybrid immunity is still poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze different immune compartments in different age groups and whether humoral immune reactions correlate with a cellular immune response. METHODS 72 children and adolescents with a preceding SARS-CoV-2 infection were recruited. 37 were vaccinated with an RNA vaccine (BNT162b2). Humoral immunity was analyzed 3-26 months (median 10 months) after infection by measuring Spike protein (S), nucleocapsid (NCP), and neutralizing antibodies (nAB). Cellular immunity was analyzed using a SARS-CoV-2-specific interferon-γ release assay (IGRA). RESULTS All children and adolescents had S antibodies; titers were higher in those with hybrid immunity (14,900 BAU/ml vs. 2118 BAU/ml). NCP antibodies were detectable in > 90%. Neutralizing antibodies (nAB) were more frequently detected (90%) with higher titers (1914 RLU) in adolescents with hybrid immunity than in children with natural immunity (62.5%, 476 RLU). Children with natural immunity were less likely to have reactive IGRAs (43.8%) than adolescents with hybrid immunity (85%). The amount of interferon-γ released by T cells was comparable in natural and hybrid immunity. CONCLUSION Spike antibodies are the most reliable markers to monitor an immune reaction against SARS-CoV-2. High antibody titers of spike antibodies and nAB correlated with cellular immunity, a phenomenon found only in adolescents with hybrid immunity. Hybrid immunity is associated with markedly higher antibody titers and a higher probability of a cellular immune response than a natural immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Rothoeft
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany.
| | - C Maier
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Talarico
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Hoffmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - A Schlegtendal
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - B Lange
- Department of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Brunswick, Germany
| | - A Petersmann
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany
- University Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
| | - R Denz
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Timmesfeld
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Ruhr-University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - N Toepfner
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Technische Universität Dresden, Dresden, Germany
| | - E Vidal-Blanco
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - S Pfaender
- Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - T Lücke
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
| | - F Brinkmann
- University Hospital of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, St. Josef-Hospital, Ruhr-University, Bochum, Germany
- University Children's Hospital, Lübeck, Germany
- Airway Research Center North (ARCN), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Lübeck, Germany
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7
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Qui M, Hariharaputran S, Hang SK, Zhang J, Tan CW, Chong CY, Low J, Wang L, Bertoletti A, Yung CF, Le Bert N. T cell hybrid immunity against SARS-CoV-2 in children: a longitudinal study. EBioMedicine 2024; 105:105203. [PMID: 38896919 PMCID: PMC11237860 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2024.105203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 05/31/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2, resulting from both vaccination and natural infection, remains insufficiently understood in paediatric populations, despite increasing rates of breakthrough infections among vaccinated children. METHODS We conducted a prospective longitudinal study to investigate the magnitude, specificity, and cytokine profile of antigen-specific T cell responses elicited by breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection in a cohort of mRNA-vaccinated children (n = 29) aged 5-11. This longitudinal analysis involved six distinct time points spanning a 16-month period post-vaccination, during which we analysed a total of 159 blood samples. All children who were followed for at least 12 months (n = 26) experienced a breakthrough infection. We conducted cytokine release assays using minimal blood samples, and we verified the cellular origin of these responses through intracellular cytokine staining. FINDINGS After breakthrough infection, children who had received mRNA vaccines showed enhanced Th1 responses specific to Spike peptides. Additionally, their Spike-specific T cells exhibited a distinctive enrichment of CD4+ IFN-γ+IL10+ cells, a characteristic akin to adults with hybrid immunity. Importantly, vaccination did not impede the development of multi-specific T cell responses targeting Membrane, Nucleoprotein, and ORF3a/7/8 antigens. INTERPRETATION Children, previously primed with a Spike-based mRNA vaccine and experiencing either symptomatic or asymptomatic breakthrough infection, retained the ability to enhance and diversify Th1/IL-10 antigen-specific T cell responses against multiple SARS-CoV-2 proteins. These findings mirror characteristics associated with hybrid cellular immunity in adults, known to confer resistance against severe COVID-19. FUNDING This study was funded by the National Medical Research Council (NMRC) Singapore (COVID19RF-0019, MOH-000019, MOH-000535, OFLCG19May-0034 and MOH-OFYIRG19nov-0002).
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Qui
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | | | - Shou Kit Hang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Jinyan Zhang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Chee Wah Tan
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Infectious Diseases Translational Research Programme, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chia Yin Chong
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Service, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Jenny Low
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore General Hospital, Department of Infectious Diseases, Singapore
| | - Linfa Wang
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore
| | - Antonio Bertoletti
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Singapore Immunology Network, A∗STAR, Singapore
| | - Chee Fu Yung
- KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Department of Paediatrics, Infectious Diseases Service, Singapore; Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore
| | - Nina Le Bert
- Programme in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore.
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8
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Panahi M, Teimoori A, Esmaeili S, Aminianfar H, Milani A, Hosseini SY, Esmaeili P, Biglari A, Baesi K. Stability of Neutralizing Antibody of PastoCoAd Vaccine Candidates against a Variant of Concern of SARS-CoV-2 in Animal Models. IRANIAN BIOMEDICAL JOURNAL 2024; 28:214-20. [PMID: 39044638 PMCID: PMC11444480 DOI: 10.61186/ibj.3980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/25/2024]
Abstract
Background Since the beginning of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, there have been mutations caused by new SARS-CoV-2 variants, such as Alpha, Beta, Gamma, Delta, and Omicron, recognized as the variants of concern (VOC) worldwide. These variants can affect vaccine efficacy, disease control, and treatment effectiveness. The present study aimed to evaluate the levels of total and neutralizing antibodies produced by PastoCoAd vaccine candidates against the VOC strains at different time points. Methods Two vaccine candidates were employed against SARS-CoV-2 using adenoviral vectors: prime only (a mixture of rAd5-S and rAd5 RBD-N) and heterologous prime-boost (rAd5-S/SOBERANA vaccine). The immunogenicity of these vaccine candidates was assessed in mouse, rabbit, and hamster models using ELISA assay and virus neutralization antibody test. Results The immunogenicity results indicated a significant increase in both total and neutralizing antibodies titers in the groups receiving the vaccine candidates at various time points compared to the control group (p < 0.05). The results also showed that the PastoCoAd vaccine candidates Ad5 S & RBD-N and Ad5 S/SOBERANA could neutralize the VOC strains in the animal models. Conclusion The ability of vaccine candidate to neutralize the VOC strains in animal models by generating neutralizing antibodies at different time points may be attributed to the use of the platform based on the Adenoviral vector, the N proteins in the Ad5 S & RBD-N vaccine candidate, and the SOBERANA Plus booster in the Ad5 S/SOBERANA vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Panahi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Teimoori
- Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Hamadan University of Medical Sciences, Hamadan, Iran
| | - Saber Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Alireza Milani
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyed Younes Hosseini
- Department of Bacteriology and Virology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Parisa Esmaeili
- National Reference Laboratory for Plague, Tularemia and Q Fever, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Akanlu, Kabudar Ahang, Hamadan, Iran
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Research Center for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Kazem Baesi
- Department of Hepatitis and AIDS, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
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9
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Triebelhorn J, Schneider J, Spinner CD, Iakoubov R, Voit F, Wagner L, Erber J, Rothe K, Berthele A, Pernpeintner V, Strauß EM, Renders L, Willmann A, Minic M, Vogel E, Christa C, Hoffmann D, Protzer U, Jeske SD. Clinical and immunological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected vaccine responders, vaccine non-responders, and unvaccinated patients evaluated for neutralizing monoclonal antibody treatment at a single German tertiary care center: a retrospective cohort study with prospective follow-up. Infection 2024; 52:1143-1151. [PMID: 38305828 PMCID: PMC11143028 DOI: 10.1007/s15010-023-02171-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study assessed the clinical and immunological outcomes of SARS-CoV-2-infected patients with risk factors for severe disease depending on their immunological status. METHODS In this retrospective study with single follow-up visit, clinical outcome and humoral immunity was monitored in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients at risk. The results were compared based on the patients' initial immunological status: unvaccinated (UV), patients who did not develop neutralizing antibodies after vaccination (vaccine non-responders, VNR), and patients who expressed neutralizing antibodies after vaccination (vaccine responders, VR). Patients who lacked neutralizing antibodies (VNR and UV) were treated with nMABs. RESULTS In total, 113 patients at risk of severe COVID-19 consented to participate in the study. VR and UV were not admitted to the hospital. During the observation period, UVs had the highest rate of SARS-CoV-2 re-infections. Three of 41 VNRs (7.3%) were hospitalized due to severe COVID-19, with two of them having undergone iatrogenic B-cell depletion. The humoral immune response after infection was significantly lower in the VNR group than in the VR group in terms of anti-N, anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD), anti-S antibody titers, and anti-S antibody avidity. In a sub-analysis of VNR, B cell-deficient non-responders had significantly lower levels of anti-N antibodies and anti-S avidity after infection than other VNRs. CONCLUSION VNR, particularly B-cell-depleted VNR, remained at risk of hospitalization due to COVID-19. In the VR group, however, no clinical complications or severe disease were observed, despite not receiving nMAbs. Tailoring the administration of nMABs according to patient vaccination and immunological status may be advisable.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Triebelhorn
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany.
| | - J Schneider
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - C D Spinner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - R Iakoubov
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - F Voit
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - L Wagner
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - J Erber
- Department of Internal Medicine II, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, Munich, Germany
| | - K Rothe
- Institute of Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Berthele
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - V Pernpeintner
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E-M Strauß
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - L Renders
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - A Willmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - M Minic
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - E Vogel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - C Christa
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - D Hoffmann
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - U Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - S D Jeske
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich/Helmholtz Centre Munich, Munich, Germany
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10
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Almanzar G, Koosha K, Vogt T, Stein A, Ziegler L, Asam C, Weps M, Schwägerl V, Richter L, Hepp N, Fuchs A, Wagenhäuser I, Reusch J, Krone M, Geldmacher C, Protzer U, Steininger P, Überla K, Wagner R, Liese J, Prelog M. Hybrid immunity by two COVID-19 mRNA vaccinations and one breakthrough infection provides a robust and balanced cellular immune response as basic immunity against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2. J Med Virol 2024; 96:e29739. [PMID: 38899449 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.29739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
This longitudinal prospective controlled multicenter study aimed to monitor immunity generated by three exposures caused by breakthrough infections (BTI) after COVID-19-vaccination considering pre-existing cell-mediated immunity to common-corona-viruses (CoV) which may impact cellular reactivity against SARS-CoV-2. Anti-SARS-CoV-2-spike-IgG antibodies (anti-S-IgG) and cellular reactivity against Spike-(S)- and nucleocapsid-(N)-proteins were determined in fully-vaccinated (F) individuals who either experienced BTI (F+BTI) or had booster vaccination (F+Booster) compared to partially vaccinated (P+BTI) and unvaccinated (U) from 1 to 24 weeks post PCR-confirmed infection. High avidity anti-S-IgG were found in F+BTI compared to U, the latter exhibiting increased long-lasting pro-inflammatory cytokines to S-stimulation. CoV was associated with higher cellular reactivity in U, whereas no association was seen in F. The study illustrates the induction of significant S-specific cellular responses in F+BTI building-up basic immunity by three exposures. Only U seem to benefit from pre-existing CoV immunity but demonstrated inflammatory immune responses compared to F+BTI who immunologically benefit from enhanced humoral and cellular immunity after BTI. This study demonstrates that individuals with hybrid immunity from COVID-19-vaccination and BTI acquire a stable humoral and cellular immune response that is maintained for at least 6 months. Our findings corroborate recommendations by health authorities to build on basic immunity by three S-protein exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Almanzar
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kimia Koosha
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Tim Vogt
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Astrid Stein
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lars Ziegler
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Claudia Asam
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Weps
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Schwägerl
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lorena Richter
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Nicola Hepp
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andre Fuchs
- Internal Medicine III-Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Isabell Wagenhäuser
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Julia Reusch
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Manuel Krone
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, Julius-Maximilian-Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- School of Medicine, Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research, Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Liese
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Martina Prelog
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Rheumatology/Special Immunology, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
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11
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Walmsley S, Nabipoor M, Qi F, Lovblom LE, Ravindran R, Colwill K, Dayam RM, Tursun TR, Silva A, Gingras AC. Declining Levels of Neutralizing Antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variants Are Enhanced by Hybrid Immunity and Original/Omicron Bivalent Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:564. [PMID: 38932293 PMCID: PMC11209254 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12060564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 05/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
We determined neutralizing antibody levels to the ancestral Wuhan SARS-CoV-2 strain and three Omicron variants, namely BA.5, XBB.1.5, and EG.5, in a heavily vaccinated cohort of 178 adults 15-19 months after the initial vaccine series and prospectively after 4 months. Although all participants had detectable neutralizing antibodies to Wuhan, the proportion with detectable neutralizing antibodies to the Omicron variants was decreased, and the levels were lower. Individuals with hybrid immunity at the baseline visit and those receiving the Original/Omicron bivalent vaccine between the two sampling times demonstrated increased neutralizing antibodies to all strains. Both a higher baseline neutralizing antibody titer to Omicron BA.5 and hybrid immunity were associated with protection against a breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infection during a 4-month period of follow up during the Omicron BA.5 wave. Neither were associated with protection from a breakthrough infection at 10 months follow up. Receipt of an Original/Omicron BA.4/5 vaccine was associated with protection from a breakthrough infection at both 4 and 10 months follow up. This work demonstrates neutralizing antibody escape with the emerging Omicron variants and supports the use of additional vaccine doses with components that match circulating SARS-CoV-2 variants. A threshold value for neutralizing antibodies for protection against reinfection cannot be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharon Walmsley
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - Majid Nabipoor
- Biostatistics Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (M.N.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Freda Qi
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (F.Q.); (K.C.); (R.M.D.); (T.R.T.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Leif Erik Lovblom
- Biostatistics Department, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada; (M.N.); (L.E.L.)
| | - Rizani Ravindran
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Karen Colwill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (F.Q.); (K.C.); (R.M.D.); (T.R.T.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Roya Monica Dayam
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (F.Q.); (K.C.); (R.M.D.); (T.R.T.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Tulunay R. Tursun
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (F.Q.); (K.C.); (R.M.D.); (T.R.T.); (A.-C.G.)
| | - Amanda Silva
- DATA Team, University Health Network, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Anne-Claude Gingras
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Sinai Health, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; (F.Q.); (K.C.); (R.M.D.); (T.R.T.); (A.-C.G.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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12
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Girl P, von Buttlar H, Mantel E, Antwerpen MH, Wölfel R, Müller K. Comparative Analysis of Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Antibodies against the Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron Variants of SARS-CoV-2. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:515. [PMID: 38793766 PMCID: PMC11126034 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12050515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 04/30/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus has infected more than 660 million people and caused nearly seven million deaths worldwide. During the pandemic, a number of SARS-CoV-2 vaccines were rapidly developed, and several are currently licensed for use in Europe. However, the optimization of vaccination regimens is still ongoing, particularly with regard to booster vaccinations. At the same time, the emergence of new virus variants poses an ongoing challenge to vaccine efficacy. In this study, we focused on a comparative analysis of the neutralization capacity of vaccine-induced antibodies against four different variants of concern (i.e., Alpha, Beta, Delta, and Omicron) after two and three doses of COVID-19 vaccine. We were able to show that both two (prime/boost) and three (prime/boost/boost) vaccinations elicit highly variable levels of neutralizing antibodies. In addition, we did not observe a significant difference in antibody levels after two and three vaccinations. We also observed a significant decrease in the neutralization susceptibility of all but one SARS-CoV-2 variants to vaccine-induced antibodies. In contrast, a SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection between the second and third vaccination results in overall higher levels of neutralizing antibodies with a concomitant improved neutralization of all virus variants. Titer levels remained highly variable across the cohort but a common trend was observed. This may be due to the fact that at the time of this study, all licensed vaccines were still based exclusively on wild-type SARS-CoV-2, whereas infections were caused by virus variants. Overall, our data demonstrate the importance of (booster) vaccinations, but at the same time emphasize the need for the continued adaptation of vaccines to induce a protective immune response against virus variants in order to be prepared for future (seasonal) SARS-CoV-2 outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Girl
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
- Central Institute of the Bundeswehr Medical Service Munich, 85784 Garching, Germany
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, LMU Munich, 80539 Munich, Germany
| | - Heiner von Buttlar
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Enrico Mantel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Markus H. Antwerpen
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Roman Wölfel
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Müller
- Bundeswehr Institute of Microbiology, 80937 Munich, Germany; (P.G.); (H.v.B.); (E.M.); (M.H.A.); (R.W.)
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, 80937 Munich, Germany
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13
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García-Vega M, Wan H, Reséndiz-Sandoval M, Hinojosa-Trujillo D, Valenzuela O, Mata-Haro V, Dehesa-Canseco F, Solís-Hernández M, Marcotte H, Pan-Hammarström Q, Hernández J. Comparative single-cell transcriptomic profile of hybrid immunity induced by adenovirus vector-based COVID-19 vaccines. Genes Immun 2024; 25:158-167. [PMID: 38570727 DOI: 10.1038/s41435-024-00270-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 03/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
In this study, antibody response and a single-cell RNA-seq analysis were conducted on peripheral blood mononuclear cells from five different groups: naïve subjects vaccinated with AZD1222 (AZ) or Ad5-nCoV (Cso), individuals previously infected and later vaccinated (hybrid) with AZD1222 (AZ-hb) or Ad5-nCoV (Cso-hb), and those who were infected and had recovered from COVID-19 (Inf). The results showed that AZ induced more robust neutralizing antibody responses than Cso. The single-cell RNA data revealed a high frequency of memory B cells in the Cso and Cso-hb. In contrast, AZ and AZ-hb groups exhibited the highest proportion of activated naïve B cells expressing CXCR4. Transcriptomic analysis of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells demonstrated a heterogeneous response following vaccination, hybrid immunity, or natural infection. However, a single dose of Ad5-nCoV was sufficient to strongly activate CD4+ T cells (naïve and memory) expressing ANX1 and FOS, similar to the hybrid response observed with AZ. An interesting finding was the robust activation of a subset of CD8+ T cells expressing GZMB, GZMH, and IFNG genes in the Cso-hb group. Our findings suggest that both vaccines effectively stimulated the cellular immune response; however, the Ad5-nCoV induced a more robust CD8+ T-cell response in previously infected individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa García-Vega
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Hui Wan
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE171 65, Sweden
| | - Mónica Reséndiz-Sandoval
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Diana Hinojosa-Trujillo
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Olivia Valenzuela
- Departamento de Ciencias Químico Biológicas, Universidad de Sonora, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83000, Mexico
| | - Verónica Mata-Haro
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico
| | - Freddy Dehesa-Canseco
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales (CPA), SENASICA, SADER, Ciudad de México, 05010, Mexico
| | - Mario Solís-Hernández
- Comisión México-Estados Unidos para la Prevención de la Fiebre Aftosa y otras Enfermedades Exóticas de los Animales (CPA), SENASICA, SADER, Ciudad de México, 05010, Mexico
| | - Harold Marcotte
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE171 65, Sweden
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Division of Immunology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, SE171 65, Sweden.
| | - Jesús Hernández
- Laboratorio de Inmunología, Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, A.C, Hermosillo, Sonora, 83304, Mexico.
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14
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Baxter RM, Cabrera-Martinez B, Ghosh T, Rester C, Moreno MG, Borko TL, Selva S, Fleischer CL, Haakonsen N, Mayher A, Bowhay E, Evans C, Miller TM, Huey L, McWilliams J, van Bokhoven A, Deane KD, Knight V, Jordan KR, Ghosh D, Klarquist J, Kedl RM, Piquet AL, Hsieh EWY. SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine-Elicited Immunity after B Cell Depletion in Multiple Sclerosis. Immunohorizons 2024; 8:254-268. [PMID: 38483384 PMCID: PMC10985059 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The impact of B cell deficiency on the humoral and cellular responses to SARS-CoV2 mRNA vaccination remains a challenging and significant clinical management question. We evaluated vaccine-elicited serological and cellular responses in 1) healthy individuals who were pre-exposed to SARS-CoV-2 (n = 21), 2) healthy individuals who received a homologous booster (mRNA, n = 19; or Novavax, n = 19), and 3) persons with multiple sclerosis on B cell depletion therapy (MS-αCD20) receiving mRNA homologous boosting (n = 36). Pre-exposure increased humoral and CD4 T cellular responses in immunocompetent individuals. Novavax homologous boosting induced a significantly more robust serological response than mRNA boosting. MS-α CD20 had an intact IgA mucosal response and an enhanced CD8 T cell response to mRNA boosting compared with immunocompetent individuals. This enhanced cellular response was characterized by the expansion of only effector, not memory, T cells. The enhancement of CD8 T cells in the setting of B cell depletion suggests a regulatory mechanism between B and CD8 T cell vaccine responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan M. Baxter
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Tusharkanti Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Cody Rester
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Miguel Guerrero Moreno
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Tyler L. Borko
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Sean Selva
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Chelsie L. Fleischer
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Nicola Haakonsen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ariana Mayher
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Emily Bowhay
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Courtney Evans
- Allergy and Immunology Research, Research Institute, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Todd M. Miller
- Analytics Resource Center, Children’s Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Leah Huey
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Jennifer McWilliams
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Adrie van Bokhoven
- Department of Pathology, Section of Pathology Shared Resource, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO
| | - Kevin D. Deane
- Department of Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Vijaya Knight
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Kimberly R. Jordan
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Debashis Ghosh
- Department of Biostatistics and Informatics, Colorado School of Public Health, Aurora, CO
| | - Jared Klarquist
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Amanda L. Piquet
- Department of Neurology, Sections of Neuroimmunology, Neuroinfectious Disease, and Neurohospitalist, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
| | - Elena W. Y. Hsieh
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
- Department of Pediatrics, Section of Allergy and Immunology, University of Colorado, School of Medicine, Aurora, CO
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15
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Miyamoto S, Suzuki T. Infection-mediated immune response in SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infection and implications for next-generation COVID-19 vaccine development. Vaccine 2024; 42:1401-1406. [PMID: 38310015 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2024.01.088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Post-vaccination infections, termed breakthrough infections, occur after the virus infection overcomes the vaccine-induced immune barrier. During the early stages of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Omicron wave, high serum-neutralizing antibody titers against the Omicron variant were detected in individuals with breakthrough infections as well as those who received a third vaccine dose (i.e., booster recipients). Additionally, these cases indicated that Omicron antigens triggered an immune response that differed from that triggered by the vaccine strain before analysis of the effectiveness of new vaccines updated for the Omicron variants. Moreover, the magnitude and breadth of neutralizing antibody titers induced by breakthrough infections are correlated with the upper respiratory viral load at diagnosis and the duration between vaccination and infection, respectively. Unlike booster vaccine recipients, patients with breakthrough infections have varying durations between vaccination and infection. Accordingly, optimal booster vaccination intervals may be estimated based on the cross-neutralizing antibody response induced over time. Examination of breakthrough infection cases has provided valuable insights that could not be yielded by only examining vaccinated individuals alone. These insights include estimates of vaccine-induced immunity against SARS-CoV-2 variants and the various factors related to the clinical status. This review describes the immune response elicited by breakthrough infections; specifically, it discusses factors that affect the magnitude and breadth of serum antibody titers as well as the appropriate booster vaccination strategy. This review provides key aspects that could contribute to developing next-generation COVID-19 vaccines through breakthrough infection cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Miyamoto
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo 162-8640, Japan.
| | - Tadaki Suzuki
- Department of Pathology, National Institute of Infectious Diseases Tokyo 162-8640, Japan
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16
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Wu S, Li Y, Baral S, Mishra S, Koh M, Golding H, Kwong JC, Wei X. Protection of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 boosters, and hybrid immunity against Omicron severe illness: A population-based cohort study of five million residents in Canada. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0299304. [PMID: 38394091 PMCID: PMC10889649 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0299304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Evidence on protection of different patterns of infection- and vaccine-acquired immunity against Omicron-associated severe illness is useful in planning booster vaccination strategies. We examined protection of prior SARS-CoV-2 infection, a third or a fourth COVID-19 vaccine dose, and hybrid immunity against Omicron-associated severe illness. METHODS AND FINDINGS This population-based cohort study followed five million individuals with at least one SARS-CoV-2 RT-PCR test before November 21, 2021 until an Omicron-associatedhospitalization or death. We used Cox regression models to estimate risks of Omicron-associated hospitalization and a composite severe outcome (hospitalized and death), among individuals with infection- and/or vaccination-acquired immunity. Individuals who were unvaccinated and had no history of a prior infection severed as the reference group. Both adjusted hazard ratios (HR) and corresponding protection (one minus adjusted HR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs), were reported. Three doses provided 94% (95%CI 93-95) and 93% (95%CI 91-94) protection against Omicron-associated hospitalization at 2-3 and ≥3 months post-vaccination respectively, similar to the protection conferred by three doses and a prior infection (2-3 months: 99%, 95%CI 97-100; ≥3 months: 97%, 95%CI 92-99) and four doses (1 month: 87%, 95%CI 79-92; 1-2 months: 96%, 95%CI 92-98). In individuals ≥65 years old, protection of four doses increased to 95% (95%CI 91-98) at 1-2 months, significantly higher than that of three doses over the follow-up period. Similar results were observed with the composite severe outcome. CONCLUSION At least three antigenic exposures, achieved by vaccination or infection, confers significant protection against Omicron-associated hospitalization and death in all age groups. Our findings support a third dose for the overall population, regardless of prior infection status, and a fourth dose for the elderly to maintain high level of immunity and substantially reduce risk of severe illness at individual level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishi Wu
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yanhong Li
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Stefan Baral
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Sharmistha Mishra
- MAP Centre for Urban Health Solutions, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maria Koh
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haley Golding
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jeffrey C. Kwong
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Public Health Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Xiaolin Wei
- Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute of Health Policy, Management and Evaluation, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Centre for Vaccine Preventable Diseases, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Handabile C, Ohno M, Sekiya T, Nomura N, Kawakita T, Kawahara M, Endo M, Nishimura T, Okumura M, Toba S, Sasaki M, Orba Y, Chua BY, Rowntree LC, Nguyen THO, Shingai M, Sato A, Sawa H, Ogasawara K, Kedzierska K, Kida H. Immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a co-formulated two-in-one inactivated whole virus particle COVID-19/influenza vaccine. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4204. [PMID: 38378856 PMCID: PMC10879490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54421-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
Due to the synchronous circulation of seasonal influenza viruses and severe acute respiratory coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) which causes coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), there is need for routine vaccination for both COVID-19 and influenza to reduce disease severity. Here, we prepared individual WPVs composed of formalin-inactivated SARS-CoV-2 WK 521 (Ancestral strain; Co WPV) or influenza virus [A/California/07/2009 (X-179A) (H1N1) pdm; Flu WPV] to produce a two-in-one Co/Flu WPV. Serum analysis from vaccinated mice revealed that a single dose of Co/Flu WPV induced antigen-specific neutralizing antibodies against both viruses, similar to those induced by either type of WPV alone. Following infection with either virus, mice vaccinated with Co/Flu WPV showed no weight loss, reduced pneumonia and viral titers in the lung, and lower gene expression of proinflammatory cytokines, as observed with individual WPV-vaccinated. Furthermore, a pentavalent vaccine (Co/qFlu WPV) comprising of Co WPV and quadrivalent influenza vaccine (qFlu WPV) was immunogenic and protected animals from severe COVID-19. These results suggest that a single dose of the two-in-one WPV provides efficient protection against SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus infections with no evidence of vaccine interference in mice. We propose that concomitant vaccination with the two-in-one WPV can be useful for controlling both diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chimuka Handabile
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Marumi Ohno
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toshiki Sekiya
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Naoki Nomura
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of International Research Promotion, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Tomomi Kawakita
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Immunology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Mamiko Kawahara
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Shinsuke Toba
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Company, Limited, Toyonaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Michihito Sasaki
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yasuko Orba
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Brendon Y Chua
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Louise C Rowntree
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Thi H O Nguyen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Masashi Shingai
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Vaccine Immunology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Akihiko Sato
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Shionogi Pharmaceutical Research Center, Shionogi & Company, Limited, Toyonaka, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Sawa
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- One Health Research Center, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Division of Molecular Pathobiology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Ogasawara
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Katherine Kedzierska
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Hiroshi Kida
- Institute for Vaccine Research and Development (HU-IVReD), Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Division of Biologics Development, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- International Collaboration Unit, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
- Division of Vaccine Immunology, International Institute for Zoonosis Control, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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18
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Suntronwong N, Kanokudom S, Auphimai C, Thongmee T, Assawakosri S, Vichaiwattana P, Yorsaeng R, Duangchinda T, Chantima W, Pakchotanon P, Nilyanimit P, Srimuan D, Thatsanathorn T, Sudhinaraset N, Wanlapakorn N, Poovorawan Y. Long-Term Dynamic Changes in Hybrid Immunity over Six Months after Inactivated and Adenoviral Vector Vaccination in Individuals with Previous SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:180. [PMID: 38400163 PMCID: PMC10891631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2024] [Revised: 01/30/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Numerous studies have largely focused on short-term immunogenicity in recovered individuals post mRNA vaccination. However, understanding the long-term durability, particularly in inactivated and adenoviral vectored vaccines, remains limited. We evaluated antibody responses, omicron variant neutralization, and IFN-γ responses in 119 previously infected individuals vaccinated with CoronaVac or ChAdOx1 up to six months post-vaccination. Both vaccines elicited robust immune responses in recovered individuals, surpassing those who were infection-naïve, and these persisted above pre-vaccination levels for six months. However, antibody levels declined over time (geometric mean ratio (GMR) = 0.52 for both vaccines). Notably, neutralizing activities against omicron declined faster in ChAdOx1 (GMR = 0.6) compared to CoronaVac recipients (GMR = 1.03). While the first dose of ChAdOx1 adequately induced immune responses in recovered individuals, a second dose demonstrated advantages in omicron variant neutralization and slower decline. Although both vaccines induced T cell responses, the median IFN-γ level at six months returned to pre-vaccination levels. However, more individuals exhibited reactive T cell responses. Extending the interval (13-15 months) between infection and vaccination could enhance antibody levels and broaden neutralization. Together, these findings demonstrate a robust humoral and cellular response that was sustained for at least six months after vaccination, thus guiding optimal vaccination strategies based on prior infection and vaccine platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nungruthai Suntronwong
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Sitthichai Kanokudom
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Chompoonut Auphimai
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thanunrat Thongmee
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Suvichada Assawakosri
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- Center of Excellence in Osteoarthritis and Musculoskeleton, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, King Chulalongkorn Memorial Hospital, Thai Red Cross Society, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Preeyaporn Vichaiwattana
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Ritthideach Yorsaeng
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thaneeya Duangchinda
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (T.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Warangkana Chantima
- Division of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever Research, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
- Siriraj Center of Research Excellence in Dengue and Emerging Pathogens, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand
| | - Pattarakul Pakchotanon
- Molecular Biology of Dengue and Flaviviruses Research Team, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (BIOTEC), National Science and Development Agency, NSTDA, Pathum Thani 12120, Thailand; (T.D.); (P.P.)
| | - Pornjarim Nilyanimit
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Donchida Srimuan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Thaksaporn Thatsanathorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Natthinee Sudhinaraset
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Nasamon Wanlapakorn
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
| | - Yong Poovorawan
- Center of Excellence in Clinical Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (N.S.); (S.K.); (C.A.); (T.T.); (S.A.); (P.V.); (R.Y.); (P.N.); (D.S.); (T.T.); (N.S.); (N.W.)
- The Royal Society of Thailand (FRS(T)), Sanam Sueapa, Dusit, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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19
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Garay E, Whelan SPJ, DuBois RM, O’Rourke SM, Salgado-Escobar AE, Muñoz-Medina JE, Arias CF, López S. Immune response to SARS-CoV-2 variants after immunization with different vaccines in Mexico. Epidemiol Infect 2024; 152:e30. [PMID: 38312015 PMCID: PMC10894899 DOI: 10.1017/s0950268824000219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 01/11/2024] [Accepted: 01/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024] Open
Abstract
There is limited information on the antibody responses against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in subjects from developing countries with populations having a high incidence of co-morbidities. Here, we analysed the immunogenicity of homologous schemes using the ChAdOx1-S, Sputnik V, or BNT162b2 vaccines and the effect of a booster dose with ChAdOx1-S in middle-aged adults who were seropositive or seronegative to the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein before vaccination. The study was conducted post-vaccination with a follow-up of 4 months for antibody titre using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and pseudovirus (PV) neutralization assays (PNAs). All three vaccines elicited a superior IgG anti-receptor-binding domain (RBD) and neutralization response against the Alpha and Delta variants when administered to individuals with a previous infection by SARS-CoV-2. The booster dose spiked the neutralization activity among individuals with and without a prior SARS-CoV-2 infection. The ChAdOx1-S vaccine induced weaker antibody responses in infection-naive subjects. A follow-up of 4 months post-vaccination showed a drop in antibody titre, with about 20% of the infection-naive and 100% of SARS-CoV-2 pre-exposed participants with detectable neutralization capacity against Alpha pseudovirus (Alpha-PV) and Delta PV (Delta-PV). Our observations support the use of different vaccines in a country with high seroprevalence at the vaccination time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Garay
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Sean P. J. Whelan
- Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University in St. Louis, Saint Louis, United States
- Department of Microbiology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Rebecca M. DuBois
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Sara M. O’Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, University of California, Santa Cruz, United States
| | - Angel Eduardo Salgado-Escobar
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - José Esteban Muñoz-Medina
- Coordinación de Calidad de Insumos y Laboratorios Especializados, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Carlos F. Arias
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
| | - Susana López
- Departamento de Genética del Desarrollo y Fisiología Molecular, Instituto de Biotecnología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Cuernavaca, Morelos, Mexico
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20
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Winklmeier S, Rübsamen H, Özdemir C, Wratil PR, Lupoli G, Stern M, Schneider C, Eisenhut K, Ho S, Wong HK, Taskin D, Petry M, Weigand M, Eichhorn P, Foesel BU, Mader S, Keppler OT, Kümpfel T, Meinl E. Intramuscular vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 transiently induces neutralizing IgG rather than IgA in the saliva. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1330864. [PMID: 38375482 PMCID: PMC10875124 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1330864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024] Open
Abstract
The mucosal immunity is crucial for restricting SARS-CoV-2 at its entry site. Intramuscularly applied vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 stimulate high levels of neutralizing Abs in serum, but the impact of these intramuscular vaccinations on features of mucosal immunity is less clear. Here, we analyzed kinetic and functional properties of anti-SARS-CoV-2 Abs in the saliva after vaccination with BNT162b2. We analyzed a total of 24 healthy donors longitudinally for up to 16 months. We found that specific IgG appeared in the saliva after the second vaccination, declined thereafter and reappeared after the third vaccination. Adjusting serum and saliva for the same IgG concentration revealed a strong correlation between the reactivity in these two compartments. Reactivity to VoCs correlated strongly as seen by ELISAs against RBD variants and by live-virus neutralizing assays against replication-competent viruses. For further functional analysis, we purified IgG and IgA from serum and saliva. In vaccinated donors we found neutralizing activity towards authentic virus in the IgG, but not in the IgA fraction of the saliva. In contrast, IgA with neutralizing activity appeared in the saliva only after breakthrough infection. In serum, we found neutralizing activity in both the IgA and IgG fractions. Together, we show that intramuscular mRNA vaccination transiently induces a mucosal immunity that is mediated by IgG and thus differs from the mucosal immunity after infection. Waning of specific mucosal IgG might be linked to susceptibility for breakthrough infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Winklmeier
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Heike Rübsamen
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Ceren Özdemir
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Paul R. Wratil
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Gaia Lupoli
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Marcel Stern
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Celine Schneider
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Katharina Eisenhut
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Samantha Ho
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Hoi Kiu Wong
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Damla Taskin
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Marvin Petry
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Michael Weigand
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter Eichhorn
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | - Bärbel U. Foesel
- Institute of Epidemiology, Helmholtz Munich, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Simone Mader
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Munich, Germany
- Biomedical Center (BMC), Medical Faculty, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Martinsried, Germany
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21
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Prelog M, Jeske SD, Asam C, Fuchs A, Wieser A, Gall C, Wytopil M, Mueller-Schmucker SM, Beileke S, Goekkaya M, Kling E, Geldmacher C, Rubio-Acero R, Plank M, Christa C, Willmann A, Vu M, Einhauser S, Weps M, Lampl BMJ, Almanzar G, Kousha K, Schwägerl V, Liebl B, Weber B, Drescher J, Scheidt J, Gefeller O, Messmann H, Protzer U, Liese J, Hoelscher M, Wagner R, Überla K, Steininger P. Clinical and immunological benefits of full primary COVID-19 vaccination in individuals with SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections: A prospective cohort study in non-hospitalized adults. J Clin Virol 2024; 170:105622. [PMID: 38091664 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcv.2023.105622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 11/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOC) may result in breakthrough infections (BTIs) in vaccinated individuals. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of full primary (two-dose) COVID-19 vaccination with wild-type-based SARS-CoV-2 vaccines on symptoms and immunogenicity of SARS-CoV-2 VOC BTIs. METHODS In a longitudinal multicenter controlled cohort study in Bavaria, Germany, COVID-19 vaccinated and unvaccinated non-hospitalized individuals were prospectively enrolled within 14 days of a PCR-confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection. Individuals were visited weekly up to 4 times, performing a structured record of medical data and viral load assessment. SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response was characterized by anti-spike-(S)- and anti-nucleocapsid-(N)-antibody concentrations, anti-S-IgG avidity and neutralization capacity. RESULTS A total of 300 individuals (212 BTIs, 88 non-BTIs) were included with VOC Alpha or Delta SARS-CoV-2 infections. Full primary COVID-19 vaccination provided a significant effectiveness against five symptoms (relative risk reduction): fever (33 %), cough (21 %), dysgeusia (22 %), dizziness (52 %) and nausea/vomiting (48 %). Full primary vaccinated individuals showed significantly higher 50 % inhibitory concentration (IC50) values against the infecting VOC compared to unvaccinated individuals at week 1 (269 vs. 56, respectively), and weeks 5-7 (1,917 vs. 932, respectively) with significantly higher relative anti-S-IgG avidity (78% vs. 27 % at week 4, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Full primary COVID-19 vaccination reduced symptom frequencies in non-hospitalized individuals with BTIs and elicited a more rapid and longer lasting neutralization capacity against the infecting VOC compared to unvaccinated individuals. These results support the recommendation to offer at least full primary vaccination to all adults to reduce disease severity caused by immune escape-variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Prelog
- Pediatric Rheumatology / Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Samuel D Jeske
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia Asam
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andre Fuchs
- Internal Medicine III - Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Wieser
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christine Gall
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Monika Wytopil
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sandra M Mueller-Schmucker
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Stephanie Beileke
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Mehmet Goekkaya
- Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Augsburg, Institute of Environmental Medicine Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Kling
- Institute of Laboratory Medicine and Microbiology University Hospital Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Christof Geldmacher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Raquel Rubio-Acero
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michael Plank
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Annika Willmann
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Vu
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Sebastian Einhauser
- Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Manuela Weps
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt M J Lampl
- Regensburg Department of Public Health, Division of Infection Control and Prevention, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Giovanni Almanzar
- Pediatric Rheumatology / Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Kimia Kousha
- Pediatric Rheumatology / Special Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valeria Schwägerl
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Liebl
- Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL), Oberschleißheim, Germany
| | - Beatrix Weber
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences Hof, Hof, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Scheidt
- Institute for Information Systems, University of Applied Sciences Hof, Hof, Germany
| | - Olaf Gefeller
- Department of Medical Informatics, Biometry and Epidemiology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Helmut Messmann
- Internal Medicine III - Gastroenterology and Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Augsburg, Augsburg, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany; Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany, and German Center for Infection Research, Munich partner site
| | - Johannes Liese
- Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Michael Hoelscher
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, University Hospital, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU) Munich, Munich, Germany; German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Ralf Wagner
- Institute of Clinical Microbiology and Hygiene, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Molecular Microbiology (Virology), University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Überla
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Steininger
- Institute of Clinical and Molecular Virology, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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22
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Lapuente D, Winkler TH, Tenbusch M. B-cell and antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2: infection, vaccination, and hybrid immunity. Cell Mol Immunol 2024; 21:144-158. [PMID: 37945737 PMCID: PMC10805925 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-023-01095-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) in 2019 prompted scientific, medical, and biotech communities to investigate infection- and vaccine-induced immune responses in the context of this pathogen. B-cell and antibody responses are at the center of these investigations, as neutralizing antibodies (nAbs) are an important correlate of protection (COP) from infection and the primary target of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine modalities. In addition to absolute levels, nAb longevity, neutralization breadth, immunoglobulin isotype and subtype composition, and presence at mucosal sites have become important topics for scientists and health policy makers. The recent pandemic was and still is a unique setting in which to study de novo and memory B-cell (MBC) and antibody responses in the dynamic interplay of infection- and vaccine-induced immunity. It also provided an opportunity to explore new vaccine platforms, such as mRNA or adenoviral vector vaccines, in unprecedented cohort sizes. Combined with the technological advances of recent years, this situation has provided detailed mechanistic insights into the development of B-cell and antibody responses but also revealed some unexpected findings. In this review, we summarize the key findings of the last 2.5 years regarding infection- and vaccine-induced B-cell immunity, which we believe are of significant value not only in the context of SARS-CoV-2 but also for future vaccination approaches in endemic and pandemic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dennis Lapuente
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thomas H Winkler
- Department of Biology, Division of Genetics, Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Center for Molecular Medicine, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Erlangen, Germany.
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Matthias Tenbusch
- Institut für klinische und molekulare Virologie, Universitätsklinikum Erlangen und Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossgarten 4, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
- Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität (FAU) Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schlossplatz 1, 91054, Erlangen, Germany
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23
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Dos Santos Alves RP, Timis J, Miller R, Valentine K, Pinto PBA, Gonzalez A, Regla-Nava JA, Maule E, Nguyen MN, Shafee N, Landeras-Bueno S, Olmedillas E, Laffey B, Dobaczewska K, Mikulski Z, McArdle S, Leist SR, Kim K, Baric RS, Ollmann Saphire E, Elong Ngono A, Shresta S. Human coronavirus OC43-elicited CD4 + T cells protect against SARS-CoV-2 in HLA transgenic mice. Nat Commun 2024; 15:787. [PMID: 38278784 PMCID: PMC10817949 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-45043-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells are detected in some healthy unexposed individuals. Human studies indicate these T cells could be elicited by the common cold coronavirus OC43. To directly test this assumption and define the role of OC43-elicited T cells that are cross-reactive with SARS-CoV-2, we develop a model of sequential infections with OC43 followed by SARS-CoV-2 in HLA-B*0702 and HLA-DRB1*0101 Ifnar1-/- transgenic mice. We find that OC43 infection can elicit polyfunctional CD8+ and CD4+ effector T cells that cross-react with SARS-CoV-2 peptides. Furthermore, pre-exposure to OC43 reduces subsequent SARS-CoV-2 infection and disease in the lung for a short-term in HLA-DRB1*0101 Ifnar1-/- transgenic mice, and a longer-term in HLA-B*0702 Ifnar1-/- transgenic mice. Depletion of CD4+ T cells in HLA-DRB1*0101 Ifnar1-/- transgenic mice with prior OC43 exposure results in increased viral burden in the lung but no change in virus-induced lung damage following infection with SARS-CoV-2 (versus CD4+ T cell-sufficient mice), demonstrating that the OC43-elicited SARS-CoV-2 cross-reactive T cell-mediated cross-protection against SARS-CoV-2 is partially dependent on CD4+ T cells. These findings contribute to our understanding of the origin of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells and their effects on SARS-CoV-2 clinical outcomes, and also carry implications for development of broadly protective betacoronavirus vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Julia Timis
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Robyn Miller
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Kristen Valentine
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | | | - Andrew Gonzalez
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jose Angel Regla-Nava
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Pathology, University Center for Health Science (CUCS), University of Guadalajara, Guadalajara, 44340, Mexico
| | - Erin Maule
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Michael N Nguyen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Norazizah Shafee
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara Landeras-Bueno
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Eduardo Olmedillas
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Brett Laffey
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Katarzyna Dobaczewska
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Zbigniew Mikulski
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sara McArdle
- Microscopy and Histology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah R Leist
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Kenneth Kim
- Histopathology Core Facility, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Ralph S Baric
- Department of Epidemiology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Erica Ollmann Saphire
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego (UCSD), La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Annie Elong Ngono
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Sujan Shresta
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, USA.
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24
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Voss WN, Mallory MA, Byrne PO, Marchioni JM, Knudson SA, Powers JM, Leist SR, Dadonaite B, Townsend DR, Kain J, Huang Y, Satterwhite E, Castillo IN, Mattocks M, Paresi C, Munt JE, Scobey T, Seeger A, Premkumar L, Bloom JD, Georgiou G, McLellan JS, Baric RS, Lavinder JJ, Ippolito GC. Hybrid immunity to SARS-CoV-2 arises from serological recall of IgG antibodies distinctly imprinted by infection or vaccination. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.01.22.576742. [PMID: 38545622 PMCID: PMC10970720 DOI: 10.1101/2024.01.22.576742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
We used plasma IgG proteomics to study the molecular composition and temporal durability of polyclonal IgG antibodies triggered by ancestral SARS-CoV-2 infection, vaccination, or their combination ("hybrid immunity"). Infection, whether primary or post-vaccination, mainly triggered an anti-spike antibody response to the S2 domain, while vaccination predominantly induced anti-RBD antibodies. Immunological imprinting persisted after a secondary (hybrid) exposure, with >60% of the ensuing serological response originating from the initial antibodies generated during the first exposure. We highlight one instance where hybrid immunity arising from breakthrough infection resulted in a marked increase in the breadth and affinity of a highly abundant vaccination-elicited plasma IgG antibody, SC27. With an intrinsic binding affinity surpassing a theoretical maximum (K D < 5 pM), SC27 demonstrated potent neutralization of various SARS-CoV-2 variants and SARS-like zoonotic viruses (IC 50 ∼0.1-1.75 nM) and provided robust protection in vivo . Cryo-EM structural analysis unveiled that SC27 binds to the RBD class 1/4 epitope, with both VH and VL significantly contributing to the binding interface. These findings suggest that exceptionally broad and potent antibodies can be prevalent in plasma and can largely dictate the nature of serological neutralization. HIGHLIGHTS ▪ Infection and vaccination elicit unique IgG antibody profiles at the molecular level▪ Immunological imprinting varies between infection (S2/NTD) and vaccination (RBD)▪ Hybrid immunity maintains the imprint of first infection or first vaccination▪ Hybrid immune IgG plasma mAbs have superior neutralization potency and breadth.
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Lenart K, Arcoverde Cerveira R, Hellgren F, Ols S, Sheward DJ, Kim C, Cagigi A, Gagne M, Davis B, Germosen D, Roy V, Alter G, Letscher H, Van Wassenhove J, Gros W, Gallouët AS, Le Grand R, Kleanthous H, Guebre-Xabier M, Murrell B, Patel N, Glenn G, Smith G, Loré K. Three immunizations with Novavax's protein vaccines increase antibody breadth and provide durable protection from SARS-CoV-2. NPJ Vaccines 2024; 9:17. [PMID: 38245545 PMCID: PMC10799869 DOI: 10.1038/s41541-024-00806-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/22/2024] Open
Abstract
The immune responses to Novavax's licensed NVX-CoV2373 nanoparticle Spike protein vaccine against SARS-CoV-2 remain incompletely understood. Here, we show in rhesus macaques that immunization with Matrix-MTM adjuvanted vaccines predominantly elicits immune events in local tissues with little spillover to the periphery. A third dose of an updated vaccine based on the Gamma (P.1) variant 7 months after two immunizations with licensed NVX-CoV2373 resulted in significant enhancement of anti-spike antibody titers and antibody breadth including neutralization of forward drift Omicron variants. The third immunization expanded the Spike-specific memory B cell pool, induced significant somatic hypermutation, and increased serum antibody avidity, indicating considerable affinity maturation. Seven months after immunization, vaccinated animals controlled infection by either WA-1 or P.1 strain, mediated by rapid anamnestic antibody and T cell responses in the lungs. In conclusion, a third immunization with an adjuvanted, low-dose recombinant protein vaccine significantly improved the quality of B cell responses, enhanced antibody breadth, and provided durable protection against SARS-CoV-2 challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klara Lenart
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rodrigo Arcoverde Cerveira
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Fredrika Hellgren
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sebastian Ols
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Daniel J Sheward
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Changil Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Alberto Cagigi
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew Gagne
- Vaccine Research Center, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Brandon Davis
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Vicky Roy
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Galit Alter
- Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT, and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Hélène Letscher
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Van Wassenhove
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Wesley Gros
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Anne-Sophie Gallouët
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Roger Le Grand
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, CEA, Center for Immunology of Viral, Auto-immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB/IDMIT), Fontenay-aux-Roses & Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, Paris, France
| | - Harry Kleanthous
- Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, WA, USA
- SK Biosciences, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Ben Murrell
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | | | - Karin Loré
- Department of Medicine Solna, Division of Immunology and Allergy, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Kulemzin SV, Guselnikov SV, Nekrasov BG, Molodykh SV, Kuvshinova IN, Murasheva SV, Belovezhets TN, Gorchakov AA, Chikaev AN, Chikaev NA, Volkova OY, Yurina AA, Najakshin AM, Taranin AV. Hybrid Immunity from Gam-COVID-Vac Vaccination and Natural SARS-CoV-2 Infection Confers Broader Neutralizing Activity against Omicron Lineage VOCs Than Revaccination or Reinfection. Vaccines (Basel) 2024; 12:55. [PMID: 38250868 PMCID: PMC10818410 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines12010055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 has a relatively high mutation rate, with the frequent emergence of new variants of concern (VOCs). Each subsequent variant is more difficult to neutralize by the sera of vaccinated individuals and convalescents. Some decrease in neutralizing activity against new SARS-CoV-2 variants has also been observed in patients vaccinated with Gam-COVID-Vac. In the present study, we analyzed the interplay between the history of a patient's repeated exposure to SARS-CoV-2 antigens and the breadth of neutralization activity. Our study includes four cohorts of patients: Gam-COVID-Vac booster vaccinated individuals (revaccinated, RV), twice-infected unvaccinated individuals (reinfected, RI), breakthrough infected (BI), and vaccinated convalescents (VC). We assessed S-protein-specific antibody levels and the ability of sera to neutralize lentiviral particles pseudotyped with Spike protein from the original Wuhan variant, as well as the Omicron variants BA.1 and BA.4/5. Individuals with hybrid immunity (BI and VC cohorts) exhibited significantly higher levels of virus-binding IgG and enhanced breadth of virus-neutralizing activity compared to individuals from either the revaccination or reinfection (RV and RI) cohorts. These findings suggest that a combination of infection and vaccination, regardless of the sequence, results in significantly higher levels of S-protein-specific IgG antibodies and the enhanced neutralization of SARS-CoV-2 variants, thereby underscoring the importance of hybrid immunity in the context of emerging viral variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey V. Kulemzin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Sergey V. Guselnikov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | | | | | | | - Svetlana V. Murasheva
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Tatyana N. Belovezhets
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Andrey A. Gorchakov
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anton N. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Nikolai A. Chikaev
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Olga Y. Volkova
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Anna A. Yurina
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander M. Najakshin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
| | - Alexander V. Taranin
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia; (S.V.K.); (S.V.G.)
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27
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Frei A, Kaufmann M, Amati R, Butty Dettwiler A, von Wyl V, Annoni AM, Vincentini J, Pellaton C, Pantaleo G, Fehr JS, D'Acremont V, Bochud M, Albanese E, Puhan MA. Development of hybrid immunity during a period of high incidence of Omicron infections. Int J Epidemiol 2023; 52:1696-1707. [PMID: 37407273 PMCID: PMC10749742 DOI: 10.1093/ije/dyad098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Seroprevalence and the proportion of people with neutralizing activity (functional immunity) against SARS-CoV-2 variants were high in early 2022. In this prospective, population- based, multi-region cohort study, we assessed the development of functional and hybrid immunity (induced by vaccination and infection) in the general population during this period of high incidence of infections with Omicron variants. METHODS We randomly selected and assessed individuals aged ≥16 years from the general population in southern (n = 739) and north-eastern (n = 964) Switzerland in March 2022. We assessed them again in June/July 2022, supplemented with a random sample from western (n = 850) Switzerland. We measured SARS-CoV-2 specific IgG antibodies and SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies against three variants (ancestral strain, Delta, Omicron). RESULTS Seroprevalence remained stable from March 2022 (97.6%, n = 1894) to June/July 2022 (98.4%, n = 2553). In June/July, the percentage of individuals with neutralizing capacity against ancestral strain was 94.2%, against Delta 90.8% and against Omicron 84.9%, and 50.6% developed hybrid immunity. Individuals with hybrid immunity had highest median levels of anti-spike IgG antibodies titres [4518 World Health Organization units per millilitre (WHO U/mL)] compared with those with only vaccine- (4304 WHO U/mL) or infection- (269 WHO U/mL) induced immunity, and highest neutralization capacity against ancestral strain (hybrid: 99.8%, vaccinated: 98%, infected: 47.5%), Delta (hybrid: 99%, vaccinated: 92.2%, infected: 38.7%) and Omicron (hybrid: 96.4%, vaccinated: 79.5%, infected: 47.5%). CONCLUSIONS This first study on functional and hybrid immunity in the Swiss general population after Omicron waves showed that SARS-CoV-2 has become endemic. The high levels of antibodies and neutralization support the emerging recommendations of some countries where booster vaccinations are still strongly recommended for vulnerable persons but less so for the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Frei
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Kaufmann
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rebecca Amati
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Audrey Butty Dettwiler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Viktor von Wyl
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Anna Maria Annoni
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Julia Vincentini
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Céline Pellaton
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Giuseppe Pantaleo
- Service of Immunology and Allergy, Lausanne University Hospital, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jan S Fehr
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valérie D'Acremont
- Department of Research and Innovation, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Murielle Bochud
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Systems, Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Emiliano Albanese
- Institute of Public Health, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera Italiana, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Milo A Puhan
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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28
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Wettengel JM, Strehle K, von Lucke C, Roggendorf H, Jeske SD, Christa C, Zelger O, Haller B, Protzer U, Knolle PA. Improved detection of infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variants of concern in healthcare workers by a second-generation rapid antigen test. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0176823. [PMID: 37831440 PMCID: PMC10714798 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01768-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The results from this study demonstrate the usefulness of a second-generation rapid antigen test for early detection of infection with the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant of concern (VoC) and reveal a higher sensitivity to detect immune escape Omicron VoCs compared to a first-generation rapid antigen test (89.4% vs 83.7%) in the high-risk group of healthcare workers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen M. Wettengel
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), München, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, München, Germany
| | - Katharina Strehle
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, München, Germany
- Coronavirus Diagnostic Center of the University Hospital München Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, TUM, München, Germany
| | - Catharina von Lucke
- Coronavirus Diagnostic Center of the University Hospital München Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, TUM, München, Germany
| | - Hedwig Roggendorf
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, München, Germany
- Coronavirus Diagnostic Center of the University Hospital München Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, TUM, München, Germany
| | - Samuel D. Jeske
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), München, Germany
| | - Otto Zelger
- Coronavirus Diagnostic Center of the University Hospital München Rechts der Isar, School of Medicine, TUM, München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Haller
- Institute for AI and Informatics in Medicine Statistics, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, München, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, School of Medicine and Health, Technical University of Munich (TUM), München, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, München, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, München, Germany
| | - Percy A. Knolle
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Munich Partner Site, München, Germany
- Institute of Molecular Immunology, School of Medicine and Health, TUM, München, Germany
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29
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Koletzko S, Le Thi TG, Zhelyazkova A, Osterman A, Wichert SP, Breiteneicher S, Koletzko L, Schwerd T, Völk S, Jebrini T, Horak J, Tuschen M, Choukér A, Hornung V, Keppler OT, Koletzko B, Török HP, Adorjan K. A prospective longitudinal cohort study on risk factors for COVID-19 vaccination failure (RisCoin): methods, procedures and characterization of the cohort. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:4901-4917. [PMID: 37659994 PMCID: PMC10725370 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-023-01170-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/04/2023]
Abstract
The primary objective of the RisCoin study was to investigate the interplay of genetic, metabolic, and lifestyle factors as well as stress levels on influencing the humoral immune response after at least two COVID-19 vaccinations, primarily with mRNAs, and the risk of SARS-CoV-2 breakthrough infections during follow-up. Here, we describe the study design, procedures, and study population. RisCoin is a prospective, monocentric, longitudinal, observational cohort study. Between October and December 2021, 4515 participants with at least two COVID-19 vaccinations, primarily BNT162b2 and mRNA-1273, were enrolled at the LMU University Hospital of Munich, thereof > 4000 healthcare workers (HCW), 180 patients with inflammatory bowel disease under immunosuppression, and 119 patients with mental disorders. At enrollment, blood and saliva samples were collected to measure anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies, their neutralizing capacity against Omicron-BA.1, stress markers, metabolomics, and genetics. To ensure the confidential handling of sensitive data of study participants, we developed a data protection concept and a mobile application for two-way communication. The application allowed continuous data reporting, including breakthrough infections by the participants, despite irreversible anonymization. Up to 1500 participants attended follow-up visits every two to six months after enrollment. The study gathered comprehensive data and bio-samples of a large representative HCW cohort and two patient groups allowing analyses of complex interactions. Our data protection concept combined with the mobile application proves the feasibility of longitudinal assessment of anonymized participants. Our concept may serve as a blueprint for other studies handling sensitive data on HCW.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibylle Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany.
- Department of Pediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, School of Medicine Collegium, Medicum University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Thu Giang Le Thi
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Ana Zhelyazkova
- Institut für Notfallmedizin und Medizinmanagement (INM), Klinikum der Universität München, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Osterman
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Sven P Wichert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Leandra Koletzko
- Department of Medicine II, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tobias Schwerd
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefanie Völk
- Department of Neurology, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tarek Jebrini
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany
| | - Jeannie Horak
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Marina Tuschen
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Choukér
- Department of Anesthesiology, Laboratory of Translational Research Stress and Immunity, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Veit Hornung
- Gene Center and Department of Biochemistry, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, National Reference Center for Retroviruses, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Berthold Koletzko
- Department of Pediatrics, Dr. von Hauner Children's Hospital, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Lindwurmstraße 4, 80337, Munich, Germany
| | - Helga P Török
- Department of Medicine II, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Kristina Adorjan
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Nussbaumstraße 7, 80336, Munich, Germany.
- Institute of Psychiatric Phenomics and Genomics (IPPG), LMU University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
- Center for International Health (CIH), LMU Munich, Munich, Germany.
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30
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Platen L, Liao BH, Tellenbach M, Cheng CC, Holzmann-Littig C, Christa C, Dächert C, Kappler V, Bester R, Werz ML, Schönhals E, Platen E, Eggerer P, Tréguer L, Küchle C, Schmaderer C, Heemann U, Keppler OT, Renders L, Braunisch MC, Protzer U. Longitudinal SARS-CoV-2 neutralization of Omicron BA.1, BA.5 and BQ.1.1 after four vaccinations and the impact of breakthrough infections in haemodialysis patients. Clin Kidney J 2023; 16:2447-2460. [PMID: 38046025 PMCID: PMC10689143 DOI: 10.1093/ckj/sfad147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Individuals on haemodialysis (HD) are more vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection than the general population due to end-stage kidney disease-induced immunosuppression. Methods A total of 26 HD patients experiencing SARS-CoV-2 infection after a third vaccination were matched 1:1 with 26 of 92 SARS-CoV-2-naïve patients by age, sex, dialysis vintage and immunosuppressive drugs receiving a fourth vaccination with a messenger RNA-based vaccine. A competitive surrogate neutralization assay was used to monitor vaccination success. To determine infection neutralization titres, Vero-E6 cells were infected with SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VoCs), Omicron sublineage BA.1, BA.5 and BQ.1.1. The 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50, serum dilution factor 1:x) was determined before, 4 weeks after and 6 months after the fourth vaccination. Results A total of 52 HD patients received four coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) vaccinations and were followed up for a median of 6.3 months. Patient characteristics did not differ between the matched cohorts. Patients without a SARS-CoV-2 infection had a significant reduction of real virus neutralization capacity for all Omicron sublineages after 6 months (P < .001 each). Those patients with a virus infection did not experience a reduction in real virus neutralization capacity after 6 months. Compared with the other Omicron VoC, the BQ.1.1 sublineage had the lowest virus neutralization capacity. Conclusions SARS-CoV-2-naïve HD patients had significantly decreased virus neutralization capacity 6 months after the fourth vaccination, whereas patients with a SARS-CoV-2 infection had no change in neutralization capacity. This was independent of age, sex, dialysis vintage and immunosuppression. Therefore, in infection-naïve HD patients a fifth COVID-19 vaccination might be reasonable 6 months after the fourth vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise Platen
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Bo-Hung Liao
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Myriam Tellenbach
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Cho-Chin Cheng
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Holzmann-Littig
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- TUM Medical Education Center, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Catharina Christa
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Verena Kappler
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Romina Bester
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Maia Lucia Werz
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Emely Schönhals
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Eva Platen
- Kidney Center Eifel Dialyse, Mechernich, Germany
| | - Peter Eggerer
- KfH Kidney Center Harlaching, Munich-Harlaching, Germany
| | - Laëtitia Tréguer
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Claudius Küchle
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Christoph Schmaderer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Uwe Heemann
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute & Gene Center, Virology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
| | - Lutz Renders
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- KfH Kidney Center, Traunstein, Germany
| | - Matthias Christoph Braunisch
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
| | - Ulrike Protzer
- Institute of Virology, Technical University of Munich, School of Medicine, Munich, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site, Munich, Germany
- Institute of Virology, Helmholtz Munich, Munich, Germany
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Wang M, Zhou B, Fan Q, Zhou X, Liao X, Lin J, Ma Z, Dong J, Wang H, Ge X, Ju B, Zhang Z. Omicron variants escape the persistent SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody response in 2-year COVID-19 convalescents regardless of vaccination. Emerg Microbes Infect 2023; 12:2151381. [PMID: 36444724 PMCID: PMC9809350 DOI: 10.1080/22221751.2022.2151381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
With the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic and the emergence of various SARS-CoV-2 variants, a comprehensive evaluation of long-term efficacy of antibody response in convalescent individuals is urgently needed. Several longitudinal studies had reported the antibody dynamics after SARS-CoV-2 acute infection, but the follow-up was mostly limited to 1 year or 18 months at the maximum. In this study, we investigated the durability, potency, and susceptibility to immune evasion of SARS-CoV-2-specific antibody in COVID-19 convalescents for 2 years after discharge. These results showed the persistent antibody-dependent immunity could protect against the WT and Delta variant to some extent. However, the Omicron variants (BA.1, BA.2, and BA.4/5) largely escaped this preexisting immunity in recovered individuals. Furthermore, we revealed that inactivated vaccines (BBIBP-CorV, CoronaVac, or KCONVAC) could improve the plasma neutralization and help to maintain the broadly neutralizing antibodies at a certain level. Notably, with the time-dependent decline of antibody, 1-dose or 2-dose vaccination strategy seemed not to be enough to provide immune protection against the emerging variants. Overall, these results facilitated our understanding of SARS-CoV-2-induced antibody memory, contributing to the development of immunization strategy against SARS-CoV-2 variants for such a large number of COVID-19 survivors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miao Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bing Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Qing Fan
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinrong Zhou
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xuejiao Liao
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyan Lin
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhenghua Ma
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingke Dong
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangyang Ge
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China
| | - Bin Ju
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, Bin Ju Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Zheng Zhang Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China,Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, People’s Republic of China, Bin Ju Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Zheng Zhang Institute for Hepatology, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Disease, Shenzhen Third People’s Hospital, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Guangdong Key Laboratory for Anti-infection Drug Quality Evaluation, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China; Shenzhen Research Center for Communicable Disease Diagnosis and Treatment of Chinese Academy of Medical Science, Shenzhen, Guangdong518112, People’s Republic of China
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Weber T, Dähling S, Rose S, Affeldt P, Vanshylla K, Ullrich L, Gieselmann L, Teipel F, Gruell H, Di Cristanziano V, Kim DS, Georgiou G, Koch M, Kreer C, Klein F. Enhanced SARS-CoV-2 humoral immunity following breakthrough infection builds upon the preexisting memory B cell pool. Sci Immunol 2023; 8:eadk5845. [PMID: 37976348 DOI: 10.1126/sciimmunol.adk5845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
The human immune response must continuously adapt to newly emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants. To investigate how B cells respond to repeated SARS-CoV-2 antigen exposure by Wu01 booster vaccination and Omicron breakthrough infection, we performed a molecular longitudinal analysis of the memory B cell pool. We demonstrate that a subsequent breakthrough infection substantially increases the frequency of B cells encoding SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing antibodies. However, this is not primarily attributable to maturation, but to selection of preexisting B cell clones. Moreover, broadly reactive memory B cells arose early and even neutralized highly mutated variants like XBB.1.5 that the individuals had not encountered. Together, our data show that SARS-CoV-2 immunity is largely imprinted on Wu01 over the course of multiple antigen contacts but can respond to new variants through preexisting diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timm Weber
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Sabrina Dähling
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Svea Rose
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Patrick Affeldt
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Department II of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Kanika Vanshylla
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Leon Ullrich
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Lutz Gieselmann
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Finn Teipel
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Henning Gruell
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Veronica Di Cristanziano
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Dae Sung Kim
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - George Georgiou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Department of Molecular Biosciences and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas, USA
- Department of Oncology, University of Texas Dell Medical School, Austin, Texas, USA
| | - Manuel Koch
- Institute for Dental Research and Oral Musculoskeletal Biology, Center for Biochemistry, Medical Faculty and University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christoph Kreer
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Florian Klein
- Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner Site Bonn-Cologne, Cologne, Germany
- Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Pérez-Nicado R, Massa C, Rodríguez-Noda LM, Müller A, Puga-Gómez R, Ricardo-Delgado Y, Paredes-Moreno B, Rodríguez-González M, García-Ferrer M, Palmero-Álvarez I, Garcés-Hechavarría A, Rivera DG, Valdés-Balbín Y, Vérez-Bencomo V, García-Rivera D, Seliger B. Comparative Immune Response after Vaccination with SOBERANA ® 02 and SOBERANA ® plus Heterologous Scheme and Natural Infection in Young Children. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1636. [PMID: 38005968 PMCID: PMC10675375 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11111636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2023] [Revised: 10/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: In children, SARS-CoV-2 infection is mostly accompanied by mild COVID-19 symptoms. However, multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) and long-term sequelae are often severe complications. Therefore, the protection of the pediatric population against SARS-CoV-2 with effective vaccines is particularly important. Here, we compare the humoral and cellular immune responses elicited in children (n = 15, aged 5-11 years) vaccinated with the RBD-based vaccines SOBERANA® 02 and SOBERANA® Plus combined in a heterologous scheme with those from children (n = 10, aged 4-11 years) who recovered from mild symptomatic COVID-19. (2) Methods: Blood samples were taken 14 days after the last dose for vaccinated children and 45-60 days after the infection diagnosis for COVID-19 recovered children. Anti-RBD IgG and ACE2-RBD inhibition were assessed by ELISA; IgA, cytokines, and cytotoxic-related proteins were determined by multiplex assays. Total B and T cell subpopulations and IFN-γ release were measured by multiparametric flow cytometry using a large panel of antibodies after in vitro stimulation with S1 peptides. (3) Results: Significant higher levels of specific anti-RBD IgG and IgA and ACE2-RBD inhibition capacity were found in vaccinated children in comparison to COVID-19 recovered children. Th1-like and Th2-like CD4+ T cells were also significantly higher in vaccinated subjects. IFN-γ secretion was higher in central memory CD4+ T cells of COVID-19 recovered children, but no differences between both groups were found in the CD4+ and CD8+ T cell effector, terminal effector, and naïve T cell subpopulations. In contrast to low levels of IL-4, high levels of IL-2, IL-6, IFN-γ, and IL-10 suggest a predominant Th1 cell polarization. Cytotoxic-related proteins granzyme A and B, perforin, and granulin were also found in the supernatant after S1 stimulation in both vaccinated and recovered children. (4) Conclusions: Vaccination with the heterologous scheme of SOBERANA® 02/SOBERANA® Plus induces a stronger antibody and cellular immune response compared to natural infections in young children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rocmira Pérez-Nicado
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Chiara Massa
- Institute for Translational Immunology, Brandenburg Medical School “Theodor Fontane”, 14770 Brandenburg, Germany;
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Laura Marta Rodríguez-Noda
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Anja Müller
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
| | - Rinaldo Puga-Gómez
- Pediatric Hospital “Juan Manuel Márquez”, Havana 11500, Cuba; (R.P.-G.); (Y.R.-D.)
| | | | - Beatriz Paredes-Moreno
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Meiby Rodríguez-González
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Marylé García-Ferrer
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Ilianet Palmero-Álvarez
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Aniurka Garcés-Hechavarría
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Daniel G. Rivera
- Laboratory of Synthetic and Biomolecular Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Havana, Havana 10400, Cuba;
| | - Yury Valdés-Balbín
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Vicente Vérez-Bencomo
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Dagmar García-Rivera
- Finlay Vaccine Institute, 200 and 21 Street, Havana 11600, Cuba; (R.P.-N.); (L.M.R.-N.); (B.P.-M.); (M.R.-G.); (M.G.-F.); (I.P.-Á.); (A.G.-H.); (Y.V.-B.); (V.V.-B.)
| | - Barbara Seliger
- Institute for Translational Immunology, Brandenburg Medical School “Theodor Fontane”, 14770 Brandenburg, Germany;
- Medical Faculty, Martin Luther University, 06112 Halle (Saale), Germany;
- Fraunhofer Institute for Cell Therapy and Immunology, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Munywoki PK, Bigogo G, Nasimiyu C, Ouma A, Aol G, Oduor CO, Rono S, Auko J, Agogo GO, Njoroge R, Oketch D, Odhiambo D, Odeyo VW, Kikwai G, Onyango C, Juma B, Hunsperger E, Lidechi S, Ochieng CA, Lo TQ, Munyua P, Herman-Roloff A. Heterogenous transmission and seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in two demographically diverse populations with low vaccination uptake in Kenya, March and June 2021. Gates Open Res 2023; 7:101. [PMID: 37990692 PMCID: PMC10661969 DOI: 10.12688/gatesopenres.14684.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Background SARS-CoV-2 has extensively spread in cities and rural communities, and studies are needed to quantify exposure in the population. We report seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 in two well-characterized populations in Kenya at two time points. These data inform the design and delivery of public health mitigation measures. Methods Leveraging on existing population based infectious disease surveillance (PBIDS) in two demographically diverse settings, a rural site in western Kenya in Asembo, Siaya County, and an urban informal settlement in Kibera, Nairobi County, we set up a longitudinal cohort of randomly selected households with serial sampling of all consenting household members in March and June/July 2021. Both sites included 1,794 and 1,638 participants in the March and June/July 2021, respectively. Individual seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies was expressed as a percentage of the seropositive among the individuals tested, accounting for household clustering and weighted by the PBIDS age and sex distribution. Results Overall weighted individual seroprevalence increased from 56.2% (95%CI: 52.1, 60.2%) in March 2021 to 63.9% (95%CI: 59.5, 68.0%) in June 2021 in Kibera. For Asembo, the seroprevalence almost doubled from 26.0% (95%CI: 22.4, 30.0%) in March 2021 to 48.7% (95%CI: 44.3, 53.2%) in July 2021. Seroprevalence was highly heterogeneous by age and geography in these populations-higher seroprevalence was observed in the urban informal settlement (compared to the rural setting), and children aged <10 years had the lowest seroprevalence in both sites. Only 1.2% and 1.6% of the study participants reported receipt of at least one dose of the COVID-19 vaccine by the second round of serosurvey-none by the first round. Conclusions In these two populations, SARS-CoV-2 seroprevalence increased in the first 16 months of the COVID-19 pandemic in Kenya. It is important to prioritize additional mitigation measures, such as vaccine distribution, in crowded and low socioeconomic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick K. Munywoki
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Godfrey Bigogo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Carolyne Nasimiyu
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
- Paul G. Allen School of Global Health, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington, USA
| | - Alice Ouma
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George Aol
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Clifford O. Oduor
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Samuel Rono
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Joshua Auko
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - George O. Agogo
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Ruth Njoroge
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dismas Oketch
- Global Health Program, Washington State University – Global Health Kenya (WSU-GH Kenya), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Dennis Odhiambo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Victor W. Odeyo
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | - Gilbert Kikwai
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Clayton Onyango
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Bonventure Juma
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Elizabeth Hunsperger
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Shirley Lidechi
- Centre for Global Health Research, Kenya Medical Research Institute (KEMRI), Kisumu, Kenya
| | | | - Terrence Q. Lo
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Peninah Munyua
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Amy Herman-Roloff
- Division for Global Health Protection, Global Health Center, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)-Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya
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Yusuf M, Destiarani W, Widayat W, Yosua Y, Gumilar G, Tanudireja AS, Rohmatulloh FG, Maulana FA, Baroroh U, Hardianto A, Maharani R, Nurainy N, Wijayadikusumah AR, Ristandi RB, Atmosukarto IIC, Subroto T. Coarse-grained molecular dynamics-guided immunoinformatics to explain the binder and non-binder classification of Cytotoxic T-cell epitope for SARS-CoV-2 peptide-based vaccine discovery. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0292156. [PMID: 37796941 PMCID: PMC10553366 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0292156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Epitope-based peptide vaccine can elicit T-cell immunity against SARS-CoV-2 to clear the infection. However, finding the best epitope from the whole antigen is challenging. A peptide screening using immunoinformatics usually starts from MHC-binding peptide, immunogenicity, cross-reactivity with the human proteome, to toxicity analysis. This pipeline classified the peptides into three categories, i.e., strong-, weak-, and non-binder, without incorporating the structural aspect. For this reason, the molecular detail that discriminates the binders from non-binder is interesting to be investigated. In this study, five CTL epitopes against HLA-A*02:01 were identified from the coarse-grained molecular dynamics-guided immunoinformatics screening. The strong binder showed distinctive activities from the non-binder in terms of structural and energetic properties. Furthermore, the second residue from the nonameric peptide was most important in the interaction with HLA-A*02:01. By understanding the nature of MHC-peptide interaction, we hoped to improve the chance of finding the best epitope for a peptide vaccine candidate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Yusuf
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wanda Destiarani
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Wahyu Widayat
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology Science, Universitas Mulawarman, Samarinda, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
| | - Yosua Yosua
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Gilang Gumilar
- Research Center for Electronics, National Research and Innovation Agency Republic of Indonesia (BRIN), Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Angelica Shalfani Tanudireja
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Fauzian Giansyah Rohmatulloh
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Farhan Azhwin Maulana
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Umi Baroroh
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Department of Biotechnology, Indonesian School of Pharmacy, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Ari Hardianto
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Rani Maharani
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | - Neni Nurainy
- Department of Research and Development, PT Bio Farma, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Ryan B. Ristandi
- West Java Provincial Reference Laboratory, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
| | | | - Toto Subroto
- Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Department of Chemistry, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
- Research Center for Molecular Biotechnology and Bioinformatics, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
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Silva-Moraes V, Souquette A, Sautto GA, Paciello I, Antonelli G, Andreano E, Rappuoli R, Teixeira-Carvalho A, Ross TM. Prior SARS-CoV-2 Infection Enhances Initial mRNA Vaccine Response with a Lower Impact on Long-Term Immunity. Immunohorizons 2023; 7:635-651. [PMID: 37819998 PMCID: PMC10615651 DOI: 10.4049/immunohorizons.2300041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Spike-encoding mRNA vaccines in early 2021 effectively reduced SARS-CoV-2-associated morbidity and mortality. New booster regimens were introduced due to successive waves of distinct viral variants. Therefore, people now have a diverse immune memory resulting from multiple SARS-CoV-2 Ag exposures, from infection to following vaccination. This level of community-wide immunity can induce immunological protection from SARS-CoV-2; however, questions about the trajectory of the adaptive immune responses and long-term immunity with respect to priming and repeated Ag exposure remain poorly explored. In this study, we examined the trajectory of adaptive immune responses following three doses of monovalent Pfizer BNT162b2 mRNA vaccination in immunologically naive and SARS-CoV-2 preimmune individuals without the occurrence of breakthrough infection. The IgG, B cell, and T cell Spike-specific responses were assessed in human blood samples collected at six time points between a moment before vaccination and up to 6 mo after the third immunization. Overall, the impact of repeated Spike exposures had a lower improvement on T cell frequency and longevity compared with IgG responses. Natural infection shaped the responses following the initial vaccination by significantly increasing neutralizing Abs and specific CD4+ T cell subsets (circulating T follicular helper, effector memory, and Th1-producing cells), but it had a small benefit at long-term immunity. At the end of the three-dose vaccination regimen, both SARS-CoV-2-naive and preimmune individuals had similar immune memory quality and quantity. This study provides insights into the durability of mRNA vaccine-induced immunological memory and the effects of preimmunity on long-term responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Silva-Moraes
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
| | - Aisha Souquette
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children’s Research Hospital, Memphis, TN
| | - Giuseppe A. Sautto
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
| | - Ida Paciello
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Giada Antonelli
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | - Emanuele Andreano
- Monoclonal Antibody Discovery Lab, Foundation Toscana Life Sciences, Siena, Italy
| | | | | | - Ted M. Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Florida Research and Innovation Center, Cleveland Clinic, Port Saint Lucie, FL
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
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Bartig S, Beese F, Wachtler B, Grabka MM, Mercuri E, Schmid L, Schmid-Küpke NK, Schranz M, Goßner L, Niehues W, Zinn S, Poethko-Müller C, Schaade L, Hövener C, Gößwald A, Hoebel J. Socioeconomic Differences in SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Vaccination in Germany: A Seroepidemiological Study After One Year of COVID-19 Vaccination Campaign. Int J Public Health 2023; 68:1606152. [PMID: 37780135 PMCID: PMC10538434 DOI: 10.3389/ijph.2023.1606152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the socioeconomic patterns of SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through infection, vaccination or both ("hybrid immunity") after 1 year of vaccination campaign. Methods: Data were derived from the German seroepidemiological Corona Monitoring Nationwide study (RKI-SOEP-2; n = 10,448; November 2021-February 2022). Combining serological and self-report data, we estimated adjusted prevalence ratios (PR) of SARS-CoV-2 infection, COVID-19 vaccination, basic immunization (at least two SARS-CoV-2 antigen contacts through vaccination and/or infection), and three antigen contacts by education and income. Results: Low-education groups had 1.35-times (95% CI 1.01-1.82) the risk of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to high-education groups. COVID-19 vaccination (at least one dose) and basic immunization decreased with lower education and income. Low-education and low-income groups were less likely to have had at least three antigen contacts (PR low vs. high education: 0.74, 95% CI 0.65-0.84; PR low vs. high income: 0.66, 95% CI 0.57-0.77). Conclusion: The results suggest a lower level of protection against severe COVID-19 for individuals from low and medium socioeconomic groups. Pandemic response and vaccination campaigns should address the specific needs and barriers of these groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Bartig
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Florian Beese
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Benjamin Wachtler
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Markus M. Grabka
- Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | - Elisabetta Mercuri
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Lorenz Schmid
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Madlen Schranz
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Laura Goßner
- Institute for Employment Research (IAB), Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Wenke Niehues
- Research Centre of the Federal Office for Migration and Refugees (BAMF-FZ), Nuremberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Zinn
- Socio-Economic Panel, German Institute for Economic Research, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Lars Schaade
- Centre for Biological Threats and Special Pathogens, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Hövener
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antje Gößwald
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jens Hoebel
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Monitoring, Robert Koch Institute, Berlin, Germany
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Reusch J, Wagenhäuser I, Gabel A, Höhn A, Lâm TT, Krone LB, Frey A, Schubert-Unkmeir A, Dölken L, Frantz S, Kurzai O, Vogel U, Krone M, Petri N. Inability to work following COVID-19 vaccination-a relevant aspect for future booster vaccinations. Public Health 2023; 222:186-195. [PMID: 37562083 DOI: 10.1016/j.puhe.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES COVID-19 vaccination is a key prevention strategy to reduce the spread and severity of SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, vaccine-related inability to work among healthcare workers (HCWs) could overstrain healthcare systems. STUDY DESIGN The study presented was conducted as part of the prospective CoVacSer cohort study. METHODS This study examined sick leave and intake of pro re nata medication after the first, second, and third COVID-19 vaccination in HCWs. Data were collected by using an electronic questionnaire. RESULTS Among 1704 HCWs enrolled, 595 (34.9%) HCWs were on sick leave following at least one COVID-19 vaccination, leading to a total number of 1550 sick days. Both the absolute sick days and the rate of HCWs on sick leave significantly increased with each subsequent vaccination. Comparing BNT162b2mRNA and mRNA-1273, the difference in sick leave was not significant after the second dose, but mRNA-1273 induced a significantly longer and more frequent sick leave after the third. CONCLUSION In the light of further COVID-19 infection waves and booster vaccinations, there is a risk of additional staff shortages due to postvaccination inability to work, which could negatively impact the already strained healthcare system and jeopardise patient care. These findings will aid further vaccination campaigns to minimise the impact of staff absences on the healthcare system.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Reusch
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - I Wagenhäuser
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Gabel
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Höhn
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - T-T Lâm
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - L B Krone
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK; University Hospital of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - A Frey
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - A Schubert-Unkmeir
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - L Dölken
- Institute for Virology and Immunobiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - S Frantz
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - O Kurzai
- Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans-Knoell-Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - U Vogel
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - M Krone
- Infection Control and Antimicrobial Stewardship Unit, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany; Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany
| | - N Petri
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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Galy A, Berkhout B, Breckpot K, Pichon C, Bloom K, Kiem HP, Mühlebach MD, McCune JM. Recent Advances Using Genetic Therapies Against Infectious Diseases and for Vaccination. Hum Gene Ther 2023; 34:896-904. [PMID: 37639360 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2023.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of prophylatic or therapeutic medicines for infectious diseases is one of the priorities for health organizations worldwide. Innovative solutions are required to achieve effective, safe, and accessible treatments for most if not all infectious diseases, particularly those that are chronic in nature or that emerge unexpectedly over time. Genetic technologies offer versatile possibilities to design therapies against pathogens. Recent developments such as mRNA vaccines, CRISPR gene editing, and immunotherapies provide unprecedented hope to achieve significant results in the field of infectious diseases. This review will focus on advances in this domain, showcasing the cross-fertilization with other fields (e.g., oncology), and addressing some of the logistical and economic concerns important to consider when making these advances accessible to diverse populations around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Galy
- ART-TG, Inserm, Corbeil-Essonnes, France
| | - Ben Berkhout
- Department of Medical Microbiology Laboratory of Experimental Virology Amsterdam UMC, AMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Karine Breckpot
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory for Molecular and Cellular Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Chantal Pichon
- Centre de Biophysique Moléculaire, CNRS, ART-ARNm, Inserm, Orléans
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Kristie Bloom
- Wits/SAMRC Antiviral Gene Therapy Research Unit, Infectious Diseases and Oncology Research Institute (IDORI), Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Hans-Peter Kiem
- Translational Science and Therapeutics Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | | | - Joseph M McCune
- HIV Frontiers, Global Health Accelerator, Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, Seattle, Washington, USA
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40
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Monin MB, Baier LI, Gorny JG, Berger M, Zhou T, Mahn R, Sadeghlar F, Möhring C, Boesecke C, van Bremen K, Rockstroh JK, Strassburg CP, Eis-Hübinger AM, Schmid M, Gonzalez-Carmona MA. Deficient Immune Response following SARS-CoV-2 Vaccination in Patients with Hepatobiliary Carcinoma: A Forgotten, Vulnerable Group of Patients. Liver Cancer 2023; 12:339-355. [PMID: 37901199 PMCID: PMC10601882 DOI: 10.1159/000529608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Data on immune response rates following vaccination for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) in patients with hepatobiliary carcinoma (HBC) are rare. However, impaired immunogenicity must be expected due to the combination of chronic liver diseases (CLDs) with malignancy and anticancer treatment. Methods In this prospective, longitudinal study, 101 patients were included, of whom 59 were patients with HBC under anticancer treatment. A cohort of patients with a past medical history of gastrointestinal cancer, of whom 28.6% had HBC without detectable active tumor disease having been off therapy for at least 12 months, served as control. Levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG, surrogate neutralization antibodies (sNABs), and cellular immune responses were compared. In uni- and multivariable subgroup analyses, risk factors for impaired immunogenicity were regarded. Data on rates and clinical courses of SARS-CoV-2 infections were documented. Results In patients with HBC under active treatment, levels of SARS-CoV-2 anti-spike IgG were significantly lower (2.55 log10 BAU/mL; 95% CI: 2.33-2.76; p < 0.01) than in patients in follow-up care (3.02 log10 BAU/mL; 95% CI: 2.80-3.25) 4 weeks after two vaccinations. Antibody levels decreased over time, and differences between the groups diminished. However, titers of SARS-CoV-2 sNAB were for a longer time significantly lower in patients with HBC under treatment (64.19%; 95% CI: 55.90-72.48; p < 0.01) than in patients in follow-up care (84.13%; 95% CI: 76.95-91.31). Underlying CLD and/or liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh A or B (less than 8 points) did not seem to further impair immunogenicity. Conversely, chemotherapy and additional immunosuppression were found to significantly reduce antibody levels. After a third booster vaccination for SARS-CoV-2, levels of total and neutralization antibodies were equalized between the groups. Moreover, cellular response rates were balanced. Clinically, infection rates with SARS-CoV-2 were low, and no severe courses were observed. Conclusion Patients with active HBC showed significantly impaired immune response rates to basic vaccinations for SARS-CoV-2, especially under chemotherapy, independent of underlying cirrhotic or non-cirrhotic CLD. Although booster vaccinations balanced differences, waning immunity was observed over time and should be monitored for further recommendations. Our data help clinicians decide on individual additional booster vaccinations and/or passive immunization or antiviral treatment in patients with HBC getting infected with SARS-CoV-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malte B. Monin
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Leona I. Baier
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jens G. Gorny
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Moritz Berger
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Taotao Zhou
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Robert Mahn
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Farsaneh Sadeghlar
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christian Möhring
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Christoph Boesecke
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kathrin van Bremen
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Jürgen K. Rockstroh
- Department of Internal Medicine I, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
- German Centre for Infection Research (DZIF), Partner-site Cologne-Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | | | | | - Matthias Schmid
- Institute of Medical Biometry, Informatics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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Wang S, Qin M, Xu L, Mu T, Zhao P, Sun B, Wu Y, Song L, Wu H, Wang W, Liu X, Li Y, Yang F, Xu K, He Z, Klein M, Wu K. Aerosol Inhalation of Chimpanzee Adenovirus Vectors (ChAd68) Expressing Ancestral or Omicron BA.1 Stabilized Pre-Fusion Spike Glycoproteins Protects Non-Human Primates against SARS-CoV-2 Infection. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1427. [PMID: 37766104 PMCID: PMC10535855 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11091427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Current COVID-19 vaccines are effective countermeasures to control the SARS-CoV-2 virus pandemic by inducing systemic immune responses through intramuscular injection. However, respiratory mucosal immunization will be needed to elicit local sterilizing immunity to prevent virus replication in the nasopharynx, shedding, and transmission. In this study, we first compared the immunoprotective ability of a chimpanzee replication-deficient adenovirus-vectored COVID-19 vaccine expressing a stabilized pre-fusion spike glycoprotein from the ancestral SARS-CoV-2 strain Wuhan-Hu-1 (BV-AdCoV-1) administered through either aerosol inhalation, intranasal spray, or intramuscular injection in cynomolgus monkeys and rhesus macaques. Compared with intranasal administration, aerosol inhalation of BV-AdCoV-1 elicited stronger humoral and mucosal immunity that conferred excellent protection against SARS-CoV-2 infection in rhesus macaques. Importantly, aerosol inhalation induced immunity comparable to that obtained by intramuscular injection, although at a significantly lower dose. Furthermore, to address the problem of immune escape variants, we evaluated the merits of heterologous boosting with an adenovirus-based Omicron BA.1 vaccine (C68-COA04). Boosting rhesus macaques vaccinated with two doses of BV-AdCoV-1 with either the homologous or the heterologous C68-COA04 vector resulted in cross-neutralizing immunity against WT, Delta, and Omicron subvariants, including BA.4/5 stronger than that obtained by administering a bivalent BV-AdCoV-1/C68-COA04 vaccine. These results demonstrate that the administration of BV-AdCoV-1 or C68-COA04 via aerosol inhalation is a promising approach to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection and transmission and curtail the pandemic spread.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Wang
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Mian Qin
- Project Management Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Q.); (L.X.)
| | - Long Xu
- Project Management Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (M.Q.); (L.X.)
| | - Ting Mu
- Innovative Discovery Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (T.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Ping Zhao
- Test Development Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (P.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Bing Sun
- Innovative Discovery Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (T.M.); (B.S.)
| | - Yue Wu
- Test Development Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (P.Z.); (Y.W.)
| | - Lingli Song
- Regulatory and Medical Affairs Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China; (S.W.); (L.S.)
| | - Han Wu
- Quality Control Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Weicheng Wang
- Pilot Production Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Xingwen Liu
- Quality Assurance Department, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Yanyan Li
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650000, China; (Y.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Fengmei Yang
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650000, China; (Y.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Ke Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Virology, College of Life Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China;
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Zhanlong He
- Institute of Medical Biology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Kunming 650000, China; (Y.L.); (Z.H.)
| | - Michel Klein
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- Executive Office, Shanghai BravoBio Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
| | - Ke Wu
- Executive Office, Wuhan BravoVax Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430070, China;
- Executive Office, Shanghai BravoBio Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200000, China
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de Gier B, Huiberts AJ, Hoeve CE, den Hartog G, van Werkhoven H, van Binnendijk R, Hahné SJM, de Melker HE, van den Hof S, Knol MJ. Effects of COVID-19 vaccination and previous infection on Omicron SARS-CoV-2 infection and relation with serology. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4793. [PMID: 37558656 PMCID: PMC10412579 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40195-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
An increasing proportion of the population has acquired immunity through COVID-19 vaccination and previous SARS-CoV-2 infection, i.e., hybrid immunity, possibly affecting the risk of new infection. We aim to estimate the protective effect of previous infections and vaccinations on SARS-CoV-2 Omicron infection, using data from 43,257 adult participants in a prospective community-based cohort study in the Netherlands, collected between 10 January 2022 and 1 September 2022. Our results show that, for participants with 2, 3 or 4 prior immunizing events (vaccination or previous infection), hybrid immunity is more protective against infection with SARS-CoV-2 Omicron than vaccine-induced immunity, up to at least 30 weeks after the last immunizing event. Differences in risk of infection are partly explained by differences in anti-Spike RBD (S) antibody concentration, which is associated with risk of infection in a dose-response manner. Among participants with hybrid immunity, with one previous pre-Omicron infection, we do not observe a relevant difference in risk of Omicron infection by sequence of vaccination(s) and infection. Additional immunizing events increase the protection against infection, but not above the level of the first weeks after the previous event.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brechje de Gier
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Anne J Huiberts
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Christina E Hoeve
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Henri van Werkhoven
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
- Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands
| | - Rob van Binnendijk
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan J M Hahné
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Hester E de Melker
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Susan van den Hof
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands
| | - Mirjam J Knol
- Center for Infectious Disease Control, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands.
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Diem G, Dichtl S, Zaderer V, Lass-Flörl C, Reindl M, Lupoli G, Dächert C, Muenchhoff M, Graf A, Blum H, Keppler OT, Wilflingseder D, Posch W. Salivary antibodies induced by BA.4/BA.5-convalescence or bivalent booster Immunoglobulin vaccination protect against novel SARS-COV-2 variants of concern. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0179323. [PMID: 37551989 PMCID: PMC10581068 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.01793-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Currently, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.5 subvariants BF.7 and BQ.1.1 are rapidly emerging worldwide. To evaluate the SARS-CoV-2-neutralizing capacity of sera and saliva from triple vaccinated individuals, either boosted with an adapted bivalent COVID-19 vaccine or recovered from BA.4/BA.5 infection, we analyzed the sensitivity of replication-competent SARS-CoV-2 Omicron subvariants BA.4/5, BQ.1.1 and BF.7 to neutralization. Analysis of SARS-CoV-2-specific IgGs and IgAs showed increased serum IgG titers in the vaccinated group, while the serum and salivary IgA levels were comparable. Similar and efficient serum neutralization against the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 and Omicron BA.4/BA.5 was detected in both cohorts, but critically reduced for BQ.1.1 and BF.7. In contrast, salivary neutralization against BA.4/BA.5 was increased in the convalescent compared to the vaccinated group, while salivary neutralizing capacity against BQ.1.1 and BF.7 was comparable in these groups. Further, personalized protective effects studied in a human 3D respiratory model revealed the importance of salivary protection against different Omicron subvariants. IMPORTANCE In BA.4/BA.5-convalescent versus vaccinated groups, salivary neutralization capacity increased against SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.4/BA.5. In contrast, it neutralized novel Omicron subvariants BQ.1.1 and BF.7 similarly. Salivary protection against various Omicron subvariants was even more evident when tested in a personalized approach using highly differentiated respiratory human 3D models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Diem
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Stefanie Dichtl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Viktoria Zaderer
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cornelia Lass-Flörl
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Markus Reindl
- Clinical Department of Neurology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gaia Lupoli
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Christopher Dächert
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Maximilian Muenchhoff
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Graf
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Helmut Blum
- Laboratory for Functional Genome Analysis, Gene Center, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Oliver T. Keppler
- Max von Pettenkofer Institute and Gene Center, Virology, LMU München, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Wilflingseder
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Wilfried Posch
- Institute of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Moros A, Prenafeta A, Barreiro A, Perozo E, Fernández A, Cañete M, González L, Garriga C, Pradenas E, Marfil S, Blanco J, Cebollada Rica P, Sisteré-Oró M, Meyerhans A, Prat Cabañas T, March R, Ferrer L. Immunogenicity and safety in pigs of PHH-1V, a SARS-CoV-2 RBD fusion heterodimer vaccine candidate. Vaccine 2023; 41:5072-5078. [PMID: 37460353 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023]
Abstract
The continuing high global incidence of COVID-19 and the undervaccinated status of billions of persons strongly motivate the development of a new generation of efficacious vaccines. We have developed an adjuvanted vaccine candidate, PHH-1V, based on a protein comprising the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the Beta variant of SARS-CoV-2 fused in tandem with the equivalent domain of the Alpha variant, with its immunogenicity, safety and efficacy previously demonstrated in mouse models. In the present study, we immunized pigs with different doses of PHH-1V in a prime-and-boost scheme showing PHH-1V to exhibit an excellent safety profile in pigs and to produce a solid RBD-specific humoral response with neutralising antibodies to 7 distinct SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern, with the induction of a significant IFNγ+ T-cell response. We conclude that PHH-1V is safe and elicits a robust immune response to SARS-CoV-2 in pigs, a large animal preclinical model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Eva Perozo
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | | | - Manuel Cañete
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - Luis González
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - Carme Garriga
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - Edwards Pradenas
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marfil
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Spain
| | - Julià Blanco
- IrsiCaixa, AIDS Research Institute, Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Can Ruti Campus, UAB, 08916 Badalona, Spain; University of Vic-Central University of Catalonia (UVic-UCC), 08500 Vic, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Paula Cebollada Rica
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Sisteré-Oró
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreas Meyerhans
- Infection Biology Laboratory, Department of Experimental and Health Sciences, Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), 08003 Barcelona, Spain; ICREA (Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ricard March
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
| | - Laura Ferrer
- HIPRA, Avda. La Selva, 135, 17170 Amer (Girona), Spain
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45
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Silva Júnior JVJ, Durães-Carvalho R, de Souza JR, Ramos Janini LM, Weiblen R, Flores EF. Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 serotype(s): Is it a matter of time? Virology 2023; 585:78-81. [PMID: 37321144 PMCID: PMC10240909 DOI: 10.1016/j.virol.2023.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Since its identification in late 2019, SARS-CoV-2 has undergone numerous mutations, resulting in the emergence of several viral variants, which may differ in transmissibility, virulence and/or evasion from host immunity. Particularly, immunity-related changes have been well documented in the Omicron variant, including reports of escaping neutralizing antibodies induced by infection/vaccination with heterologous SARS-CoV-2 or used in serological therapy. These findings may encourage some discussions about the possibility that Omicron is a distinct SARS-CoV-2 serotype. To contribute to this issue, we combined concepts from immunology, virology and evolution and performed an interesting brainstorm on the hypothesis that Omicron is a distinct SARS-CoV-2 serotype. Furthermore, we also discussed the likelihood of emergence of SARS-CoV-2 serotypes over time, which may not necessarily be related to Omicron. Finally, insights into this topic may have direct implications for vaccine formulations, immunodiagnostic platforms and serological therapies, contributing to better management of future outbreaks or waves.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Valter Joaquim Silva Júnior
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; Virology Sector, Keizo Asami Institute, Federal University of Pernambuco, Pernambuco, Brazil; Department of Clinical Analysis, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Ricardo Durães-Carvalho
- São Paulo School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil; Graduate Program in Structural and Functional Biology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Luiz Mário Ramos Janini
- São Paulo School of Medicine, Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Parasitology, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rudi Weiblen
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | - Eduardo Furtado Flores
- Virology Sector, Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, Center for Rural Sciences, Federal University of Santa Maria, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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46
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Martel F, Cuervo-Rojas J, Ángel J, Ariza B, González JM, Ramírez-Santana C, Acosta-Ampudia Y, Murcia-Soriano L, Montoya N, Cardozo-Romero CC, Valderrama-Beltrán SL, Cepeda M, Castellanos JC, Gómez-Restrepo C, Perdomo-Celis F, Gazquez A, Dickson A, Brien JD, Mateus J, Grifoni A, Sette A, Weiskopf D, Franco MA. Cross-reactive humoral and CD4 + T cell responses to Mu and Gamma SARS-CoV-2 variants in a Colombian population. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1241038. [PMID: 37575243 PMCID: PMC10413264 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1241038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/07/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The SARS CoV-2 antibody and CD4+ T cell responses induced by natural infection and/or vaccination decline over time and cross-recognize other viral variants at different levels. However, there are few studies evaluating the levels and durability of the SARS CoV-2-specific antibody and CD4+ T cell response against the Mu, Gamma, and Delta variants. Here, we examined, in two ambispective cohorts of naturally-infected and/or vaccinated individuals, the titers of anti-RBD antibodies and the frequency of SARS-CoV-2-specific CD4+ T cells up to 6 months after the last antigen exposure. In naturally-infected individuals, the SARS-CoV-2 antibody response declined 6 months post-symptoms onset. However, the kinetic observed depended on the severity of the disease, since individuals who developed severe COVID-19 maintained the binding antibody titers. Also, there was detectable binding antibody cross-recognition for the Gamma, Mu, and Delta variants, but antibodies poorly neutralized Mu. COVID-19 vaccines induced an increase in antibody titers 15-30 days after receiving the second dose, but these levels decreased at 6 months. However, as expected, a third dose of the vaccine caused a rise in antibody titers. The dynamics of the antibody response upon vaccination depended on the previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. Lower levels of vaccine-induced antibodies were associated with the development of breakthrough infections. Vaccination resulted in central memory spike-specific CD4+ T cell responses that cross-recognized peptides from the Gamma and Mu variants, and their duration also depended on previous SARS-CoV-2 exposure. In addition, we found cross-reactive CD4+ T cell responses in unexposed and unvaccinated individuals. These results have important implications for vaccine design for new SARS-CoV-2 variants of interest and concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiola Martel
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juliana Cuervo-Rojas
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Juana Ángel
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Beatriz Ariza
- Clinical Laboratory Science Research Group, Clinical Laboratory, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - John Mario González
- Group of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Medicine, Universidad de Los Andes, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Carolina Ramírez-Santana
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research
(CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario,, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Yeny Acosta-Ampudia
- Center for Autoimmune Diseases Research
(CREA), School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad del Rosario,, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Norma Montoya
- Head Clinical Laboratory Unit, Clínica del Occidente, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Sandra Liliana Valderrama-Beltrán
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Internal Medicine. School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Hospital Universitario San Ignacio Infectious Diseases Research Group, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Magda Cepeda
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | | | - Carlos Gómez-Restrepo
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Federico Perdomo-Celis
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
| | - Andreu Gazquez
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Alexandria Dickson
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - James D. Brien
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - José Mateus
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alba Grifoni
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Alessandro Sette
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Daniela Weiskopf
- Center for Infectious Disease and Vaccine Research, La Jolla Institute for Immunology, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Manuel A. Franco
- Institute of Human Genetics, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá, Colombia
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Wijaya R, Johnson M, Campbell N, Stuart B, Kelly A, Tipler N, Menne T, Ahearne MJ, Willimott V, Al-Naeeb AB, Fox CP, Collins GP, O'Callaghan A, Davies AJ, Goldblatt D, Lim SH. Predicting COVID-19 infection risk in people who are immunocompromised by antibody testing. Lancet 2023; 402:99-102. [PMID: 37393922 DOI: 10.1016/s0140-6736(23)01180-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ratna Wijaya
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Marina Johnson
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Nicola Campbell
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Beth Stuart
- Centre for Evaluation and Methods, Wolfson Institute of Population Health, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Adam Kelly
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - Nicole Tipler
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Tobias Menne
- Department of Haematology, Newcastle upon Tyne Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Matthew J Ahearne
- Department of Haematology, University Hospitals of Leicester National Health Service Trust, Leicester, UK; Leicester Cancer Research Centre, University of Leicester, Leicester, UK
| | - Victoria Willimott
- Department of Haematology, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK
| | | | - Christopher P Fox
- School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham University Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Nottingham, UK
| | - Graham P Collins
- Department of Clinical Haematology, Oxford University Hospitals National Health Service Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Ann O'Callaghan
- Department of Oncology, Portsmouth Hospitals National Health Service Trust, Portsmouth, UK
| | - Andrew J Davies
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK; National Institute for Health Research and Cancer Research UK Southampton Experimental Cancer Medicine Centre, Wessex Investigational Sciences Hub Laboratory, Southampton General Hospital, Southampton, UK
| | - David Goldblatt
- Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, London, UK
| | - Sean H Lim
- Centre for Cancer Immunology, University of Southampton, Southampton SO16 6YD, UK.
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Hofsink Q, Haggenburg S, Lissenberg-Witte BI, Broers AEC, van Doesum JA, van Binnendijk RS, den Hartog G, Bhoekhan MS, Haverkate NJE, van Meerloo J, Burger JA, Bouhuijs JH, Smits GP, Wouters D, van Leeuwen EMM, Bontkes HJ, Kootstra NA, Vogels-Nooijen S, Rots N, van Beek J, Heemskerk MHM, Groen K, van Meerten T, Mutsaers PGNJ, van Gils MJ, Goorhuis A, Rutten CE, Hazenberg MD, Nijhof IS. Fourth mRNA COVID-19 vaccination in immunocompromised patients with haematological malignancies (COBRA KAI): a cohort study. EClinicalMedicine 2023; 61:102040. [PMID: 37337616 PMCID: PMC10270678 DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2023.102040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 05/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients with haematological malignancies have impaired antibody responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. We aimed to investigate whether a fourth mRNA COVID-19 vaccination improved antibody quantity and quality. Methods In this cohort study, conducted at 5 sites in the Netherlands, we compared antibody concentrations 28 days after 4 mRNA vaccinations (3-dose primary series plus 1 booster vaccination) in SARS-CoV-2 naive, immunocompromised patients with haematological malignancies to those obtained by age-matched, healthy individuals who had received the standard primary 2-dose mRNA vaccination schedule followed by a first booster mRNA vaccination. Prior to and 4 weeks after each vaccination, peripheral blood samples and data on demographic parameters and medical history were collected. Concentrations of antibodies that bind spike 1 (S1) and nucleocapsid (N) protein of SARS-CoV-2 were quantified in binding antibody units (BAU) per mL according to the WHO International Standard for COVID-19 serological tests. Seroconversion was defined as an S1 IgG concentration >10 BAU/mL and a previous SARS-CoV-2 infection as N IgG >14.3 BAU/mL. Antibody neutralising activity was tested using lentiviral-based pseudoviruses expressing spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 wild-type (D614G), Omicron BA.1, and Omicron BA.4/5 variants. This study is registered with EudraCT, number 2021-001072-41. Findings Between March 24, 2021 and May 4, 2021, 723 patients with haematological diseases were enrolled, of which 414 fulfilled the inclusion criteria for the current analysis. Although S1 IgG concentrations in patients significantly improved after the fourth dose, they remained significantly lower compared to those obtained by 58 age-matched healthy individuals after their first booster (third) vaccination. The rise in neutralising antibody concentration was most prominent in patients with a recovering B cell compartment, although potent responses were also observed in patients with persistent immunodeficiencies. 19% of patients never seroconverted, despite 4 vaccinations. Patients who received their first 2 vaccinations when they were B cell depleted and the third and fourth vaccination during B cell recovery demonstrated similar antibody induction dynamics as patients with normal B cell numbers during the first 2 vaccinations. However, the neutralising capacity of these antibodies was significantly better than that of patients with normal B cell numbers after two vaccinations. Interpretation A fourth mRNA COVID-19 vaccination improved S1 IgG concentrations in the majority of patients with a haematological malignancy. Vaccination during B cell depletion may pave the way for better quality of antibody responses after B cell reconstitution. Funding The Netherlands Organisation for Health Research and Development and Amsterdam UMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quincy Hofsink
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Sabine Haggenburg
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Birgit I Lissenberg-Witte
- Department of Epidemiology and Data Science, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Annoek E C Broers
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jaap A van Doesum
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Rob S van Binnendijk
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Gerco den Hartog
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
- Laboratory of Medical Immunology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, Netherlands
| | - Michel S Bhoekhan
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Nienke J E Haverkate
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Johan van Meerloo
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Judith A Burger
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Joey H Bouhuijs
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Gaby P Smits
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Dorine Wouters
- Central Diagnostic Laboratory, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Ester M M van Leeuwen
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Hetty J Bontkes
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Laboratory Medical Immunology, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Neeltje A Kootstra
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | | | - Nynke Rots
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | - Josine van Beek
- Centre for Immunology of Infectious Diseases and Vaccines, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, Netherlands
| | | | - Kazimierz Groen
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Tom van Meerten
- Department of Haematology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Pim G N J Mutsaers
- Department of Haematology, Erasmus MC Cancer Institute, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marit J van Gils
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Abraham Goorhuis
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Caroline E Rutten
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mette D Hazenberg
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Amsterdam Institute for Infection and Immunity, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Cancer Centre Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Haematopoiesis, Sanquin Research, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inger S Nijhof
- Department of Haematology, Amsterdam UMC Location Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine-Haematology, St. Antonius Hospital, Nieuwegein, Netherlands
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49
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Serra N, Andriolo M, Butera I, Mazzola G, Sergi CM, Fasciana TMA, Giammanco A, Gagliano MC, Cascio A, Di Carlo P. A Serological Analysis of the Humoral Immune Responses of Anti-RBD IgG, Anti-S1 IgG, and Anti-S2 IgG Levels Correlated to Anti-N IgG Positivity and Negativity in Sicilian Healthcare Workers (HCWs) with Third Doses of the mRNA-Based SARS-CoV-2 Vaccine: A Retrospective Cohort Study. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:1136. [PMID: 37514952 PMCID: PMC10384738 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With SARS-CoV-2 antibody tests on the market, healthcare providers must be confident that they can use the results to provide actionable information to understand the characteristics and dynamics of the humoral response and antibodies (abs) in SARS-CoV-2-vaccinated patients. In this way, the study of the antibody responses of healthcare workers (HCWs), a population that is immunocompetent, adherent to vaccination, and continuously exposed to different virus variants, can help us understand immune protection and determine vaccine design goals. METHODS We retrospectively evaluated antibody responses via multiplex assays in a sample of 538 asymptomatic HCWs with a documented complete vaccination cycle of 3 doses of mRNA vaccination and no previous history of infection. Our sample was composed of 49.44% males and 50.56% females, with an age ranging from 21 to 71 years, and a mean age of 46.73 years. All of the HCWs' sera were collected from April to July 2022 at the Sant'Elia Hospital of Caltanissetta to investigate the immunologic responses against anti-RBD, anti-S1, anti-S2, and anti-N IgG abs. RESULTS A significant difference in age between HCWs who were positive and negative for anti-N IgG was observed. For anti-S2 IgG, a significant difference between HCWs who were negative and positive compared to anti-N IgG was observed only for positive HCWs, with values including 10 (U/mL)-100 (U/mL); meanwhile, for anti-RBD IgG and anti-S1 IgG levels, there was only a significant difference observed for positive HCWs with diluted titers. For the negative values of anti-N IgG, among the titer dilution levels of anti-RBD, anti-S1, and anti-S2 IgG, the anti-S2 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD and anti-S1 levels; in addition, the anti-S1 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD IgG levels. For the anti-N IgG positive levels, only the anti-S2 IgG levels were significantly lower than the anti-RBD IgG and anti-S1 IgG levels. Finally, a logistic regression analysis showed that age and anti-S2 IgG were negative and positive predictors of anti-N IgG levels, respectively. The analysis between the vaccine type and mixed mRNA combination showed higher levels of antibodies in mixed vaccinated HCWs. This finding disappeared in the anti-N positive group. CONCLUSIONS Most anti-N positive HCWs showed antibodies against the S2 domain and were young subjects. Therefore, the authors suggest that including the anti-SARS-CoV-2-S2 in antibody profiles can serve as a complementary testing approach to qRT-PCR for the early identification of asymptomatic infections in order to reduce the impact of potential new SARS-CoV-2 variants. Our serological investigation on the type of mRNA vaccine and mixed mRNA vaccines shows that future investigations on the serological responses in vaccinated asymptomatic patients exposed to previous infection or reinfection are warranted for updated vaccine boosters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicola Serra
- Department of Public Health, University Federico II of Naples, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Andriolo
- Clinical Pathology Laboratory, Provincial Health Authority of Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Ignazio Butera
- Degree Course in Medicine and Surgery, Medical Scholl of Hypatia, University of Palermo, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Giovanni Mazzola
- Infectious Disease Unit, Provincial Health Authority of Caltanissetta, 93100 Caltanissetta, Italy
| | - Consolato Maria Sergi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Ottawa, 401 Smyth Road, Ottawa, ON K1H 8L1, Canada
| | - Teresa Maria Assunta Fasciana
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Anna Giammanco
- Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Gagliano
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Antonio Cascio
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
| | - Paola Di Carlo
- Infectious Disease Unit, Department of Health Promotion, Maternal-Childhood, Internal Medicine of Excellence "G. D'Alessandro", University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy
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Pallett SJC, Heskin J, Keating F, Mazzella A, Taylor H, Patel A, Lamb G, Sturdy D, Eisler N, Denny S, Charani E, Randell P, Mughal N, Parker E, de Oliveira CR, Rayment M, Jones R, Tedder R, McClure M, Groppelli E, Davies GW, O'Shea MK, Moore LSP. Hybrid immunity in older adults is associated with reduced SARS-CoV-2 infections following BNT162b2 COVID-19 immunisation. COMMUNICATIONS MEDICINE 2023; 3:83. [PMID: 37328651 DOI: 10.1038/s43856-023-00303-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Older adults, particularly in long-term care facilities (LTCF), remain at considerable risk from SARS-CoV-2. Data on the protective effect and mechanisms of hybrid immunity are skewed towards young adults precluding targeted vaccination strategies. METHODS A single-centre longitudinal seroprevalence vaccine response study was conducted with 280 LCTF participants (median 82 yrs, IQR 76-88 yrs; 95.4% male). Screening by SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction with weekly asymptomatic/symptomatic testing (March 2020-October 2021) and serology pre-/post-two-dose Pfizer-BioNTech BNT162b2 vaccination for (i) anti-nucleocapsid, (ii) quantified anti-receptor binding domain (RBD) antibodies at three time-intervals, (iii) pseudovirus neutralisation, and (iv) inhibition by anti-RBD competitive ELISA were conducted. Neutralisation activity: antibody titre relationship was assessed via beta linear-log regression and RBD antibody-binding inhibition: post-vaccine infection relationship by Wilcoxon rank sum test. RESULTS Here we show neutralising antibody titres are 9.2-fold (95% CI 5.8-14.5) higher associated with hybrid immunity (p < 0.00001); +7.5-fold (95% CI 4.6-12.1) with asymptomatic infection; +20.3-fold, 95% (CI 9.7-42.5) with symptomatic infection. A strong association is observed between antibody titre: neutralising activity (p < 0.00001) and rising anti-RBD antibody titre: RBD antibody-binding inhibition (p < 0.001), although 18/169 (10.7%) participants with high anti-RBD titre (>100BAU/ml), show inhibition <75%. Higher RBD antibody-binding inhibition values are associated with hybrid immunity and reduced likelihood of infection (p = 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Hybrid immunity in older adults was associated with considerably higher antibody titres, neutralisation and inhibition capacity. Instances of high anti-RBD titre with lower inhibition suggests antibody quantity and quality as independent potential correlates of protection, highlighting added value of measuring inhibition over antibody titre alone to inform vaccine strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott J C Pallett
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Joseph Heskin
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Andrea Mazzella
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | | | - Aatish Patel
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Georgia Lamb
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Deborah Sturdy
- Royal Hospital Chelsea, Royal Hospital Road, London, UK
- Chief Nurse, Adult Social Care, UK Department of Health and Social Care, London, UK
| | | | - Sarah Denny
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Esmita Charani
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Nabeela Mughal
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
- North West London Pathology, London, UK
| | - Eleanor Parker
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | | | - Michael Rayment
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Rachael Jones
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Richard Tedder
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Myra McClure
- Department of Infectious Disease, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Elisabetta Groppelli
- Institute for Infection and Immunity, St George's University of London, London, UK
| | - Gary W Davies
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Matthew K O'Shea
- Centre of Defence Pathology, Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
- Institute of Immunology and Immunotherapy, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK
| | - Luke S P Moore
- Clinical Infection Department, Chelsea and Westminster NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK.
- North West London Pathology, London, UK.
- Imperial College London, NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Healthcare Associated Infections and Antimicrobial Resistance, London, UK.
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