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Asimakidou E, Saipuljumri EN, Lo CH, Zeng J. Role of metabolic dysfunction and inflammation along the liver-brain axis in animal models with obesity-induced neurodegeneration. Neural Regen Res 2025; 20:1069-1076. [PMID: 38989938 DOI: 10.4103/nrr.nrr-d-23-01770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 07/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The interaction between metabolic dysfunction and inflammation is central to the development of neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Obesity-related conditions like type 2 diabetes and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease exacerbate this relationship. Peripheral lipid accumulation, particularly in the liver, initiates a cascade of inflammatory processes that extend to the brain, influencing critical metabolic regulatory regions. Ceramide and palmitate, key lipid components, along with lipid transporters lipocalin-2 and apolipoprotein E, contribute to neuroinflammation by disrupting blood-brain barrier integrity and promoting gliosis. Peripheral insulin resistance further exacerbates brain insulin resistance and neuroinflammation. Preclinical interventions targeting peripheral lipid metabolism and insulin signaling pathways have shown promise in reducing neuroinflammation in animal models. However, translating these findings to clinical practice requires further investigation into human subjects. In conclusion, metabolic dysfunction, peripheral inflammation, and insulin resistance are integral to neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. Understanding these complex mechanisms holds potential for identifying novel therapeutic targets and improving outcomes for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evridiki Asimakidou
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Eka Norfaishanty Saipuljumri
- School of Applied Science, Republic Polytechnic, Singapore, Singapore
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Chih Hung Lo
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jialiu Zeng
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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2
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Matsuo K, Nshihara H. Rebuilding insight into the pathophysiology of Alzheimer's disease through new blood-brain barrier models. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:1954-1960. [PMID: 38227521 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.390978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier is a unique function of the microvasculature in the brain parenchyma that maintains homeostasis in the central nervous system. Blood-brain barrier breakdown is a common pathology in various neurological diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease, stroke, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. Traditionally, it has been considered a consequence of neuroinflammation or neurodegeneration, but recent advanced imaging techniques and detailed studies in animal models show that blood-brain barrier breakdown occurs early in the disease process and may precede neuronal loss. Thus, the blood-brain barrier is attractive as a potential therapeutic target for neurological diseases that lack effective therapeutics. To elucidate the molecular mechanism underlying blood-brain barrier breakdown and translate them into therapeutic strategies for neurological diseases, there is a growing demand for experimental models of human origin that allow for functional assessments. Recently, several human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models have been established and various in vitro blood-brain barrier models using microdevices have been proposed. Especially in the Alzheimer's disease field, the human evidence for blood-brain barrier dysfunction has been demonstrated and human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived blood-brain barrier models have suggested the putative molecular mechanisms of pathological blood-brain barrier. In this review, we summarize recent evidence of blood-brain barrier dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease from pathological analyses, imaging studies, animal models, and stem cell sources. Additionally, we discuss the potential future directions for blood-brain barrier research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kinya Matsuo
- Yamaguchi University Graduate School of Medicine, Yamaguchi, Japan
| | - Hideaki Nshihara
- Department of Neurotherapeutics, Yamaguchi University, Ube, Japan
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Narasimhan S, Holtzman DM, Apostolova LG, Cruchaga C, Masters CL, Hardy J, Villemagne VL, Bell J, Cho M, Hampel H. Apolipoprotein E in Alzheimer's disease trajectories and the next-generation clinical care pathway. Nat Neurosci 2024; 27:1236-1252. [PMID: 38898183 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-024-01669-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex, progressive primary neurodegenerative disease. Since pivotal genetic studies in 1993, the ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE ε4) has remained the strongest single genome-wide associated risk variant in AD. Scientific advances in APOE biology, AD pathophysiology and ApoE-targeted therapies have brought APOE to the forefront of research, with potential translation into routine AD clinical care. This contemporary Review will merge APOE research with the emerging AD clinical care pathway and discuss APOE genetic risk as a conduit to genomic-based precision medicine in AD, including ApoE's influence in the ATX(N) biomarker framework of AD. We summarize the evidence for APOE as an important modifier of AD clinical-biological trajectories. We then illustrate the utility of APOE testing and the future of ApoE-targeted therapies in the next-generation AD clinical-diagnostic pathway. With the emergence of new AD therapies, understanding how APOE modulates AD pathophysiology will become critical for personalized AD patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David M Holtzman
- Department of Neurology, Hope Center for Neurological Disorders, Knight ADRC, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Liana G Apostolova
- Department of Neurology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Radiology and Imaging Neurosciences, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
- Department of Medical and Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Carlos Cruchaga
- Department of Psychiatry, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- NeuroGenomics and Informatics Center, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Colin L Masters
- Florey Institute and the University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - John Hardy
- Department of Neurodegenerative Disease and Dementia Research Institute, Reta Lila Weston Research Laboratories, UCL Institute of Neurology, Queen Square, London, UK
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Shvetcov A, Thomson S, Cho AN, Wilkins HM, Reed JH, Swerdlow RH, Brown DA, Finney CA. Proteome profiling of cerebrospinal fluid using machine learning shows a unique protein signature associated with APOE4 genotype. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.04.18.590160. [PMID: 38915547 PMCID: PMC11195053 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.18.590160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/26/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Proteome changes associated with APOE4 variant carriage that are independent of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology and diagnosis are unknown. This study investigated APOE4 proteome changes in people with AD, mild cognitive impairment, and no impairment. METHODS Clinical, APOE genotype, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) proteome and AD biomarker data was sourced from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database. Proteome profiling was done using supervised machine learning. RESULTS We found an APOE4-specific proteome signature that was independent of cognitive diagnosis and AD pathological biomarkers, and increased risk of progression to cognitive impairment. Proteins were enriched in brain regions including the caudate and cortex and cells including endothelial cells, oligodendrocytes, and astrocytes. Enriched peripheral immune cells included T cells, macrophages, and B cells. DISCUSSION APOE4 carriers have a unique CSF proteome signature associated with a strong brain and peripheral immune and inflammatory phenotype that likely underlies APOE4 carriers' vulnerability to cognitive decline and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artur Shvetcov
- Department of Psychological Medicine, Sydney Children’s Hospital Network, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Shannon Thomson
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ann-Na Cho
- Human Brain Microphysiology Systems Group, School of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Heather M. Wilkins
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Joanne H. Reed
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Autoimmunity and Amyloidosis Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Russell H. Swerdlow
- University of Kansas Alzheimer’s Disease Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Centre, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - David A. Brown
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Department of Immunopathology, Institute for Clinical Pathology and Medical Research-New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative
- Data used in preparation of this article were obtained from the Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) database (adni.loni.usc.edu). As such, the investigators within the ADNI contributed to the design and implementation of ADNI and/or provided data but did not participate in analysis or writing of this report. A complete listing of ADNI investigators can be found at: http://adni.loni.usc.edu/wp-content/uploads/how_to_apply/ADNI_Acknowledgement_List.pdf
| | - Caitlin A. Finney
- Neuroinflammation Research Group, Centre for Immunology and Allergy Research, Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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Chandrashekar DV, Roules GC, Jagadeesan N, Panchal UR, Oyegbesan A, Imiruaye OE, Zhang H, Garcia J, Kaur K, Win S, Than TA, Kaplowitz N, Roosan MR, Han D, Sumbria RK. Hepatic LRP-1 plays an important role in amyloidosis in Alzheimer's disease mice: Potential role in chronic heavy alcohol feeding. Neurobiol Dis 2024; 199:106570. [PMID: 38885850 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2024.106570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatic lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP-1) plays a central role in peripheral amyloid beta (Aβ) clearance, but its importance in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology is understudied. Our previous work showed that intragastric alcohol feeding to C57BL/6 J mice reduced hepatic LRP-1 expression which correlated with significant AD-relevant brain changes. Herein, we examined the role of hepatic LRP-1 in AD pathogenesis in APP/PS1 AD mice using two approaches to modulate hepatic LRP-1, intragastric alcohol feeding to model chronic heavy drinking shown by us to reduce hepatic LRP-1, and hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing. METHODS Eight-month-old male APP/PS1 mice were fed ethanol or control diet intragastrically for 5 weeks (n = 7-11/group). Brain and liver Aβ were assessed using immunoassays. Three important mechanisms of brain amyloidosis were investigated: hepatic LRP-1 (major peripheral Aβ regulator), blood-brain barrier (BBB) function (vascular Aβ regulator), and microglia (major brain Aβ regulator) using immunoassays. Spatial LRP-1 gene expression in the periportal versus pericentral hepatic regions was confirmed using NanoString GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler. Further, hepatic LRP-1 was silenced by injecting LRP-1 microRNA delivered by the adeno-associated virus 8 (AAV8) and the hepato-specific thyroxine-binding globulin (TBG) promoter to 4-month-old male APP/PS1 mice (n = 6). Control male APP/PS1 mice received control AAV8 (n = 6). Spatial memory and locomotion were assessed 12 weeks after LRP-1 silencing using Y-maze and open-field test, respectively, and brain and liver Aβ were measured. RESULTS Alcohol feeding reduced plaque-associated microglia in APP/PS1 mice brains and increased aggregated Aβ (p < 0.05) by ELISA and 6E10-positive Aβ load by immunostaining (p < 0.05). Increased brain Aβ corresponded with a significant downregulation of hepatic LRP-1 (p < 0.01) at the protein and transcript level, primarily in pericentral hepatocytes (zone 3) where alcohol-induced injury occurs. Hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing significantly increased brain Aβ and locomotion hyperactivity (p < 0.05) in APP/PS1 mice. CONCLUSION Chronic heavy alcohol intake reduced hepatic LRP-1 expression and increased brain Aβ. The hepato-specific LRP-1 silencing similarly increased brain Aβ which was associated with behavioral deficits in APP/PS1 mice. Collectively, our results suggest that hepatic LRP-1 is a key regulator of brain amyloidosis in alcohol-dependent AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devaraj V Chandrashekar
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - G Chuli Roules
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Nataraj Jagadeesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Urvashi R Panchal
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Adenike Oyegbesan
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Oghenetega E Imiruaye
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States
| | - Hai Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Jerome Garcia
- Department of Biology, University of La Verne, La Verne, CA, United States
| | - Kamaljit Kaur
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Sanda Win
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Tin A Than
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Neil Kaplowitz
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology and Liver Diseases, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Moom R Roosan
- Pharmacy Practice, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Derick Han
- School of Pharmacy and Health Sciences, Keck Graduate Institute, Claremont, CA, United States.
| | - Rachita K Sumbria
- Department of Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, United States; Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, CA, United States.
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6
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Parikh NS, Zhang C, Bruce SS, Murthy SB, Rosenblatt R, Liberman AL, Liao V, Kaiser JH, Navi BB, Iadecola C, Kamel H. Association between elevated fibrosis-4 index of liver fibrosis and risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Eur Stroke J 2024:23969873241259561. [PMID: 38872255 DOI: 10.1177/23969873241259561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cirrhosis is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. Liver fibrosis, typically a silent condition, is antecedent to cirrhosis. The objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that elevated Fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index, indicating a high probability of liver fibrosis, is associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke. METHODS We performed a cohort analysis of the prospective United Kingdom Biobank cohort study. Participants 40-69 years old were enrolled between 2007 and 2010 and had available follow-up data until March 1, 2018. We excluded participants with prevalent hemorrhagic stroke or thrombocytopenia. High probability of liver fibrosis was defined as having a value >2.67 of the validated FIB-4 index. The primary outcome was hemorrhagic stroke (intracerebral or subarachnoid hemorrhage), defined based on hospitalization and death registry data. Secondary outcomes were intracerebral and subarachnoid hemorrhage, separately. We used Cox proportional hazards models to evaluate the association of FIB-4 index >2.67 with hemorrhagic stroke while adjusting for potential confounders including hypertension, alcohol use, and antithrombotic use. RESULTS Among 452,994 participants (mean age, 57 years; 54% women), approximately 2% had FIB-4 index >2.67, and 1241 developed hemorrhagic stroke. In adjusted models, FIB-4 index >2.67 was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.6-2.6). Results were similar for intracerebral hemorrhage (HR, 2.0; 95% CI, 1.5-2.7) and subarachnoid hemorrhage (HR, 2.2; 95% CI, 1.5-3.5) individually. CONCLUSIONS Elevated FIB-4 index was associated with an increased risk of hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal S Parikh
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Cenai Zhang
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel S Bruce
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Santosh B Murthy
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Russell Rosenblatt
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ava L Liberman
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Vanessa Liao
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jed H Kaiser
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Babak B Navi
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Hooman Kamel
- Clinical and Translational Neuroscience Unit, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute and Department of Neurology, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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Yang J, Zhi W, Wang L. Role of Tau Protein in Neurodegenerative Diseases and Development of Its Targeted Drugs: A Literature Review. Molecules 2024; 29:2812. [PMID: 38930877 PMCID: PMC11206543 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29122812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Revised: 06/07/2024] [Accepted: 06/08/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Tau protein is a microtubule-associated protein that is widely distributed in the central nervous system and maintains and regulates neuronal morphology and function. Tau protein aggregates abnormally and forms neurofibrillary tangles in neurodegenerative diseases, disrupting the structure and function of neurons and leading to neuronal death, which triggers the initiation and progression of neurological disorders. The aggregation of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases is associated with post-translational modifications, which may affect the hydrophilicity, spatial conformation, and stability of tau protein, promoting tau protein aggregation and the formation of neurofibrillary tangles. Therefore, studying the role of tau protein in neurodegenerative diseases and the mechanism of aberrant aggregation is important for understanding the mechanism of neurodegenerative diseases and finding therapeutic approaches. This review describes the possible mechanisms by which tau protein promotes neurodegenerative diseases, the post-translational modifications of tau protein and associated influencing factors, and the current status of drug discovery and development related to tau protein, which may contribute to the development of new therapeutic approaches to alleviate or treat neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiakai Yang
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Weijia Zhi
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Lifeng Wang
- Graduate Collaborative Training Base of Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang 421001, China;
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, 27 Taiping Road, Beijing 100850, China
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Liu ZT, Liu MH, Xiong Y, Wang YJ, Bu XL. Crosstalk between bone and brain in Alzheimer's disease: Mechanisms, applications, and perspectives. Alzheimers Dement 2024. [PMID: 38824621 DOI: 10.1002/alz.13864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/01/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 06/04/2024]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease that involves multiple systems in the body. Numerous recent studies have revealed bidirectional crosstalk between the brain and bone, but the interaction between bone and brain in AD remains unclear. In this review, we summarize human studies of the association between bone and brain and provide an overview of their interactions and the underlying mechanisms in AD. We review the effects of AD on bone from the aspects of AD pathogenic proteins, AD risk genes, neurohormones, neuropeptides, neurotransmitters, brain-derived extracellular vesicles (EVs), and the autonomic nervous system. Correspondingly, we elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the involvement of bone in the pathogenesis of AD, including bone-derived hormones, bone marrow-derived cells, bone-derived EVs, and inflammation. On the basis of the crosstalk between bone and the brain, we propose potential strategies for the management of AD with the hope of offering novel perspectives on its prevention and treatment. HIGHLIGHTS: The pathogenesis of AD, along with its consequent changes in the brain, may involve disturbing bone homeostasis. Degenerative bone disorders may influence the progression of AD through a series of pathophysiological mechanisms. Therefore, relevant bone intervention strategies may be beneficial for the comprehensive management of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Ting Liu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
| | - Ming-Han Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Daping Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yan-Jiang Wang
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xian-Le Bu
- Department of Neurology and Centre for Clinical Neuroscience, Daping Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Trauma and Chemical Poisoning, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Ageing and Brain Diseases, Chongqing, China
- Key Laboratory of Geriatric Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Disease (Third Military Medical University), Chongqing, China
- Institute of Brain and Intelligence, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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9
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Gong Y, Li M, Liu M, Wu X, Li Y, Qin C, Zhang L. Apolipoprotein E4 interferes with lipid metabolism to exacerbate depression-like behaviors in 5xFAD mice. Animal Model Exp Med 2024; 7:347-361. [PMID: 38895818 PMCID: PMC11228103 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E4 (ApoE4) allele is the strongest genetic risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's disease, and it can aggravate depressive symptoms in non-AD patients. However, the impact of ApoE4 on AD-associated depression-like behaviors and its underlying pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. METHODS This study developed a 5xFAD mouse model overexpressing human ApoE4 (E4FAD). Behavioral assessments and synaptic function tests were conducted to explore the effects of ApoE4 on cognition and depression in 5xFAD mice. Changes in peripheral and central lipid metabolism, as well as the levels of serotonin (5-HT) and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitters in the prefrontal cortex, were examined. In addition, the protein levels of 24-dehydrocholesterol reductase/glycogen synthase kinase-3 beta/mammalian target of rapamycin (DHCR24/GSK3β/mTOR) and postsynaptic density protein 95/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II/brain-derived neurotrophic factor (PSD95/CaMK-II/BDNF) were measured to investigate the molecular mechanism underlying the effects of ApoE4 on AD mice. RESULTS Compared with 5xFAD mice, E4FAD mice exhibited more severe depression-like behaviors and cognitive impairments. These mice also exhibited increased amyloid-beta deposition in the hippocampus, increased astrocyte numbers, and decreased expression of depression-related neurotransmitters 5-HT and GABA in the prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, lipid metabolism disorders were observed in E4FAD, manifesting as elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in peripheral blood, decreased cholesterol level in the prefrontal cortex, and reduced expression of key enzymes and proteins related to cholesterol synthesis and homeostasis. Abnormal expression of proteins related to the DHCR24/GSK3β/mTOR and PSD95/CaMK-II/BDNF pathways was also observed. CONCLUSION This study found that ApoE4 overexpression exacerbates depression-like behaviors in 5xFAD mice and confirmed that ApoE4 reduces cognitive function in these mice. The mechanism may involve the induction of central and peripheral lipid metabolism disorders. Therefore, modulating ApoE expression or function to restore cellular lipid homeostasis may be a promising therapeutic target for AD comorbid with depression. This study also provided a better animal model for studying AD comorbid with depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanju Gong
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
| | - Mingfeng Li
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
| | - Min Liu
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
| | - Xinghan Wu
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
| | - Yanhong Li
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
| | - Chuan Qin
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
- Changping National Laboratory (CPNL)BeijingChina
| | - Ling Zhang
- iNHC Key Laboratory of Human Disease Comparative Medicine, Beijing Engineering Research Center for Experimental Animal Models of Human Critical Diseases, International Center for Technology and lnnovation of Animal Model, Comparative Medicine Center, Institute of Laboratory Animal SciencesChinese Academy of Medical Sciences (CAMS) and Peking Union Medical College (PuMC)BeijingChina
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Valdez-Gaxiola CA, Rosales-Leycegui F, Gaxiola-Rubio A, Moreno-Ortiz JM, Figuera LE. Early- and Late-Onset Alzheimer's Disease: Two Sides of the Same Coin? Diseases 2024; 12:110. [PMID: 38920542 PMCID: PMC11202866 DOI: 10.3390/diseases12060110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2024] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD), defined as Alzheimer's disease onset before 65 years of age, has been significantly less studied than the "classic" late-onset form (LOAD), although EOAD often presents with a more aggressive disease course, caused by variants in the APP, PSEN1, and PSEN2 genes. EOAD has significant differences from LOAD, including encompassing diverse phenotypic manifestations, increased genetic predisposition, and variations in neuropathological burden and distribution. Phenotypically, EOAD can be manifested with non-amnestic variants, sparing the hippocampi with increased tau burden. The aim of this article is to review the different genetic bases, risk factors, pathological mechanisms, and diagnostic approaches between EOAD and LOAD and to suggest steps to further our understanding. The comprehension of the monogenic form of the disease can provide valuable insights that may serve as a roadmap for understanding the common form of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- César A. Valdez-Gaxiola
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Frida Rosales-Leycegui
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Maestría en Ciencias del Comportamiento, Instituto de Neurociencias, Centro Universitario de Ciencias Biológicas y Agropecuarias, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Abigail Gaxiola-Rubio
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias Biomédicas, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico;
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Guadalajara, Zapopan 45129, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - José Miguel Moreno-Ortiz
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
- Instituto de Genética Humana “Dr. Enrique Corona Rivera”, Departamento de Biología Molecular y Genómica, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Luis E. Figuera
- División de Genética, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, IMSS, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico; (C.A.V.-G.); (F.R.-L.)
- Doctorado en Genética Humana, Centro Universitario de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad de Guadalajara, Guadalajara 44340, Jalisco, Mexico
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11
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Wyatt-Johnson SK, Kersey HN, Brutkiewicz RR. Enrichment of liver MAIT cells in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease. J Neuroimmunol 2024; 390:578332. [PMID: 38537322 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2024.578332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Emerging evidence has supported a role for the immune system and liver in Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, our understanding of how hepatic immune cells are altered in AD is limited. We previously found that brain mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cell numbers are increased in AD. Furthermore, loss of MAIT cells and their antigen-presenting molecule, MR1, reduced amyloid-β accumulation in the brain. MAIT cells are also significantly present in the liver. Therefore, we sought to analyze MAIT and other immune cells in the AD liver. Increased frequency of activated MAIT cells (but not conventional T cells) were found in 8-month-old 5XFAD mouse livers. Therefore, these data raise the possibility that there is a role for peripheral MAIT cells in AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Season K Wyatt-Johnson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
| | - Holly N Kersey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America
| | - Randy R Brutkiewicz
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America; Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN 46202, United States of America.
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12
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Li L, Lixia D, Gan G, Li J, Yang L, Wu Y, Fang Z, Zhang X. Astrocytic HILPDA promotes lipid droplets generation to drive cognitive dysfunction in mice with sepsis-associated encephalopathy. CNS Neurosci Ther 2024; 30:e14758. [PMID: 38757390 PMCID: PMC11099789 DOI: 10.1111/cns.14758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
AIMS Sepsis-associated encephalopathy (SAE) is manifested as a spectrum of disturbed cerebral function ranging from mild delirium to coma. However, the pathogenesis of SAE has not been clearly elucidated. Astrocytes play important roles in maintaining the function and metabolism of the brain. Most recently, it has been demonstrated that disorders of lipid metabolism, especially lipid droplets (LDs) dyshomeostasis, are involved in a variety of neurodegenerative diseases. The aim of this study was to investigate whether LDs are involved in the underlying mechanism of SAE. METHODS The open field test, Y-maze test, and contextual fear conditioning test (CFCT) were used to test cognitive function in SAE mice. Lipidomics was utilized to investigate alterations in hippocampal lipid metabolism in SAE mice. Western blotting and immunofluorescence labeling were applied for the observation of related proteins. RESULTS In the current study, we found that SAE mice showed severe cognitive dysfunction, including spatial working and contextual memory. Meanwhile, we demonstrated that lipid metabolism was widely dysregulated in the hippocampus by using lipidomic analysis. Furthermore, western blotting and immunofluorescence confirmed that LDs accumulation in hippocampal astrocytes was involved in the pathological process of cognitive dysfunction in SAE mice. We verified that LDs can be inhibited by specifically suppress hypoxia-inducible lipid droplet-associated protein (HILPDA) in astrocytes. Meanwhile, cognitive dysfunction in SAE was ameliorated by reducing A1 astrocyte activation and inhibiting presynaptic membrane transmitter release. CONCLUSION The accumulation of astrocytic lipid droplets plays a crucial role in the pathological process of SAE. HILPDA is an attractive therapeutic target for lipid metabolism regulation and cognitive improvement in septic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of PediatricXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Du Lixia
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Guifen Gan
- Department of Critical Care MedicineQinghai University Affiliated HospitalXiningQinghaiChina
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Lin Yang
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - You Wu
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
| | - Zongping Fang
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain‐Like IntelligenceShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
- Department of Critical Care MedicineShanghai Fourth People's HospitalSchool of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xijing Zhang
- Department of Critical Care MedicineXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
- Department of Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine and Department of Intensive Care UnitXijing HospitalFourth Military Medical UniversityXi'anShaanxiChina
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Brase L, Yu Y, McDade E, Harari O, Benitez BA. Comparative gene regulatory networks modulating APOE expression in microglia and astrocytes. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2024:2024.04.19.24306098. [PMID: 38699303 PMCID: PMC11065001 DOI: 10.1101/2024.04.19.24306098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2024]
Abstract
Background Single-cell technologies have unveiled various transcriptional states in different brain cell types. Transcription factors (TFs) regulate the expression of related gene sets, thereby controlling these diverse expression states. Apolipoprotein E ( APOE ), a pivotal risk-modifying gene in Alzheimer's disease (AD), is expressed in specific glial transcriptional states associated with AD. However, it is still unknown whether the upstream regulatory programs that modulate its expression are shared across brain cell types or specific to microglia and astrocytes. Methods We used pySCENIC to construct state-specific gene regulatory networks (GRNs) for resting and activated cell states within microglia and astrocytes based on single-nucleus RNA sequencing data from AD patients' cortices from the Knight ADRC-DIAN cohort. We then identified replicating TF using data from the ROSMAP cohort. We identified sets of genes co-regulated with APOE by clustering the GRN target genes and identifying genes differentially expressed after the virtual knockout of TFs regulating APOE . We performed enrichment analyses on these gene sets and evaluated their overlap with genes found in AD GWAS loci. Results We identified an average of 96 replicating regulators for each microglial and astrocyte cell state. Our analysis identified the CEBP, JUN, FOS, and FOXO TF families as key regulators of microglial APOE expression. The steroid/thyroid hormone receptor families, including the THR TF family, consistently regulated APOE across astrocyte states, while CEBP and JUN TF families were also involved in resting astrocytes. AD GWAS-associated genes ( PGRN , FCGR3A , CTSH , ABCA1 , MARCKS , CTSB , SQSTM1 , TSC22D4 , FCER1G , and HLA genes) are co-regulated with APOE. We also uncovered that APOE-regulating TFs were linked to circadian rhythm ( BHLHE40 , DBP , XBP1 , CREM , SREBF1 , FOXO3 , and NR2F1 ). Conclusions Our findings reveal a novel perspective on the transcriptional regulation of APOE in the human brain. We found a comprehensive and cell-type-specific regulatory landscape for APOE , revealing distinct and shared regulatory mechanisms across microglia and astrocytes, underscoring the complexity of APOE regulation. APOE -co-regulated genes might also affect AD risk. Furthermore, our study uncovers a potential link between circadian rhythm disruption and APOE regulation, shedding new light on the pathogenesis of AD.
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Shen Y, Wei C, Taishi Y, Zhang G, Su Z, Zhao P, Wang Y, Li M, Ji Y, Sun L. Association between the circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acid and cognitive function in older adults: findings from the NHANES. BMC Public Health 2024; 24:1061. [PMID: 38627688 PMCID: PMC11022414 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-024-18478-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Age-related cognitive decline has a significant impact on the health and longevity of older adults. Circulating very long-chain saturated fatty acids (VLSFAs) may actively contribute to the improvement of cognitive function. The objective of this study was to investigate the associations between arachidic acid (20:0), docosanoic acid (22:0), tricosanoic acid (23:0), and lignoceric acid (24:0) with cognitive function in older adults. METHODS This study used a dataset derived from the 2011-2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). A total of 806 adults (≥ 60 years) were included who underwent comprehensive cognitive testing and plasma fatty acid measurements. Multivariable linear regression, restricted cubic spline (RCS), and interaction analyses were used to assess associations between VLSFAs and cognitive function. Partial Spearman' s correlation analysis was used to examine the correlations between VLSFAs and palmitic acid (16:0), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, total cholesterol, triglycerides, systemic inflammatory markers, and dietary nutrients. RESULTS Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for sociodemographic, clinical conditions, and lifestyle factors, showed that 22:0 and 24:0 levels were positively associated with better global cognitive function (β = 0.37, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.73; β = 0.73, 95% CI = 0.29, 1.2, respectively) as well as better CEARD-DR Z-score (β = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.36, 1.3 and β = 1.2, 95% CI = 0.63, 1.8, respectively). RCS analysis showed linear associations between higher 22:0 and 24:0 levels and better cognitive performance in both global cognitive function and CERAD-DR tests. CONCLUSIONS The study suggests that higher levels of 22:0 and 24:0 are associated with better global cognitive function in older adults. 22:0 and 24:0 may be important biomarkers for recognizing cognitive impairment, and supplementation with specific VLSFAs (22:0 and 24:0) may be an important intervention to improve cognitive function. Further studies are needed to elucidate the underlying biological mechanisms between VLSFAs and cognitive function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanxin Shen
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Chunxiao Wei
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yezi Taishi
- Department of Cadre Ward, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Guimei Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Zhan Su
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Panpan Zhao
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yongchun Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Mingxi Li
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingshi Ji
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology and Cell Biology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Li Sun
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Xinmin Street 1#, 130021, Changchun, China.
- Cognitive Center, Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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15
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Xu S, Xiao X, Manshaii F, Chen J. Injectable Fluorescent Neural Interfaces for Cell-Specific Stimulating and Imaging. NANO LETTERS 2024. [PMID: 38606614 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.4c00815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Building on current explorations in chronic optical neural interfaces, it is essential to address the risk of photothermal damage in traditional optogenetics. By focusing on calcium fluorescence for imaging rather than stimulation, injectable fluorescent neural interfaces significantly minimize photothermal damage and improve the accuracy of neuronal imaging. Key advancements including the use of injectable microelectronics for targeted electrical stimulation and their integration with cell-specific genetically encoded calcium indicators have been discussed. These injectable electronics that allow for post-treatment retrieval offer a minimally invasive solution, enhancing both usability and reliability. Furthermore, the integration of genetically encoded fluorescent calcium indicators with injectable bioelectronics enables precise neuronal recording and imaging of individual neurons. This shift not only minimizes risks such as photothermal conversion but also boosts safety, specificity, and effectiveness of neural imaging. Embracing these advancements represents a significant leap forward in biomedical engineering and neuroscience, paving the way for advanced brain-machine interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shumao Xu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Xiao Xiao
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Farid Manshaii
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90095, United States
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Wang H, Shi L, Luo S, Luo Y, Xu C, Qiu G, Guo Q, Chen C, Lu T, Liu K, Zhu F. Associations of apolipoprotein E ε4 allele, regional cerebral blood flow, and serum liver function markers in patients with cognitive impairment. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1345705. [PMID: 38628697 PMCID: PMC11018914 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1345705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction The ε4 allele of the apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4) is expressed abundantly in both the brain and peripheral circulation as a genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cerebral blood flow (CBF) dysfunction is an essential feature of AD, and the liver plays an important role in the pathogenesis of dementia. However, the associations of APOE4 with CBF and liver function markers in patients with cognitive impairment remains unclear. We aimed to evaluate the associations of APOE4 with CBF measured by arterial spin labeling (ASL) magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and serum liver function markers in participants who were diagnosed with cognitive impairment. Methods Fourteen participants with AD and sixteen with amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were recruited. In addition to providing comprehensive clinical information, all patients underwent laboratory tests and MRI. All participants were divided into carriers and noncarriers of the ε4 allele, and T-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to observe the differences between APOE4 carriers and noncarriers in CBF and liver function markers. Results Regarding regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), APOE4 carriers showed hyperperfusion in the bilateral occipital cortex, bilateral thalamus, and left precuneus and hypoperfusion in the right lateral temporal cortex when compared with noncarriers. Regarding serum liver function markers, bilirubin levels (including total, direct, and indirect) were lower in APOE4 carriers than in noncarriers. Conclusion APOE4 exerts a strong effect on CBF dysfunction by inheritance, representing a risk factor for AD. APOE4 may be related to bilirubin metabolism, potentially providing specific neural targets for the diagnosis and treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lin Shi
- BrainNow Research Institute, Guangdong, China
| | - Shimei Luo
- Department of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Yishan Luo
- BrainNow Research Institute, Guangdong, China
| | - Chunyan Xu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Guozhen Qiu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Qiwen Guo
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Chunchun Chen
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
| | - Taikun Lu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Kangding Liu
- Department of Neurology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Feiqi Zhu
- Cognitive Impairment Ward of Neurology Department, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University Medical College, Shenzhen, China
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Zhou J, Chen JQ, Gong S, Ban YJ, Zhang L, Liu Y, Wu JL, Li N. Isolation, Bioactivity, and Molecular Docking of a Rare Gastrodin Isocitrate and Diverse Parishin Derivatives from Gastrodia elata Blume. ACS OMEGA 2024; 9:14520-14529. [PMID: 38559968 PMCID: PMC10976414 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.4c00436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024]
Abstract
Gastrodia elata Blume (G. elata) is a well-known medicine food homology plant widely used in treating neurological disorders such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, undiscovered gastrodin derivatives were systematically studied. Seven novel gastrodin derivatives (1-7), including a unique gastrodin isocitrate (1) and six differently substituted parishin derivatives (2-7), were isolated. Structural identification was mainly based on 1D and 2D NMR data, high-resolution ESI-MS data, and HPLC analysis. Notably, the stereochemistry of 1 was further elucidated by ECD calculations. Compounds 1 and 6 showed neuroprotective effects on the H2O2-induced PC12 cell injury model. Molecular docking analysis exhibited that 1 and 6 had good affinities with three popular AD-related targets. These findings not only enriched the chemical diversity but also revealed potential active components in G. elata.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhou
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Jia-Qian Chen
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Shilin Gong
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Yu-Juan Ban
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Li Zhang
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Ying Liu
- School
of Basic Medicinal Sciences and Nursing, Chengdu University, Chengdu 610106, PR China
| | - Jian-Lin Wu
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
| | - Na Li
- State
Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau Institute
for Applied Research in Medicine and Health, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa 999078 SAR, China
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18
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Guo X, Yu J, Wang R, Peng N, Li R. Deciphering the effect of phytosterols on Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: the mediating role of lipid profiles. Alzheimers Res Ther 2024; 16:53. [PMID: 38461353 PMCID: PMC10924343 DOI: 10.1186/s13195-024-01424-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Studies have suggested that blood circulating phytosterols, plant-derived sterols analogous to cholesterol, were associated with blood lipid levels and the risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). This Mendelian randomization (MR) study is performed to determine the causal effect of circulating phytosterols on AD and PD and evaluate the mediation effect of blood lipids. METHODS Leveraging genome-wide association studies summary-level data for phytosterols, blood lipids, AD, and PD, univariable and multivariable MR (MVMR) analyses were conducted. Four types of phytosterols (brassicasterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and stigmasterol), three blood lipids parameters (high-density lipoprotein cholesterol [HDL-C], non-HDL-C, and triglyceride), two datasets for AD and PD were used. Inverse-variance weighted method was applied as the primary analysis, and false discovery rate method was used for adjustment of multiple comparisons. RESULTS Using the largest AD dataset, genetically proxied higher levels of stigmasterol (OR = 0.593, 95%CI = 0.431-0.817, P = 0.004) and sitosterol (OR = 0.864, 95%CI = 0.791-0.943, P = 0.004) significantly correlated with a lower risk of AD. No significant associations were observed between all four types of phytosterols levels and PD. MVMR estimates showed that the above causal associations were missing after integrating the blood lipids as exposures. Sensitivity analyses confirmed the robustness of these associations, with no evidence of pleiotropy and heterogeneity. CONCLUSION The study supports a potential beneficial role of blood stigmasterol and sitosterol in reducing the risk of AD, but not PD, which is dependent on modulating blood lipids. These insights highlight circulating stigmasterol and sitosterol as possible biomarkers and therapeutic targets for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingzhi Guo
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China
| | - Jing Yu
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Rui Wang
- College of Life Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710069, China
| | - Ning Peng
- Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Infection and Immune Diseases, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China
| | - Rui Li
- Department of Geriatric Neurology, Shaanxi Provincial People's Hospital, No. 256, Youyi West Road, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710068, China.
- Xi'an Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Medical Research, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710072, China.
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Zhang W, Wang R, Shi F. Peripheral apolipoprotein is an independent factor for enlarged perivascular space in small vessel disease. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2024; 238:108185. [PMID: 38422746 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study is to the relationship between peripheral apolipoproteins and cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD) imaging markers. METHODS We reviewed the data of a population that above 40 years old with CSVD, while free of known dementia or acute stroke. We evaluated CSVD imaging markers, including white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), lacunas, microbleeds by MRI scans, and measured peripheral apolipoproteins. RESULTS After adjusting for age, sex and vascular risk factors,1) apoB and apoB/apoA-1 were related to grade of EPVS in basal ganglia(apoB:r=0.196,p<0.001;apoB/apoA-1:r=0.208,p<0.001), apoE was related to grade of EPVS in centrum semiovale (r=0.125,p=0.040); 2) apoB(OR=1.739, 95%CI=1.357-2.061, p<0.001), apoB/apoA-1(OR=1.116, 95%CI=1.037-1.761, p=0.005) and apoE(OR=1.287, 95%CI=1.036-1.599, p=0.023) were independent factors of presence of severer EPVS in basal ganglia, apoE was an independent factor of presence of severer EPVS in centrum semiovale (OR=1.235, 95%CI=1.021-1.494, p=0.029). CONCLUSION Our findings demonstrated peripheral apolipoproteins, including apoB, apoB/apoA-1, and apoE, were independent factor for EPVS in CSVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhua Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ruiming Wang
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fangying Shi
- Department of Neurology, Hangzhou Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, 453# Tiyuchang Road, Hangzhou, China
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20
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Loh JS, Mak WQ, Tan LKS, Ng CX, Chan HH, Yeow SH, Foo JB, Ong YS, How CW, Khaw KY. Microbiota-gut-brain axis and its therapeutic applications in neurodegenerative diseases. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2024; 9:37. [PMID: 38360862 PMCID: PMC10869798 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-024-01743-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract is populated with a diverse microbial community. The vast genetic and metabolic potential of the gut microbiome underpins its ubiquity in nearly every aspect of human biology, including health maintenance, development, aging, and disease. The advent of new sequencing technologies and culture-independent methods has allowed researchers to move beyond correlative studies toward mechanistic explorations to shed light on microbiome-host interactions. Evidence has unveiled the bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the central nervous system, referred to as the "microbiota-gut-brain axis". The microbiota-gut-brain axis represents an important regulator of glial functions, making it an actionable target to ameliorate the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases. As the gut microbiome provides essential cues to microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes, we examine the communications between gut microbiota and these glial cells during healthy states and neurodegenerative diseases. Subsequently, we discuss the mechanisms of the microbiota-gut-brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases using a metabolite-centric approach, while also examining the role of gut microbiota-related neurotransmitters and gut hormones. Next, we examine the potential of targeting the intestinal barrier, blood-brain barrier, meninges, and peripheral immune system to counteract glial dysfunction in neurodegeneration. Finally, we conclude by assessing the pre-clinical and clinical evidence of probiotics, prebiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation in neurodegenerative diseases. A thorough comprehension of the microbiota-gut-brain axis will foster the development of effective therapeutic interventions for the management of neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sheng Loh
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Wen Qi Mak
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Li Kar Stella Tan
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health & Medical Advancements, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chu Xin Ng
- School of Biosciences, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hong Hao Chan
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shiau Hueh Yeow
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London, WC1N 1AX, UK
| | - Jhi Biau Foo
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health & Medical Sciences, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
- Digital Health & Medical Advancements, Taylor's University, 1, Jalan Taylors, Subang Jaya, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Yong Sze Ong
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chee Wun How
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Kooi Yeong Khaw
- School of Pharmacy, Monash University Malaysia, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, 47500, Bandar Sunway, Selangor, Malaysia.
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21
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Almeida FC, Patra K, Giannisis A, Niesnerova A, Nandakumar R, Ellis E, Oliveira TG, Nielsen HM. APOE genotype dictates lipidomic signatures in primary human hepatocytes. J Lipid Res 2024; 65:100498. [PMID: 38216055 PMCID: PMC10875595 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2024.100498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 01/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein E (APOE) genetic variants are most notably known for their divergent impact on the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease. While APOE genotype has been consistently shown to modulate lipid metabolism in a variety of cellular contexts, the effect of APOE alleles on the lipidome in hepatocytes is unknown. In this study, we investigated the contribution of APOE alleles to lipidomic profiles of donor-derived primary human hepatocytes from 77 subjects. Lipidomic data obtained by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were analyzed across ε2/ε3, ε3/ε3, and ε3/ε4 genotypes to reveal how APOE modulates lipid relative levels over age and between groups. Hepatic APOE concentration, measured by ELISA, was assessed for correlation with lipid abundance in subjects grouped as per APOE genotype and sex. APOE genotype-specific differential lipidomic signatures associated with age for multiple lipid classes but did not differ between sexes. Compared to ε2/ε3, ε3/ε4 hepatocytes had higher abundance of acylcarnitines (AC) and acylphosphatidylglycerol (AcylPG) as a class, as well as higher medium and long-chain ACs, AcylPG, phosphatidylglycerol (PG), bis(monoacylglycerol)phosphate (BMP), monoacylglycerol (MG) and diacylglycerol (DG) species. The ε3/ε4 hepatocytes also exhibited a higher abundance of medium and long-chain ACs compared to the ε3/ε3 hepatocytes. Only in the ε3/ε4 hepatocytes, APOE concentration was lower and showed a negative correlation with BMP levels, specifically in females. APOE genotype dictates a differential lipidome in primary human hepatocytes. The lipids involved suggest mitochondrial dysfunction with accompanying alterations in neutral lipid storage, reflective of a general disturbance of free fatty acid metabolism in human hepatocytes with the ε4 allele.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco C Almeida
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Neuroradiology, Centro Hospitalar Universitário do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kalicharan Patra
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas Giannisis
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anezka Niesnerova
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Renu Nandakumar
- Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Ewa Ellis
- Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology, (CLINTEC), Division of Transplantation surgery, Karolinska Institutet and ME Transplantation, Karolinska University Hospital, Huddinge, Sweden
| | - Tiago Gil Oliveira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal; ICVS/3B's-PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal; Department of Neuroradiology, Hospital de Braga, Braga, Portugal.
| | - Henrietta M Nielsen
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden.
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22
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Gao PY, Ou YN, Wang HF, Wang ZB, Fu Y, He XY, Ma YH, Feng JF, Cheng W, Tan L, Yu JT. Associations of liver dysfunction with incident dementia, cognition, and brain structure: A prospective cohort study of 431 699 adults. J Neurochem 2024; 168:26-38. [PMID: 37830502 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.15988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Revised: 09/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
The relationship between liver dysfunction and dementia has been researched extensively but remains poorly understood. In this study, we investigate the longitudinal and cross-sectional associations between liver function and liver diseases and risk of incident dementia, impaired cognition, and brain structure abnormalities using Cox proportion hazard model and linear regression model. 431 699 participants with a mean of 8.65 (standard deviation [SD] 2.61) years of follow-up were included from the UK Biobank; 5542 all-cause dementia (ACD), 2427 Alzheimer's disease (AD), and 1282 vascular dementia (VaD) cases were documented. We observed that per SD decreases in alanine transaminase (ALT; hazard ratio [HR], 0.917; PFDR <0.001) and per SD increases in aspartate aminotransferase (AST; HR, 1.048; PFDR = 0.010), AST to ALT ratio (HR, 1.195; PFDR <0.001), gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT; HR, 1.066; PFDR <0.001), alcoholic liver disease (ALD; HR, 2.872; PFDR <0.001), and fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (HR, 2.285; PFDR = 0.002), being significantly associated with a higher risk of incident ACD. Restricted cubic spline models identified a strong U-shaped association between Alb and AST and incident ACD (Pnonlinear <0.05). Worse cognition was positively correlated with AST, AST to ALT ratio, direct bilirubin (DBil), and GGT; negatively correlated with ALT, Alb, and total bilirubin (TBil); and ALD and fibrosis and cirrhosis of liver (PFDR <0.05). Moreover, changes in ALT, GGT, AST to ALT ratio, and ALD were significantly associated with altered cortical and subcortical regions, including hippocampus, amygdala, thalamus, pallidum, and fusiform (PFDR <0.05). In sensitivity analysis, metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD) was associated with the risk of ACD and brain subcortical changes. Our findings provide substantial evidence that liver dysfunction may be an important factor for incident dementia. Early intervention in the unhealthy liver may help prevent cognitive impairment and dementia incidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yang Gao
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Ya-Nan Ou
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Hui-Fu Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhi-Bo Wang
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Yan Fu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Xiao-Yu He
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ya-Hui Ma
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jian-Feng Feng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
- MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Zhangjiang Fudan International Innovation Center, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Cheng
- Institute of Science and Technology for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Key Laboratory of Computational Neuroscience and Brain-Inspired Intelligence (Fudan University), Ministry of Education, Shanghai, China
- Fudan ISTBI-ZJNU Algorithm Centre for Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua, China
| | - Lan Tan
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Jin-Tai Yu
- Department of Neurology and National Center for Neurological Disorders, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology and MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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23
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Area-Gomez E, Schon EA. Towards a Unitary Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease Pathogenesis. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 98:1243-1275. [PMID: 38578892 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
The "amyloid cascade" hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathogenesis invokes the accumulation in the brain of plaques (containing the amyloid-β protein precursor [AβPP] cleavage product amyloid-β [Aβ]) and tangles (containing hyperphosphorylated tau) as drivers of pathogenesis. However, the poor track record of clinical trials based on this hypothesis suggests that the accumulation of these peptides is not the only cause of AD. Here, an alternative hypothesis is proposed in which the AβPP cleavage product C99, not Aβ, is the main culprit, via its role as a regulator of cholesterol metabolism. C99, which is a cholesterol sensor, promotes the formation of mitochondria-associated endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (MAM), a cholesterol-rich lipid raft-like subdomain of the ER that communicates, both physically and biochemically, with mitochondria. We propose that in early-onset AD (EOAD), MAM-localized C99 is elevated above normal levels, resulting in increased transport of cholesterol from the plasma membrane to membranes of intracellular organelles, such as ER/endosomes, thereby upregulating MAM function and driving pathology. By the same token, late-onset AD (LOAD) is triggered by any genetic variant that increases the accumulation of intracellular cholesterol that, in turn, boosts the levels of C99 and again upregulates MAM function. Thus, the functional cause of AD is upregulated MAM function that, in turn, causes the hallmark disease phenotypes, including the plaques and tangles. Accordingly, the MAM hypothesis invokes two key interrelated elements, C99 and cholesterol, that converge at the MAM to drive AD pathogenesis. From this perspective, AD is, at bottom, a lipid disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Area-Gomez
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas "Margarita Salas", Spanish National Research Council, Madrid, Spain
| | - Eric A Schon
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Genetics and Development>, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
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24
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Lozupone M, Panza F. Impact of apolipoprotein E isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease: beyond the role of amyloid beta. Neural Regen Res 2024; 19:80-83. [PMID: 37488848 PMCID: PMC10479857 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.375316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The impact of apolipoprotein E (ApoE) isoforms on sporadic Alzheimer's disease has long been studied; however, the influences of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE) on healthy and pathological human brains are not fully understood. ApoE exists as three common isoforms (ApoE2, ApoE3, and ApoE4), which differ in two amino acid residues. Traditionally, ApoE binds cholesterol and phospholipids and ApoE isoforms display different affinities for their receptors, lipids transport and distribution in the brain and periphery. The role of ApoE in the human depends on ApoE isoforms, brain regions, aging, and neural injury. APOE ε4 is the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, considering its role in influencing amyloid-beta metabolism. The exact mechanisms by which APOE gene variants may increase or decrease Alzheimer's disease risk are not fully understood, but APOE was also known to affect directly and indirectly tau-mediated neurodegeneration, lipids metabolism, neurovascular unit, and microglial function. Consistent with the biological function of ApoE, ApoE4 isoform significantly altered signaling pathways associated with cholesterol homeostasis, transport, and myelination. Also, the rare protective APOE variants confirm that ApoE plays an important role in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis. The objectives of the present mini-review were to describe classical and new roles of various ApoE isoforms in Alzheimer's disease pathophysiology beyond the deposition of amyloid-beta and to establish a functional link between APOE, brain function, and memory, from a molecular to a clinical level. APOE genotype also exerted a heterogeneous effect on clinical Alzheimer's disease phenotype and its outcomes. Not only in learning and memory but also in neuropsychiatric symptoms that occur in a premorbid condition. Clarifying the relationships between Alzheimer's disease-related pathology with neuropsychiatric symptoms, particularly suicidal ideation in Alzheimer's disease patients, may be useful for elucidating also the underlying pathophysiological process and its prognosis. Also, the effects of anti-amyloid-beta drugs, recently approved for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, could be influenced by the APOE genotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madia Lozupone
- Neurodegenerative Disease Unit, Department of Basic Medicine, Neuroscience, and Sense Organs, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Panza
- Unit of Research Methodology and Data Sciences for Population Health, National Institute of Gastroenterology “Saverio de Bellis”, Research Hospital, Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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25
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Reed EG, Keller-Norrell PR. Minding the Gap: Exploring Neuroinflammatory and Microglial Sex Differences in Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:17377. [PMID: 38139206 PMCID: PMC10743742 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242417377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Research into Alzheimer's Disease (AD) describes a link between AD and the resident immune cells of the brain, the microglia. Further, this suspected link is thought to have underlying sex effects, although the mechanisms of these effects are only just beginning to be understood. Many of these insights are the result of policies put in place by funding agencies such as the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to consider sex as a biological variable (SABV) and the move towards precision medicine due to continued lackluster therapeutic options. The purpose of this review is to provide an updated assessment of the current research that summarizes sex differences and the research pertaining to microglia and their varied responses in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin G. Reed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Northeast Ohio Medical University, Rootstown, OH 44242, USA
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26
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Poliakova T, Wellington CL. Roles of peripheral lipoproteins and cholesteryl ester transfer protein in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:86. [PMID: 37974180 PMCID: PMC10652636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00671-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
This narrative review focuses on the role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) and peripheral lipoproteins in the vascular contributions to cognitive impairment and dementia (VCID). Humans have a peripheral lipoprotein profile where low-density lipoproteins (LDL) represent the dominant lipoprotein fraction and high-density lipoproteins (HDL) represent a minor lipoprotein fraction. Elevated LDL-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels are well-established to cause cardiovascular disease and several LDL-C-lowering therapies are clinically available to manage this vascular risk factor. The efficacy of LDL-C-lowering therapies to reduce risk of all-cause dementia and AD is now important to address as recent studies demonstrate a role for LDL in Alzheimer's Disease (AD) as well as in all-cause dementia. The LDL:HDL ratio in humans is set mainly by CETP activity, which exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Genetic and pharmacological studies support the hypothesis that CETP inhibition reduces cardiovascular risk by lowering LDL, which, by extension, may also lower VCID. Unlike humans, wild-type mice do not express catalytically active CETP and have HDL as their major lipoprotein fraction. As HDL has potent beneficial effects on endothelial cells, the naturally high HDL levels in mice protect them from vascular disorders, likely including VCID. Genetic restoration of CETP expression in mice to generate a more human-like lipid profile may increase the relevance of murine models for VCID studies. The therapeutic potential of existing and emerging LDL-lowering therapies for VCID will be discussed. Figure Legend. Cholesteryl Ester Transfer Protein in Alzheimer's Disease. CETP is mainly produced by the liver, and exchanges cholesteryl esters for triglycerides across lipoprotein fractions to raise circulating LDL and lower HDL as CETP activity increases. Low CETP activity is associated with better cardiovascular health, due to decreased LDL and increased HDL, which may also improve brain health. Although most peripheral lipoproteins cannot enter the brain parenchyma due to the BBB, it is increasingly appreciated that direct access to the vascular endothelium may enable peripheral lipoproteins to have indirect effects on brain health. Thus, lipoproteins may affect the cerebrovasculature from both sides of the BBB. Recent studies show an association between elevated plasma LDL, a well-known cardiovascular risk factor, and a higher risk of AD, and considerable evidence suggests that high HDL levels are associated with reduced CAA and lower neuroinflammation. Considering the potential detrimental role of LDL in AD and the importance of HDL's beneficial effects on endothelial cells, high CETP activity may lead to compromised BBB integrity, increased CAA deposits and greater neuroinflammation. Abbreviations: CETP - cholesteryl transfer ester protein; LDL - low-density lipoproteins; HDL - high-density lipoproteins; BBB - blood-brain barrier; CAA - cerebral amyloid angiopathy, SMC - smooth muscle cells, PVM - perivascular macrophages, RBC - red blood cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetiana Poliakova
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Cheryl L Wellington
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, 2215 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z3, Canada.
- Djavad Mowafagian Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- International Collaboration On Repair Discoveries, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
- School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada.
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27
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Alkhalifa AE, Al-Ghraiybah NF, Odum J, Shunnarah JG, Austin N, Kaddoumi A. Blood-Brain Barrier Breakdown in Alzheimer's Disease: Mechanisms and Targeted Strategies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16288. [PMID: 38003477 PMCID: PMC10671257 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a unique and selective feature of the central nervous system's vasculature. BBB dysfunction has been observed as an early sign of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) before the onset of dementia or neurodegeneration. The intricate relationship between the BBB and the pathogenesis of AD, especially in the context of neurovascular coupling and the overlap of pathophysiology in neurodegenerative and cerebrovascular diseases, underscores the urgency to understand the BBB's role more deeply. Preserving or restoring the BBB function emerges as a potentially promising strategy for mitigating the progression and severity of AD. Molecular and genetic changes, such as the isoform ε4 of apolipoprotein E (ApoEε4), a significant genetic risk factor and a promoter of the BBB dysfunction, have been shown to mediate the BBB disruption. Additionally, receptors and transporters like the low-density lipoprotein receptor-related protein 1 (LRP1), P-glycoprotein (P-gp), and the receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGEs) have been implicated in AD's pathogenesis. In this comprehensive review, we endeavor to shed light on the intricate pathogenic and therapeutic connections between AD and the BBB. We also delve into the latest developments and pioneering strategies targeting the BBB for therapeutic interventions, addressing its potential as a barrier and a carrier. By providing an integrative perspective, we anticipate paving the way for future research and treatments focused on exploiting the BBB's role in AD pathogenesis and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department of Drug Discovery and Development, Harrison College of Pharmacy, Auburn University, 720 S. Donahue Dr., Auburn, AL 36849, USA; (A.E.A.); (N.F.A.-G.); (J.O.); (J.G.S.); (N.A.)
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28
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Hang Z, Zhou L, Xing C, Wen Y, Du H. The blood-brain barrier, a key bridge to treat neurodegenerative diseases. Ageing Res Rev 2023; 91:102070. [PMID: 37704051 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2023.102070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/09/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
As a highly selective and semi-permeable barrier that separates the circulating blood from the brain and central nervous system (CNS), the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a critical role in the onset and treatment of neurodegenerative diseases (NDs). To delay or reverse the NDs progression, the dysfunction of BBB should be improved to protect the brain from harmful substances. Simultaneously, a highly efficient drug delivery across the BBB is indispensable. Here, we summarized several methods to improve BBB dysfunction in NDs, including knocking out risk geneAPOE4, regulating circadian rhythms, restoring the gut microenvironment, and activating the Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway. Then we discussed the advances in BBB penetration techniques, such as transient BBB opening, carrier-mediated drug delivery, and nasal administration, which facilitates drug delivery across the BBB. Furthermore, various in vivo and in vitro BBB models and research methods related to NDs are reviewed. Based on the current research progress, the treatment of NDs in the long term should prioritize the integrity of the BBB. However, a treatment approach that combines precise control of transient BBB permeability and non-invasive targeted BBB drug delivery holds profound significance in improving treatment effectiveness, safety, and clinical feasibility during drug therapy. This review involves the cross application of biology, materials science, imaging, engineering and other disciplines in the field of BBB, aiming to provide multi-dimensional research directions and clinical ideas for the treating NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongci Hang
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Liping Zhou
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Cencan Xing
- Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yongqiang Wen
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Beijing Key Laboratory for Bioengineering and Sensing Technology, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
| | - Hongwu Du
- School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China; Daxing Research Institute, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China.
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Liu CC, Wang N, Chen Y, Inoue Y, Shue F, Ren Y, Wang M, Qiao W, Ikezu TC, Li Z, Zhao J, Martens Y, Doss SV, Rosenberg CL, Jeevaratnam S, Jia L, Raulin AC, Qi F, Zhu Y, Alnobani A, Knight J, Chen Y, Linares C, Kurti A, Fryer JD, Zhang B, Wu LJ, Kim BYS, Bu G. Cell-autonomous effects of APOE4 in restricting microglial response in brain homeostasis and Alzheimer's disease. Nat Immunol 2023; 24:1854-1866. [PMID: 37857825 DOI: 10.1038/s41590-023-01640-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Microglial involvement in Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology has emerged as a risk-determining pathogenic event. While apolipoprotein E (APOE) is known to modify AD risk, it remains unclear how microglial apoE impacts brain cognition and AD pathology. Here, using conditional mouse models expressing apoE isoforms in microglia and central nervous system-associated macrophages (CAMs), we demonstrate a cell-autonomous effect of apoE3-mediated microglial activation and function, which are negated by apoE4. Expression of apoE3 in microglia/CAMs improves cognitive function, increases microglia surrounding amyloid plaque and reduces amyloid pathology and associated toxicity, whereas apoE4 expression either compromises or has no effects on these outcomes by impairing lipid metabolism. Single-cell transcriptomic profiling reveals increased antigen presentation and interferon pathways upon apoE3 expression. In contrast, apoE4 expression downregulates complement and lysosomal pathways, and promotes stress-related responses. Moreover, in the presence of mouse endogenous apoE, microglial apoE4 exacerbates amyloid pathology. Finally, we observed a reduction in Lgals3-positive responsive microglia surrounding amyloid plaque and an increased accumulation of lipid droplets in APOE4 human brains and induced pluripotent stem cell-derived microglia. Our findings establish critical isoform-dependent effects of microglia/CAM-expressed apoE in brain function and the development of amyloid pathology, providing new insight into how apoE4 vastly increases AD risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chen Liu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Neurodegenerative Diseases Research Unit, Biogen, Cambridge, MA, USA.
| | - Na Wang
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yuanxin Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Francis Shue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yingxue Ren
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Minghui Wang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Wenhui Qiao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Zonghua Li
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Jing Zhao
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yuka Martens
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Sydney V Doss
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | | | - Lin Jia
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | | | - Fangfang Qi
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Yiyang Zhu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Alla Alnobani
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Joshua Knight
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Yixing Chen
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Cynthia Linares
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - Aishe Kurti
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA
| | - John D Fryer
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Bin Zhang
- Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Mount Sinai Center for Transformative Disease Modeling, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Long-Jun Wu
- Department of Neurology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Betty Y S Kim
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Brain Tumor Center, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, USA.
- Division of Life Science, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong, China.
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30
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Mehta N, Dangas K, Ditmarsch M, Rensen PCN, Dicklin MR, Kastelein JJP. The evolving role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein inhibition beyond cardiovascular disease. Pharmacol Res 2023; 197:106972. [PMID: 37898443 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
The main role of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is the transfer of cholesteryl esters and triglycerides between high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles and triglyceride-rich lipoprotein and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) particles. There is a long history of investigations regarding the inhibition of CETP as a target for reducing major adverse cardiovascular events. Initially, the potential effect on cardiovascular events of CETP inhibitors was hypothesized to be mediated by their ability to increase HDL cholesterol, but, based on evidence from anacetrapib and the newest CETP inhibitor, obicetrapib, it is now understood to be primarily due to reducing LDL cholesterol and apolipoprotein B. Nevertheless, evidence is also mounting that other roles of HDL, including its promotion of cholesterol efflux, as well as its apolipoprotein composition and anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, and anti-diabetic properties, may play important roles in several diseases beyond cardiovascular disease, including, but not limited to, Alzheimer's disease, diabetes, and sepsis. Furthermore, although Mendelian randomization analyses suggested that higher HDL cholesterol is associated with increased risk of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), excess risk of AMD was absent in all CETP inhibitor randomized controlled trial data comprising over 70,000 patients. In fact, certain HDL subclasses may, in contrast, be beneficial for treating the retinal cholesterol accumulation that occurs with AMD. This review describes the latest biological evidence regarding the relationship between HDL and CETP inhibition for Alzheimer's disease, type 2 diabetes mellitus, sepsis, and AMD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nehal Mehta
- Mobius Scientific, Inc., JLABS @ Washington, DC, Washington, DC, USA
| | | | | | - Patrick C N Rensen
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, and Einthoven Laboratory of Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | | | - John J P Kastelein
- Department of Vascular Medicine, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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31
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Ye Z, Pan Y, McCoy RG, Bi C, Chen M, Feng L, Yu J, Lu T, Liu S, Gao S, Hatch KS, Ma Y, Chen C, Mitchell BD, Thompson PM, Hong LE, Kochunov P, Ma T, Chen S. APOE4 poses opposite effects of plasma LDL on white matter integrity in older adults. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.10.24.563796. [PMID: 37961161 PMCID: PMC10634787 DOI: 10.1101/2023.10.24.563796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION APOE4 is a strong genetic risk factor of Alzheimer's disease and is associated with changes in metabolism. However, the interactive relationship between APOE4 and plasma metabolites on the brain remains largely unknown. MEHODS In the UK Biobank, we investigated the moderation effects of APOE4 on the relationship between 249 plasma metabolites derived from nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy on whole-brain white matter integrity, measured by fractional anisotropy using diffusion magnetic resonance imaging. RESULTS The increase in the concentration of metabolites, mainly LDL and VLDL, is associated with a decrease in white matter integrity (b= -0.12, CI= [-0.14, -0.10]) among older APOE4 carriers, whereas an increase (b= 0.05, CI= [0.04, 0.07]) among non-carriers, implying a significant moderation effect of APOE4 (b= -0.18, CI= [-0.20,-0.15]). DISCUSSION The results suggest that lipid metabolism functions differently in APOE4 carriers compared to non-carriers, which may inform the development of targeted interventions for APOE4 carriers to mitigate cognitive decline.
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Cerneckis J, Shi Y. Myelin organoids for the study of Alzheimer's disease. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1283742. [PMID: 37942133 PMCID: PMC10628225 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1283742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cerneckis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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Kirchner K, Garvert L, Kühn L, Bonk S, Grabe HJ, Van der Auwera S. Detrimental Effects of ApoE ε4 on Blood-Brain Barrier Integrity and Their Potential Implications on the Pathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:2512. [PMID: 37947590 PMCID: PMC10649078 DOI: 10.3390/cells12212512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Revised: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease representing the most common type of dementia in older adults. The major risk factors include increased age, genetic predisposition and socioeconomic factors. Among the genetic factors, the apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 allele poses the greatest risk. Growing evidence suggests that cerebrovascular dysfunctions, including blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage, are also linked to AD pathology. Within the scope of this paper, we, therefore, look upon the relationship between ApoE, BBB integrity and AD. In doing so, both brain-derived and peripheral ApoE will be considered. Despite the considerable evidence for the involvement of brain-derived ApoE ε4 in AD, information about the effect of peripheral ApoE ε4 on the central nervous system is scarce. However, a recent study demonstrated that peripheral ApoE ε4 might be sufficient to impair brain functions and aggravate amyloid-beta pathogenesis independent from brain-based ApoE ε4 expression. Building upon recent literature, we provide an insight into the latest research that has enhanced the understanding of how ApoE ε4, secreted either in the brain or the periphery, influences BBB integrity and consequently affects AD pathogenesis. Subsequently, we propose a pathway model based on current literature and discuss future research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kirchner
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Linda Garvert
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Luise Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sarah Bonk
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hans Jörgen Grabe
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner Site Rostock/Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
| | - Sandra Van der Auwera
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Medicine Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
- German Centre for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Partner Site Rostock/Greifswald, 17475 Greifswald, Germany
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Pauwels EK, Boer GJ. Friends and Foes in Alzheimer's Disease. Med Princ Pract 2023; 32:313-322. [PMID: 37788649 PMCID: PMC10727688 DOI: 10.1159/000534400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a disabling neurodegenerative disease. The prognosis is poor, and currently there are no proven effective therapies. Most likely, the etiology is related to cerebral inflammatory processes that cause neuronal damage, resulting in dysfunction and apoptosis of nerve cells. Pathogens that evoke a neuroinflammatory response, collectively activate astrocytes and microglia, which contributes to the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. This leads to the deposit of clustered fragments of beta-amyloid and misfolded tau proteins which do not elicit an adequate immune reaction. Apart from the function of astrocytes and microglia, molecular entities such as TREM2, SYK, C22, and C33 play a role in the physiopathology of AD. Furthermore, bacteria and viruses may trigger an overactive inflammatory response in the brain. Pathogens like Helicobacter pylori, Chlamydia pneumonia, and Porphyromonas gingivalis (known for low-grade infection in the oral cavity) can release gingipains, which are enzymes that can damage and destroy neurons. Chronic infection with Borrelia burgdorferi (the causative agent of Lyme disease) can co-localize with tau tangles and amyloid deposits. As for viral infections, herpes simplex virus 1, cytomegalovirus, and Epstein-Barr virus can play a role in the pathogenesis of AD. Present investigations have resulted in the development of antibodies that can clear the brain of beta-amyloid plaques. Trials with humanized aducanumab, lecanemab, and donanemab revealed limited success in AD patients. However, AD should be considered as a continuum in which the initial preclinical phase may take 10 or even 20 years. It is generally thought that this phase offers a window for efficacious treatment. Therefore, research is also focused on the identification of biomarkers for early AD detection. In this respect, the plasma measurement of neurofilament light chain in patients treated with hydromethylthionine mesylate may well open a new way to prevent the formation of tau tangles and represents the first treatment for AD at its roots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernest K.J. Pauwels
- Leiden University and Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerard J. Boer
- Netherlands Institute for Brain Research, Royal Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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35
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Marottoli FM, Zhang H, Flores-Barrera E, Artur de la Villarmois E, Damen FC, Miguelez Fernández AM, Blesson HV, Chaudhary R, Nguyen AL, Nwokeji AE, Talati R, John AS, Madadakere K, Lutz SE, Cai K, Tseng KY, Tai LM. Endothelial Cell APOE3 Regulates Neurovascular, Neuronal, and Behavioral Function. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2023; 43:1952-1966. [PMID: 37650329 PMCID: PMC10521805 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.123.319816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Specialized brain endothelial cells and human APOE3 are independently important for neurovascular function, yet whether APOE3 expression by endothelial cells contributes to brain function is currently unknown. In the present study, we determined whether the loss of endothelial cell APOE3 impacts brain vascular and neural function. METHODS We developed APOE3fl/fl/Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2+/- (APOE3Cre+/-) and APOE3fl/fl/Cdh5(PAC)-CreERT2-/- (APOE3Cre-/-, control) mice and induced endothelial cell APOE3 knockdown with tamoxifen at ≈4 to 5 weeks of age. Neurovascular and neuronal function were evaluated by biochemistry, immunohistochemistry, behavioral testing, and electrophysiology at 9 months of age. RESULTS We found that the loss of endothelial APOE3 expression was sufficient to cause neurovascular dysfunction including higher permeability and lower vessel coverage in tandem with deficits in spatial memory and fear memory extinction and a disruption of cortical excitatory/inhibitory balance. CONCLUSIONS Our data collectively support the novel concept that endothelial APOE3 plays a critical role in the regulation of the neurovasculature, neural circuit function, and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felecia M. Marottoli
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Hui Zhang
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Eden Flores-Barrera
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Emilce Artur de la Villarmois
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | | | - Anabel M.M. Miguelez Fernández
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Hannah V. Blesson
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Rohan Chaudhary
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Anthony L. Nguyen
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Amanda E. Nwokeji
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ruju Talati
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Ashwin S. John
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kushi Madadakere
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Sarah E. Lutz
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kejia Cai
- Radiology (F.C.D., K.C.), University of Illinois at Chicago
- Bioengineering (K.C.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Kuei Y. Tseng
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
| | - Leon M. Tai
- Departments of Anatomy and Cell Biology (F.M.M., H.Z., E.F.-B., E.A.d.l.V., A.M.M.M.F., H.V.B., R.C., A.L.N., A.E.N., R.T., A.S.J., K.M., S.E.L., K.Y.T., L.M.T.), University of Illinois at Chicago
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Tao Q, Zhang C, Mercier G, Lunetta K, Ang TFA, Akhter‐Khan S, Zhang Z, Taylor A, Killiany RJ, Alosco M, Mez J, Au R, Zhang X, Farrer LA, Qiu WWQ. Identification of an APOE ε4-specific blood-based molecular pathway for Alzheimer's disease risk. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 15:e12490. [PMID: 37854772 PMCID: PMC10579631 DOI: 10.1002/dad2.12490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/20/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The precise apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4-specific molecular pathway(s) for Alzheimer's disease (AD) risk are unclear. METHODS Plasma protein modules/cascades were analyzed using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) in the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative study. Multivariable regression analyses were used to examine the associations among protein modules, AD diagnoses, cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) phosphorylated tau (p-tau), and brain glucose metabolism, stratified by APOE genotype. RESULTS The Green Module was associated with AD diagnosis in APOE ε4 homozygotes. Three proteins from this module, C-reactive protein (CRP), complement C3, and complement factor H (CFH), had dose-dependent associations with CSF p-tau and cognitive impairment only in APOE ε4 homozygotes. The link among these three proteins and glucose hypometabolism was observed in brain regions of the default mode network (DMN) in APOE ε4 homozygotes. A Framingham Heart Study validation study supported the findings for AD. DISCUSSION The study identifies the APOE ε4-specific CRP-C3-CFH inflammation pathway for AD, suggesting potential drug targets for the disease.Highlights: Identification of an APOE ε4 specific molecular pathway involving blood CRP, C3, and CFH for the risk of AD.CRP, C3, and CFH had dose-dependent associations with CSF p-Tau and brain glucose hypometabolism as well as with cognitive impairment only in APOE ε4 homozygotes.Targeting CRP, C3, and CFH may be protective and therapeutic for AD onset in APOE ε4 carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiushan Tao
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Chao Zhang
- Section of Computational BiomedicineDepartment of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Gustavo Mercier
- Section of Molecular Imaging and Nuclear MedicineDepartment of RadiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Kathryn Lunetta
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ting Fang Alvin Ang
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Samia Akhter‐Khan
- Department of Health Service & Population ResearchKing's College London, LondonDavid Goldberg CentreLondonUK
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Andrew Taylor
- Department of OphthalmologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Ronald J. Killiany
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Michael Alosco
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Jesse Mez
- Department of NeurologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Rhoda Au
- Slone Epidemiology CenterSchool of Public HealthBoston University Medical Campus (BUMC)BostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of Anatomy & NeurobiologyBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Xiaoling Zhang
- Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of MedicineBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
| | - Wendy Wei Qiao Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & BiophysicsBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Alzheimer's Disease and CTE CentersBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
- Department of PsychiatryBoston University School of MedicineBostonMassachusettsUSA
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Wu Y, Dong JH, Dai YF, Zhu MZ, Wang MY, Zhang Y, Pan YD, Yuan XR, Guo ZX, Wang CX, Li YQ, Zhu XH. Hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase activity regulates cerebral Aβ metabolism and the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease in mice. Neuron 2023; 111:2847-2862.e10. [PMID: 37402372 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is caused by a complex interaction between genetic and environmental factors. However, how the role of peripheral organ changes in response to environmental stimuli during aging in AD pathogenesis remains unknown. Hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) activity increases with age. Hepatic sEH manipulation bidirectionally attenuates brain amyloid-β (Aβ) burden, tauopathy, and cognitive deficits in AD mouse models. Moreover, hepatic sEH manipulation bidirectionally regulates the plasma level of 14,15-epoxyeicosatrienoic acid (-EET), which rapidly crosses the blood-brain barrier and modulates brain Aβ metabolism through multiple pathways. A balance between the brain levels of 14,15-EET and Aβ is essential for preventing Aβ deposition. In AD models, 14,15-EET infusion mimicked the neuroprotective effects of hepatic sEH ablation at biological and behavioral levels. These results highlight the liver's key role in AD pathology, and targeting the liver-brain axis in response to environmental stimuli may constitute a promising therapeutic approach for AD prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Wu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Jing-Hua Dong
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Yong-Feng Dai
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Min-Zhen Zhu
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China; School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Meng-Yao Wang
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Yi-Da Pan
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Xin-Rui Yuan
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Zhi-Xin Guo
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Chen-Xi Wang
- Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China; School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China
| | - Yuan-Qing Li
- School of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China; Research Center for Brain-Computer Interface, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China
| | - Xin-Hong Zhu
- School of Psychology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China; Research Center for Brain Health, Pazhou Lab, Guangzhou 510330, China; School of Biology and Biological Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Inoue Y, Bamkole M, Kanekiyo T. Hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase: A promising target for unveiling the liver-brain axis in Alzheimer's disease. Neuron 2023; 111:2775-2777. [PMID: 37734320 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2023.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023]
Abstract
Wu and Dong et al.1 report that hepatic soluble epoxide hydrolase (sEH) manipulation impacts amyloid-β (Aβ) deposits and cognitive impairment in mouse models for Alzheimer's disease (AD), suggesting that hepatic sEH activity is a promising therapeutic target to treat AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasuteru Inoue
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Michael Bamkole
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA
| | - Takahisa Kanekiyo
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL 32224, USA.
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Li ZW, Ruan B, Yang PJ, Liu JJ, Song P, Duan JL, Wang L. Oit3, a promising hallmark gene for targeting liver sinusoidal endothelial cells. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:344. [PMID: 37696816 PMCID: PMC10495338 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01621-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs) play a pivotal role in maintaining liver homeostasis and influencing the pathological processes of various liver diseases. However, neither LSEC-specific hallmark genes nor a LSEC promoter-driven Cre mouse line has been introduced before, which largely restricts the study of liver diseases with vascular disorders. To explore LSEC-specific hallmark genes, we compared the top 50 marker genes between liver endothelial cells (ECs) and liver capillary ECs and identified 18 overlapping genes. After excluding globally expressed genes and those with low expression percentages, we narrowed our focus to two final candidates: Oit3 and Dnase1l3. Through single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) and analysis of the NCBI database, we confirmed the extrahepatic expression of Dnase1l3. The paired-cell sequencing data further demonstrated that Oit3 was predominantly expressed in the midlobular liver ECs. Subsequently, we constructed inducible Oit3-CreERT2 transgenic mice, which were further crossed with ROSA26-tdTomato mice. Microscopy validated that the established Oit3-CreERT2-tdTomato mice exhibited significant fluorescence in the liver rather than in other organs. The staining analysis confirmed the colocalization of tdTomato and EC markers. Ex-vivo experiments further confirmed that isolated tdTomato+ cells exhibited well-differentiated fenestrae and highly expressed EC markers, confirming their identity as LSECs. Overall, Oit3 is a promising hallmark gene for tracing LSECs. The establishment of Oit3-CreERT2-tdTomato mice provides a valuable model for studying the complexities of LSECs in liver diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Wen Li
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Bai Ruan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
- Center of Clinical Aerospace Medicine & Department of Aviation Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Pei-Jun Yang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Jing-Jing Liu
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Ping Song
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan-Li Duan
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, Xi-Jing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, 710032, Xi'an, China.
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Palmer JM, Huentelman M, Ryan L. More than just risk for Alzheimer's disease: APOE ε4's impact on the aging brain. Trends Neurosci 2023; 46:750-763. [PMID: 37460334 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2023.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
The apolipoprotein ε4 (APOE ε4) allele is most commonly associated with increased risk for late-onset Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, recent longitudinal studies suggest that these risks are overestimated; most ε4 carriers will not develop dementia in their lifetime. In this article, we review new evidence regarding the impact of APOE ε4 on cognition among healthy older adults. We discuss emerging work from animal models suggesting that ε4 impacts brain structure and function in multiple ways that may lead to age-related cognitive impairment, independent from AD pathology. We discuss the importance of taking an individualized approach in future studies by incorporating biomarkers and neuroimaging methods that may better disentangle the phenotypic influences of APOE ε4 on the aging brain from prodromal AD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M Palmer
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
| | - Matthew Huentelman
- Translational Genomics Research Institute, Phoenix, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Lee Ryan
- The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA; Arizona Alzheimer's Consortium, Phoenix, AZ, USA.
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Escudero B, Moya M, López-Valencia L, Arias F, Orio L. Reelin Plasma Levels Identify Cognitive Decline in Alcohol Use Disorder Patients During Early Abstinence: The Influence of APOE4 Expression. Int J Neuropsychopharmacol 2023; 26:545-556. [PMID: 37350760 PMCID: PMC10464928 DOI: 10.1093/ijnp/pyad034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (APOE)-4 isoform, reelin, and clusterin share very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 receptors and are related to cognition in neuropsychiatric disorders. These proteins are expressed in plasma and brain, but studies involving plasma expression and cognition are scarce. METHODS We studied the peripheral expression (plasma and peripheral blood mononuclear cells) of these proteins in 24 middle-aged patients with alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosed at 4 to 12 weeks of abstinence (t = 0) and 34 controls. Cognition was assessed using the Test of Detection of Cognitive Impairment in Alcoholism. In a follow-up study (t = 1), we measured reelin levels and evaluated cognitive improvement at 6 months of abstinence. RESULTS APOE4 isoform was present in 37.5% and 58.8% of patients and controls, respectively, reaching similar plasma levels in ε4 carriers regardless of whether they were patients with AUD or controls. Plasma reelin and clusterin were higher in the AUD group, and reelin levels peaked in patients expressing APOE4 (P < .05, η2 = 0.09), who showed reduced very-low-density liporeceptor and apolipoprotein E receptor 2 expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. APOE4 had a negative effect on memory/learning mainly in the AUD group (P < .01, η2 = 0.15). Multivariate logistic regression analyses identified plasma reelin as a good indicator of AUD cognitive impairment at t = 0. At t = 1, patients with AUD showed lower reelin levels vs controls along with some cognitive improvement. CONCLUSIONS Reelin plasma levels are elevated during early abstinence in patients with AUD who express the APOE4 isoform, identifying cognitive deterioration to a great extent, and it may participate as a homeostatic signal for cognitive recovery in the long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Escudero
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Moya
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
| | - Leticia López-Valencia
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Arias
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
| | - Laura Orio
- Department of Psychobiology and Behavioral Sciences Methods, Faculty of Psychology, Complutense University of Madrid, Pozuelo de Alarcón, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Hospital Universitario 12 de Octubre (imas12), Madrid, Spain
- RIAPAd: Research Network in Primary Care in Addictions (“Red de investigación en atención primaria en adicciones”), Spain
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Osborne OM, Naranjo O, Heckmann BL, Dykxhoorn D, Toborek M. Anti-amyloid: An antibody to cure Alzheimer's or an attitude. iScience 2023; 26:107461. [PMID: 37588168 PMCID: PMC10425904 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023] Open
Abstract
For more than a century, clinicians have been aware of the devastating neurological condition called Alzheimer's disease (AD). AD is characterized by the presence of abnormal amyloid protein plaques and tau tangles in the brain. The dominant hypothesis, termed the amyloid hypothesis, attributes AD development to excessive cleavage and accumulation of amyloid precursor protein (APP), leading to brain tissue atrophy. The amyloid hypothesis has greatly influenced AD research and therapeutic endeavors. However, despite significant attention, a complete understanding of amyloid and APP's roles in disease pathology, progression, and cognitive impairment remains elusive. Recent controversies and several unsuccessful drug trials have called into question whether amyloid is the only neuropathological factor for treatment. To accomplish disease amelioration, we argue that researchers and clinicians may need to take a compounding approach to target amyloid and other factors in the brain, including traditional pharmaceuticals and holistic therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia M. Osborne
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Oandy Naranjo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Bradlee L. Heckmann
- Department of Immunology, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Byrd Alzheimer’s Center, University of South Florida Health Neuroscience Institute, Tampa, FL 33613, USA
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine, Tampa, FL 33602, USA
- Asha Therapeutics, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Derek Dykxhoorn
- Dr. John T. Macdonald Foundation Department of Human Genetics, John P. Hussman Institute for Human Genomics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Michal Toborek
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA
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43
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Rego S, Sanchez G, Da Mesquita S. Current views on meningeal lymphatics and immunity in aging and Alzheimer's disease. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:55. [PMID: 37580702 PMCID: PMC10424377 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00645-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an aging-related form of dementia associated with the accumulation of pathological aggregates of amyloid beta and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain. These phenomena are accompanied by exacerbated inflammation and marked neuronal loss, which altogether contribute to accelerated cognitive decline. The multifactorial nature of AD, allied to our still limited knowledge of its etiology and pathophysiology, have lessened our capacity to develop effective treatments for AD patients. Over the last few decades, genome wide association studies and biomarker development, alongside mechanistic experiments involving animal models, have identified different immune components that play key roles in the modulation of brain pathology in AD, affecting its progression and severity. As we will relay in this review, much of the recent efforts have been directed to better understanding the role of brain innate immunity, and particularly of microglia. However, and despite the lack of diversity within brain resident immune cells, the brain border tissues, especially the meninges, harbour a considerable number of different types and subtypes of adaptive and innate immune cells. Alongside microglia, which have taken the centre stage as important players in AD research, there is new and exciting evidence pointing to adaptive immune cells, namely T and B cells found in the brain and its meninges, as important modulators of neuroinflammation and neuronal (dys)function in AD. Importantly, a genuine and functional lymphatic vascular network is present around the brain in the outermost meningeal layer, the dura. The meningeal lymphatics are directly connected to the peripheral lymphatic system in different mammalian species, including humans, and play a crucial role in preserving a "healthy" immune surveillance of the CNS, by shaping immune responses, not only locally at the meninges, but also at the level of the brain tissue. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive view on our current knowledge about the meningeal lymphatic vasculature, emphasizing its described roles in modulating CNS fluid and macromolecule drainage, meningeal and brain immunity, as well as glial and neuronal function in aging and in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanon Rego
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Guadalupe Sanchez
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Sandro Da Mesquita
- Department of Neuroscience, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Post-baccalaureate Research Education Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
- Neuroscience Ph.D. Program, Mayo Clinic Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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Iadecola C, Anfray A, Schaeffer S, Hattori Y, Santisteban M, Casey N, Wang G, Strickland M, Zhou P, Holtzman D, Anrather J, Park L. Cell autonomous role of border associated macrophages in ApoE4 neurovascular dysfunction and susceptibility to white matter injury. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-3222611. [PMID: 37577565 PMCID: PMC10418550 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3222611/v1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
Apolipoprotein-E4 (ApoE4), the strongest genetic risk factor for sporadic Alzheimer's disease, is also a risk factor for microvascular pathologies leading to cognitive impairment, particularly subcortical white matter injury. These effects have been attributed to alterations in the regulation of the brain blood supply, but the cellular source of ApoE4 and the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. In mice expressing human ApoE3 or ApoE4 we report that border associated macrophages (BAM), myeloid cells closely apposed to neocortical microvessels, are both the source and the target of the ApoE4 mediating the neurovascular dysfunction through reactive oxygen species. ApoE4 in BAM is solely responsible for the increased susceptibility to oligemic white matter damage in ApoE4 mice and is sufficient to enhance damage in ApoE3 mice. The data unveil a new aspect of BAM pathobiology and highlight a previously unrecognized cell autonomous role of BAM in the neurovascular dysfunction of ApoE4 with potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Gang Wang
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute - Weill Cornell Medicine
| | | | | | | | | | - Laibaik Park
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY
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45
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Sun R, Xie C. Peripheral ApoE4 Leads to Cerebrovascular Dysfunction and Aβ Deposition in Alzheimer's Disease. Neurosci Bull 2023; 39:1330-1332. [PMID: 37093447 PMCID: PMC10387007 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-023-01058-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/25/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Sun
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Chunming Xie
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- Institute of Neuropsychiatry, Affiliated Zhongda Hospital, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
- The Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210009, China.
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46
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Yang LG, March ZM, Stephenson RA, Narayan PS. Apolipoprotein E in lipid metabolism and neurodegenerative disease. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2023:S1043-2760(23)00092-9. [PMID: 37357100 PMCID: PMC10365028 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2023.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/27/2023]
Abstract
Dysregulation of lipid metabolism has emerged as a central component of many neurodegenerative diseases. Variants of the lipid transport protein, apolipoprotein E (APOE), modulate risk and resilience in several neurodegenerative diseases including late-onset Alzheimer's disease (LOAD). Allelic variants of the gene, APOE, alter the lipid metabolism of cells and tissues and have been broadly associated with several other cellular and systemic phenotypes. Targeting APOE-associated metabolic pathways may offer opportunities to alter disease-related phenotypes and consequently, attenuate disease risk and impart resilience to multiple neurodegenerative diseases. We review the molecular, cellular, and tissue-level alterations to lipid metabolism that arise from different APOE isoforms. These changes in lipid metabolism could help to elucidate disease mechanisms and tune neurodegenerative disease risk and resilience.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda G Yang
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Zachary M March
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Roxan A Stephenson
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Priyanka S Narayan
- Genetics and Biochemistry Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.; National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (NINDS), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA; Center for Alzheimer's and Related Dementias (CARD), National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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47
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Cerneckis J, Bu G, Shi Y. Pushing the boundaries of brain organoids to study Alzheimer's disease. Trends Mol Med 2023:S1471-4914(23)00098-9. [PMID: 37353408 PMCID: PMC10374393 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2023.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
Progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD) entails deterioration or aberrant function of multiple brain cell types, eventually leading to neurodegeneration and cognitive decline. Defining how complex cell-cell interactions become dysregulated in AD requires novel human cell-based in vitro platforms that could recapitulate the intricate cytoarchitecture and cell diversity of the human brain. Brain organoids (BOs) are 3D self-organizing tissues that partially resemble the human brain architecture and can recapitulate AD-relevant pathology. In this review, we highlight the versatile applications of different types of BOs to model AD pathogenesis, including amyloid-β and tau aggregation, neuroinflammation, myelin breakdown, vascular dysfunction, and other phenotypes, as well as to accelerate therapeutic development for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cerneckis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA
| | - Guojun Bu
- SciNeuro Pharmaceuticals, Rockville, MD 20850, USA
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA; Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA 91010, USA.
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48
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Allwright M, Mundell HD, McCorkindale AN, Lindley RI, Austin PJ, Guennewig B, Sutherland GT. Ranking the risk factors for Alzheimer's disease; findings from the UK Biobank study. AGING BRAIN 2023; 3:100081. [PMID: 37384134 PMCID: PMC10293768 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbas.2023.100081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The cause of the most common form of dementia, sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD), remains unknown. This may reflect insufficiently powered studies to date for this multi-factorial disorder. The UK Biobank dataset presents a unique opportunity to rank known risk factors and determine novel variables. Methods A custom machine learning approach for high dimensionality data was applied to explore prospectively associations between AD in a sub-cohort of 156,209 UK Biobank participants aged 60-70 including more than 2,090 who were subsequently diagnosed with AD. Results After the possession of the APOE4 allele, the next highest ranked risk factors were other genetic variants within the TOMM40-APOE-APOC1 locus. When stratified by their apolipoprotein epsilon 4 (APOE4) carrier status, the most prominent risk factors in carriers were AST:ALT ratio, the "number of treatments/ medications" taken as well as "time spent in hospital" while protection was conferred by "Sleeplessness/Insomnia". In non-APOE carriers, lower socioeconomic status and fewer years of education were highly ranked but effect sizes were small relative to APOE4 carriers. Conclusions Possession of the APOE4 allele was confirmed as the most important risk factor in AD. Other TOMM40-APOE-APOC1 locus variants further moderate the risk of AD in APOE4 carriers. Liver pathology is a novel risk factor in APOE4 carriers while "Sleeplessness/Insomnia" is protective in AD irrespective of APOE4 status. Other factors such as "Number of treatments/ medications" suggest that multimorbidity is an important risk factor for AD. Future treatments aimed at co-morbidities, including liver disease, may concomitantly lower the risk of sporadic AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Allwright
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Hamish D Mundell
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Andrew N McCorkindale
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Richard I. Lindley
- Westmead Applied Research Centre, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, NSW 2006 and George Institute for Global Health, Newtown, NSW 2042, Australia
| | - Paul J. Austin
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Boris Guennewig
- Brain and Mind Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Greg T Sutherland
- Charles Perkins Centre and School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, University of Sydney, Camperdown, NSW 2006, Australia
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Nemergut M, Marques SM, Uhrik L, Vanova T, Nezvedova M, Gadara DC, Jha D, Tulis J, Novakova V, Planas-Iglesias J, Kunka A, Legrand A, Hribkova H, Pospisilova V, Sedmik J, Raska J, Prokop Z, Damborsky J, Bohaciakova D, Spacil Z, Hernychova L, Bednar D, Marek M. Domino-like effect of C112R mutation on ApoE4 aggregation and its reduction by Alzheimer's Disease drug candidate. Mol Neurodegener 2023; 18:38. [PMID: 37280636 DOI: 10.1186/s13024-023-00620-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apolipoprotein E (ApoE) ε4 genotype is the most prevalent risk factor for late-onset Alzheimer's Disease (AD). Although ApoE4 differs from its non-pathological ApoE3 isoform only by the C112R mutation, the molecular mechanism of its proteinopathy is unknown. METHODS Here, we reveal the molecular mechanism of ApoE4 aggregation using a combination of experimental and computational techniques, including X-ray crystallography, site-directed mutagenesis, hydrogen-deuterium mass spectrometry (HDX-MS), static light scattering and molecular dynamics simulations. Treatment of ApoE ε3/ε3 and ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids with tramiprosate was used to compare the effect of tramiprosate on ApoE4 aggregation at the cellular level. RESULTS We found that C112R substitution in ApoE4 induces long-distance (> 15 Å) conformational changes leading to the formation of a V-shaped dimeric unit that is geometrically different and more aggregation-prone than the ApoE3 structure. AD drug candidate tramiprosate and its metabolite 3-sulfopropanoic acid induce ApoE3-like conformational behavior in ApoE4 and reduce its aggregation propensity. Analysis of ApoE ε4/ε4 cerebral organoids treated with tramiprosate revealed its effect on cholesteryl esters, the storage products of excess cholesterol. CONCLUSIONS Our results connect the ApoE4 structure with its aggregation propensity, providing a new druggable target for neurodegeneration and ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Nemergut
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Center for Interdisciplinary Biosciences, Technology and Innovation Park, P. J. Safarik University in Kosice, Trieda SNP 1, Kosice, 04011, Slovakia
| | - Sérgio M Marques
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Lukas Uhrik
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic
| | - Tereza Vanova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Nezvedova
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | | | - Durga Jha
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Tulis
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Novakova
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Joan Planas-Iglesias
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Antonin Kunka
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Anthony Legrand
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Hana Hribkova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Veronika Pospisilova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Sedmik
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Raska
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Prokop
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Damborsky
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic
| | - Dasa Bohaciakova
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Zdenek Spacil
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
| | - Lenka Hernychova
- Research Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 656 53, Czech Republic.
| | - David Bednar
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
| | - Martin Marek
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, Brno, 625 00, Czech Republic.
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne's University Hospital Brno, Pekarska 53, Brno, 656 91, Czech Republic.
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Cerneckis J, Shi Y. Modeling brain macrophage biology and neurodegenerative diseases using human iPSC-derived neuroimmune organoids. Front Cell Neurosci 2023; 17:1198715. [PMID: 37342768 PMCID: PMC10277621 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2023.1198715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jonas Cerneckis
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Department of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
- Irell and Manella Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Beckman Research Institute of City of Hope, Duarte, CA, United States
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