Early markers of cardiovascular disease are associated with occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons

Benzo[b]fluoranthene damages coronary artery and affects atherosclerosis markers in mice and umbilical vein endothelial cells

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure is associated with cardiovascular diseases. Toxic effects of PAHs are diverse, while cardiovascular consequences of benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F) are unclear. Here, we reported the impacts of B[b]F on coronary artery and atherosclerosis markers both in mice and umbilical vein endothelial EAhy.926 cells. In mice, we found that B[b]F decreases heart-to-body weight ratio, affects aortic physiology, elevates serum low-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol, increases aortic levels of collagen fiber and atherosclerotic marker vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1), and downregulates oxidative stress related nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). In EAhy.926 cells, we showed that B[b]F inhibits cell proliferation and migration in a dose-dependent manner, induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, increases reactive oxygen species, upregulates VCAM-1 level, and suppresses expression of Nrf2. Taken together, our findings reveal that B[b]F exposure may contribute to coronary artery damage and potentially induce atherosclerosis, possibly via the Nrf2-related signaling pathways.

Coke oven emissions exacerbate allergic asthma by promoting ferroptosis in airway epithelial cells

Epidemiological studies have shown that coke oven emissions (COEs) affect the deterioration of asthma, but has not been proven by experimental results. In this study, we found for the first time that COEs exacerbate allergen house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic asthma in the mouse model. The findings reveal that airway inflammation, airway remodeling and allergic reaction were aggravated in the COE + HDM combined exposure group compared with the individual exposure group. Mechanism studies indicated higher levels of iron and MDA in the COE + HDM combined exposure group, along with increased expression of Ptgs2 and reduced GPX4 expression. Iron chelator deferoxamine (DFO) effectively inhibited ferroptosis induced by COE synergistically with HDM in vitro. Further studies highlighted the role of ferritinophagy in the COE + HDM-induced ferroptosis. 3-methyladenine (3-MA) could inhibit ferroptosis in the COE + HDM exposure group. Interestingly, we injected DFO intraperitoneally into mice in the combined exposure group and found DFO could significantly inhibit the COE-exacerbated ferroptosis and allergic asthma. Our findings link ferroptosis with COE-exacerbated allergic asthma, implying that ferroptosis may have important therapeutic potential for asthma in patients with occupational exposure of COE.

Effect and interaction of PINK1 genetic polymorphisms and environmental factors on blood pressure in COEs-exposed workers

Coke oven emissions (COEs) contain a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can cause damage to the human cardiovascular system. In addition, myocardial mitochondria are susceptible to damage in hypertensive patients. However, it is not clear whether genetic variation, in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in PINK1 affects COEs exposure-induced abnormal blood pressure. We surveyed and tested 518 workers exposed to COEs and statistically analyzed them with SPSS 21.0 software. SBP was greater in the high-exposure group than in the low-exposure group. Generalized linear model analysis showed that the interaction of PINK1 rs3738136 (GA+AA) and COEs had an effect on SBP [β(95%CI) = -6.537(-12.072, -1.002), p = 0.021] and DBP [β(95%CI) = -4.811(-8.567, -1.056), p = 0.012]. This study is the first to identify the role of PINK1 rs3738136 in COE- induced abnormal blood pressure, and to prove that the abnormal blood pressure of workers is the result of environmental and genetic factors.

Evaluation of a self-monitoring protocol for assessing soot and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure among chimney sweeps

Traditional methods for measuring chemical exposure have challenges in terms of obtaining sufficient data; therefore, improved methods for better assessing occupational exposure are needed. One possible approach to mitigate these challenges is to use self-monitoring methods such as sensors, diaries, or biomarkers. In the present study, a self-monitored method for measuring soot exposure, which included real-time air monitoring, a work diary, and the collection of urine samples, was evaluated. To validate the method, exposure measurements during the workday and diary entries were compared with velocities calculated from GPS tracking and the expected polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolite patterns in urine. The method was applied with chimney sweeps, an occupational group at a high risk of many severe health outcomes and for whom effective control measures for reducing exposure are needed. In the study, 20 chimney sweeps followed a self-monitoring protocol for 8 consecutive workdays. Personal exposure to soot was measured as black carbon (BC) using micro-aethalometers. A diary was used to record the work tasks performed, and urine samples were collected and analysed for PAH metabolites. From the expected 160 full day measurements, 146 (91%) BC measurements and 149 (93%) diaries were collected. From the expected 320 urine samples, 304 (95%) were collected. The tasks noted in the diaries overlapped with information obtained from the GPS tracking of the chimney sweeps, which covered 96% of the measurement time. The PAH metabolites in urine increased during the work week. Factors believed to have positively influenced the sample collection and task documentation were the highly motivated participants and the continuous presence of trained occupational hygiene professionals during the planning of the study and throughout the measurement stage, during which they were available to inform, instruct, and address questions. In conclusion, the self-monitored protocol used in this study with chimney sweeps is a valuable and valid method that can be used to collect larger numbers of samples. This is especially valuable for occupations in which the employees are working independently and the exposure is difficult to monitor with traditional occupational hygiene methods.

Particulate matter, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and metals, platelet parameters and blood pressure alteration: Multi-pollutants study among population

Epidemiological findings have determined the linkage of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and the morbidity of hypertension. However, the mode of action and specific contribution of PM2.5 component in the blood pressure elevation remain unclear. Platelets are critical for vascular homeostasis and thrombosis, which may be involved in the increase of blood pressure. Among 240 high-PM2.5 exposed, 318 low-PM2.5 exposed workers in a coking plant and 210 workers in the oxygen plant and cold-rolling mill enrolled in present study, both internal and external exposure characteristics were obtained, and we performed linear regression, adaptive elastic net regression, quantile g-computation and mediation analyses to analyze the relationship between urine metabolites of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and metals fractions with platelets indices and blood pressure indicators. We found that PM2.5 exposure leads to increased systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP). Specifically, for every 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5, there was a 0.09 mmHg rise in PP. Additionally, one IQR increase in urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1.06 μmol/mol creatinine) was associated with a 3.43 % elevation in PP. Similarly, an IQR increment of urine cobalt (2.31 μmol/mol creatinine) was associated with a separate 1.77 % and 4.71 % elevation of SBP and PP. Notably, platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) played a mediating role in the elevation of SBP and PP induced by cobalt. Our multi-pollutants results showed that PAHs and cobalt were deleterious contributors to the elevated blood pressure. These findings deepen our understanding of the cardiovascular effects associated with PM2.5 constituents, highlighting the importance of increased vigilance in monitoring and controlling the harmful components in PM2.5.

Associations of multiple hydroxy-polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with serum levels of lipids in the workers from coking and non-ferrous smelting industries

Epidemiological evidence indicates that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is associated with certain metabolic diseases. However, the relationship between PAHs and serum lipid profiles in exposed subjects remain unknown. Herein, the associations of multiple (8) urinary hydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) in workers of coking (n = 655) and non-ferrous smelting (n = 614) industries with serum lipid levels (marking lipid metabolism) were examined. Multivariable linear regression, Bayesian kernel machine regression, and quantile g-computation were used. Most urinary OH-PAHs were significantly higher (p < 0.001) in coking workers than in non-ferrous smelting workers. In workers of both industries, OH-PAH exposure was associated with elevated levels of serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein, as well as reduced high-density lipoprotein levels. Specifically, urinary 4-hydroxyphenanthrene was significantly positively associated with serum total cholesterol, total triglyceride, and low-density lipoprotein levels in non-ferrous smelting workers; however, the completely opposite association of 4-hydroxyphenanthrene with these lipid levels was observed in coking workers. The results of this pioneering examination suggest that exposure to OH-PAHs may contribute to dyslipidemia in coking and non-ferrous smelting workers, and distinct patterns of change were observed. Further prospective studies involving larger sample sizes are needed to further validate the findings.

Sources, trigger points, and effect size of associations between PM2.5-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO): A panel study with 16 follow-up visits over 4 years

Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a significant concern for respiratory health. However, the sources, trigger points, and effect size of specific associations between PM2.5 components, particularly polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and the airway inflammatory marker fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) have not been fully explored. In this study, 69 healthy college students were enrolled and followed up 16 times from 2014 to 2018. Individual FeNO was measured and ambient air PM2.5 samples were collected for 7 consecutive days before each follow-up. PAHs were quantified using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry. Linear mixed-effect regression models were employed to evaluate the associations between PM2.5-bound PAHs and FeNO. Additionally, PMF (Positive Matrix Factorization) was utilized to identify sources of PM2.5-bound PAHs and assess their impact on FeNO. Throughout the study, the average (SD) of ΣPAHs concentrations was 78.50 (128.9) ng/m3. PM2.5 and PM2.5-bound PAHs were significantly associated with FeNO at various lag days. Single-day lag analyses revealed maximum effects of PM2.5 on FeNO, with an increase of 7.71% (95% CI: 4.67%, 10.83%) per interquartile range (IQR) (48.10 μg/m3) increase of PM2.5 at lag2, and ΣPAHs showed a maximum elevation in FeNO of 6.40% (95% CI: 2.33%, 10.63%) at lag4 per IQR (57.39 ng/m3) increase. Individual PAHs exhibited diversity peak effects on FeNO at lag3 (6 of 17), lag4 (9 of 17) in the single-day model, and lag0-5 (8 of 17) (from lag0-1 to lag0-6) in the cumulative model. Source apportionment indicated coal combustion as the primary contributor (accounting for 30.7%). However, a maximum effect on FeNO (an increase of 21.57% (95% CI: 13.58%, 30.13%) per IQR increase) was observed with traffic emissions at lag4. The findings imply that strategic regulation of particular sources of PAHs, like traffic emissions, during specific periods could significantly contribute to safeguarding public health.

Landscape fire smoke airway exposure impairs respiratory and cardiac function and worsens experimental asthma

BACKGROUND

Millions of people are exposed to landscape fire smoke (LFS) globally, and inhalation of LFS particulate matter (PM) is associated with poor respiratory and cardiovascular outcomes. However, how LFS affects respiratory and cardiovascular function is less well understood.

OBJECTIVE

We aimed to characterize the pathophysiologic effects of representative LFS airway exposure on respiratory and cardiac function and on asthma outcomes.

METHODS

LFS was generated using a customized combustion chamber. In 8-week-old female BALB/c mice, low (25 μg/m3, 24-hour equivalent) or moderate (100 μg/m3, 24-hour equivalent) concentrations of LFS PM (10 μm and below [PM10]) were administered daily for 3 (short-term) and 14 (long-term) days in the presence and absence of experimental asthma. Lung inflammation, gene expression, structural changes, and lung function were assessed. In 8-week-old male C57BL/6 mice, low concentrations of LFS PM10 were administered for 3 days. Cardiac function and gene expression were assessed.

RESULTS

Short- and long-term LFS PM10 airway exposure increased airway hyperresponsiveness and induced steroid insensitivity in experimental asthma, independent of significant changes in airway inflammation. Long-term LFS PM10 airway exposure also decreased gas diffusion. Short-term LFS PM10 airway exposure decreased cardiac function and expression of gene changes relating to oxidative stress and cardiovascular pathologies.

CONCLUSIONS

We characterized significant detrimental effects of physiologically relevant concentrations and durations of LFS PM10 airway exposure on lung and heart function. Our study provides a platform for assessment of mechanisms that underpin LFS PM10 airway exposure on respiratory and cardiovascular disease outcomes.

Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and hyperlipidemia: NHANES 2007-2016

BACKGROUND

The relationships between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) metabolites and hyperlipidemia have not been thoroughly studied. The primary goal of this research focused on investigating the linkage between PAH metabolite concentrations in urine and hyperlipidemia prevalence within US adults.

METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis was conducted using data from the 2007-2016 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Logistic regression models were used to assess correlations between urinary PAH metabolite levels and the risk of hyperlipidemia, while restricted cubic spline models were used to examine dose‒response relationships. Subgroup and interaction analyses were performed to further elucidate these associations. Weighted quantile sum (WQS) regression analyzed the cumulative impact of various urinary PAH metabolites on hyperlipidemia risk.

RESULTS

This study included 7,030 participants. Notably, individuals in the highest quintile of urinary PAH metabolite concentrations exhibited a significantly elevated prevalence of hyperlipidemia, even after comprehensive adjustments (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.01-1.75). Moreover, elevated levels of 1-hydroxyphenanthrene and 2-hydroxynaphthalene in the fourth quintile and 2-hydroxyfluorene in the third, fourth, and fifth quintiles demonstrated positive correlations with the prevalence of hyperlipidemia. These associations persisted across subgroup analyses. Additionally, a positive correlation between the urinary PAH metabolite mixture and hyperlipidemia (positive model: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.00-1.09) was observed in the WQS model, and 2-hydroxynaphthalene showed the most substantial contribution.

CONCLUSION

The cross-sectional analysis identified a significant correlation between urinary PAH metabolite and hyperlipidemia prevalence within the US demographic, with 2-hydroxynaphthalene being the predominant influencer. These findings underscore the need to mitigate PAH exposure as a preventive measure for hyperlipidemia.

Associations of Long-Term Exposure to Fine Particulate Constituents With Cardiovascular Diseases and Underlying Metabolic Mediations: A Prospective Population-Based Cohort in Southwest China

BACKGROUND

The health effects of particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter ≤2.5 μm (PM2.5) might differ depending on compositional variations. Little is known about the joint effect of PM2.5 constituents on metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease (CVD). This study aims to evaluate the combined associations of PM2.5 components with CVD, identify the most detrimental constituent, and further quantify the mediation effect of metabolic syndrome.

METHODS AND RESULTS

A total of 14 427 adults were included in a cohort study in Sichuan, China, and were followed to obtain the diagnosis of CVD until 2021. Metabolic syndrome was defined by the simultaneous occurrence of multiple metabolic disorders measured at baseline. The concentrations of PM2.5 chemical constituents within a 1-km2 grid were derived based on satellite- and ground-based detection methods. Cox proportional hazard models showed that black carbon, organic matter (OM), nitrate, ammonium, chloride, and sulfate were positively associated with CVD risks, with hazard ratios (HRs) ranging from 1.24 to 2.11 (all P<0.05). Quantile g-computation showed positive associations with 4 types of CVD risks (HRs ranging from 1.48 to 2.25, all P<0.05). OM and chloride had maximum weights for CVD risks. Causal mediation analysis showed that the positive association of OM with total CVD was mediated by metabolic syndrome, with a mediation proportion of 1.3% (all P<0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Long-term exposure to PM2.5 chemical constituents is positively associated with CVD risks. OM and chloride appear to play the most responsible role in the positive associations between PM2.5 and CVD. OM is probably associated with CVD through metabolic-related pathways.

Personal exposure to gaseous and particulate phase polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and nanoparticles and lung deposited surface area (LDSA) for soot among Norwegian chimney sweepers

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of high molecular weight from chimney soot can cause cancer among chimney sweepers. These sweepers may also be exposed to high concentrations of nanosized particles, which can cause significant inflammatory responses due to their relatively greater surface area per mass. In this study, the authors aimed to assess the exposure profiles of airborne personal exposure to gaseous and particulate PAHs, and real-time samples of the particle number concentrations (PNCs), particle sizes, and lung-deposited surface areas (LDSAs), for chimney sweepers in Norway. Additionally, the authors aimed to assess the task-based exposure concentrations of PNCs, sizes, and LDSAs while working on different tasks. The results are based on personal samples of particulate PAHs (n = 68), gaseous PAHs (n = 28), and real-time nanoparticles (n = 8) collected from 17 chimney sweepers. Samples were collected during a "typical work week" of chimney sweeping and fire safety inspections, then during a "massive soot" week, where larger sweeping missions took place. Significantly higher PAH concentrations were measured during the "massive soot" week compared to the "typical work week," however, the time-weighted average (TWA) (8-hr) of all gaseous and particulate PAHs ranged from 0.52 to 4.47 µg/m3 and 0.49 to 2.50 µg/m3, respectively, well below the Norwegian occupational exposure limit (OEL) of 40 µg/m3. The PNCs were high during certain activities, such as emptying the vacuum cleaner. Additionally, during 2 days of sweeping in a waste sorting facility, the TWAs of the PNCs were 3.6 × 104 and 7.1 × 104 particles/cm3 on the first and second days, respectively, which were near and above the proposed nano reference limit TWA value of 4.0 × 104 particles/cm3 proposed by the International Workshop on Nano Reference Values. The corresponding TWAs of the LDSAs were 49.5 and 54.5 µm2/cm3, respectively. The chimney sweepers seemed aware of the potential health risks associated with exposure, and suitable personal protective equipment was used. However, the PNCs reported for the activities show that when the activities change or increase, the PNCs' TWAs can become unacceptably high.

Exposome and unhealthy aging: environmental drivers from air pollution to occupational exposures

The aging population worldwide is facing a significant increase in age-related non-communicable diseases, including cardiovascular and brain pathologies. This comprehensive review paper delves into the impact of the exposome, which encompasses the totality of environmental exposures, on unhealthy aging. It explores how environmental factors contribute to the acceleration of aging processes, increase biological age, and facilitate the development and progression of a wide range of age-associated diseases. The impact of environmental factors on cognitive health and the development of chronic age-related diseases affecting the cardiovascular system and central nervous system is discussed, with a specific focus on Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, small vessel disease, and vascular cognitive impairment (VCI). Aging is a major risk factor for these diseases. Their pathogenesis involves cellular and molecular mechanisms of aging such as increased oxidative stress, impaired mitochondrial function, DNA damage, and inflammation and is influenced by environmental factors. Environmental toxicants, including ambient particulate matter, pesticides, heavy metals, and organic solvents, have been identified as significant contributors to cardiovascular and brain aging disorders. These toxicants can inflict both macro- and microvascular damage and many of them can also cross the blood-brain barrier, inducing neurotoxic effects, neuroinflammation, and neuronal dysfunction. In conclusion, environmental factors play a critical role in modulating cardiovascular and brain aging. A deeper understanding of how environmental toxicants exacerbate aging processes and contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, VCI, and dementia is crucial for the development of preventive strategies and interventions to promote cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and brain health. By mitigating exposure to harmful environmental factors and promoting healthy aging, we can strive to reduce the burden of age-related cardiovascular and brain pathologies in the aging population.

Non-target and target analysis to identify and characterize thiophenes in soil from an abandoned coking plant

There is concern about the large amounts of aromatic compounds emitted during coking. Previous studies of coking emissions have been focused on polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, dioxin-like compounds, phenols, and volatile organic compounds, but previously unidentified compounds produced during coking may also harm human health. Here, the main pollutants in 69 soil samples from an abandoned coking plant were identified by non-target screening using two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, long-chain alkanes, and thiophenes were dominant. High concentrations of thiophenes (benzothiophenes, dibenzothiophenes, and benzonaphtholthiophenes) were found. Quantitative analysis of 12 thiophenes (selected because of their concentrations and detection frequencies) was performed, and the concentrations were 0.03-647 μg/g dry weight, which were extremely high compared with concentrations in soil from uncontaminated sites and other industrial sites. Dibenzothiophene and benzo[b]naphtho[2,1-d]thiophene were dominant, accounting for 69% of the total thiophene concentration. Thiophene profiles in very contaminated areas were different from the profile in coal but similar to the profile in tar. Thiophenes in soil at the coking plant may have been supplied in tar leaks, wastewater, coke oven gases, and exhaust gases. A toxicity assessment indicated a strong likelihood of oxidative stress being induced by exposure to multiple thiophenes at the coking plant. The results suggest that thiophene emissions from coking plants should attract more attention than currently.

Biomarkers for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in human excreta: recent advances in analytical techniques-a review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are widespread environmental pollutants that are generated by the incomplete combustion of organic materials. The main anthropogenic sources of PAHs are the combustion of solid fuels for heating purposes, illegal waste incineration, road transport and industries based on fossil fuels. PAHs can easily enter the body because they are present in all elements of the environment, including water, soil, air, and food. Due to their ubiquitous presence, PAHs, may exert a harmful effect on human health. Assessing PAH exposure through biomonitoring mostly involve techniques to measure the concentration of 1-hydroxypyrene in human urine. Nevertheless, through recent progress in analytical techniques, other common metabolites of PAHs in human biospecimens can be detected. A scientific literature search was conducted to determine which hydroxy derivatives of PAHs are markers of PAHs exposure and to reveal the leading sources of these compounds. Techniques for analyzing biological samples to identify OH-PAHs are also discussed. The most frequently determined OH-PAH in human urine is 1-hydroxypyrene, the concentration of which reaches up to a dozen ng/L in urine. Apart from this compound, the most frequently determined biomarkers were naphthalene and fluorene metabolites. The highest concentrations of 1- and 2-hydroxynaphthalene, as well as 2-hydroxyfluorene, are associated with occupational exposure and reach approximately 30 ng/L in urine. High molecular weight PAH metabolites have been identified in only a few studies. To date, PAH metabolites in feces have been analyzed only in animal models for PAH exposure. The most frequently used analytical method is HPLC-FLD. However, compared to liquid chromatography, the LOD for gas chromatography methods is at least one order of magnitude lower. The hydroxy derivatives naphthalene and fluorene may also serve as indicators of PAH exposure.

Firefighters and the liver: Exposure to PFAS and PAHs in relation to liver function and serum lipids (CELSPAC-FIREexpo study)

INTRODUCTION

Firefighting is one of the most hazardous occupations due to exposure to per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Such exposure is suspected to affect the cardiometabolic profile, e.g., liver function and serum lipids. However, only a few studies have investigated the impact of this specific exposure among firefighters.

METHODS

Men included in the CELSPAC-FIREexpo study were professional firefighters (n = 52), newly recruited firefighters in training (n = 58), and controls (n = 54). They completed exposure questionnaires and provided 1-3 samples of urine and blood during the 11-week study period to allow assessment of their exposure to PFAS (6 compounds) and PAHs (6 compounds), and to determine biomarkers of liver function (alanine aminotransferase (ALT), gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and total bilirubin (BIL)) and levels of serum lipids (total cholesterol (CHOL), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and triglycerides (TG)). The associations between biomarkers were investigated both cross-sectionally using multiple linear regression (MLR) and Bayesian weighted quantile sum (BWQS) regression and prospectively using MLR. The models were adjusted for potential confounders and false discovery rate correction was applied to account for multiplicity.

RESULTS

A positive association between exposure to PFAS and PAH mixture and BIL (β = 28.6%, 95% CrI = 14.6-45.7%) was observed by the BWQS model. When the study population was stratified, in professional firefighters and controls the mixture showed a positive association with CHOL (β = 29.5%, CrI = 10.3-53.6%) and LDL (β = 26.7%, CrI = 8.3-48.5%). No statistically significant associations with individual compounds were detected using MLR.

CONCLUSIONS

This study investigated the associations between exposure to PFAS and PAHs and biomarkers of cardiometabolic health in the Czech men, including firefighters. The results suggest that higher exposure to a mixture of these compounds is associated with an increase in BIL and the alteration of serum lipids, which can result in an unfavourable cardiometabolic profile.

Exposure of Swedish adolescents to elements, persistent organic pollutants (POPs), and rapidly excreted substances - The Riksmaten adolescents 2016-17 national survey

Adolescence is a period of significant physiological changes, and likely a sensitive window to chemical exposure. Few nation-wide population-based studies of chemical body burdens in adolescents have been published. In the national dietary survey Riksmaten Adolescents (RMA) 2016-17, over 13 chemical substance groups, including elements, chlorinated/brominated/fluorinated persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were analysed in blood, and in urine metabolites of phthalates/phthalate alternatives, phosphorous flame retardants, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and pesticides, along with bisphenols and biocide/preservative/antioxidant/UV filter substances (N = 1082, ages 11-21). The aim was to characterize the body burdens in a representative population of adolescents in Sweden, and to compare results with human biomonitoring guidance values (HBM-GVs). Cluster analyses and Spearman's rank order correlations suggested that concentrations of substances with known common exposure sources and similar toxicokinetics formed obvious clusters and showed moderate to very strong correlations (r ≥ 0.4). No clusters were formed between substances from different matrices. Geometric mean (GM) concentrations of the substances were generally less than 3-fold different from those observed among adolescents in NHANES (USA 2015-16) and GerES V (Germany 2014-17). Notable exceptions were brominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) with >20-fold lower GM concentrations, and the biocide triclosan and ultraviolet (UV) filter benzophenone-3 with >15-fold lower mean concentrations in RMA compared to NHANES. Exceedance of the most conservative HBM-GVs were observed for aluminium (Al, 26% of subjects), perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS, 19%), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, 12%), lead (Pb, 12%), MBP (dibutyl phthalate metabolite, 4.8%), hexachlorobenzene (HCB, 3.1%) and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid (PBA, pyrethroid metabolite, 2.2%). Males showed a higher proportion of exceedances than females for Pb, HCB and PFOS; otherwise no gender-related differences in exceedances were observed. A higher proportion of males than females had a Hazard Index (HI) of substances with liver and kidney toxicity and neurotoxicity >1. Industrialized countries with similarly high standards of living, with some exceptions, show comparable average body burdens of a variety of toxic chemicals among adolescents from the general population. The exceedances of HBM-GVs and HIs strongly suggests that further efforts to limit chemical exposure are warranted.

Association of occupational exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in workers with hypertension from a northeastern Chinese petrochemical industrial area

Elevated urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites have been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs). However, for petrochemical workers with potentially high PAH exposure, it remains largely unknown whether the link will be amplified. Thus, this work aimed to investigate 14 urinary mono-hydroxylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (OH-PAHs) in 746 petrochemical workers working in a Chinese petrochemical industrial area and their association with the risk of hypertension using the binary logistic regression. Metabolites of naphthalene, fluorene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were frequently detected in the 746 urine samples analyzed (>98%), with Σ₁₀OH-PAH concentration in the range of 0.906-358 ng/mL. 2-hydroxynaphthalene accounted for the largest proportion of ten detected OH-PAHs (60.8% of Σ₁₀OH-PAHs). There were significant correlations between these metabolites and other factors, including gender, age, and body mass index. Diastolic blood pressure, not systolic blood pressure, was significant positively associated with the urinary Σ₁₀OH-PAH concentrations of the petrochemical workers. Elevated urinary 2/3-OH-Flu was significantly associated with an increased risk of hypertension (adjusted odds ratio: 1.96, 95% confidence interval: 1.20-3.18, p = 0.007), suggesting that PAH exposure in petrochemical workers was a driving factor of hypertension. In the stratified analysis, the association was more pronounced in those who were overweight with older age. Although the PAH exposure risk in petrochemical workers based on the estimated daily intakes was relatively low. Given the long-term impact, we call attention to CVDs of petrochemical workers.

Biomonitoring of firefighting forces: a review on biomarkers of exposure to health-relevant pollutants released from fires

Occupational exposure as a firefighter has recently been classified as a carcinogen to humans by International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Biomonitoring has been increasingly used to characterize exposure of firefighting forces to contaminants. However, available data are dispersed and information on the most relevant and promising biomarkers in this context of firefighting is missing. This review presents a comprehensive summary and critical appraisal of existing biomarkers of exposure including volatile organic compounds such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, several other persistent other organic pollutants as well as heavy metals and metalloids detected in biological fluids of firefighters attending different fire scenarios. Urine was the most characterized matrix, followed by blood. Firefighters exhaled breath and saliva were poorly evaluated. Overall, biological levels of compounds were predominantly increased in firefighters after participation in firefighting activities. Biomonitoring studies combining different biomarkers of exposure and of effect are currently limited but exploratory findings are of high interest. However, biomonitoring still has some unresolved major limitations since reference or recommended values are not yet established for most biomarkers. In addition, half-lives values for most of the biomarkers have thus far not been defined, which significantly hampers the design of studies. These limitations need to be tackled urgently to improve risk assessment and support implementation of better more effective preventive strategies.

Association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and diabetes mellitus among the US population: a cross-sectional study

BACKGROUND

The primary aim of this study is to examine the association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and diabetes mellitus (DM) among the US population.

METHODS

We used data from the National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey 2003-16, which is a nationally representative population-based survey of the US non-institutionalized population. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between urinary PAHs and the prevalence of DM using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

RESULTS

The study sample including 13 792 individuals ≥18 y of age. The average ages of the three PAH tertiles were 42.56±19.67, 42.21±19.51 and 43.39±17.99 y. An increased risk of DM was found with increased odds for the second (OR 1.56 [95% CI 1.36 to 1.79]) and third tertile (OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.55 to 2.06)] of urinary PAH as compared with the first tertile. Similarly, higher chances of DM were observed in the second (men: OR 1.42 [95% CI 1.18 to 1.71]; women: OR 1.76 [95% CI 1.44 to 2.14]) and third tertile (men: OR 1.69 [95% CI 1.38 to 2.08]; women: OR 1.79 [95% CI 1.46 to 2.19]) of urinary PAHs as compared with the first tertile in both men and women.

CONCLUSIONS

A population-based cross-sectional study found a positive association between urinary PAHs and DM in the US population.

Respiratory and allergic outcomes among 5-year-old children exposed to pesticides

BACKGROUND

Little is known about the effects of pesticides on children's respiratory and allergic outcomes. We evaluated associations of prenatal and current pesticide exposures with respiratory and allergic outcomes in children from the Infants' Environmental Health Study in Costa Rica.

METHODS

Among 5-year-old children (n=303), we measured prenatal and current specific gravity-corrected urinary metabolite concentrations of insecticides (chlorpyrifos, pyrethroids), fungicides (mancozeb, pyrimethanil, thiabendazole) and 2,4-D. We collected information from caregivers on respiratory (ever doctor-diagnosed asthma and lower respiratory tract infections (LRTI), wheeze and cough during last 12 months) and allergic (nasal allergies, itchy rash, ever eczema) outcomes. We fitted separate multivariable logistic regression models for high (≥75th percentile (P75)) vs low (<P75) metabolite concentrations with respiratory and allergic outcomes. We also ran models including metabolite concentrations as continuous exposure variables.

RESULTS

Children's respiratory outcomes were common (39% cough, 20% wheeze, 12% asthma, 5% LRTI). High current pyrethroid metabolite concentrations (∑pyrethroids) were associated with wheeze (OR=2.37, 95% CI 1.28 to 4.34), itchy rash (OR=2.74, 95% CI 1.33 to 5.60), doctor-diagnosed asthma and LRTI. High current ethylene thiourea (ETU) (specific metabolite of mancozeb) was somewhat associated with LRTI (OR=2.09, 95% CI 0.68 to 6.02). We obtained similar results when modelling ∑pyrethroids and ETU as continuous variables. We saw inconsistent or null associations for other pesticide exposures and health outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

Current pyrethroid exposure may affect children's respiratory and allergic health at 5 years of age. Current mancozeb exposure might contribute to LRTI. These findings are important as pyrethroids are broadly used in home environments and agriculture and mancozeb in agriculture.

The Use of Human Biomonitoring to Assess Occupational Exposure to PAHs in Europe: A Comprehensive Review

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the chemicals with proven impact on workers' health. The use of human biomonitoring (HBM) to assess occupational exposure to PAHs has become more common in recent years, but the data generated need an overall view to make them more usable by regulators and policymakers. This comprehensive review, developed under the Human Biomonitoring for Europe (HBM4EU) Initiative, was based on the literature available from 2008-2022, aiming to present and discuss the information on occupational exposure to PAHs, in order to identify the strengths and limitations of exposure and effect biomarkers and the knowledge needs for regulation in the workplace. The most frequently used exposure biomarker is urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OH-PYR), a metabolite of pyrene. As effect biomarkers, those based on the measurement of oxidative stress (urinary 8-oxo-dG adducts) and genotoxicity (blood DNA strand-breaks) are the most common. Overall, a need to advance new harmonized approaches both in data and sample collection and in the use of appropriate biomarkers in occupational studies to obtain reliable and comparable data on PAH exposure in different industrial sectors, was noted. Moreover, the use of effect biomarkers can assist to identify work environments or activities of high risk, thus enabling preventive risk mitigation and management measures.

Underground emissions and miners' personal exposure to diesel and renewable diesel exhaust in a Swedish iron ore mine

PURPOSE

Underground diesel exhaust exposure is an occupational health risk. It is not known how recent intensified emission legislation and use of renewable fuels have reduced or altered occupational exposures. We characterized these effects on multipollutant personal exposure to diesel exhaust and underground ambient air concentrations in an underground iron ore mine.

METHODS

Full-shift personal sampling (12 workers) of elemental carbon (EC), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and equivalent black carbon (eBC) was performed. The study used and validated eBC as an online proxy for occupational exposure to EC. Ambient air sampling of these pollutants and particle number size distribution and concentration were performed in the vicinity of the workers. Urine samples (27 workers) were collected after 8 h exposure and analyzed for PAH metabolites and effect biomarkers (8-oxodG for DNA oxidative damage, 4-HNE-MA for lipid peroxidation, 3-HPMA for acrolein).

RESULTS

The personal exposures (geometric mean; GM) of the participating miners were 7 µg EC m-3 and 153 µg NO2 m-3, which are below the EU occupational exposure limits. However, exposures up to 94 µg EC m-3 and 1200 µg NO2 m-3 were observed. There was a tendency that the operators of vehicles complying with sharpened emission legislation had lower exposure of EC. eBC and NO2 correlated with EC, R = 0.94 and R = 0.66, respectively. No correlation was found between EC and the sum of 16 priority PAHs (GM 1790 ng m-3). Ratios between personal exposures and ambient concentrations were similar and close to 1 for EC and NO2, but significantly higher for PAHs. Semi-volatile PAHs may not be effectively reduced by the aftertreatment systems, and ambient area sampling did not predict the personal airborne PAHs exposure well, neither did the slightly elevated concentration of urinary PAH metabolites correlate with airborne PAH exposure.

CONCLUSION

Miners' exposures to EC and NO2 were lower than those in older studies indicating the effect of sharpened emission legislation and new technologies. Using modern vehicles with diesel particulate filter (DPF) may have contributed to the lower ambient underground PM concentration and exposures. The semi-volatile behavior of the PAHs might have led to inefficient removal in the engines aftertreatment systems and delayed removal by the workplace ventilation system due to partitioning to indoor surfaces. The results indicate that secondary emissions can be an important source of gaseous PAH exposure in the mine.

Constitutive androstane receptor (CAR) mediates pyrene-induced mice liver inflammatory response with increased serum amyloid A proteins and Th17 cells

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

The constitutive androstane receptor (CAR), a known xenobiotic sensor, plays an important role in drug metabolism by regulating numerous genes. We previously reported that pyrene, an environmental pollutant, is a CAR activator and induces mouse hepatotoxicity via CAR. Here, we investigate the molecular mechanism of inflammatory response in pyrene-caused mice liver injury.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH

Effects of pyrene on the liver were investigated in wild-type and CAR knockout (KO) mice. Levels of pyrene and its metabolite were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).

KEY RESULTS

Serum amyloid A proteins (SAAs) were dramatically induced in the liver and serum of pyrene-exposed wild-type mice. Interleukin 17 (IL-17)-producing helper T cells (Th17 cells) and IL-17 levels were significantly increased in the liver of pyrene-exposed wild-type mice. Hepatic mRNA levels of inflammatory cytokines including IL-1β, IL-6 and TNFα, and serum IL-6 levels were significantly elevated in pyrene-treated wild-type mice. However, the above induction was not observed in CAR KO mice.

CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS

We demonstrate that CAR plays a crucial role in pyrene-caused mice liver inflammatory response with increased SAAs and Th17 cells. Our results suggest that serum SAAs may be a convenient biomarker for early diagnosis of liver inflammatory response caused by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) including pyrene. CAR and Th17 cells may be potential targets for novel therapeutic strategy for xenobiotic-induced liver inflammatory response.

The Association between Urinary Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Metabolites and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered to be endocrine disruptors. In this study, the evidence on the association between PAHs and diabetes was systematically reviewed. PubMed, EMBASE, and ISI Web of Science were systematically searched for studies reporting the association between PAHs and diabetes. Of the 698 articles identified through the search, nine cross-sectional studies were included. Seven were conducted in the general population and two in coke oven workers. Fixed-effects and random-effects models were used to calculate the total effect. Subgroup analysis was further carried out according to the types of PAH metabolites. The results showed that the odds of diabetes were significantly higher for the highest category of urinary naphthalene (NAP), fluorine (FLU), phenanthrene (PHEN), and total mono-hydroxylated (OH-PAH) metabolites compared to the lowest category. The pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were 1.52 (95%CI: 1.19, 1.94), 1.53 (95%CI: 1.36, 1.71), 1.43 (95%CI: 1.28, 1.60), and 1.49 (95%CI: 1.07, 2.08), respectively. In coke oven workers, 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OHPh) was significantly correlated with an increased risk of diabetes. Exposure measurements, outcome definitions, and adjustment for confounders were heterogeneous between studies. The results of the current study demonstrate a potentially adverse effect of PAHs on diabetes. Further mechanistic studies and longitudinal studies are needed to confirm whether PAH metabolite levels are causative, and hence associative, with increased diabetes incidences.

Relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure with vascular damages among sanitation workers

Chronic exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) leads to a high incidence of cardiovascular diseases. To assess the effects of PAHs exposure on vascular damages in occupationally exposed populations, 196 sanitation workers were recruited. According to the differences of occupation or operation, they were divided into exposure group (n = 115) and control group (n = 81). Sixteen serum PAHs were determined by gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometery. Tumor necrosis factor ɑ (TNF-ɑ) and angiotensin II (ANG-II) in serum, blood lipids and blood pressure were also measured. Results showed that, except for indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene, the detection frequencies of other PAHs were above 85%, showing that subjects are generally exposed to PAHs. The top three compounds in serum concentrations of PAHs were phenanthrene, acenaphthylene and anthracene. Moreover, the concentrations of total serum PAHs in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control (p < 0.05), suggesting a higher PAHs exposure in the former. Though there was no significant difference in blood lipids and blood pressure between groups (p > 0.05), TNF-ɑ and ANG-II levels in the exposure group were significantly higher than those in the control group (p < 0.05), suggesting that PAHs exposure may be related to pro-inflammatory effects and vascular endothelial damages.

Association of urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and cardiovascular disease among US population: A cross-sectional study

OBJECTIVE

The main aim of the study was to illustrate the association between urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their metabolites with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), including congestive heart failure (CHF), coronary heart disease (CHD), angina, heart attack, and stroke among the US population.

METHODS

The National Health and Nutritional Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-16, nationally representative data were utilized for this study. A cross-sectional observational study was designed to assess the strength of the association between urinary PAH and CVDs. The NHANES survey used a stratified multistage probability sample strategy for obtaining representative samples. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the association between PAH and the prevalence of CVDs.

RESULTS

In our study, the average ages of the three different PAHs tertiles were 42.56 ± 19.68, 42.21 ± 19.51, and 43.39 ± 17.99 years, respectively. A positive association was found between the second and third tertile of urinary PAH and increased prevalence of coronary heart disease (tertile-2: OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.09-1.42; tertile-3: OR = 1.97, 95% CI = 1.69-2.28), angina (tertile-2: OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.13-1.49; tertile-3: OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 1.76-2.42), heart attack (tertile-2: OR = 1.28, 95% CI = 1.12-1.47; tertile-3: OR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.48-1.96) and stroke (tertile-2: OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 1.02-1.33; tertile-3: OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43-1.93) in total participants, respectively, with p-values less than 0.05.

CONCLUSION

In conclusion, this study found a positive association between urinary PAHs and the prevalence of various CVDs among the US population.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and its effects on human health: An overeview

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of chemicals of considerable environmental significance. PAHs are chemical contaminants of fused carbon and hydrogen aromatic rings, basically white, light-yellow, or solid compounds without color. Natural sources of pollution are marginal or less significant, such as volcanic eruptions, natural forest fires, and moorland fires that trigger lightning bursts. The significant determinants of PAH pollution are anthropogenic pollution sources, classified into four groups, i.e., industrial, mobile, domestic, and agricultural pollution sources. Humans can consume PAHs via different routes, such as inhalation, dermal touch, and ingestion. The Effect of PAHs on human health is primarily based on the duration and route of exposure, the volume or concentration of PAHs to which one is exposed, and the relative toxicity of PAHs. Many PAHs are widely referred to as carcinogens, mutagens, and teratogens and thus pose a significant danger to human health and the well-being of humans. Skin, lung, pancreas, esophagus, bladder, colon, and female breast are numerous organs prone to tumor development due to long-term PAH exposure. PAH exposure may increase the risk of lung cancer as well as cardiovascular disease (CVD), including atherosclerosis, thrombosis, hypertension, and myocardial infarction (MI). Preclinical studies have found a relationship between PAH exposure, oxidative stress, and atherosclerosis. In addition, investigations have discovered a relationship between PAH exposure at work and CVD illness and mortality development. This review aims to explain PAH briefly, its transportation, its effects on human health, and a relationship between environmental exposures to PAHs and CVD risk in humans.

Beyond pharmaceuticals: Fit-for-purpose new approach methodologies for environmental cardiotoxicity testing

Environmental factors play a substantial role in determining cardiovascular health, but data informing the risks presented by environmental toxicants is insufficient. In vitro new approach methodologies (NAMs) offer a promising approach with which to address the limitations of traditional in vivo and in vitro assays for assessing cardiotoxicity. Driven largely by the needs of pharmaceutical toxicity testing, considerable progress in developing NAMs for cardiotoxicity analysis has already been made. As the scientific and regulatory interest in NAMs for environmental chemicals continues to grow, a thorough understanding of the unique features of environmental cardiotoxicants and their associated cardiotoxicities is needed. Here, we review the key characteristics of as well as important regulatory and biological considerations for fit-for-purpose NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity. By emphasizing the challenges and opportunities presented by NAMs for environmental cardiotoxicity we hope to accelerate their development, acceptance, and application.

Longitudinal relationships between polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons exposure and heart rate variability: Exploring the role of transforming growth factor-β in a general Chinese population

We aim to investigate the long-term adverse effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure on heart rate variability (HRV) reduction, and to assess the potential role of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) in such relationship. We enrolled 2985 adult residents with 4100 observations who participated at baseline and 6-years follow-up from Wuhan-Zhuhai cohort. Ten detectable urinary PAHs metabolites and two HRV indices were repeatedly measured at baseline and follow-up; and plasma TGF-β1 levels were also determined for all subjects. We observed that both total urinary low molecular weight PAHs (ΣLWM OH-PAH) and total urinary high molecular weight PAHs (ΣHWM OH-PAH) were negatively associated with HRV reductions (P < 0.05). Subjects with persistent high levels of ΣHWM OH-PAH had a significant reduction in HRV over 6 years, and the incensement of TGF-β1 could aggravate above adverse effects in a dose-response manner. All kinds of PAHs were positively associated with plasma TGF-β1 elevation, which in turn, were negatively related to HRV indices. Increased TGF-β1 significant mediated 1.34-3.62% of PAHs-associated HRV reduction. Our findings demonstrated that long-term high levels of PAHs exposure could cause HRV reductions, and TGF-β1 may play an essential role in such association.

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and nicotine, and associations with sperm DNA fragmentation

Background

Tobacco smoking has been reported to cause DNA fragmentation and has been suggested to cause mutations in spermatozoa. These effects have been ascribed to the action of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) present in the smoke. Simultaneously, DNA fragmentation has been associated with mutagenesis.

Objective

The aim of this study was to investigate whether levels of urinary biomarkers of PAH and nicotine exposure were associated with sperm DNA fragmentation.

Methods

In the urine of 381 men recruited from two cohorts of young men (17–21 years old) from the general Swedish population, the PAH metabolites 1‐hydroxypyrene and 2‐hydroxyphenanthrene, as well as the nicotine metabolite cotinine, were measured. The sperm DNA fragmentation index (DFI) was analysed using the sperm chromatin structure assay. Associations between the DFI, and PAH metabolite levels as continuous variables as well as in quartiles, were studied by general linear models adjusted for abstinence time. A similar analysis was carried out for cotinine levels, according to which the men were categorised as “non‐smoking” (n = 216) and “smoking” (n = 165).

Results

No association was found between levels of any of the three biomarkers and DFI, either as a continuous variable (p = 0.87–0.99), or when comparing the lowest and the highest quartiles (p = 0.11–0.61). The same was true for comparison of men categorised as non‐smoking or smoking (DFI 11.1% vs. 11.8%, p = 0.31).

Discussion

We found no evidence of PAH or nicotine exposure to be associated with DFI, which does not exclude that these exposures may have other effects on sperm DNA.

Conclusion

In these young men, levels of biomarkers of nicotine and PAH exposure were not associated with DFI.

The effect of emerging tobacco related products and their toxic constituents on thrombosis

Although conventional cigarette smoking is declining, emerging tobacco related products (ETRPs) are currently gaining ground, especially among the youth. These products include electronic cigarettes, waterpipes/hookah, cigars/cigarillo, smokeless tobacco, and heat-not-burn cigarettes. The observed increase in the use of ETRPs is multifactorial and complex but appears to be mainly driven by efforts from the major tobacco companies to reinvent themselves, and present more appealing and allegedly safe(r) tobacco products. However, it is becoming apparent that these products produce substantial amounts of toxic chemicals, many of which have been shown to exert negative health effects, including in the context of the cardiovascular system. Thus, there has been research efforts, albeit limited in general, to characterize the health impact of these products on occlusive/thrombotic cardiovascular diseases (CVD). In this review, we will discuss the potential impact of ETRPs on thrombosis-based CVD. Specifically, we will review how these products and the major chemicals they produce and/or emit can trigger key players in the process of thrombosis, namely inflammation, oxidative stress, platelets, coagulation, and the vascular endothelium, and the relationship between these effects.

Comprehensive Statistical and Bioinformatics Analysis in the Deciphering of Putative Mechanisms by Which Lipid-Associated GWAS Loci Contribute to Coronary Artery Disease

The study was designed to evaluate putative mechanisms by which lipid-associated loci identified by genome-wide association studies (GWAS) are involved in the molecular pathogenesis of coronary artery disease (CAD) using a comprehensive statistical and bioinformatics analysis. A total of 1700 unrelated individuals of Slavic origin from the Central Russia, including 991 CAD patients and 709 healthy controls were examined. Sixteen lipid-associated GWAS loci were selected from European studies and genotyped using the MassArray-4 system. The polymorphisms were associated with plasma lipids such as total cholesterol (rs12328675, rs4846914, rs55730499, and rs838880), LDL-cholesterol (rs3764261, rs55730499, rs1689800, and rs838880), HDL-cholesterol (rs3764261) as well as carotid intima-media thickness/CIMT (rs12328675, rs11220463, and rs1689800). Polymorphisms such as rs4420638 of APOC1 (p = 0.009), rs55730499 of LPA (p = 0.0007), rs3136441 of F2 (p < 0.0001), and rs6065906 of PLTP (p = 0.002) showed significant associations with the risk of CAD, regardless of sex, age, and body mass index. A majority of the observed associations were successfully replicated in large independent cohorts. Bioinformatics analysis allowed establishing (1) phenotype-specific and shared epistatic gene–gene and gene–smoking interactions contributing to all studied cardiovascular phenotypes; (2) lipid-associated GWAS loci might be allele-specific binding sites for transcription factors from gene regulatory networks controlling multifaceted molecular mechanisms of atherosclerosis.

Human Biomonitoring of Selected Hazardous Compounds in Portugal: Part I-Lessons Learned on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons, Metals, Metalloids, and Pesticides

Human biomonitoring (HBM) data provide information on total exposure regardless of the route and sources of exposure. HBM studies have been applied to quantify human exposure to contaminants and environmental/occupational pollutants by determining the parent compounds, their metabolites or even their reaction products in biological matrices. HBM studies performed among the Portuguese population are disperse and limited. To overcome this knowledge gap, this review gathers, for the first time, the published Portuguese HBM information concerning polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), metals, metalloids, and pesticides concentrations detected in the urine, serum, milk, hair, and nails of different groups of the Portuguese population. This integrative insight of available HBM data allows the analysis of the main determinants and patterns of exposure of the Portuguese population to these selected hazardous compounds, as well as assessment of the potential health risks. Identification of the main difficulties and challenges of HBM through analysis of the enrolled studies was also an aim. Ultimately, this study aimed to support national and European policies promoting human health and summarizes the most important outcomes and lessons learned through the HBM studies carried out in Portugal.

Environmental exposures contribute to respiratory and allergic symptoms among women living in the banana growing regions of Costa Rica

OBJECTIVES

This research evaluates whether environmental exposures (pesticides and smoke) influence respiratory and allergic outcomes in women living in a tropical, agricultural environment.

METHODS

We used data from 266 mothers from the Infants' Environmental Health cohort study in Costa Rica. We evaluated environmental exposures in women by measuring seven pesticide and two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons metabolites in urine samples. We defined 'high exposure' as having a metabolite value in the top 75th percentile. We collected survey data on respiratory and allergic outcomes in mothers as well as on pesticides and other environmental exposures. Using logistic regression models adjusted for obesity, we assessed the associations of pesticide exposure with multiple outcomes (wheeze, doctor-diagnosed asthma, high (≥2) asthma score based on symptoms, rhinitis, eczema and itchy rash).

RESULTS

Current pesticide use in the home was positively associated with diagnosed asthma (OR=1.99 (95% CI=1.05 to 3.87)). High urinary levels of 5-hydroxythiabendazole (thiabendazole metabolite) and living in a neighbourhood with frequent smoke from waste burning were associated with a high asthma score (OR=1.84 (95%CI=1.05 to 3.25) and OR=2.31 (95%CI=1.11 to 5.16), respectively). Women who worked in agriculture had a significantly lower prevalence of rhinitis (0.19 (0.01 to 0.93)), but were more likely to report eczema (OR=2.54 (95%CI=1.33 to 4.89)) and an itchy rash (OR=3.17 (95%CI=1.24 to 7.73)).

CONCLUSIONS

While limited by sample size, these findings suggest that environmental exposure to both pesticides and smoke may impact respiratory and skin-related allergic outcomes in women.

Relationship Between Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Cardiovascular Diseases: A Systematic Review

Objective: The primary aim of this systematic review was to examine the relationship of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) exposure with cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and elaborate the current knowledge and recent advances in the area of PAH and its effects on CVDs and discuss the growing epidemiological evidence linking PAH to CVDs on the health of human populations. In this systematic review, the increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and their relationship with PAHs were discussed in detail.

Methods: On 05th April 2021, a systematic literature search was conducted using PubMed/Medline and Web of Science search engines in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) criteria. The search was limited to articles that were written in English and dealt with human issues. All original peer-review publications were considered for inclusion. Comments, case reports, reviews, duplicated papers, and conference reports were excluded. Data was collected from included papers by two independent reviewers.

Results: Conclusively, 20 research articles published between 2005 and 2021 were chosen for the final analysis. The systemic review included 20 studies with a variety of geographical studies. The most common research category among the nominated studies were time-series studies followed by retrospective cohort, cross-sectional, quasi-experimental, panel, and case-control studies. Most of the studies were conducted in the United States, whereas others were showed in various geographical countries around the world, such as Denmark, Germany, Finland, Netherlands, France, China, Norway, Korea, Sweden, Saudi Arabia, and Belgium. Eight studies assessed the association between PAH exposure and CVDs, four articles observed this relationship with blood pressure (BP), two observed association between atherosclerotic CVD and PAH, one congenital heart disease, cardiovascular events, and two with obesity. Furthermore, in some investigations, a favorable association between PAH exposure and hypertension as well as PAH exposure and obesity was found.

Conclusion: In conclusion, this systematic review examined the relationship of PAH exposure with CVDs and CVD-related risk factors by searching several digital databases. After a comprehensive literature searches and summarizing findings from 20 articles, the authors concluded that a positive relationship was observed between PAH exposure and CVD risks.

Urinary biohazard markers in firefighters

Firefighters are the professional force at high risk of suffering potential health consequences due to their chronic exposure to numerous hazardous pollutants during firefighting activities. Unfortunately, determination of fire emission exposure is very challenging. As such, the identification and development of appropriate biomarkers is critical in meeting this need. This chapter presents a critical review of current information related with the use of different urinary biomarkers of effect and exposure in occupationally exposed firefighters over the last 25 years. Evidence suggests that urinary isoprostanes and mutagenicity testing are promising biomarkers of early oxidative stress. Data indicate that firefighters participating in firefighting activities present with increased urinary biomarkers of exposure. These include polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, heavy metals and metalloids, organo-chlorine and -phosphorus compounds, environmental phenols, phthalates, benzene and toluene. More studies are urgently needed to better evaluate firefighter occupational safety and health and to support the implementation of preventive measures and mitigation strategies to promote the protection of this chronically exposed group of workers.

A preliminary study on household air pollution exposure and health-related factors among rural housewives in Gansu province, northwest China

This study monitored the indoor air PAHs and PM2.5 exposure and their seasonal variations, so as to explore the potential health effects of household air pollution (HAP) on rural women's health in northwest China. It was detected that the average indoor PM2.5 and PAHs concentrations in the heating season were both significantly higher than those in the non-heating season (P<0.01). And they were positively correlated with the urinary 1-OHP levels respectively. Then the PAHs and 1-OHP were both significantly correlated with the urinary 8-OHdG levels (P<0.05). By statistical models, household PM2.5 and PAHs were closely related to urinary 1-OHP levels. Similarly, PM2.5, PAHs and 1-OHP all have significant effects with urinary 8-OHdG (P<0.05). Therefore, housewives in rural northwest China were exposed to higher HAP, and it could improve the risk for oxidative damage.

In silico approaches in organ toxicity hazard assessment: Current status and future needs for predicting heart, kidney and lung toxicities

The kidneys, heart and lungs are vital organ systems evaluated as part of acute or chronic toxicity assessments. New methodologies are being developed to predict these adverse effects based on in vitro and in silico approaches. This paper reviews the current state of the art in predicting these organ toxicities. It outlines the biological basis, processes and endpoints for kidney toxicity, pulmonary toxicity, respiratory irritation and sensitization as well as functional and structural cardiac toxicities. The review also covers current experimental approaches, including off-target panels from secondary pharmacology batteries. Current in silico approaches for prediction of these effects and mechanisms are described as well as obstacles to the use of in silico methods. Ultimately, a commonly accepted protocol for performing such assessment would be a valuable resource to expand the use of such approaches across different regulatory and industrial applications. However, a number of factors impede their widespread deployment including a lack of a comprehensive mechanistic understanding, limited in vitro testing approaches and limited in vivo databases suitable for modeling, a limited understanding of how to incorporate absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME) considerations into the overall process, a lack of in silico models designed to predict a safe dose and an accepted framework for organizing the key characteristics of these organ toxicants.

Firefighters' occupational exposure: Contribution from biomarkers of effect to assess health risks

Firefighting is physically and physiologically exhausting besides encompassing exposure to toxic fire emissions. Biomonitoring studies from the past five years have been significantly contributing to characterize the occupational-related health effects in this group of professionals and to improve risk assessment. Therefore, this study gathers and critically discusses the most characterized biomarkers of effect (oxidative stress, DNA and protein damage, stress hormones, inflammation, and vascular, lung, and liver injury), including those potentially more promising to be explored in future studies, and their relation with health outcomes. Various studies proved an association between exposures to fire emissions and/or heat and significantly altered values of biomarkers of inflammation (soluble adhesion molecules, tumor necrosis factor, interleukins, and leucocyte count), vascular damage and tissue injury (pentraxin-3, vascular endothelial growth factor, and cardiac troponin T) in firefighting forces. Moreover, preliminary data of DNA damage in blood, urinary mutagenicity and 8-isoprostaglandin in exhaled breath condensate suggest that these biomarkers of oxidative stress should be further explored. However, most of the reported studies are based on cross-sectional designs, which limit full identification and characterization of the risk factors and their association with development of work-related diseases. Broader studies based on longitudinal designs and strongly supported by the analysis of several types of biomarkers in different biological fluids are further required to gain deeper insights into the firefighters occupational related health hazards and contribute to implementation of new or improved surveillance programs.

Circulating microRNAs as biomarkers of environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons: potential and prospects

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) produced from various pyrogenic and petrogenic sources in the environment has been linked to a variety of toxic effects in the human body. Genome-wide analyses have shown that microRNAs (miRNAs) can function as novel and minimally invasive biomarkers of environmental exposure to PAHs. The objective of this study is to explore miRNA signatures associated with early health effects in response to chronic environmental exposure to PAHs. We systematically searched Scopus and PubMed databases for studies related to exposure of PAHs with changes in miRNA expression patterns that represent early health effects in the exposed population. Based on previous studies, we included 15 cell-based and 9 each of animal model and human population-based studies for assessment. A total of 11 differentially expressed PAH-responsive miRNAs were observed each in two or more cell-based studies (miR-181a and miR-30c-1), animal model studies (miR-291a and miR-292), and human population-based studies (miR-126, miR-142-5p, miR-150-5p, miR-24-3p, miR-27a-3p, miR-28-5p, and miR-320b). In addition, miRNAs belonging to family miR-122, miR-199, miR-203, miR-21, miR-26, miR-29, and miR-92 were found to be PAH-responsive in both animal model and cell-based studies; let-7, miR-126, miR-146, miR-30, and miR-320 in both cell-based and human population-based studies; and miR-142, miR-150, and miR-27 were found differentially expressed in both animal model and human population-based studies. The only miRNA whose expression was found to be altered in all the three groups of studies is miR-34c. Association of environmental exposure to PAHs with altered expression of specific miRNAs indicates that selective miRNAs can be used as early warning biomarkers in PAH-exposed population.

Hypertension assessment based on feature extraction using a photoplethysmography signal and its derivatives

Objective.Long-term abnormal blood pressure (BP) can lead to various cardiovascular diseases; therefore, it is significant to assess BP status as a preventative measure. In this study, a feature-extraction-based approach is proposed and performed on an open clinical trial dataset.Approach.Firstly, a complete ensemble of empirical mode decomposition with an adaptive noise algorithm and wavelet threshold analysis is applied to eliminate the noise interference from an original photoplethysmography (PPG) signal compared to other signal filters. Considering the strong connection between hypertension and diabetes, an analysis of variance test with a 95% confidence interval is firstly carried out to select these leading extracted morphological features, which are uniquely related to hypertension, from the PPG signal and its derivatives. Subsequently a variety of classification models are evaluated at different BP levels and their performances are compared.Main results and Significance.The test results demonstrate that the support vector machine classification model achieves a greater performance compared to other explored models in this paper, with accuracy of 78%, 87% and 88% for cases including normal versus prehypertension subjects, normotension versus hypertension subjects and non-hypertension versus hypertension subjects, respectively, which further illustrates the great potential of the proposed method in hypertension assessment.

Low-level exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons is associated with reduced lung function among Swedish young adults

BACKGROUND

Exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) has been linked to adverse pulmonary effects. However, the impact of low-level environmental PAH exposure on lung function in early adulthood remains uncertain.

OBJECTIVES

To evaluate the associations between urinary PAH metabolites and lung function parameters in young adults.

METHODS

Urinary metabolites of pyrene, phenanthrene, and fluorene were analysed in 1000 young adults from Sweden (age 22-25 years) using LC-MS/MS. Lung function and eosinophilic airway inflammation were measured by spirometry and exhaled nitric oxide fraction (FeNO), respectively. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate associations between PAH metabolites and the outcomes.

RESULTS

Median urinary concentrations of 1-OH-pyrene, ∑OH-phenanthrene, and ∑OH-fluorene were 0.066, 0.36, 0.22 μg/L, respectively. We found inverse associations of ∑OH-phenanthrene and ∑OH-fluorene with FEV1 and FVC, as well as between 1-OH-pyrene and FEV1/FVC ratio (adjusted P < 0.05; all participants). An increase of 1% in ∑OH-fluorene was associated with a decrease of 73 mL in FEV1 and 59 mL in FVC. In addition, ∑OH-phenanthrene concentrations were, in a dose-response manner, inversely associated with FEV1 (B from -109 to -48 compared with the lowest quartile of ∑OH-phenanthrene; p trend 0.004) and FVC (B from -159 to -102 compared with lowest quartile; p-trend <0.001). Similar dose-response associations were also observed between ∑OH-fluorene and FEV1 and FVC, as well as between 1-OH-pyrene and FEV1/FVC (p-trend <0.05). There was no association between PAH exposure and FeNO, nor was there an interaction with smoking, sex, or asthma.

CONCLUSION

Low-level PAH exposure was, in a dose-response manner, associated with reduced lung function in young adults. Our findings have public health implications due to i) the widespread occurrence of PAHs in the environment and ii) the clinical relevance of lung function in predicting all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

Heart Failure and PAHs, OHPAHs, and Trace Elements Levels in Human Serum: Results from a Preliminary Pilot Study in Greek Population and the Possible Impact of Air Pollution

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been associated with environmental pollutants. The scope of this study is to assess any potential relation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), their hydroxylated derivatives, and trace elements with heart failure via their direct determination in human serum of Greek citizens residing in different areas. Therefore, we analyzed 131 samples including cases (heart failure patients) and controls (healthy donors), and the respective demographic data were collected. Significantly higher concentrations (p < 0.05) were observed in cases' serum regarding most of the examined PAHs and their derivatives with phenanthrene, fluorene, and fluoranthene being the most abundant (median of >50 μg L-1). Among the examined trace elements, As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Ni, and Pb were measured at statistically higher concentrations (p < 0.05) in cases' samples, with only Cr being significantly higher in controls. The potential impact of environmental factors such as smoking and area of residence has been evaluated. Specific PAHs and trace elements could be possibly related with heart failure development. Atmospheric degradation and smoking habit appeared to have a significant impact on the analytes' serum concentrations. PCA-logistic regression analysis could possibly reveal common mechanisms among the analytes enhancing the hypothesis that they may pose a significant risk for CVD development.

Cuff-less blood pressure estimation from photoplethysmography signal and electrocardiogram

In recent studies, the physiological parameters derived from human vital signals are found as the status response of the heart and arteries. In this paper, we therefore firstly attempt to extract abundant vital features from photoplethysmography(PPG) signal, its multivariate derivative signals and Electrocardiogram(ECG) signal, which are verified its statistical significance in BP estimation through statistical analysis t-test. Afterwards, the optimal feature set are obtained by usnig mutual information coefficient analysis, which could investigate the potential associations with blood pressure. The optimized feature set are aid as an input to various machine learning strategies for BP estimation. The results indicates that AdaBoost based BP estimation model outperforms other regression methods. Concurrently, AdaBoost-based model is further analyzed by using the Histograms of Estimation Error and Bland-Altman Plot. The results also indicate the great BP estimation performance of the proposed BP estimation method, and it stays within the Advancement of Medical Instrumention(AAMI) standard. Regarding the British Hypertension Society (BHS), it achieves the grade A for DBP and grade B for MAP. Besides, the experimental result illustrated that our proposed BP estimation method could reduce the MAE and the STD, and improve the r for SBP, MAP and DBP estimation, respectively, which further demonstrates the feasibility of our proposed BP estimation method in this paper.

Hand-portable HPLC with broadband spectral detection enables analysis of complex polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon mixtures

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered priority hazardous substances due to their carcinogenic activity and risk to public health. Strict regulations are in place limiting their release into the environment, but enforcement is hampered by a lack of adequate field-testing procedure, instead relying on sending samples to centralised analytical facilities. Reliably monitoring levels of PAHs in the field is a challenge, owing to the lack of field-deployable analytical methods able to separate, identify, and quantify the complex mixtures in which PAHs are typically observed. Here, we report the development of a hand-portable system based on high-performance liquid chromatography incorporating a spectrally wide absorption detector, capable of fingerprinting PAHs based on their characteristic spectral absorption profiles: identifying 100% of the 24 PAHs tested, including full coverage of the United States Environmental Protection Agency priority pollutant list. We report unsupervised methods to exploit these new capabilities for feature detection and identification, robust enough to detect and classify co-eluting and hidden peaks. Identification is fully independent of their characteristic retention times, mitigating matrix effects which can preclude reliable determination of these analytes in challenging samples. We anticipate the platform to enable more sophisticated analytical measurements, supporting real-time decision making in the field.

AHR canonical pathway: in vivo findings to support novel antihypertensive strategies

Essential hypertension (HTN) is a disease where genetic and environmental factors interact to produce a high prevalent set of almost indistinguishable phenotypes. The weak definition of what is under the umbrella of HTN is a consequence of the lack of knowledge on the players involved in environment-gene interaction and their impact on blood pressure (BP) and mechanisms. The disclosure of these mechanisms that sense and (mal)adapt to toxic-environmental stimuli might at least determine some phenotypes of essential HTN and will have important therapeutic implications. In the present manuscript, we looked closer to the environmental sensor aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), a ligand-activated transcription factor involved in cardiovascular physiology, but better known by its involvement in biotransformation of xenobiotics through its canonical pathway. This review aims to disclose the contribution of the AHR-canonical pathway to HTN. For better mirror the complexity of the mechanisms involved in BP regulation, we privileged evidence from in vivo studies. Here we ascertained the level of available evidence and a comprehensive characterization of the AHR-related phenotype of HTN. We reviewed clinical and rodent studies on AHR-HTN genetic association and on AHR ligands and their impact on BP. We concluded that AHR is a druggable mechanistic linker of environmental exposure to HTN. We conclude that is worth to investigate the canonical pathway of AHR and the expression/polymorphisms of its related genes and/or other biomarkers (e.g. tryptophan-related ligands), in order to identify patients that may benefit from an AHR-centered antihypertensive treatment.

Filaggrin Polymorphisms and the Uptake of Chemicals through the Skin-A Human Experimental Study

BACKGROUND

The filaggrin protein is important for skin barrier structure and function. Loss-of-function (null) mutations in the filaggrin gene FLG may increase dermal absorption of chemicals.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of the study was to clarify if dermal absorption of chemicals differs depending on FLG genotype.

METHOD

We performed a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based genetic screen for loss-of-function mutations (FLG null) in 432 volunteers from the general population in southern Sweden and identified 28 FLG null carriers. In a dermal exposure experiment, we exposed 23 FLG null and 31 wild-type (wt) carriers to three organic compounds common in the environment: the polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon pyrene, the pesticide pyrimethanil, and the ultraviolet-light absorber oxybenzone. We then used liquid-chromatography mass-spectrometry to measure the concentrations of these chemicals or their metabolites in the subjects' urine over 48 h following exposure. Furthermore, we used long-range PCR to measure FLG repeat copy number variants (CNV), and we performed population toxicokinetic analysis.

RESULTS

Lag times for the uptake and dermal absorption rate of the chemicals differed significantly between FLG null and wt carriers with low (20-22 repeats) and high FLG CNV (23-24 repeats). We found a dose-dependent effect on chemical absorption with increasing lag times by increasing CNV for both pyrimethanil and pyrene, and decreasing area under the urinary excretion rate curve (AUC(0-40h)) with increasing CNV for pyrimethanil. FLG null carriers excreted 18% and 110% more metabolite (estimated by AUC(0-40h)) for pyrimethanil than wt carriers with low and high CNV, respectively.

CONCLUSION

We conclude that FLG genotype influences the dermal absorption of some common chemicals. Overall, FLG null carriers were the most susceptible, with the shortest lag time and highest rate constants for skin absorption, and higher fractions of the applied dose excreted. Furthermore, our results indicate that low FLG CNV resulted in increased dermal absorption of chemicals. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7310.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites and mortality risk in an adult population

Occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure has been shown to increase the risk of various cancers and may be associated with carcinogenic mortality. However, no study has explored the relationship between environmental PAH exposure and mortality in general population. The aim of our study was to explore the association between PAH exposure and all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality in a general US adult population. We analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2001-2006) based on the information in this dataset on 692 males and 717 females. PAH exposure was detected using biomarkers from urine samples. Follow-up data on mortality were derived from initial examination of the subjects until death or 31 December 2006 in the NHANES database. We calculated hazard ratios (HRs) of PAH metabolites among all-cause, cardiovascular, and cancer mortality using the multivariate Cox proportional hazards regression model after adjusting for covariates. Among males, 3-phenanthrene was positively associated with increased risk of all-cause mortality (HR 1.043, 95%CI 1.019-1.066). Female participants with higher 2-napthol (HR 1.043, 95%CI 1.014-1.072), 3-fluorene (HR 2.159, 95%CI 1.233-3.779), and 1-phenanthrene (HR = 1.259, 95%CI 1.070-1.481) levels had increased all-cause mortality. In addition, high 3-phenanthrene (HR 1.333, 95%CI 1.008-1.763) and 1-phenanthrene (HR 1.463, 95%CI 1.126-1.900) levels increased the risk of cardiovascular mortality. However, there were no significant findings for cancer mortality in both genders. Environmental PAH exposure among the adult population is associated with non-carcinogenic but not cancer mortality. Future studies are warranted to determine the underlying mechanisms related to these findings.

Grill Workers Exposure to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons: Levels and Excretion Profiles of the Urinary Biomarkers

Grilling activities release large amounts of hazardous pollutants, but information on restaurant grill workers’ exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) is almost inexistent. This study assessed the impact of grilling emissions on total workers’ exposure to PAHs by evaluating the concentrations of six urinary biomarkers of exposure (OHPAHs): naphthalene, acenaphthene, fluorene, phenanthrene, pyrene, and benzo(a)pyrene. Individual levels and excretion profiles of urinary OHPAHs were determined during working and nonworking periods. Urinary OHPAHs were quantified by high-performance liquid-chromatography with fluorescence detection. Levels of total OHPAHs (∑OHPAHs) were significantly increased (about nine times; p ≤ 0.001) during working comparatively with nonworking days. Urinary 1-hydroxynaphthalene + 1-hydroxyacenapthene and 2-hydroxyfluorene presented the highest increments (ca. 23- and 6-fold increase, respectively), followed by 1-hydroxyphenanthrene (ca. 2.3 times) and 1-hydroxypyrene (ca. 1.8 times). Additionally, 1-hydroxypyrene levels were higher than the benchmark, 0.5 µmol/mol creatinine, in 5% of exposed workers. Moreover, 3-hydroxybenzo(a)pyrene, biomarker of exposure to carcinogenic PAHs, was detected in 13% of exposed workers. Individual excretion profiles showed a cumulative increase in ∑OHPAHs during consecutive working days. A principal component analysis model partially discriminated workers’ exposure during working and nonworking periods showing the impact of grilling activities. Urinary OHPAHs were increased in grill workers during working days.