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Voloudakis G, Hoffman G, Venkatesh S, Lee KM, Dobrindt K, Vicari JM, Zhang W, Beckmann ND, Jiang S, Hoagland D, Bian J, Gao L, Corvelo A, Cho K, Lee JS, Iyengar SK, Luoh SW, Akbarian S, Striker R, Assimes TL, Schadt EE, Merad M, tenOever BR, Charney AW, Brennand KJ, Lynch JA, Fullard JF, Roussos P. IL10RB as a key regulator of COVID-19 host susceptibility and severity. MEDRXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR HEALTH SCIENCES 2021:2021.05.31.21254851. [PMID: 34100031 PMCID: PMC8183086 DOI: 10.1101/2021.05.31.21254851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent efforts have identified genetic loci that are associated with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection rates and disease outcome severity. Translating these genetic findings into druggable genes and readily available compounds that reduce COVID-19 host susceptibility is a critical next step. METHODS We integrate COVID-19 genetic susceptibility variants, multi-tissue genetically regulated gene expression (GReX) and perturbargen signatures to identify candidate genes and compounds that reverse the predicted gene expression dysregulation associated with COVID-19 susceptibility. The top candidate gene is validated by testing both its GReX and observed blood transcriptome association with COVID-19 severity, as well as by in vitro perturbation to quantify effects on viral load and molecular pathway dysregulation. We validate the in silico drug repositioning analysis by examining whether the top candidate compounds decrease COVID-19 incidence based on epidemiological evidence. RESULTS We identify IL10RB as the top key regulator of COVID-19 host susceptibility. Predicted GReX up-regulation of IL10RB and higher IL10RB expression in COVID-19 patient blood is associated with worse COVID-19 outcomes. In vitro IL10RB overexpression is associated with increased viral load and activation of immune-related molecular pathways. Azathioprine and retinol are prioritized as candidate compounds to reduce the likelihood of testing positive for COVID-19. CONCLUSIONS We establish an integrative data-driven approach for gene target prioritization. We identify and validate IL10RB as a suitable molecular target for modulation of COVID-19 host susceptibility. Finally, we provide evidence for a few readily available medications that would warrant further investigation as drug repositioning candidates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios Voloudakis
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Gabriel Hoffman
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Sanan Venkatesh
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Kyung Min Lee
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Kristina Dobrindt
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - James M Vicari
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Wen Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Noam D Beckmann
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Shan Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Daisy Hoagland
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Jiantao Bian
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Lina Gao
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - André Corvelo
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Kelly Cho
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Jennifer S Lee
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Sudha K Iyengar
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Shiuh-Wen Luoh
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Schahram Akbarian
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Robert Striker
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Themistocles L Assimes
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Miriam Merad
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Benjamin R tenOever
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Alexander W Charney
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Kristen J Brennand
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Julie A Lynch
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - John F Fullard
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
| | - Panos Roussos
- Department of Psychiatry (G.V., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., A.W.C., K.J.B., P.R.), Pamela Sklar Division of Psychiatric Genomics (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., A.W.C., J. F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Friedman Brain Institute (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., S.J., S.A., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Department of Genetics and Genomic Science (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A., E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Icahn Institute for Data Science and Genomic Technology (G.V., G.H., S.V., K.D., J.V., W.Z., N.D.B., S.J., S.A, E.E.S., A.W.C., J.F.F., K.J.B., P.R.), Nash Family Department of Neuroscience (K.D., S.A, A.W.C., K.J.B.), Department of Microbiology (D.H., B.R.T.), Virus Engineering Center for Therapeutics and Research (D.H., B.R.T.), Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute (D.H., B.R.T.), Mount Sinai Clinical Intelligence Center (N.D.B., A.W.C.), Department of Oncological Sciences (M.M.), Precision Immunology Institute (M.M.) and Tisch Cancer Institute (M.M.) of the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; the Mental Illness Research, Education, and Clinical Center (VISN 2 South) of the James J. Peters VA Medical Center (G.V., S.V., P.R.), Bronx, NY 10468, USA; VA Informatics and Computing Infrastructure (K.M.L., J.B., J.A.L.), VA Salt Lake City Health Care System, Salt Lake City, UT; Department of Psychiatry (K.D., K.J.B.) of the Yale University, New Haven, CT 06511, USA; Division of Epidemiology (J.B., J.A.L.), University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84108, USA; New York Genome Center (A.C.), New York, NY 10013, USA; Biostatistics Shared Resources (L.G.) and Department of Medicine (S.-W.L.), Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97229, USA; VA Boston Healthcare System (K.C.), Boston, MA, USA; Division of Aging (K.C.), Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Medicine (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, 94304, USA; VA Palo Alto Health Care System (J.S.L., T.L.A.), Palo Alto, CA, 94304, USA; Department of Population and Quantitative Health Sciences (S.K.I), and Department of Genetics and Genome Sciences (S.K.I.), School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Northeast Ohio Healthcare System (S.K.I.), Cleveland VA Medical Center, Cleveland, OH 44106; VA Portland Health Care System (S.-W.L.), Portland, OR 97239; Division of Infectious Diseases (R.S.), Department of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI; William S. Middleton Memorial Veterans Hospital (R.S.), Madison, WI 53705; and Sema4 (E.E.S.), Stamford, CT 06902, USA
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