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Therat S, Banandur PS, Sukumar GM, Shenoy AB, Arvind BA, Nagaraja SR, Rai V, Medhi U, Devyani A. Smoked tobacco dependence and its correlates among participants attending life skills training and counselling services programme across Karnataka (2017-2022). J Family Med Prim Care 2023; 12:2827-2834. [PMID: 38186799 PMCID: PMC10771161 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_591_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Indian National Mental Health Survey reports an alarming prevalence of 20.9% for tobacco dependence in India. Dependence on smoked tobacco can be prevented by thorough knowledge of the risk factors associated with it. Objectives To estimate the prevalence and identify the factors associated with smoked tobacco dependence among participants attending the life skills training and counselling services programme (LSTCSP) across Karnataka from 2017 to 2022. Materials and Methods Pretraining data of 3104 participants from training programmes between 2017 and 2022 were utilised. Univariate and multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed based on a conceptual framework with various hypothesised exposure variables and smoked tobacco dependence as outcome. Results The overall prevalence of smoked tobacco dependence among LSTCSP participants who used smoked tobacco products was 59.4%. Ever use of smokeless tobacco products (Adjusted odds ratio (AOR) =2.05, 95% CI: 1.11-3.78) and screening positive for symptoms of generalised anxiety (AOR = 2.53, 95% CI: 1.32-4.84) significantly increased the odds of smoked tobacco dependence, whereas making decisions collectively in the family (AOR = 0.35, 95% CI: 0.18-0.66) and individuals with increased score for neurotic personality traits (AOR = 0.64, 95% CI: 0.44-0.93) were the factors associated with reduced odds of smoked tobacco dependence. Conclusion The identified risk factors associated with smoked tobacco dependence are important to develop tobacco control programmes as well as in preventing its onset. With the risk factors for smoked tobacco dependence identified, the results of this study have implications for health promotion and prevention programmes as well as cessation programmes related to smoked tobacco dependence, within India and similar countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Therat
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep S. Banandur
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Gautham M. Sukumar
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Anusha B. Shenoy
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Banavaram A. Arvind
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | | | - Veeksha Rai
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Upashana Medhi
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
| | - Azad Devyani
- Department of Epidemiology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro Sciences, Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
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Monroe DC, McDowell CP, Kenny RA, Herring MP. Dynamic associations between anxiety, depression, and tobacco use in older adults: Results from The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing. J Psychiatr Res 2021; 139:99-105. [PMID: 34058656 PMCID: PMC8527842 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Evidence supports moderate-to-large reductions in anxiety, depression, and perceived stress after smoking cessation; however, much of the available evidence has focused on young adults. Therefore, this study quantified associations between smoking and smoking cessation on prevalent and incident generalised anxiety disorder (GAD) and major depression (MDD) in a nationally representative sample of Irish older adults. Participants (n = 6201) were community dwelling adults aged ≥50 years resident in Ireland. Smoking status and self-reported doctor diagnosis of anxiety or depression prior to baseline were assessed at baseline (i.e., Wave 2). At baseline and 2-, 4-, and 6-year follow-up (i.e., Waves 3-5), GAD and MDD were assessed by the Composite International Diagnostic Interview Short-Form. Logistic regression quantified cross-sectional and prospective associations (odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs)) between smoking status and mental health. Prevalence and incidence of GAD was 9.1% (n = 566) and 2.8% (n = 148), respectively. Prevalence and incidence of depression was 11.1% (n = 686) and 6.4% (n = 342), respectively. Following full adjustment, current smokers had higher odds of prevalent GAD (OR = 1.729, 1.332-2.449; p < 0.001) and MDD (OR = 1.967, 1.548-2.499; p < 0.001) than non-smokers. Former smokers had higher odds of prevalent GAD than non-smokers (OR = 1.276, 1.008-1.616; p < 0.001). Current smokers did not have higher odds of incident MDD (OR = 1.399, 0.984-1.990; p = 0.065) or GAD than non-smokers (1.039, 0.624-1.730; p = 0.881). Findings may have important implications for interventions designed to curb tobacco abuse, which tend to be less successful among those with anxiety and depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derek C. Monroe
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina at Greensboro, NC, USA,Department of Neurology, University of California-Irvine, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - Cillian P. McDowell
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
| | - Rose Anne Kenny
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,School of Medicine, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,Mercer’s Institute for Successful Ageing, St James’s Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Matthew P. Herring
- The Irish Longitudinal Study on Ageing, Trinity College Dublin, Ireland,Physical Activity for Health Research Cluster, Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland,Department of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland
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3
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Yohannes AM, Kohen R, Nguyen HQ, Pike KC, Borson S, Fan VS. Serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and depressive symptoms in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Expert Rev Respir Med 2020; 15:681-687. [PMID: 33325315 DOI: 10.1080/17476348.2021.1865159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background: We examined the relationship between polymorphisms in the promoter region of the serotonin transport (SERT) gene (5-HTTLPR, short 'S' and long 'L' alleles) and in intron 2 variable number tandem repeat (STin2VNTR, 9, 10, or 12-repeat alleles) with depression or anxiety in patients with COPD.Methods: 302 patients with moderate to severe COPD participated in SERT study. History and number of prior depressive episodes were measured using the Structured Clinical Interview for Depression; Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale (HAD) depression ≥8 or a Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) >,10.Results: 240 (80%) male sample had a mean age of 68.0 years. Current depression was 22% (HAD) or 21% (PHQ-9), anxiety was 25% (HAD), and suicidal ideation (6%). 5-HTTLPR or STin2 VNTR genotypes were not associated with current depressive or anxiety symptoms. The mean number of prior depressive episodes was higher for patients with the 5-HTTLPR genotype S/S or S/L compared with L/L (4.4 ± 6.1; 5.3 ± 6.8; 4.0 ± 6.1, p < 0.001) and with STin2VNTR high-risk genotype (9/12 or 12/12), medium risk (9/10 or 10/12) compared to low risk (10/10) genotypes (5.1 ± 6.8; 4.9 ± 6.7; 2.7 ± 4.5, p < 0.001).Conclusions: SERT 5-HTTLPR and STin2-VNTR polymorphisms were not associated with current depressive and anxiety symptoms, but the high-risk STin2-VNTR genotypes and S/L were associated with the number of prior depressive episodes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ruth Kohen
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Huong Q Nguyen
- Department of research and evaluation, Kaiser Permanente Southern California, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Pike
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Soo Borson
- School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Vincent S Fan
- VA Puget Sound, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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4
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Staes N, Sherwood CC, Freeman H, Brosnan SF, Schapiro SJ, Hopkins WD, Bradley BJ. Serotonin Receptor 1A Variation Is Associated with Anxiety and Agonistic Behavior in Chimpanzees. Mol Biol Evol 2020; 36:1418-1429. [PMID: 31045220 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msz061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in regulating behavior and personality in humans and other mammals. Polymorphisms in genes coding for the serotonin receptor subtype 1A (HTR1A), the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4), and the serotonin degrading enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAOA) are associated with anxiety, impulsivity, and neurotic personality in humans. In primates, previous research has largely focused on SLC6A4 and MAOA, with few studies investigating the role of HTR1A polymorphic variation on behavior. Here, we examined variation in the coding region of HTR1A across apes, and genotyped polymorphic coding variation in a sample of 214 chimpanzees with matched measures of personality and behavior. We found evidence for positive selection at three amino acid substitution sites, one in chimpanzees-bonobos (Thr26Ser), one in humans (Phe33Val), and one in orangutans (Ala274Gly). Investigation of the HTR1A coding region in chimpanzees revealed a polymorphic site, where a C/A single nucleotide polymorphism changes a proline to a glutamine in the amino acid sequence (Pro248Gln). The substitution is located in the third intracellular loop of the receptor, a region important for serotonin signal transduction. The derived variant is the major allele in this population (frequency 0.67), and is associated with a reduction in anxiety, decreased rates of male agonistic behavior, and an increase in socio-positive behavior. These results are the first evidence that the HTR1A gene may be involved in regulating social behavior in chimpanzees and encourage further systematic investigation of polymorphic variation in other primate populations with corresponding data on behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicky Staes
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC.,Department of Biology, Behavioral Ecology and Ecophysiology Group, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Centre for Research and Conservation, Royal Zoological Society of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chet C Sherwood
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - Hani Freeman
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastrop, TX
| | - Sarah F Brosnan
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastrop, TX.,Department of Psychology, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.,Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA
| | - Steven J Schapiro
- Michale E. Keeling Center for Comparative Medicine and Research, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer CenterBastrop, TX
| | - William D Hopkins
- Neuroscience Institute and Language Research Center, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA.,Ape Cognition and Conservation Initiative, Des Moines, IA
| | - Brenda J Bradley
- Department of Anthropology, Center for the Advanced Study of Human Paleobiology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC
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Ohmoto M, Takahashi T. Effect of genetic polymorphism of brain-derived neurotrophic factor and serotonin transporter on smoking phenotypes: A pilot study of Japanese participants. Heliyon 2019; 5:e01234. [PMID: 30815604 PMCID: PMC6378332 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e01234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE This study investigated whether a gene polymorphism causing a Val66Met substitution (rs6265) in brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is associated with smoking initiation, smoking cessation, nicotine dependence and age of smoking initiation, in Japanese participants. Additionally, this study examined whether the S allele of the serotonin transporter gene-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on smoking phenotypes. PATIENTS AND METHODS The genotypic proportion of the polymorphism responsible for BDNF Val66Met was determined in 148 participants including 88 current smokers, 21 former smokers, and 39 never smokers, and Fisher's exact test was used to investigate the relationship between this polymorphism and smoking cessation and initiation as well as the association between the genotypes of current smokers with a heavy smoking index (HSI) and the age of smoking initiation. In addition to the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism has also been evaluated in a specific subset of participants. RESULTS We found statistically significant correlations between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism and the HSI, both in the whole study sample (P = 0.017) and in the male subgroup (P = 0.049). Moreover, the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was associated with the age of smoking initiation in current smokers carrying the BDNF Met allele, in both the whole study sample (P = 0.041) and the male subgroup (P = 0.041). On the other hand, no association was observed between the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism, either alone or in combination with the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, and the age of smoking cessation. Finally, no independent effects of the BDNF Val66Met genotype on the age of smoking initiation were detected. CONCLUSION This pilot study provides preliminary findings regarding the influence of BDNF Val66Met on smoking phenotypes and the interacting effect of 5-HTTLPR on the association between BDNF Val66Met and smoking phenotypes in Japanese participants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masanori Ohmoto
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hokuriku University, Ho-3 Kanagawa-machi, Kanazawa 920-1181, Japan
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Hunter A, Murray R, Asher L, Leonardi-Bee J. The Effects of Tobacco Smoking, and Prenatal Tobacco Smoke Exposure, on Risk of Schizophrenia: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nicotine Tob Res 2018; 22:3-10. [DOI: 10.1093/ntr/nty160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The association between cigarette smoking and schizophrenia is well established. However, up to 90% of people with schizophrenia begin smoking before the onset of their illness; thus, smoking could be an independent risk factor for schizophrenia. Prenatal exposure to maternal cigarette smoke is also associated with psychiatric problems in adolescence. Therefore, our aim was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to explore the effect of smoking, and prenatal smoke exposure, on risk of schizophrenia.
Method
We systematically searched Medline, EMBASE, PsychInfo, Maternity and Infant Care, and Web of Science (from inception to February 2018) to identify comparative observational studies of the risk of schizophrenia in relation to smoking status. Measures of relative risk (RR) were pooled in a meta-analysis with 95% confidence intervals (CI), using random effects model.
Results
Twelve studies (9 cohort, 3 case-control) were included. Odds ratios (OR) and hazard ratios (HR) were pooled together to estimate pooled relative risks and estimates combined in a meta-analysis on an assumption of constant risk over time. Smokers had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia compared with nonsmokers (RR = 1.99, 95% CI = 1.10% to 3.61%, I2 = 97%, 5 studies). Exposure to prenatal smoke increased the risk of schizophrenia by 29% (95% CI = 1.10% to 1.51%, I2 = 71%, 7 studies). Sensitivity analyses identified no significant differences between the results from studies reporting OR and hazard ratio.
Conclusions
Our findings suggest smoking, and prenatal smoke exposure, may be an independent risk factor for schizophrenia. Care should be taken when inferring causation, given the observational nature of the studies.
Implications
In this meta-analysis of 12 studies, smokers had a significantly increased risk of schizophrenia compared with nonsmokers. Exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke also increased the risk of schizophrenia by 29% compared with those with no exposure to prenatal tobacco smoke. Our findings suggest that smoking, and prenatal tobacco smoke exposure, may be independent risk factors for schizophrenia. These results may have important public health implications for decreasing the incidence of schizophrenia. The possibility of a causal link between smoking and schizophrenia warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abby Hunter
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rachael Murray
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Laura Asher
- Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jo Leonardi-Bee
- UK Centre for Tobacco and Alcohol Studies, Division of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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7
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Verheij MMM, Contet C, Karel P, Latour J, van der Doelen RHA, Geenen B, van Hulten JA, Meyer F, Kozicz T, George O, Koob GF, Homberg JR. Median and Dorsal Raphe Serotonergic Neurons Control Moderate Versus Compulsive Cocaine Intake. Biol Psychiatry 2018; 83:1024-1035. [PMID: 29357981 PMCID: PMC5960600 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reduced expression of the serotonin transporter (SERT) promotes anxiety and cocaine intake in both humans and rats. We tested the hypothesis that median raphe nucleus (MRN) and dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) serotonergic projections differentially mediate these phenotypes. METHODS We used virally mediated RNA interference to locally downregulate SERT expression and compared the results with those of constitutive SERT knockout. Rats were allowed either short access (ShA) (1 hour) or long access (LgA) (6 hours) to cocaine self-administration to model moderate versus compulsive-like cocaine taking. RESULTS SERT knockdown in the MRN increased cocaine intake selectively under ShA conditions and, like ShA cocaine self-administration, reduced corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) immunodensity in the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus. In contrast, SERT knockdown in the DRN increased cocaine intake selectively under LgA conditions and, like LgA cocaine self-administration, reduced CRF immunodensity in the central nucleus of the amygdala. SERT knockdown in the MRN or DRN produced anxiety-like behavior, as did withdrawal from ShA or LgA cocaine self-administration. The phenotype of SERT knockout rats was a summation of the phenotypes generated by MRN- and DRN-specific SERT knockdown. CONCLUSIONS Our results highlight a differential role of serotonergic projections arising from the MRN and DRN in the regulation of cocaine intake. We propose that a cocaine-induced shift from MRN-driven serotonergic control of CRF levels in the hypothalamus to DRN-driven serotonergic control of CRF levels in the amygdala may contribute to the transition from moderate to compulsive intake of cocaine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel M M Verheij
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands; Department of Molecular and Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
| | - Candice Contet
- Department of Molecular and Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Peter Karel
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Judith Latour
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Rick H A van der Doelen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Bram Geenen
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | - Francisca Meyer
- Department of Neuroscience, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California
| | - Tamas Kozicz
- Department of Anatomy, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Olivier George
- Department of Molecular and Animal Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - George F Koob
- Neurobiology of Addiction Section, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Judith R Homberg
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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Smith SI. PPAR-γ receptor agonists-a review of their role in diabetic management in Trinidad and Tobago. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 263:189-210. [PMID: 27520678 DOI: 10.1023/b:mcbi.0000041861.79585.4b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The PPAR-γ receptor agonists, as a relatively new and perhaps still not very widely used class of antidiabetic agent in the Caribbean and particularly the Trinidadian context, possess pharmacologic properties that certainly have been shown to have impact on many of the inflammatory, metabolic, biochemical and structural macrovascular aberrations that occur in the type 2 diabetic. Activation of PPAR(gamma) nuclear receptors regulates the transcription of insulin-responsive genes involved in the control of glucose production, transport, and utilization. PPAR(gamma)-responsive genes also participate in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism, an important contributory pathogenic factor in this subset of patients. The unique mode of action of this class of therapeutic agent addresses a range of anomalies occurring at the cellular and sub-cellular level that are injurious to the diabetic. My aim in addressing the issue of the potential impact of PPAR-γ receptor agonists on cardiovascular disease (CVD) morbidity and mortality in the diabetic, is first, to seek to enhance both an awareness of, and greater familiarity among our own physicians, with this class of drug, and secondly, to effect a timely review of the recent literature as it relates to the tremendous possibilities for the potential clinical gains that might accrue from their use, in so far as this may serve to ameliorate the ravages of the CVD disease that all too tragically attends the type 2 diabetic, and more specifically those with the insulin resistance syndrome. (Mol Cell Biochem 263: 189-210, 2004).
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9
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Probing the Serotonin Transporter Availability Among Male Cigarette Smokers: A SPECT Study With [123I] ADAM. J Addict Med 2016; 10:89-92. [PMID: 26742023 DOI: 10.1097/adm.0000000000000191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Genetic studies have suggested that the serotonin transporter (SERT) could be associated with cigarette smoking. However, evidence from neuroimaging is scarce. The aim of the present study was to examine the SERT availability among cigarette smokers by using single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT). METHODS Sixteen male smokers and 32 controls were enrolled. The SERT availability was measured by SPECT with a radiotracer, [I] ADAM, which is highly sensitive and specific to SERT. RESULTS No significant difference in SERT availability was found between 2 groups in the midbrain (smokers: 2.12 ± 0.70, nonsmokers: 2.13 ± 0.63; P = 0.86), basal ganglia (smokers: 0.83 ± 0.30, nonsmokers:0.90 ± 0.39; P = 0.95), or thalamus (smokers: 1.14 ± 0.41, nonsmokers: 1.20 ± 0.38; P = 0.88). No significant association was found between the SERT availability, and either the breath carbon monoxide level or the score of the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence. CONCLUSIONS Whether the SERT availability in the brain is altered in smokers remains unclear.
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Li H, Li S, Wang Q, Pan L, Jiang F, Yang X, Zhang N, Han M, Jia C. Association of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism with smoking behaviors: A meta-analysis. Physiol Behav 2015; 152:32-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2015.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2015] [Revised: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Jamal M, Van der Does W, Elzinga BM, Molendijk ML, Penninx BWJH. Association between smoking, nicotine dependence, and BDNF Val66Met polymorphism with BDNF concentrations in serum. Nicotine Tob Res 2015; 17:323-9. [PMID: 25183693 PMCID: PMC4837993 DOI: 10.1093/ntr/ntu151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Nicotine use is associated with the upregulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in serum. An association between smoking and the BDNF Val(66)Met polymorphism has also been found. The aim of this study is to examine the levels of serum BDNF in never-smokers, former smokers, and current smokers-with and without nicotine dependence-and to examine the interaction of the polymorphism and smoking status with serum BDNF. METHODS We used baseline serum and gene data of BDNF on 2,088 participants from the Netherlands Study of Depression and Anxiety (NESDA) to investigate smoking-BDNF association while controlling for potential confounding variables. Nicotine dependence was assessed with the Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND). RESULTS Smokers with and without nicotine dependence had higher levels of serum BDNF than former and never-smokers. Nicotine dependence and number of cigarettes smoked per day did not add to the prediction of serum BDNF; however, total number of smoking years was a significant predictor of serum BDNF. There was no association of BDNF Val(66)Met, nor an interaction of this polymorphism and smoking status, with serum BDNF. CONCLUSIONS Current smoking and higher number of smoking years are associated with higher levels of serum BDNF, and this is independent of the BDNF genotype. Nicotine dependence itself is not associated with a further increase or decrease of serum BDNF. Longitudinal investigations that address changes in serum BDNF in incident smokers and/or in quitters may be useful to understand the association of smoking with BDNF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mumtaz Jamal
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands;
| | - Willem Van der Does
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Bernet M Elzinga
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Marc L Molendijk
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Brenda W J H Penninx
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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12
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Pizzo de Castro MR, Vargas Nunes SO, Guembarovski RL, Ariza CB, Oda JMM, Vargas HO, Piccoli de Melo LG, Watanabe MAE, Berk M, Maes M. STin2 VNTR polymorphism is associated with comorbid tobacco use and mood disorders. J Affect Disord 2015; 172:347-54. [PMID: 25451436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2014] [Revised: 10/11/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a significant comorbidity between mood disorders and tobacco use disorder (TUD), which may be related to both genetic and environmental factors. Gene variants of the 5-HT transporter, such as STin2 VNTR (a variable number of tandem repeats in the functional serotonin transporter intron 2) may be associated with mood disorders and TUD. AIMS This study aimed to delineate the association between the STin2 genetic polymorphism and comorbid TUD and mood disorders, including depression or bipolar disorder. METHODS We examined the STin2 VNTR polymorphism in never-smokers (n=113); patients with mood disorders without TUD (n=62); patients with TUD without mood disorders (n=90); and patients with both disorders (n=95). RESULTS We found a significant association between the STin2 genetic polymorphism and the above diagnostic groups whereby the STin2.12 allele shows a positive association with comorbid TUD and mood disorders (Odds ratio=3.07, 95% CI=1.41-6.68), while the STin2.10/10 homozygous genotype shows a negative association (Odds ratio=0.34, 95% CI=0.16-0.74). Adjusting for years of education, age, gender, marital status and ethnicity did not change these results, but showed that TUD was associated with lower education levels and less stable relationships, whereas mood disorders were related to female gender. A family history of TUD was significantly associated with TUD in subjects without mood disorders only. CONCLUSIONS The STin2.12 allele is positively and the STin2.10/10 genotype is negatively associated with comorbid TUD and mood disorders, depression or bipolar depression, suggesting that biological endophenotypes, e.g. disorders in serotonin metabolism, may in part underpin this comorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Regina Pizzo de Castro
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil.
| | - Sandra Odebrecht Vargas Nunes
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Roberta Losi Guembarovski
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Carolina Batista Ariza
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Julie Massayo Maeda Oda
- Department of Pathological Sciences, Biological Sciences Centre, Londrina State University, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Heber Odebrecht Vargas
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Health Sciences Center, Londrina State University, University Hospital, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Luiz Gustavo Piccoli de Melo
- Center of Approach and Treatment for Smokers, University Hospital, Londrina State University, Campus Universitário, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | | | - Michael Berk
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Orygen Youth Health Research Centre, Centre for Youth Mental Health, Department of Psychiatry and the Florey Institute for Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia; Barwon Health and the Geelong Clinic, Swanston Centre, Geelong, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Department of Psychiatry, Chulalongkorn University, Faculty of Medicine, Bangkok, Thailand; Health Sciences Graduate Program, Health Sciences Center, State University of Londrina, Brazil.
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Rozak NIA, Ahmad I, Gan SH, Abu Bakar R. Lack of Association between the Serotonin Transporter (5-HTT) and Serotonin Receptor (5-HT2A) Gene Polymorphisms with Smoking Behavior among Malaysian Malays. Sci Pharm 2014; 82:631-42. [PMID: 25853073 PMCID: PMC4318206 DOI: 10.3797/scipharm.1406-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2014] [Accepted: 07/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and a polymorphism (rs6313) in the serotonin 2A receptor gene (5-HT2A) have previously been linked to smoking behavior. The objective of this study was to determine the possible association of the 5-HTTLPR and 5-HT2A gene polymorphisms with smoking behavior within a population of Malaysian male smokers (n=248) and non-smokers (n=248). The 5-HTTLPR genotypes were determined using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and were classified as short (S) alleles or long (L) alleles. The 5HT2A genotypes were determined using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphisms (PCR-RFLP). No significant differences in the distribution frequencies of the alleles were found between the smokers and the non-smokers for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism (x2 = 0.72, P>0.05) or the 5HT2A polymorphism (x2 = 0.73, P>0.05). This is the first study conducted on Malaysian Malay males regarding the association of 5-HTTLPR and 5HT2A polymorphisms and smoking behavior. However, the genes were not found to be associated with smoking behavior in our population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Iwani A Rozak
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Imran Ahmad
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Siew Hua Gan
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
| | - Ruzilawati Abu Bakar
- Human Genome Centre, School of Medical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Kelantan, Malaysia
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14
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Pizzo de Castro MR, Maes M, Guembarovski RL, Ariza CB, Reiche EMV, Vargas HO, Vargas MM, de Melo LGP, Dodd S, Berk M, Watanabe MAE, Nunes SOV. SLC6A4 STin2 VNTR genetic polymorphism is associated with tobacco use disorder, but not with successful smoking cessation or smoking characteristics: a case control study. BMC Genet 2014; 15:78. [PMID: 24968820 PMCID: PMC4114164 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2156-15-78] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to determine if variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the second intron (STin2) of the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) gene was associated with tobacco use disorder, successful smoking cessation, or smoking characteristics. In this case–control study, patients with current tobacco use disorder, diagnosed according to DSM IV criteria (n = 185), and never-smokers, diagnosed according to CDC criteria (n = 175), were recruited and received 52 weeks of combined pharmacotherapy and cognitive therapy. Successful smoking cessation was defined as exhaled carbon monoxide < 6 ppm. SLC6A4 gene STin2 VNTR polymorphism was assessed using a Multiplex-PCR-based method. At baseline, participants were evaluated using the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the ASSIST scale. Results The STin2.12 allele (OR = 2.45; 95% CI = 1.44-4.15, p < 0.001) was associated with an increased risk for tobacco use disorder, while the STin2.10/10 genotype (OR = 0.42; 95% CI 0.25-0.71, p < 0.001) decreased risk. There were no significant associations between tobacco use disorder and the STin2.10 or STin2.9 alleles or the other genotypes (STin2.12/12, 12/10, 12/9, 10/9 or 9/9). There were no significant associations between the STin2 genotypes and alleles and successful smoking cessation, smoking characteristics and increased alcohol or sedative use risk. Conclusions Our results suggest that the STin2.10/10 genotype and STin2.12 allele are associated with tobacco use disorder or nicotine dependence, but not with treatment response or severity of dependence. It is hypothesized that the ST2in.12 allele by modulating the metabolism of serotonin may participate in the pathophysiology of tobacco use disorder or nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Maes
- IMPACT Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia.
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Radwan GN, Loffredo CA, Abdelaziz H, Amr S. Associations of depression and neuroticism with smoking behavior and motives among men in rural Qalyubia (Egypt). J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2014; 89:16-21. [PMID: 24717396 DOI: 10.1097/01.epx.0000444060.91661.6f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE Smoking addiction is influenced by cultural and environmental factors and personality traits. We assessed the associations between neuroticism and depression and smoking behavior and motives among Egyptian adult men in rural Qalyubia Governorate. PATIENTS AND METHODS Using a cross-sectional design, we administered questionnaires to randomly selected 201, 278, and 120 adult men aged 18 years or above who were never, current, and former smokers, respectively. We used Center for Epidemiologic Studies Short Depression (CES-D) scale, Eysenck Personality Inventory (EPI), Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence (FTND), and Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives scales to assess the associations between neuroticism, depression, and smoking risk. RESULTS The mean CES-D and EPI scores were significantly higher among current smokers as compared with never smokers (P=0.02 and 0.006, respectively). The greatest risk for ever smoking was observed among those with both neuroticism and depression [adjusted odds ratio (95% confidence interval) were 1.98 (1.23-3.19); 2.56 (1.34-4.88); and 1.82 (1.10-3.03) for ever, former, and current smokers, respectively]. Both CES-D and EPI scores were associated with a variety of smoking motives and with the level of severity or intensity of nicotine dependence on FTND. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS Neuroticism and depression were associated with smoking behavior and motives among Egyptians, and thus attention should be given to individual needs in designing and implementing smoking cessation interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghada N Radwan
- aPublic Health Department, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University bThe National Hepatology and Tropical Medicine Research Institute, Cairo, Egypt cLombardi Comprehensive Cancer Center, Georgetown University School of Medicine, Washington, DC dDepartment of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
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Schröder CM, Primeau MM, Hallmayer JF, Lazzeroni LC, Hubbard JT, O’Hara R. Serotonin transporter polymorphism is associated with increased apnea-hypopnea index in older adults. Int J Geriatr Psychiatry 2014; 29:227-35. [PMID: 23754303 PMCID: PMC3883911 DOI: 10.1002/gps.3994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A functional polymorphism of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has previously been related to upper airway pathology, but its contribution to obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), a highly prevalent sleep disorder in older adults, remains unclear. OBJECTIVES We aimed to investigate the relationship between apnea-hypopnea index (AHI) and genetic variations in the promoter region of the 5-HTTLPR in older adults. METHODS DNA samples from 94 community-dwelling older adults (57% female, mean age 72 ± 8) were genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism. All participants were assessed in their homes with full ambulatory polysomnography in order to determine AHI and related parameters such as hypoxia, sleep fragmentation, and self-reported daytime sleepiness. RESULTS The 5-HTT l allele was significantly associated with AHI (p = 0.019), with l allele carriers displaying a higher AHI than s allele homozygotes. A single allele change in 5-HTTLPR genotype from s to l resulted in an increase of AHI by 4.46 per hour of sleep (95% CI, 0.75-8.17). The l allele was also associated with increased time during sleep spent at oxygen saturation levels below 90% (p = 0.014). CONCLUSIONS The observed significant association between the 5-HTTLPR l allele and severity of OSA in older adults suggests that the l allele may be important to consider when assessing for OSA in this age group. This association may also explain some of the observed variability among serotonergic pharmacological treatment studies for OSA, and 5-HTT genotype status may have to be taken into account in future therapeutic trials involving serotonergic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen M. Schröder
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Strasbourg University Hospital and Strasbourg University, 1 place de l’hôpital, 67000 Strasbourg, France
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, Strasbourg, France
- University Sleep Clinic, Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Michelle M. Primeau
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
| | - Joachim F. Hallmayer
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
| | - Laura C. Lazzeroni
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
| | - Jeffrey T. Hubbard
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
- CNRS UPR 3212, Institute for Cellular and Integrative Neuroscience, Strasbourg, France
- University Sleep Clinic, Department of Neurology, Strasbourg University Hospital, Strasbourg, France
| | - Ruth O’Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, 401 Quarry Road, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA
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Abstract
Despite the substantial heritability of nearly all psychological traits, it has been difficult to identify specific genetic variants that account for more than a tiny percentage of genetic variance in phenotypes. Common explanations for this "missing heritability" include massive polygenicity, rare variants, epigenetics, epistasis, and gene-environment interactions. Gene-trait (G × T) interaction is another concept useful for understanding the lack of obvious genetic main effects. Both genes and environments are distal contributors to human behavior, but the brain is the proximal driver of behavior. The effect of any single genetic variant is dependent on the configuration of the brain in which it is expressed. One method to begin studying how single genes interact with variations in the rest of the brain is to investigate G × T interactions. A psychological trait reflects a characteristic pattern of psychological function (and, therefore, of brain function), which has its origin in the cumulative effects of both the genome and the environment. A trait therefore describes variation in the broad organismic context in which any single gene operates. We describe the nature and significance of G × T interactions for understanding psychopathology and normal trait variation, which are illustrated with empirical examples.
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Doran N, Schweizer CA, Myers MG, Greenwood TA. A prospective study of the effects of the DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA polymorphism and impulsivity on smoking initiation. Subst Use Misuse 2013; 48:106-16. [PMID: 23153044 DOI: 10.3109/10826084.2012.733791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This study tested whether DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA genotype predicted smoking initiation and subsequent use, and effects were mediated by sensation seeking and negative urgency. Between 2009 and 2012, college never smokers (n = 387) completed six assessments over 15 months; those who reported smoking were classified as initiators. Logistic regression indicated that the A1 allele was associated with initiation (p = .003). This effect was partially mediated by sensation seeking and negative urgency. Effects were stronger in Asian Americans. Findings have implications for improving prevention by including elements focused on urges to seek positive or negative reinforcement. Limitations and future directions are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Doran
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, California 92161, USA.
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Herman AI, Balogh KN. Polymorphisms of the serotonin transporter and receptor genes: susceptibility to substance abuse. Subst Abuse Rehabil 2012; 3:49-57. [PMID: 22933845 PMCID: PMC3427938 DOI: 10.2147/sar.s25864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine [5-HT]) is an important neurotransmitter implicated in regulating substance-use disorder (SUD) acquisition, maintenance, and recovery. During the past several years, an abundance of research has begun discovering and describing specific 5-HT genetic polymorphisms associated with SUDs. Genetic variations in the 5-HT system, such as SLC6A4, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C, HTR3 (HTR3A, HTR3B, HTR3C, HTR3D, and HTR3E), likely play a role contributing to SUD patient heterogeneity. The 5-HT transporter-linked polymorphic region S allele, located in SLC6A4, has now been modestly associated with alcohol dependence in two large meta-analyses. Additional 5-HT genes may also play a role but have not been extensively investigated. A limited number of SUD treatment studies have included 5-HT gene variation as moderating treatment outcomes, but the results have been equivocal. Future research on 5-HT addiction genetics should adopt whole-genome sequencing technology, utilize large study samples, and collect data from multiple ethnic groups. Together, these methods will build on the work already conducted with the aim of utilizing 5-HT genetics in SUD treatment settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aryeh I Herman
- Department of Psychiatry, VA Connecticut Healthcare/Yale University School of Medicine, West Haven, CT, USA
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Sekiguchi F, Ando D, Yamakita M, Yamagata Z. An Association Between the Serotonin Transporter Gene Promoter Polymorphism and Smoking Cessation Among Japanese Males. Asia Pac J Public Health 2011; 24:288-95. [DOI: 10.1177/1010539510377652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to replicate the associations between the serotonin transporter genotypes and smoking cessation and between these genotypes and long-term smoking cessation success (for 2 years or more). Two case–control designs were used in this study. The first case–control design consisted of 47 ex-smokers (cases) and 94 smokers (controls). The second case–control design consisted of the 12 ex-smokers who had succeeded in long-term smoking cessation (cases) and the 24 smokers (controls). In the first design, there was no significant difference in allele frequency and genotype distribution between cases and controls. In the second design, the S/S genotype frequency was higher in cases than in controls, but the difference did not reach slightly statistical significance. The present study suggests that individuals with the S/S genotype are more inclined to achieve long-term smoking cessation than others.
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WATANABE MARIAANGELICAEHARA, NUNES SANDRAODEBRECHETVARGAS, AMARANTE MARLAKARINE, GUEMBAROVSKI ROBERTALOSI, ODA JULIEMASSAYOMAEDA, DE LIMA KALILWILLIAMALVES, FUNGARO MARIAHELENAPELEGRINELLI. Genetic polymorphism of serotonin transporter 5-HTTLPR: involvement in smoking behaviour. J Genet 2011; 90:179-85. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-011-0037-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Lawrence D, Mitrou F, Zubrick SR. Non-specific psychological distress, smoking status and smoking cessation: United States National Health Interview Survey 2005. BMC Public Health 2011; 11:256. [PMID: 21513510 PMCID: PMC3107796 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-11-256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND It is well established that smoking rates in people with common mental disorders such as anxiety or depressive disorders are much higher than in people without mental disorders. It is less clear whether people with these mental disorders want to quit smoking, attempt to quit smoking or successfully quit smoking at the same rate as people without such disorders. METHODS We used data from the 2005 Cancer Control Supplement to the United States National Health Interview Survey to explore the relationship between psychological distress as measured using the K6 scale and smoking cessation, by comparing current smokers who had tried unsuccessfully to quit in the previous 12 months to people able to quit for at least 7 to 24 months prior to the survey. We also used data from the 2007 Australian National Survey of Mental Health and Wellbeing to examine the relationship between psychological distress (K6) scores and duration of mental illness. RESULTS The majority of people with high K6 psychological distress scores also meet diagnostic criteria for mental disorders, and over 90% of these people had first onset of mental disorder more than 2 years prior to the survey. We found that people with high levels of non-specific psychological distress were more likely to be current smokers. They were as likely as people with low levels of psychological distress to report wanting to quit smoking, trying to quit smoking, and to have used smoking cessation aids. However, they were significantly less likely to have quit smoking. CONCLUSIONS The strong association between K6 psychological distress scores and mental disorders of long duration suggests that the K6 measure is a useful proxy for ongoing mental health problems. As people with anxiety and depressive disorders make up a large proportion of adult smokers in the US, attention to the role of these disorders in smoking behaviours may be a useful area of further investigation for tobacco control.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Lawrence
- 1Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, WA. 6872. Australia
| | - Francis Mitrou
- 1Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, WA. 6872. Australia
| | - Stephen R Zubrick
- 1Telethon Institute for Child Health Research, Centre for Child Health Research, The University of Western Australia, P.O. Box 855, West Perth, WA. 6872. Australia
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Minelli A, Bonvicini C, Scassellati C, Sartori R, Gennarelli M. The influence of psychiatric screening in healthy populations selection: a new study and meta-analysis of functional 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 polymorphisms and anxiety-related personality traits. BMC Psychiatry 2011; 11:50. [PMID: 21453464 PMCID: PMC3078846 DOI: 10.1186/1471-244x-11-50] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2010] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A genetic liability for anxiety-related personality traits in healthy subjects has been associated with the functional serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR), although the data are somewhat conflicting. Moreover, only one study has investigated the functional significance of the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 haplotypes in relation to anxiety traits in healthy subjects. We tested whether the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the 5-HTTLPR/rs25531 haplotypes are linked to Harm Avoidance (HA) using an association study (STUDY I) and a meta-analytic approach (STUDY II). METHODS STUDY I: A total of 287 unrelated Italian volunteers were screened for DSM-IV Axis I disorders and genotyped for the 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 (A/G) polymorphisms. Different functional haplotype combinations were also analyzed. STUDY II: A total of 44 studies were chosen for a meta-analysis of the putative association between 5-HTTLPR and anxiety-related personality traits. RESULTS STUDY I: In the whole sample of 287 volunteers, we found that the SS genotype and S'S' haplotypes were associated with higher scores on HA. However, because the screening assessed by Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview (M.I.N.I.) showed the presence of 55 volunteers affected by depression or anxiety disorders, we analyzed the two groups ("disordered" and "healthy") separately. The data obtained did indeed confirm that in the "healthy" group, the significant effects of the SS genotype and S'S' haplotypes were lost, but they remained in the "disordered" group. STUDY II: The results of the 5-HTTLPR meta-analysis with anxiety-related traits in the whole sample confirmed the association of the SS genotype with higher anxiety-related traits scores in Caucasoids; however, when we analyzed only those studies that used structured psychiatric screening, no association was found. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates the relevance to perform analyses on personality traits only in DSM-IV axis I disorder-free subjects. Furthermore, we did not find an association between functional serotonin transporter gene polymorphisms and anxiety traits in healthy subjects screened through a structured psychiatric interview.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Minelli
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "San Giovanni di Dio" - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Cristian Bonvicini
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "San Giovanni di Dio" - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "San Giovanni di Dio" - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sartori
- Department of Philosophy, Pedagogy, Psychology, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Massimo Gennarelli
- Genetic Unit, I.R.C.C.S. "San Giovanni di Dio" - Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy,Department of Biomedical Sciences and Biotechnologies, Biology and Genetic Division, University School of Medicine, Brescia, Italy
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The serotonin transporter gene and startle response during nicotine deprivation. Biol Psychol 2010; 86:1-8. [PMID: 20888887 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsycho.2010.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2010] [Revised: 08/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Affective startle probe methodology was used to examine the effects of nicotine administration and deprivation on emotional processes among individuals carrying at least one s allele versus those with the l/l genotype of the 5-Hydroxytryptamine (Serotonin) Transporter Linked Polymorphic Region, 5-HTTLPR in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene [solute ligand carrier family 6 member A4 (SLC6A4) or SERT]. Smokers (n=84) completed four laboratory sessions crossing deprivation (12-h deprived vs. non-deprived) with nicotine spray (nicotine vs. placebo). Participants viewed affective pictures (positive, negative, neutral) while acoustic startle probes were administered. We found that smokers with the l/l genotype showed significantly greater suppression of the startle response when provided with nicotine vs. placebo than those with the s/s or s/l genotypes. The results suggest that l/l smokers, who may have higher levels of the serotonin transporter and more rapid synaptic serotonin clearance, experience substantial reduction in activation of the defensive system when exposed to nicotine.
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Iordanidou M, Tavridou A, Petridis I, Kyroglou S, Kaklamanis L, Christakidis D, Manolopoulos VG. Association of polymorphisms of the serotonergic system with smoking initiation in Caucasians. Drug Alcohol Depend 2010; 108:70-6. [PMID: 20060656 DOI: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2009.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/17/2009] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The serotonergic system may be implicated in susceptibility to nicotine dependence as nicotine increases 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) release in brain and symptoms of nicotine withdrawal may be modulated by diminished serotonergic neurotransmission. We examined the association of polymorphisms of genes involved in release and receptor function of 5-HT with cigarette smoking initiation in subjects of Caucasian origin. METHODS 5-HTTLPR polymorphism of the 5-HT transporter gene and -759C/T (rs3813929) and -697G/C (rs518147) polymorphisms of the 5-HT(2C) receptor gene were analyzed in 172 smoking initiators and 254 non-initiators, using PCR-RFLP method. Smoking behavior was assessed with a questionnaire about tobacco use. RESULTS We found no differences in the frequency of the 5-HTTLPR genotypes between smoking initiators and non-initiators. However, the frequency of 5-HT(2C) -759T allele was significantly higher in non-initiators than smoking initiators (29.5% vs 16.3%, p=0.002) and the same was true for 5-HT(2C) -697C allele carriers (48.8% vs 34.9%, p=0.004). Sex-dependent analysis revealed that these increased frequencies of -759T and -697C allele carriers were present only in males. No association was observed between any quantitative measures of smoking and these three polymorphisms. CONCLUSIONS 5-HTTLPR polymorphism was not associated with smoking initiation in either male or female subjects. However, significant association was found between 5-HT(2C) receptor gene polymorphisms and smoking initiation in male Caucasian subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Iordanidou
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, Democritus University of Thrace, Dragana Campus, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
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Bloch B, Reshef A, Cohen T, Tafla A, Gathas S, Israel S, Gritsenko I, Kremer I, Ebstein RP. Preliminary effects of bupropion and the promoter region (HTTLPR) serotonin transporter (SLC6A4) polymorphism on smoking behavior in schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2010; 175:38-42. [PMID: 19995670 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2008.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2007] [Revised: 12/14/2008] [Accepted: 12/30/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In the current study, we investigated how individual variants in the serotonin promoter gene, previously associated with smoking cessation and linked to anxiety-related personality traits, were associated with individual differences in responsiveness to bupropion and cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) in a clinical population. We hypothesize that subjects with the long allele may be less responsive to treatment. Altogether 61 schizophrenic patients (46 M, 15 F) on stable neuroleptic medication were initially enrolled in a smoking reduction program (prospective, double-blind, placebo-controlled) including cognitive behavioral therapy plus placebo or CBT plus bupropion. Additionally, subjects were genotyped for a polymorphism in the serotonin transporter (SLC6A4). Thirty-two subjects (23 M, 9 F) completed a 14-week course of treatment. While both groups of subjects demonstrated significant reductions in smoking behavior due to CBT, subjects receiving bupropion did not show significant differences in smoking behavior when compared to placebo. In addition, analysis by SPSS repeated measures multivariate showed a significant sex by SLC6A4 genotype interaction on the number of cigarettes smoked. Only male subjects with at least one short promoter region allele (short/short and short/long combined) showed a reduction in cigarette consumption as a result of treatment. This study provides preliminary evidence of how polymorphisms in the serotonin transporter can be informative in predicting individual responses to smoking reduction therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boaz Bloch
- Psychiatry Department, HaEmek Hospital, Afula, Israel
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Differential contribution of genetic variation in multiple brain nicotinic cholinergic receptors to nicotine dependence: recent progress and emerging open questions. Mol Psychiatry 2009; 14:912-45. [PMID: 19564872 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2009.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine dependence (ND), a major public health challenge, is a complex, multifactorial behavior, in which both genetic and environmental factors have a role. Brain nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)-encoding genes are among the most prominent candidate genes studied in the context of ND, because of their biological relevance as binding sites for nicotine. Until recently, most research on the role of nAChRs in ND has focused on two of these genes (encoding the alpha4- and beta2-subunits) and not much attention has been paid to the possible contribution of the other nine brain nAChR subunit genes (alpha2-alpha3, alpha5-alpha7, alpha9-alpha10, beta3-beta4) to the pathophysiology and genetics of ND. This situation has changed dramatically in the last 2 years during which intensive research had addressed the issue, mainly from the genetics perspective, and has shown the importance of the CHRNA5-CHRNA3-CHRNB4 and CHRNA6-CHRNB3 loci in ND-related phenotypes. In this review, we highlight recent findings regarding the contribution of non-alpha4/beta2-subunit containing nAChRs to ND, based on several lines of evidence: (1) human genetics studies (including linkage analysis, candidate-gene association studies and whole-genome association studies) of several ND-related phenotypes; (2) differential pharmacological and biochemical properties of receptors containing these subunits; (3) evidence from genetically manipulated mice; and (4) the contribution of nAChR genes to ND-related personality traits and neurocognitive profiles. Combining neurobiological genetic and behavioral perspectives, we suggest that genetic susceptibility to ND is not linked to one or two specific nAChR subtype genes but to several. In particular, the alpha3, alpha5-6 and beta3-4 nAChR subunit-encoding genes may play a much more pivotal role in the neurobiology and genetics of ND than was appreciated earlier. At the functional level, variants in these subunit genes (most likely regulatory) may have independent as well as interactive contributions to the ND phenotype spectrum. We address methodological challenges in the field, highlight open questions and suggest possible pathways for future research.
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Gilbert DG, Zuo Y, Rabinovich NE, Riise H, Needham R, Huggenvik JI. Neurotransmission-related genetic polymorphisms, negative affectivity traits, and gender predict tobacco abstinence symptoms across 44 days with and without nicotine patch. JOURNAL OF ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY 2009; 118:322-34. [PMID: 19413407 DOI: 10.1037/a0015382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Genetic and personality trait moderators of tobacco abstinence-symptom trajectories were assessed in a highly controlled study. Based on evidence suggesting their importance in stress reactivity and smoking, moderators studied were serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) and dopamine D2 receptor gene (DRD2) polymorphisms and personality traits related to negative affect (NA). Smokers were randomly assigned to quit smoking with nicotine or placebo patches. Financial incentives resulted in 80% verified abstinence across the 44-day study. Individuals with 1 or 2 short alleles of 5-HTTLPR (S carriers) experienced larger increases in NA symptoms than did those without a short allele. Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) alleviated anxiety only in S carriers. NRT reduced NA to a greater extent in DRD2 A1 carriers than in A2A2 individuals during the 1st 2 weeks of treatment (when on the 21-mg patch); however, A1 carriers experienced a renewal of NA symptoms when switched to the 7-mg patch and when off the patch, while A2A2 individuals continued to benefit from NRT. The results suggest that the effects of genotype and treatment may vary across different durations of abstinence, treatment doses, and genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David G Gilbert
- Department of Psychology, Southern Illinois University, Carbondale, IL 62901-6502, USA.
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Weese-Mayer DE, Berry-Kravis EM, Ceccherini I, Rand CMC. Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS): kindred disorders of autonomic regulation. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2009; 164:38-48. [PMID: 18579454 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2008.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/13/2008] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Congenital central hypoventilation syndrome (CCHS) and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) were long considered rare disorders of respiratory control and more recently have been highlighted as part of a growing spectrum of disorders within the rubric of autonomic nervous system (ANS) dysregulation (ANSD). CCHS typically presents in the newborn period with a phenotype including alveolar hypoventilation, symptoms of ANSD and, in a subset of cases, Hirschsprung disease and later tumors of neural crest origin. Study of genes related to autonomic dysregulation and the embryologic origin of the neural crest led to the discovery of PHOX2B as the disease-defining gene for CCHS. Like CCHS, SIDS is thought to result from central deficits in control of breathing and ANSD, although SIDS risk is most likely defined by complex multifactorial genetic and environmental interactions. Some early genetic and neuropathological evidence is emerging to implicate serotonin systems in SIDS risk. The purpose of this article is to review the current understanding of the genetic basis for CCHS and SIDS, and discuss the impact of this information on clinical practice and future research directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Center for Autonomic Medicine in Pediatrics, Children's Memorial Hospital, 2300 Children's Plaza, Chicago, IL 60614, USA.
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Munafò MR, Freimer NB, Ng W, Ophoff R, Veijola J, Miettunen J, Järvelin MR, Taanila A, Flint J. 5-HTTLPR genotype and anxiety-related personality traits: a meta-analysis and new data. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2009; 150B:271-81. [PMID: 18546120 PMCID: PMC2819421 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the strength of evidence for association of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism and the personality trait of Harm Avoidance. We used new primary data from a large sample of adults drawn from the Finnish population. We also applied meta-analytic techniques to synthesize existing published data. The large number of studies of the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism allowed us to apply a formal test of publication bias, as well as formally investigate the impact of potential moderating factors such as measurement instrument. Univariate ANOVA of primary data (n = 3,872), with 5-HTTLPR genotype as a between-groups factor, indicated no evidence of association with Harm Avoidance (P = 0.99). Meta-analysis indicated no evidence of significant association of 5-HTTLPR with Harm Avoidance (d = 0.02, P = 0.37), or EPQ Neuroticism (d = 0.01, P = 0.71), although there was evidence of association with NEO Neuroticism (d = 0.18, P < 0.001). Our analyses indicate that the 5-HTTLPR variant is not associated with Harm Avoidance. Together with our previous analyses of a large sample of participants with extreme Neuroticism scores (defined by the EPQ), we have data that excludes a meaningful genetic effect of the 5-HTTLPR on two measures of anxiety-related personality traits. There remains the possibility that the variant influences the NEO personality questionnaire measure of Neuroticism. However, a large, well-powered primary study is required to test this hypothesis directly and adequately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus R Munafò
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Bristol, United Kingdom.
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31
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Gartner CE, Barendregt JJ, Hall WD. Multiple genetic tests for susceptibility to smoking do not outperform simple family history. Addiction 2009; 104:118-26. [PMID: 19133896 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02392.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To evaluate the utility of using predictive genetic screening of the population for susceptibility to smoking. METHODS The results of meta-analyses of genetic association studies of smoking behaviour were used to create simulated data sets using Monte Carlo methods. The ability of the genetic tests to screen for smoking was assessed using receiver operator characteristic curve analysis. The result was compared to prediction using simple family history information. To identify the circumstances in which predictive genetic testing would potentially justify screening we simulated tests using larger numbers of alleles (10, 15 and 20) that varied in prevalence from 10 to 50% and in strength of association [relative risks (RRs) of 1.2-2.1]. RESULTS A test based on the RRs and prevalence of five susceptibility alleles derived from meta-analyses of genetic association studies of smoking performed similarly to chance and no better than the prediction based on simple family history. Increasing the number of alleles from five to 20 improved the predictive ability of genetic screening only modestly when using genes with the effect sizes reported to date. CONCLUSIONS This panel of genetic tests would be unsuitable for population screening. This situation is unlikely to be improved upon by screening based on more genetic tests. Given the similarity with associations found for other polygenic conditions, our results also suggest that using multiple genes to screen the general population for genetic susceptibility to polygenic disorders will be of limited utility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Coral E Gartner
- The University of Queensland, School of Population Health, Herston, QLD, Australia.
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32
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Dopamine and opioid gene variants are associated with increased smoking reward and reinforcement owing to negative mood. Behav Pharmacol 2008; 19:641-9. [PMID: 18690118 DOI: 10.1097/fbp.0b013e32830c367c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Negative mood increases smoking reinforcement and risk of relapse. We explored associations of gene variants in the dopamine, opioid, and serotonin pathways with smoking reward ('liking') and reinforcement (latency to first puff and total puffs) as a function of negative mood and expected versus actual nicotine content of the cigarette. Smokers of European ancestry (n=72) were randomized to one of four groups in a 2x2 balanced placebo design, corresponding with manipulation of actual (0.6 vs. 0.05 mg) and expected (told nicotine and told denicotinized) nicotine 'dose' in cigarettes during each of two sessions (negative vs. positive mood induction). Following mood induction and expectancy instructions, they sampled and rated the assigned cigarette, and then smoked additional cigarettes ad lib during continued mood induction. The increase in smoking amount owing to negative mood was associated with: dopamine D2 receptor (DRD2) C957T (CC>TT or CT), SLC6A3 (presence of 9 repeat>absence of 9), and among those given a nicotine cigarette, DRD4 (presence of 7 repeat>absence of 7) and DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA (TT or CT>CC). SLC6A3, and DRD2/ANKK1 TaqIA were also associated with smoking reward and smoking latency. OPRM1 (AA>AG or GG) was associated with smoking reward, but SLC6A4 variable number tandem repeat was unrelated to any of these measures. These results warrant replication but provide the first evidence for genetic associations with the acute increase in smoking reward and reinforcement owing to negative mood.
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33
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Triche EW, Hossain N, Paidas MJ. Genetic influences on smoking cessation and relapse in pregnant women. J OBSTET GYNAECOL 2008; 28:155-60. [PMID: 18393009 DOI: 10.1080/01443610801912725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking during pregnancy continues to be a significant public health concern. Maternal smoking during pregnancy has been associated with low birth weight (<2500 g), fetal growth restriction, placental problems, pre-term delivery and spontaneous abortion. Mothers who smoke during pregnancy are twice as likely to give birth to low birth weight infants, and smoking during pregnancy is estimated to be responsible for 20-30% of all low birth weight infants. Smoking during pregnancy not only affects placental function, thus causing obstetrical complications, but nicotine also crosses the placenta and acts as a neuroteratogen. This in turn, elevates the risk of cognitive and auditory processing deficits, and has also been found to be negatively associated with long-term consequences on offspring behaviour. In addition, smoking has negative long-term health consequences for both mother and child, including respiratory conditions, cancer and cardiovascular problems. This review provides insight into the genetic influences on smoking behaviour in pregnant women. In particular, the roles of genes in the neurotransmitter pathways are highlighted. It also emphasises the need for further research in this area, and provides rationale for the importance of focusing on pregnant women who are highly motivated to quit when researching smoking behaviours in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- E W Triche
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
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O'Gara C, Knight J, Stapleton J, Luty J, Neale B, Nash M, Heuzo-Diaz P, Hoda F, Cohen S, Sutherland G, Collier D, Sham P, Ball D, McGuffin P, Craig I. Association of the serotonin transporter gene, neuroticism and smoking behaviours. J Hum Genet 2008; 53:239-246. [PMID: 18188666 DOI: 10.1007/s10038-007-0243-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2007] [Accepted: 12/15/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette consumption and smoking cessation are influenced in part by genes. Personality traits have also been implicated in the aetiology of smoking. Neuroticism, a personality trait with a heritable component, correlates well with anxiety and depression, increasing the risk of being a smoker and decreasing the chance of smoking cessation. Several prior studies in non-British populations have given conflicting results as to whether some genetic polymorphisms affect the relationship between smoking and neuroticism. This study investigated the influence of serotonin transporter (5HTTLPR) genotypes on a composite measure of neuroticism and cigarette consumption/smoking cessation in a British population. Although neuroticism was significantly associated with cigarette consumption and smoking cessation, genotype did not affect this relationship. Our results do not support initial interest in utilising 5HTTLPR genotypes in combination with neuroticism ratings for predicting outcome in smoking cessation clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Colin O'Gara
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK.
- St. John of God Hospital, Stillorgan, Co Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Jo Knight
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - John Stapleton
- Tobacco Research Unit, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Jason Luty
- South Essex Partnership NHS Trust, The Taylor Centre, Queensway House, Essex Street, Southend on Sea, Essex, SS4 1RB, UK
| | - Ben Neale
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Matt Nash
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Patricia Heuzo-Diaz
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Farzana Hoda
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Sarah Cohen
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Gay Sutherland
- Tobacco Research Unit, National Addiction Centre, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - David Collier
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Pak Sham
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - David Ball
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Peter McGuffin
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
| | - Ian Craig
- MRC Social Genetic and Developmental Psychiatry Research Centre, King's College London, Institute of Psychiatry, London, UK
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Lucht M, Barnow S, Schroeder W, Grabe HJ, Rosskopf D, Brummer C, John U, Freyberger HJ, Herrmann FH. Alcohol consumption is associated with an interaction between DRD2 exon 8 A/A genotype and self-directedness in males. Neuropsychobiology 2008; 56:24-31. [PMID: 17943029 DOI: 10.1159/000109974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2007] [Accepted: 07/04/2007] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both reduced postsynaptic dopamine D(2) receptor function and the character variable self-directedness (SDD) are related to the level of alcohol consumption. We examined for interactions between DRD2 exon 8(rs6276), a polymorphism which has been associated with various alcohol-related phenotypes, SDD and alcohol consumption. METHODS A total of 144 male and 186 female probands with alcohol dependence or abuse diagnoses and without were included in the study. All subjects were assessed with the alcohol section of the Semi-Structured Assessment for the Genetics of Alcoholism and the Temperament and Character Inventory. RESULTS Male probands with A/A genotype reported significantly higher alcohol consumption in a typical week (ANOVA; p = 0.024); those with A/A genotype and low SDD showed particularly high consumption levels (interaction DRD2 x SDD: p = 0.019). Alcohol dependence/abuse (DSM-IV) but not nicotine dependence was also relevant for higher alcohol consumption (trend: p = 0.052). In the female group, only alcohol disorders predicted alcohol consumption. CONCLUSIONS Our findings support a role for a gene-personality interaction of DRD2 exon 8 x SDD in alcohol consumption in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Lucht
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Hanse-Klinikum Stralsund, Stralsund, Germany.
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36
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O'Hara R, Schröder CM, Mahadevan R, Schatzberg AF, Lindley S, Fox S, Weiner M, Kraemer HC, Noda A, Lin X, Gray HL, Hallmayer JF. Serotonin transporter polymorphism, memory and hippocampal volume in the elderly: association and interaction with cortisol. Mol Psychiatry 2007; 12:544-55. [PMID: 17353910 PMCID: PMC2084475 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The s allele variant of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTT) has recently been observed to moderate the relationship of stress to depression and anxiety. To date no study has considered interactive effects of 5-HTT genotype, stress and hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) function on cognition in healthy, older adults, which may reflect developmental, functional or neurodegenerative effects of the serotonin transporter polymorphism. We investigated whether 5-HTT genotype interacts with cumulative life stress and HPA-axis measures of waking and diurnal cortisol slope to impact cognition in 154 non-depressed, older adults. Structural images of hippocampal volume were acquired on a subsample of 56 participants. The 5-HTT s allele was associated with both significantly lower delayed recall and higher waking cortisol levels. Presence of the s allele interacted with higher waking cortisol to negatively impact memory. We also observed a significant interaction of higher waking cortisol and the s allele on lower hippocampal volume. Smaller hippocampi and higher cortisol were associated with lower delayed recall only in s allele carriers. No impact or interactions of cumulative life stress with 5-HTT or cortisol were observed. This is the first investigation to identify an association of the 5-HTT s allele with poorer memory function in older adults. The interactive effects of the s allele and waking cortisol levels on reduced hippocampal volume and lower memory suggest that the negative effect of the serotonin polymorphism on memory is mediated by the HPA axis. Further, given the significant association of the s allele with higher waking cortisol in our investigation, future studies may be needed to evaluate the impact of the serotonin transporter polymorphism on any neuropsychiatric or behavioral outcome which is influenced by HPA axis function in older adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- R O'Hara
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305-5550, USA.
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Weese-Mayer DE, Ackerman MJ, Marazita ML, Berry-Kravis EM. Sudden Infant Death Syndrome: review of implicated genetic factors. Am J Med Genet A 2007; 143A:771-88. [PMID: 17340630 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.31722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Genetic studies in Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS) have been motivated by clinical, epidemiological, and/or neuropathological observations in SIDS victims, with subsequent pursuit of candidate genes in five categories: (1) genes for ion channel proteins based on electrocardiographic evidence of prolonged QT intervals in SIDS victims, (2) gene for serotonin transporter based on decreased serotonergic receptor binding in brainstems of SIDS victims, (3) genes pertinent to the early embryology of the autonomic nervous system (ANS) (and with a link to the 5-HT system) based on reports of ANS dysregulation in SIDS victims, (4) genes for nicotine metabolizing enzymes based on evidence of cigarette smoking as a modifiable risk factor for SIDS, and (5) genes regulating inflammation, energy production, hypoglycemia, and thermal regulation based on reports of postnatal infection, low birth weight, and/or overheating in SIDS victims. Evidence for each of these classes of candidate genes is reviewed in detail. As this review indicates, a number of genetically controlled pathways appear to be involved in at least some cases of SIDS. Given the diversity of results to date, genetic studies support the clinical impression that SIDS is heterogeneous with more than one entity and with more than one possible genetic etiology. Future studies should consider expanded phenotypic features that might help clarify the heterogeneity and improve the predictive value of the identified genetic factors. Such features should be evaluated to the extent possible in both SIDS victims and their family members. With 2,162 infants dying from SIDS in 2003 in the U.S. alone, and improved but still imperfect parent and caretaker compliance with known modifiable risk factors for SIDS, it behooves clinicians, researchers, and parents to combine efforts to reach a common goal. The message of the "Back to Sleep" campaign needs to be re-introduced/re-engineered to reach families and caretakers of all ethnic groups. Clinicians and researchers need to gently inform new SIDS parents about the opportunity to contribute tissue to the NICHD-funded University of Maryland Brain and Tissue Bank. By expanding the network of clinicians, scientists, and families working together, and by combined efforts in a collaborative multi-center study of candidate genes and/or genomics, the discovery of the genetic profile of the infant at risk for SIDS can ultimately be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debra E Weese-Mayer
- Department of Pediatrics, Rush University Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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Ho MK, Tyndale RF. Overview of the pharmacogenomics of cigarette smoking. THE PHARMACOGENOMICS JOURNAL 2007; 7:81-98. [PMID: 17224913 DOI: 10.1038/sj.tpj.6500436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking increases the risk of numerous health problems, including cancer, cardiovascular and pulmonary disorders, making smoking the leading cause of preventable death in the world. Nicotine is primarily responsible for the highly addictive properties of cigarettes. Although the majority of smokers express a desire to quit, few are successful in doing so. Twin and family studies have indicated substantial genetic contributions to smoking behaviors. One major research focus has been to elucidate the specific genes involved; this has been accomplished primarily through genome-wide linkage analyses and candidate gene association studies. Much attention has focused on genes involved in the neurotransmitter pathways for the brain reward system and genes altering nicotine metabolism. This paper reviews the current state of knowledge for genetic factors implicated in smoking behaviors, and examines how genetic variations may affect therapeutic outcomes for drugs used to assist smoking cessation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Ho
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Department of Pharmacology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Spring B, Hitsman B, Pingitore R, McChargue DE, Gunnarsdottir D, Corsica J, Pergadia M, Doran N, Crayton JW, Baruah S, Hedeker D. Effect of tryptophan depletion on smokers and nonsmokers with and without history of major depression. Biol Psychiatry 2007; 61:70-7. [PMID: 16893526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.03.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2005] [Revised: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 03/28/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serotonergic dysregulation is posited to contribute to comorbidity between nicotine dependence and depression. We tested whether acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) triggers depressive symptoms in euthymic, unmedicated smokers and nonsmokers with and without history of major depressive disorder (MDD). METHODS Acute tryptophan depletion and taste-matched placebo challenges were administered double-blind in counter-balanced order. Participants were four groups of volunteers hypothesized to be of increasing affective vulnerability as follows: nonsmokers lacking recurrent personal and familial history of MDD (n = 20), smokers lacking recurrent personal and familial history of MDD (n = 21), nonsmokers with history of recurrent personal and familial MDD (n = 16), and smokers with recurrent personal and familial history of MDD (n = 16). Depression, dysphoric mood, and plasma amino acids were measured at baseline and around the time of peak depletion. RESULTS Depressive symptom response to ATD was heightened significantly by history of MDD (p < .001) and marginally by smoking (p = .09). Smoking seemed to magnify the ATD response of those with a history of MDD (effect size = .63) but had no effect on those without MDD history (effect size = .06). CONCLUSIONS Depressive symptom response to serotonergic challenge is exaggerated in unmedicated, euthymic adults with recurrent personal and familial vulnerability to MDD, perhaps especially if they also smoke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie Spring
- Medical Research, Hines Hospital, Veteran Affairs Medical Center, Hines, Illinois, USA.
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40
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Abstract
Smoking of tobacco products continues to be a major cause of worldwide health problems. Epidemiological studies have shown that tobacco smoking is the greatest risk factor for the development of pancreatic cancer. Smokers who are able to quit smoking can reduce their risk of pancreatic cancer by nearly 50% within two years, however, their risk of developing pancreatic cancer remains higher than that of non-smokers for 10 years. Nicotine is the major psychoactive substance in tobacco, and is responsible for tobacco dependence and addiction. Recent evidence suggests that individuals have genetically based differences in their ability to metabolize nicotine, as well as genetic differences in the psychological reward pathways that may influence individual response to smoking initiation, dependence, addiction and cessation. Numerous associations have been reported between smoking behavior and genetic polymorphisms in genes that are responsible for nicotine metabolism. In addition, polymorphisms in genes that encode neurotransmitters and transporters that function in psychological reward pathways have been implicated in differences in smoking behavior. However, there is a large degree of between-study variability that demonstrates the need for larger, well-controlled case-control studies to identify target genes and deduce mechanisms that account for the genetic basis of inter-individual differences in smoking behavior. Understanding the genetic factors that increase susceptibility to tobacco addiction may result in more effective tobacco cessation programs which will, in turn, reduce the incidence of tobacco related disease, including pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart L MacLeod
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Arkansas Center for Birth Defects Research and Prevention, 1120 Marshall St. Mail Slot 512-40, Little Rock, AR 72202, United States.
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Berlin I, Covey LS. Pre-cessation depressive mood predicts failure to quit smoking: the role of coping and personality traits. Addiction 2006; 101:1814-21. [PMID: 17156181 DOI: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2006.01616.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To examine whether mood, personality and coping predict smoking cessation and whether the associations of personality and coping are mediated through depressed mood. SETTING Multicenter (n = 8) smoking cessation trial. PARTICIPANTS A total of 600 smokers (> or = 15 cigarettes/day) without current depression who participated in a smoking cessation study. MEASUREMENTS The outcome was continuous abstinence during the last 4 weeks of the 3-month trial: depressed mood was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), personality by the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (NEO-PI-R) and coping by the Revised Ways of Coping Checklist (RWCC). FINDINGS A total of 14.7% (88/600) were abstainers. Controlling for potential confounders, baseline BDI independently predicted smoking cessation. Smokers with BDI > or = 10 were less likely to quit than those with BDI < 10 (odds ratio: 6.39, 95% CI: 1.44-28.3, P = 0.01). Compared to BDI < 10 smokers, BDI > or = 10 smokers had significantly higher scores for neuroticism and lower scores for extraversion and conscientiousness (NEO-PI-R). On the RWCC, BDI > or = 10 smokers scored higher for blame self, wishful thinking and problem avoidance and they scored lower on problem focus than smokers with BDI < 10. A mediational analysis showed that neither personality traits nor coping skills predicted directly smoking cessation. However, low level of problem focusing and social support seeking predicted a negative outcome via depressed mood. CONCLUSION A BDI score > or = 10, even in smokers who do not meet a current diagnosis of major depression, directly predicts inability to quit. This suggests the utility of assessing depression symptoms in routine smoking cessation care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Berlin
- Groupe Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière, Université Pierre and Marie Curie Paris 6 and INSERM U 677, Paris, France.
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42
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Abstract
HERITABILITY INDICATORS: Genetic studies of tobacco use can be useful to understand the physiopathology of nicotine dependence and potentially to prevent it. Twin and adoption studies have clearly shown the role of genetic factors in tobacco use at different stages. Genetic factors account for 55% (range: 11-84%) of the smoking initiation and 61% (range: 52-71%) for persistence. Age at onset and intensity of smoking are also influenced by genetic factors. Estimation of the heritability of initiation/persistence of smoking varies by gender. It is estimated as 66%/61% for women and 49%/61% for men respectively. In adolescent twin studies, heritability estimated the liability of lifetime or current use of tobacco to be more than 80%, while the heritability for initiation being between 11% and 59%. Heavy smoking is also influenced by genetic factors, especially when patients are co-abusing alcohol or coffee. Genetics findings - Advances in molecular genetics identified different candidate genes for tobacco use mainly involving neurotransmission of neuromodulators. Because of the brain reward effects of nicotine on the mesolimbic system, the genes involved in the dopaminergic transmission receive specific attention. Genetic polymorphisms of the dopamine D1, D2, D4 and D5 receptors, dopamine transporter (DAT1) and dopamine B-hydroxylase (DBH) have been associated at least once with clinical aspects of tobacco use (initiation, dependence and intensity) and temperament traits as novelty seeking, the latter being lower in smokers and thus considered as a vulnerable marker in accordance with the reinforcement effect of nicotine. Regarding interaction between nicotine use and anxiety and depression, the gene encoding for the serotonin transporter (5-HTT) may constitute a candidate gene. Because of interindividual bioavailability of nicotine, genetic polymorphisms of metabolism enzymes have also been analysed. Some variants of the cytochrome P450 seem to be more frequent among dependent smokers than controls or ever smokers (CYP2A6) and heavier smokers (CYP2D6). Genetic research might be suitable for a therapeutic approach and identify subjects at high risk for nicotine dependence.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Hamdani
- INSERM U288, 91, boulevard de l'Hôpital, 75013 Paris
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43
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Saccone SF, Hinrichs AL, Saccone NL, Chase GA, Konvicka K, Madden PAF, Breslau N, Johnson EO, Hatsukami D, Pomerleau O, Swan GE, Goate AM, Rutter J, Bertelsen S, Fox L, Fugman D, Martin NG, Montgomery GW, Wang JC, Ballinger DG, Rice JP, Bierut LJ. Cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes implicated in a nicotine dependence association study targeting 348 candidate genes with 3713 SNPs. Hum Mol Genet 2006; 16:36-49. [PMID: 17135278 PMCID: PMC2270437 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddl438] [Citation(s) in RCA: 709] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nicotine dependence is one of the world's leading causes of preventable death. To discover genetic variants that influence risk for nicotine dependence, we targeted over 300 candidate genes and analyzed 3713 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 1050 cases and 879 controls. The Fagerström test for nicotine dependence (FTND) was used to assess dependence, in which cases were required to have an FTND of 4 or more. The control criterion was strict: control subjects must have smoked at least 100 cigarettes in their lifetimes and had an FTND of 0 during the heaviest period of smoking. After correcting for multiple testing by controlling the false discovery rate, several cholinergic nicotinic receptor genes dominated the top signals. The strongest association was from an SNP representing CHRNB3, the beta3 nicotinic receptor subunit gene (P = 9.4 x 10(-5)). Biologically, the most compelling evidence for a risk variant came from a non-synonymous SNP in the alpha5 nicotinic receptor subunit gene CHRNA5 (P = 6.4 x 10(-4)). This SNP exhibited evidence of a recessive mode of inheritance, resulting in individuals having a 2-fold increase in risk of developing nicotine dependence once exposed to cigarette smoking. Other genes among the top signals were KCNJ6 and GABRA4. This study represents one of the most powerful and extensive studies of nicotine dependence to date and has found novel risk loci that require confirmation by replication studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott F Saccone
- Department of Psychiatry, Box 8134, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St Louis, MO 63110, USA.
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44
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Lerer E, Kanyas K, Karni O, Ebstein RP, Lerer B. Why do young women smoke? II. Role of traumatic life experience, psychological characteristics and serotonergic genes. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:771-81. [PMID: 16770336 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Cigarette smoking is a complex behavioral phenotype to which environmental, psychological and genetic factors contribute. The purpose of this study was to investigate these multifactorial effects with a specific focus on young women and on genes that encode serotonin (5-HT) receptors and the 5-HT transporter. A case-control sample of female Israeli college students provided comprehensive background data and details of cigarette smoking and completed a battery of psychological instruments. They were divided into smoking initiators (SI, n=242) or non-initiators (NI, n=148); SI were further subdivided into high (HND, n=127) and low nicotine-dependent smokers (LND, n=115) on the basis of their scores on the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire (FTQ). Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in five serotonin receptor genes (HTR1A, HTR1B, HTR2A, HTR2C and HTR6) and the 5-HT transporter-linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) were genotyped. In a logistic regression model for SI (chi2=117.90, P=1.6 x 10(-19), Nagelkerke R2=0.42), novelty seeking (odds ratio (OR)=1.134, P=0.00009) was a significant risk factor. A five SNP CACCC haplotype in HTR6 was a strong protective factor against SI (OR=0.26; P=0.007). The interaction of HTR6-C276T genotype and lifetime traumatic experience contributed strongly to the risk of SI (OR=13.88, P=0.0001). Specifically, subjects homozygous for the HTR6-C276T C allele showed significantly increased risk of SI if they had experienced trauma. Although significant (chi2=42.85, P=1.00 x 10(-7)), the best-fitting model for ND was less predictive than the model for SI (Nagelkerke R2=0.24). HTR1B-G861C GG genotype (OR=2.29, P=0.01) was a significant risk factor for HND. Further studies should consider the interactive contribution of life events and relevant gene variants to cigarette smoking and other complex behavioral traits.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Case-Control Studies
- Female
- Haplotypes
- Humans
- Israel/epidemiology
- Life Change Events
- Logistic Models
- Personality
- Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT1B/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2A/genetics
- Receptor, Serotonin, 5-HT2C/genetics
- Receptors, Serotonin/genetics
- Risk Factors
- Smoking/epidemiology
- Smoking/genetics
- Smoking/psychology
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lerer
- Research Laboratory, Sara Herzog Memorial Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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45
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Greenbaum L, Kanyas K, Karni O, Merbl Y, Olender T, Horowitz A, Yakir A, Lancet D, Ben-Asher E, Lerer B. Why do young women smoke? I. Direct and interactive effects of environment, psychological characteristics and nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes. Mol Psychiatry 2006; 11:312-22, 223. [PMID: 16314871 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite the health hazards, cigarette smoking is disproportionately frequent among young women. A significant contribution of genetic factors to smoking phenotypes is well established. Efforts to identify susceptibility genes do not generally take into account possible interaction with environment, life experience and psychological characteristics. We recruited 501 female Israeli students aged 20-30 years, obtained comprehensive background data and details of cigarette smoking and administered a battery of psychological instruments. Smoking initiators (n=242) were divided into subgroups with high (n=127) and low (n=115) levels of nicotine dependence based on their scores on the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire and genotyped with noninitiators (n=142) for single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 11 nicotinic cholinergic receptor genes. We found nominally significant (P<0.05) allelic and genotypic association with smoking initiation of SNP rs2072660 and multilocus haplotypes (P<0.007-0.05) in CHRNB2 and nominal (P<0.05) allelic or genotypic association of SNPs in CHRNA7 (rs1909884), CHRNA9 (rs4861065) and CHRNB3 (rs9298629) with nicotine dependence. Employing logistic regression and controlling for known risk factors, the best-fitting model for smoking initiation encompassed a 5 SNP haplotype in CHRNB2, neuroticism and novelty seeking (P=5.9 x 10(-14), Nagelkerke r(2)=0.30). For severity of nicotine dependence, two SNPs in CHRNA7 (rs1909884 and rs883473), one SNP in CHRNA5 (rs680244) and the interaction of a SNP in CHRNA7 (rs2337980) with neuroticism, were included in the model (P=2.24 x 10(-7), Nagelkerke r(2)=0.40). These findings indicate that background factors, psychological characteristics and genetic variation in nicotinic cholinergic receptors contribute independently or interactively to smoking initiation and to severity of nicotine dependence in young women.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Greenbaum
- Biological Psychiatry Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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46
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES I examined the association, among youths, between coping behavior when angry and depression. METHODS Data were drawn from the Health Behavior in School-Aged Children in the United States survey (n=9938). Factor analyses and multivariate logistic regression analyses were used to determine the association between self-reported coping behavior when angry and depression. Gender-specific models were run. RESULTS Factor analysis of 11 coping behaviors indicated a 4-factor solution: substance use, physical activity, emotional coping behavior, and aggressive behavior. Substance use, emotional coping, and aggressive behavior coping were associated with increased likelihood of depression, whereas physical activity was associated with decreased likelihood of depression. Male youths were more likely to engage in physical activity and were less likely to feel depressed. CONCLUSIONS These data provide preliminary evidence of a link between specific coping behavior when angry and the likelihood of depression among youths. Whether these associations may be useful in identifying youths at risk for depression cannot be determined from these data alone but may be an important area for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee D Goodwin
- Department of Epidemiology, Mailman School of Public Health, Columbia University, 722 West 168th St, Room 1706, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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47
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Mizuno T, Aoki M, Shimada Y, Inoue M, Nakaya K, Takahashi T, Itoyama Y, Kanazawa M, Utsumi A, Endo Y, Nomura T, Hiratsuka M, Mizugaki M, Goto J, Hongo M, Fukudo S. Gender difference in association between polymorphism of serotonin transporter gene regulatory region and anxiety. J Psychosom Res 2006; 60:91-7. [PMID: 16380315 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2005.06.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2004] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to verify the hypothesis that variation of the serotonin transporter gene promoter region (5-HTTLPR) is associated with sensitivity to stress. METHODS Genotyping of 5-HTTLPR and evaluation of emotional states were performed on 194 participants. Participants' emotional states were evaluated using the Perceived-Stress Scale (PSS), the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and the Self-rating Depression Scale (SDS). RESULTS There was significant GenderxGenotype interaction in STAI (state, P<.05; trait, P<.05). Females with the l/s genotype showed higher anxiety than those with the s/s genotype in both state and trait anxiety. Oppositely, males with the s/s genotype showed higher anxiety than those with the l/s genotype. CONCLUSION On all emotional scales, females with the l/s genotype showed high scores, contrary to males with the same genotype. Therefore, our results suggest that 5-HTTLPR l allele may be one pathway that activates negative emotion in females but acts contrary in males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoko Mizuno
- Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
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48
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Abstract
Smoking is a complex behavior influenced by environ-mental and genetic factors. A number of twin studies demonstrate genetic influences on multiple aspects of smoking including initiation, dependence, continuation, amount consumed, and cessation. It is likely that this genetic risk involves a complex interaction between multiple genes in different biologic pathways. These may include genes involved in the general aspect of dependence (eg, genes within the dopaminergic system) and those more specific to nicotine dependence (eg, genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and nicotine-metabolizing enzymes). Genome-wide linkage analyses and gene association studies provide approaches for identifying these genes. This review provides a brief highlight of data from some of the candidate gene association studies and discusses some of the discrepancies found in the literature. In addition, the authors have reviewed some recent studies examining how genetic variations in drug-metabolizing enzymes and drug targets can influence the response to treatment with drugs such as bupropion and nicotine.These latter studies provide the potential for maximizing treatment efficacy by individualizing the type, dosage, and duration of the treatment based on an individual's genotype/phenotype. Significant advances have been made in understanding the genetic contribution to smoking behaviors. These and future studies will provide potential directions for novel prevention and treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nael Al Koudsi
- Department of Pharmacology, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, University of Toronto, Canada
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49
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Schinka JA. Measurement scale does moderate the association between the serotonin transporter gene and trait anxiety: comments on Munafo et al. Mol Psychiatry 2005; 10:892-3; author reply 895-7. [PMID: 15983622 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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50
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Gerra G, Garofano L, Zaimovic A, Moi G, Branchi B, Bussandri M, Brambilla F, Donnini C. Association of the serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism with smoking behavior among adolescents. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2005; 135B:73-8. [PMID: 15806583 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.30173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Serotonin transporter promoter polymorphism (5-HTTLPR) genotype was previously found associated with smoking behavior, difficulty in quitting smoking, and nicotine addiction; with non-replicated findings and contrasting results. Aim of the present study was to evaluate the possible association between 5-HTTLPR genotype and smoking behavior among adolescents, in relationship with psychological characteristics. Two hundred and ten Caucasian high school students (aged 14-19 years); 103 non-smokers, who have never smoked nicotine; and 107 tobacco smokers have been genotyped. Aggressiveness levels and temperamental traits were measured in both smokers and non-smokers, respectively, utilizing Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory (BDHI) and Cloninger Three-Dimensional Personality Questionnaire (TPQ). Data about school performance have been also collected. The short-short (SS) genotype frequency was significantly higher among smokers compared with non-smokers (P = 0.023). The odds ratio for the SS genotype versus the long-long (LL) genotype frequency was 1.17 [95% CL (0.30-2.05)], when smokers were compared with non-smokers. The SS genotype frequency was significantly higher among heavy smokers with early onset, compared with moderate smokers with late onset (P = 0.042). BDHI irritability scores, NS scores at TPQ, and school failure frequency were significantly higher in smokers than in non-smokers. Multivariate model-fitting analysis evidenced a significantly greater relationship of genotype with irritability levels (BDHI scores) (0.34, P < 0.001) and temperament traits (NS scores) (0.36, P < 0.001), than with school performance (rate of school under-achievements) (0.18, P < 0.05) and nicotine smoking (number of cigarettes) (0.24, P < 0.01). Accordingly, factor-analysis showed that gene polymorphism contributes more directly to BDHI scores and NS scores (0.73; 0.71) than to smoking behavior and school under-achievement (0.54; 0.51). Our data suggest that a decreased expression of the gene encoding the 5-HTT transporter, due to "S" promoter polymorphism, may be associated with smoking behavior among adolescents and increased risk to develop nicotine dependence, possibly in relationship to personality traits, temperamental characteristics, and school under-achievements.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Gerra
- Centro Studi Farmaco-tossicodipendenze, Ser.T., AUSL, Parma, Italy.
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