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Logesh R, Prasad SR, Chipurupalli S, Robinson N, Mohankumar SK. Natural tyrosinase enzyme inhibitors: A path from melanin to melanoma and its reported pharmacological activities. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2023; 1878:188968. [PMID: 37657683 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2023.188968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
The skin containing melanin pigment acts as a protective barrier and counteracts the UVR and other environmental stressors to maintain or restore disrupted cutaneous homeostasis. The production of melanin pigment is dependent on tyrosine levels. L-tyrosine and L-dihydroxyphenylalanine (L-DOPA) can serve both as a substrates and intermediates of melanin synthetic pathway and as inducers and positive regulators of melanogenesis. The biosynthesis of melanin is stimulated upon exposure to UVR, which can also stimulate local production of hormonal factors, which can stimulate melanoma development by altering the chemical properties of eu- and pheomelanin. The process of melanogenesis can be altered by several pathways. One involves activation of POMC, with the production of POMC peptides including MSH and ACTH, which increase intracellular cAMP levels, which activates the MITF, and helps to stimulate tyrosinase (TYR) expression and activity. Defects in OCA1 to 4 affects melanogenic activity via posttranslational modifications resulting in proteasomal degradation and reducing pigmentation. Further, altering, the MITF factor, helps to regulate the expression of MRGE in melanoma, and helps to increase the TYR glycosylation in ER. CRH stimulates POMC peptides that regulate melanogenesis and also by itself can stimulate melanogenesis. The POMC, P53, ACTH, MSH, MC1R, MITF, and 6-BH4 are found to be important regulators for pigmentation. Melanogenesis can affect melanoma behaviour and inhibit immune responses. Therefore, we reviewed natural products that would alter melanin production. Our special focus was on targeting melanin synthesis and TYR enzyme activity to inhibit melanogenesis as an adjuvant therapy of melanotic melanoma. Furthermore, this review also outlines the current updated pharmacological studies targeting the TYR enzyme from natural sources and its consequential effects on melanin production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajan Logesh
- Department of Pharmacognosy, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Mysuru 570015, Karnataka, India.
| | - Sagar Rajendra Prasad
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Varadaraja Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Tumkur 572102, Karnataka, India
| | - Sandhya Chipurupalli
- Department of Pharmacology, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, India
| | - Nirmal Robinson
- Cellular Stress and Immune Response Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Suresh Kumar Mohankumar
- Pharmacy, Swansea University Medical School, Singleton Park, Swansea University, Wales SA2 8PP, United Kingdom
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Guzzinati S, Buja A, Grotto G, Zorzi M, Manfredi M, Bovo E, Del Fiore P, Tropea S, Dall’Olmo L, Rossi CR, Mocellin S, Rugge M. Synchronous and metachronous multiple primary cancers in melanoma survivors: a gender perspective. Front Public Health 2023; 11:1195458. [PMID: 37397750 PMCID: PMC10313207 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2023.1195458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Long-term survivors of cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) risk subsequent malignancies due to both host-related and environmental risk factors. This retrospective population-based study differentially assesses the risk of synchronous and metachronous cancers in a cohort of CMM survivors stratified by sex. Methods The cohort study (1999-2018) included 9,726 CMM survivors (M = 4,873, F = 4,853) recorded by the cancer registry of all 5,000,000 residents in the Italian Veneto Region. By excluding subsequent CMM and non-CMM skin cancers, the incidence of synchronous and metachronous malignancies was calculated according to sex and tumor site, standardizing for age and calendar year. The Standardized Incidence Ratio (SIR) was calculated as the ratio between the number of subsequent cancers among CMM survivors and the expected number of malignancies among the regional population. Results Irrespective of the site, the SIR for synchronous cancers increased in both sexes (SIR = 1.90 in males and 1.73 in females). Both sexes also demonstrated an excess risk for synchronous kidney/urinary tract malignancies (SIR = 6.99 in males and 12.11 in females), and women had an increased risk of synchronous breast cancer (SIR = 1.69). CMM male survivors featured a higher risk of metachronous thyroid (SIR = 3.51, 95% CI [1.87, 6.01]), and prostate (SIR = 1.35, 95% CI [1.12, 1.61]) malignancies. Among females, metachronous cancers featured higher SIR values than expected: kidney/urinary tract (SIR = 2.27, 95% CI [1.29, 3.68]), non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (SIR = 2.06, 95% CI [1.24, 3.21]), and breast (SIR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.22, 1.74]). Females had an overall increased risk of metachronous cancers in the first 5 years after CMM diagnosis (SIR = 1.54 at 6-11 months and 1.37 at 1-5 years). Conclusion Among CMM survivors, the risk of metachronous non-skin cancers is higher than in the general population and differs significantly by sex. These results encourage sex-tailored interventions for metachronous secondary cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alessandra Buja
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Grotto
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Manuel Zorzi
- Veneto Tumor Registry, Azienda Zero, Padua, Italy
| | - Mariagiovanna Manfredi
- Department of Cardiac, Thoracic and Vascular Sciences, and Public Health, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | | | - Paolo Del Fiore
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum, and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Saveria Tropea
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum, and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Luigi Dall’Olmo
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum, and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo R. Rossi
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Simone Mocellin
- Soft-Tissue, Peritoneum, and Melanoma Surgical Oncology Unit, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV-IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology and Gastroenterology - DISCOG, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Massimo Rugge
- Veneto Tumor Registry, Azienda Zero, Padua, Italy
- Department of Medicine - DIMED, Pathology and Cytopathology Unit, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
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Vírseda-González D, Lázaro-Ochaita P, Ribas Despuig G, Avilés-Izquierdo JA. Melanocortin 1 receptor variants and their association with phenotypic characteristics and sporadic multiple primary melanomas in a cohort of 402 Spanish subjects. Exp Dermatol 2023; 32:678-683. [PMID: 36602233 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/03/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The melanocortin 1 receptor (MC1R) gene is considered to be a major determinant of the risk of melanoma. The role of MC1R polymorphisms as predisposing factors for the development of a second primary melanoma is not well established. The present study analyses the characteristics from subjects with certain MC1R variants without any other genetic predisposition, as well as the risk of second primary melanoma associated with these variants. We performed a prospective longitudinal single-centre study based on follow-up information of 402 patients diagnosed with cutaneous melanoma. MC1R gene was sequenced in all subjects. High-risk variants were defined as those previously associated with melanoma (V60L, V92M, I155T, R160W, R163Q and D294H). 253 (63%) patients had at least one predisposing variant. These individuals had higher proportion of red/blonde hair, multiple primary melanomas and first melanoma diagnosis under the age of 60. Second primary melanomas were detected in 28 (3.8%) subjects. Having more than 25 melanocytic nevi was associated significantly to the development of second primary melanomas. A higher proportion of individuals carrying at least one predisposing MC1R variant develop a second melanoma, although statistical significance was not reached. Therefore, some MC1R polymorphisms might determine clinical and histological differences between patients with cutaneous melanoma and may represent a risk factor for second primary melanoma, although more studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pablo Lázaro-Ochaita
- Servicio de Dermatología, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas Despuig
- Grupo de Investigación en Imagen Médica (GIBI230), Hospital Universitario y Politécnico de La Fe, Valencia, Spain
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Anestopoulos I, Kyriakou S, Tragkola V, Paraskevaidis I, Tzika E, Mitsiogianni M, Deligiorgi MV, Petrakis G, Trafalis DT, Botaitis S, Giatromanolaki A, Koukourakis MI, Franco R, Pappa A, Panayiotidis MI. Targeting the epigenome in malignant melanoma: Facts, challenges and therapeutic promises. Pharmacol Ther 2022; 240:108301. [PMID: 36283453 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is the most lethal type of skin cancer with high rates of mortality. Although current treatment options provide a short-clinical benefit, acquired-drug resistance highlights the low 5-year survival rate among patients with advanced stage of the disease. In parallel, the involvement of an aberrant epigenetic landscape, (e.g., alterations in DNA methylation patterns, histone modifications marks and expression of non-coding RNAs), in addition to the genetic background, has been also associated with the onset and progression of melanoma. In this review article, we report on current therapeutic options in melanoma treatment with a focus on distinct epigenetic alterations and how their reversal, by specific drug compounds, can restore a normal phenotype. In particular, we concentrate on how single and/or combinatorial therapeutic approaches have utilized epigenetic drug compounds in being effective against malignant melanoma. Finally, the role of deregulated epigenetic mechanisms in promoting drug resistance to targeted therapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors is presented leading to the development of newly synthesized and/or improved drug compounds capable of targeting the epigenome of malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Anestopoulos
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - S Kyriakou
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - V Tragkola
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - I Paraskevaidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - E Tzika
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | | | - M V Deligiorgi
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - G Petrakis
- Saint George Hospital, Chania, Crete, Greece
| | - D T Trafalis
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - S Botaitis
- Department of Surgery, Alexandroupolis University Hospital, Democritus University of Thrace School of Medicine, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - A Giatromanolaki
- Department of Pathology, Democritus University of Thrace, University General Hospital of Alexandroupolis, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Koukourakis
- Radiotherapy / Oncology, Radiobiology & Radiopathology Unit, Department of Medicine, School of Health Sciences, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - R Franco
- Redox Biology Centre, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA; School of Veterinary Medicine & Biomedical Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - A Pappa
- Department of Molecular Biology & Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, Alexandroupolis, Greece
| | - M I Panayiotidis
- Department of Cancer Genetics, Therapeutics & Ultrastructural Pathology, The Cyprus Institute of Neurology & Genetics, Nicosia, Cyprus.
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Gilli IO, Zanoni AC, de Andrade DP, Andrade DAS. Cutaneous melanoma diagnosis delay: socioeconomic and demographic factors influence. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2022; 68:1405-1409. [PMID: 36417644 PMCID: PMC9683926 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.20220369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Malignant cutaneous melanoma is the most aggressive type of skin cancer, and its early detection and prompt initiation of treatment play an important role in reducing disease-associated morbidity and mortality. Many factors influence the diagnosis of melanoma, and its recognition is essential for the development of strategies for its early detection. This study was carried out to Identify the main variables related to the delay in diagnosis of Malignant Cutaneous Melanoma and correlate them with the time interval for making the definitive diagnosis. METHODS Retrospective analysis of 103 patient records from January 2015 to December 2020 correlating social, economic, demographic, and cultural factors with the time elapsed between the onset of symptoms and the diagnosis of malignant cutaneous melanoma. RESULTS The average time to seek medical services from the onset of symptoms was 29.54 months. The mean time for a referral from the primary to the referral service was 1.35 months, and the factors that contributed to a faster diagnosis were lesion Breslow (>1 mm), lesion growth, income range (≤1.5 minimum wages), lower phototypes (I and II), not having gone to the Basic Healthcare Units, profession (household), smoking, and type of housing. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate that there is still a great delay in the recognition of signs and symptoms related to the diagnosis of malignant cutaneous melanoma in our country, influenced by several socioeconomic and demographic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora Olenscki Gilli
- Hospital Universitário Evangélico Mackenzie, Division of Dermatology – Curitiba (PR), Brazil.,Corresponding author:
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Sun S, Zhang G, Zhang L. A Novel Ferroptosis-Related lncRNA Prognostic Model and Immune Infiltration Features in Skin Cutaneous Melanoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 9:790047. [PMID: 35186949 PMCID: PMC8851039 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.790047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) is an aggressive malignant skin tumor. Ferroptosis is an iron-dependent cell death that may mobilize tumor-infiltrating immunity against cancer. The potential mechanism of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) in ferroptosis in SKCM is not clear. In this study, the prognostic and treatment value of ferroptosis-related lncRNAs was explored in SKCM, and a prognostic model was established.Methods: We first explored the mutation state of ferroptosis-related genes in SKCM samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas database. Then, we utilized consensus clustering analysis to divide the samples into three clusters based on gene expression and evaluated their immune infiltration using gene-set enrichment analysis (GSEA) ESTIMATE and single-sample gene-set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) algorithms. In addition, we applied univariate Cox analysis to screen prognostic lncRNAs and then validated their prognostic value by Kaplan–Meier (K-M) and transcripts per kilobase million (TPM) value analyses. Finally, we constructed an 18-ferroptosis-related lncRNA prognostic model by multivariate Cox analysis, and SKCM patients were allocated into different risk groups based on the median risk score. The prognostic value of the model was evaluated by K-M and time-dependent receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses. Additionally, the immunophenoscore (IPS) in different risk groups was detected.Results: The top three mutated ferroptosis genes were TP53, ACSL5, and TF. The SKCM patients in the cluster C had the highest ferroptosis-related gene expression with the richest immune infiltration. Based on the 18 prognosis-related lncRNAs, we constructed a prognostic model of SKCM patients. Patients at low risk had a better prognosis and higher IPS.Conclusion: Our findings revealed that ferroptosis-related lncRNAs were expected to become potential biomarkers and indicators of prognosis and immunotherapy treatment targets of SKCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuya Sun
- Graduate School, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guanran Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Experimental Teratology of Ministry of Education, Department of Histology and Embryology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Litao Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, Tianjin Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated Hospital, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Litao Zhang,
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Wrede N, Hoffmann I, Vollbrecht C, Koch I, Wolkenstein P, Klauschen F, Capper D, von Laffert M, Jurmeister P. Comparative investigation of cell cycle and immunomodulatory genes in mucosal and cutaneous melanomas: Preliminary data suggest a potential promising clinical role for p16 and the PD-1/PD-L1 axis. Pathol Res Pract 2021; 229:153689. [PMID: 34844086 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2021.153689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Mucosal melanomas arise from the mucosal lining of various organs. Their etiology is currently unknown and there are no tissue-based methods to differentiate it from cutaneous melanomas. Furthermore, prognostic and predictive markers (e.g. for immune checkpoint inhibition) are lacking. In this study, we aimed to assess the protein expression levels of cell cycle-associated proteins and immune checkpoint markers in a cohort of mucosal melanomas in comparison to cutaneous melanomas and evaluated the effect of potential regulatory mechanisms. We performed immunohistochemistry, DNA methylation analysis and copy number profiling of 47 mucosal and 28 cutaneous melanoma samples. Protein expression of CD117, Ki67 and p16 was higher in mucosal melanomas, while BCL2, Cyclin D1, PD-1 and PD-L1 were overexpressed in cutaneous melanomas. CDKN2A deletions were the most prevalent numeric chromosomal alterations in both mucosal and cutaneous melanoma and were associated with decreased p16 expression. KIT was frequently amplified in mucosal melanomas, but not associated with CD117 expression. On the other hand, amplification of CCND1 lead to Cyclin D1 overexpression. In mucosal melanoma patients high PD-1 expression and high PD-L1 promoter methylation levels were associated with improved survival. PD-L1 expression correlated with response to immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy in the combined group of melanoma patients. Mucosal and cutaneous melanomas show different expression levels of cell cycle-associated and immunomodulatory proteins that are partially regulated by DNA methylation and copy number alterations. PD-1 expression and PD-L1 promoter methylation levels might be a prognostic marker for mucosal melanomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Wrede
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Inga Hoffmann
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Vollbrecht
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Ines Koch
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany
| | - Peggy Wolkenstein
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frederick Klauschen
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany
| | - David Capper
- Department of Neuropathology, Institute of Pathology, Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 224, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Partner Site Berlin, and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Maximilian von Laffert
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Jurmeister
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Institute of Pathology, Berlin, Germany; Institute of Pathology, Ludwig Maximilians University Hospital Munich, Thalkirchner Str. 36, 80337 Munich, Germany.
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Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm originating in the melanocytes in the skin. Although malignant melanoma is the third most common cutaneous cancer, it is recognized as the main cause of skin cancer-related mortality, and its incidence is rising. The natural history of malignant melanoma involves an inconsistent and insidious skin cancer with great metastatic potential. Increased ultra-violet (UV) skin exposure is undoubtedly the greatest risk factor for developing cutaneous melanoma; however, a plethora of risk factors are now recognized as causative. Moreover, modern oncology now considers melanoma proliferation a complex, multifactorial process with a combination of genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors all known to be contributory to tumorgenesis. Herein, we wish to outline the epidemiological, molecular, and biological processes responsible for driving malignant melanoma proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicola Miller
- Surgery, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, IRL
| | - Niall M McInerney
- Plastic, Aesthetic, and Reconstructive Surgery, Galway University Hospitals, Galway, IRL
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Brouwer NJ, Verdijk RM, Heegaard S, Marinkovic M, Esmaeli B, Jager MJ. Conjunctival melanoma: New insights in tumour genetics and immunology, leading to new therapeutic options. Prog Retin Eye Res 2021; 86:100971. [PMID: 34015548 DOI: 10.1016/j.preteyeres.2021.100971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Recent developments in oncology have led to a better molecular and cellular understanding of cancer, and the introduction of novel therapies. Conjunctival melanoma (CoM) is a rare but potentially devastating disease. A better understanding of CoM, leading to the development of novel therapies, is urgently needed. CoM is characterized by mutations that have also been identified in cutaneous melanoma, e.g. in BRAF, NRAS and TERT. These mutations are distinct from the mutations found in uveal melanoma (UM), affecting genes such as GNAQ, GNA11, and BAP1. Targeted therapies that are successful in cutaneous melanoma may therefore be useful in CoM. A recent breakthrough in the treatment of patients with metastatic cutaneous melanoma was the development of immunotherapy. While immunotherapy is currently sparsely effective in intraocular tumours such as UM, the similarities between CoM and cutaneous melanoma (including in their immunological tumour micro environment) provide hope for the application of immunotherapy in CoM, and preliminary clinical data are indeed emerging to support this use. This review aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the current knowledge regarding CoM, with a focus on the genetic and immunologic understanding. We elaborate on the distinct position of CoM in contrast to other types of melanoma, and explain how new insights in the pathophysiology of this disease guide the development of new, personalized, treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels J Brouwer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Robert M Verdijk
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medica Center, Leiden, the Netherlands; Department of Pathology, Erasmus University Medical Center, Rotterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Department of Pathology, Eye Pathology Section, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Marina Marinkovic
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
| | - Bita Esmaeli
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Orbital Oncology and Ophthalmic Plastic Surgery, M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Martine J Jager
- Department of Ophthalmology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands.
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Huang S, Li W, Zhou X, Xie M, Luo Q, Wen H, Luo Y, Xue W. One-step synthesis of levodopa functionalized carbon quantum dots for selective detection of tyrosinase and inhibitor screening. Microchem J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Wood RP, Heyworth JS, McCarthy NS, Mauguen A, Berwick M, Thomas NE, Millward MJ, Anton-Culver H, Cust AE, Dwyer T, Gallagher RP, Gruber SB, Kanetsky PA, Orlow I, Rosso S, Moses EK, Begg CB, Ward SV. Association of Known Melanoma Risk Factors with Primary Melanoma of the Scalp and Neck. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2020; 29:2203-2210. [PMID: 32856602 DOI: 10.1158/1055-9965.epi-20-0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scalp and neck (SN) melanoma confers a worse prognosis than melanoma of other sites but little is known about its determinants. We aimed to identify associations between SN melanoma and known risk genes, phenotypic traits, and sun exposure patterns. METHODS Participants were cases from the Western Australian Melanoma Health Study (n = 1,200) and the Genes, Environment, and Melanoma Study (n = 3,280). Associations between risk factors and SN melanoma, compared with truncal and arm/leg melanoma, were investigated using binomial logistic regression. Facial melanoma was also compared with the trunk and extremities, to evaluate whether associations were subregion specific, or reflective of the whole head/neck region. RESULTS Compared with other sites, increased odds of SN and facial melanoma were observed in older individuals [SN: OR = 1.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.92-1.80, P trend = 0.016; Face: OR = 4.57, 95% CI = 3.34-6.35, P trend < 0.001] and those carrying IRF4-rs12203592*T (SN: OR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.12-1.63, P trend = 0.002; Face: OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.10-1.50, P trend = 0.001). Decreased odds were observed for females (SN: OR = 0.49, 95% CI = 0.37-0.64, P < 0.001; Face: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53-0.82, P < 0.001) and the presence of nevi (SN: OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.89, P = 0.006; Face: OR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.52-0.83, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS Differences observed between SN melanoma and other sites were also observed for facial melanoma. Factors previously associated with the broader head and neck region, notably older age, may be driven by the facial subregion. A novel finding was the association of IRF4-rs12203592 with both SN and facial melanoma. IMPACT Understanding the epidemiology of site-specific melanoma will enable tailored strategies for risk factor reduction and site-specific screening campaigns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renee P Wood
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jane S Heyworth
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Nina S McCarthy
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Audrey Mauguen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico Cancer Center, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine and Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Michael J Millward
- Medical School, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Hoda Anton-Culver
- Department of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, California
| | - Anne E Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health and The Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Terence Dwyer
- George Institute for Global Health Research, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Richard P Gallagher
- British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Stephen B Gruber
- Department of Medical Oncology, City of Hope National Medical Center, Duarte, California
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Cancer Epidemiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida
| | - Irene Orlow
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | | | - Eric K Moses
- Menzies Institute for Medical Research, University of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
| | - Colin B Begg
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sarah V Ward
- School of Population and Global Health, The University of Western Australia, Perth, Western Australia, Australia.
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
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12
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Muntyanu A, Savin E, Ghazawi FM, Alakel A, Zubarev A, Litvinov IV. Geographic Variations in Cutaneous Melanoma Distribution in the Russian Federation. Dermatology 2020; 236:500-507. [PMID: 32506063 DOI: 10.1159/000507617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma (CM) incidence has been increasing around the world. The goal of this study is to describe geographic trends in incidence and mortality of CM in Russia between 2001 and 2017. METHODS To achieve this we used geo-informatic technique (mapping) and descriptive statistical analysis. Additionally, we studied the associations between ethnicity, geographic latitude/longitude, and CM incidence/mortality rates. We retrospectively analyzed the data from the Moscow Oncology Research Institute, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, for the period of the study. Routine methods of descriptive epidemiology were used to study incidence and mortality rates by age groups, years, and jurisdictions (i.e., Federal Districts and Federal Subjects of Russia). RESULTS In total, 141,597 patients were diagnosed with melanoma in Russia over the period 2001-2017, of whom 62% were women. The overall age-standardized incidence and mortality rates were 4.27/100,000 and 1.62/100,000, respectively. Geographic mapping revealed north-to-south and east-to-west gradients. As the study was fully descriptive, retrospective, and based on official statistical reports, detailed characteristics of clinical forms, anatomic sites, Breslow depth, and treatments could not be analyzed. CONCLUSIONS This study outlined the burden of melanoma in the Russian Federation, and the trends were similar to those observed in countries with similar latitudes and skin phenotype. The importance of the skin color gradient and recreational/cultural practices were some of the most important risk factors highlighted in this study for the development of melanoma in Russia.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Evgeny Savin
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Feras M Ghazawi
- Division of Dermatology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Akram Alakel
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Andrei Zubarev
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada
| | - Ivan V Litvinov
- Division of Dermatology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, Canada,
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13
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Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence of cutaneous melanoma in Canada from 1992 to 2010. J Public Health (Oxf) 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10389-020-01232-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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14
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The miRNAs Role in Melanoma and in Its Resistance to Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030878. [PMID: 32013263 PMCID: PMC7037367 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma is the less common but the most malignant skin cancer. Since the survival rate of melanoma metastasis is about 10–15%, many different studies have been carried out in order to find a more effective treatment. Although the development of target-based therapies and immunotherapeutic strategies has improved chances for patient survival, melanoma treatment still remains a big challenge for oncologists. Here, we collect recent data about the emerging role of melanoma-associated microRNAs (miRNAs) currently available treatments, and their involvement in drug resistance. We also reviewed miRNAs as prognostic factors, because of their chemical stability and resistance to RNase activity, in melanoma progression. Moreover, despite miRNAs being considered small conserved regulators with the limitation of target specificity, we outline the dual role of melanoma-associated miRNAs, as oncogenic and/or tumor suppressive factors, compared to other tumors.
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15
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Bose A, Petsko GA, Eliezer D. Parkinson's Disease and Melanoma: Co-Occurrence and Mechanisms. JOURNAL OF PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 8:385-398. [PMID: 29991141 PMCID: PMC6130416 DOI: 10.3233/jpd-171263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that is characterized by loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, depletion of dopamine in the striatum and the presence of Lewy bodies. Cancer is uncontrolled growth of cells in the body and migration of these cells from their site of origin to other parts of the body. PD and cancer are two opposite diseases, one arising from cell proliferation and the other from cell degeneration. This fundamental difference is consistent with inverse comorbidity between most cancers and neurodegenerative diseases. However, a positive association of PD and melanoma has been reported which has recently become of significant interest. A link between PD and cancer has been supported by many epidemiological studies, most of which show that PD patients have a lower risk of developing most cancers than the general population. However, the mechanisms underlying this epidemiological observation are not known. In this review we focus on epidemiological studies correlating PD and melanoma and the possible mechanisms underlying the co-occurrence of the two diseases. We explore possible explanations for the important observations that more PD patients develop melanoma that would otherwise be expected and vice-versa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anindita Bose
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gregory A Petsko
- Helen and Robert Appel Alzheimer's disease Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David Eliezer
- Department of Biochemistry, Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
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16
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Zhang W, Shao W, Dong Z, Zhang S, Liu C, Chen S. Cloxiquine, a traditional antituberculosis agent, suppresses the growth and metastasis of melanoma cells through activation of PPARγ. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:404. [PMID: 31138783 PMCID: PMC6538643 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1644-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin cancers and 5-year survival rate is only 4.6% for metastatic melanoma patients. Current therapies, especially those involving clinical chemotherapy drugs, have achieved remarkable advances. However, their side effects, such as bone marrow suppression, limit the effectiveness of available pharmacological therapies. Therefore, exploring new antimelanoma drugs with less toxicity is critical for the treatment of melanoma. In the present study, we aimed to identify the antimelanoma drugs with ability to repress the proliferation of melanoma cells by using a high-content screening of FDA-approved drug libraries. We found that cloxiquine (CLQ), a traditional antituberculosic drug, exhibited strong inhibitory effects on the growth and metastasis of melanoma cells both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, CLQ at the tested doses did not show any apparent toxicity in normal melanocytes and in the liver. At the metabolic level, treatment with CLQ decreased glycolysis, thus potentially inhibiting the “Warburg effect” in B16F10 cells. More importantly, combination of CLQ and 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a well-known glycolysis inhibitor, did not show a synergistic effect on the tumor growth and metastasis, indicating that inhibition of glycolysis is potentially involved in mediating CLQ’s antimelanoma function. Bioinformatics analyses revealed that peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) served as a potential CLQ target. Mechanistically, CLQ stimulated the transcription and nuclear contents of PPARγ. Furthermore, the specific PPARγ inhibitor GW9662 or PPARγ shRNA partially abolished the effects of CLQ. Collectively, our findings demonstrate that CLQ has a great potential in the treatment of melanoma through activation of PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wei Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhewen Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Shiyao Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,State key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Siyu Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Life Science and Technology, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China. .,State key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Cust AE, Mishra K, Berwick M. Melanoma - role of the environment and genetics. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2018; 17:1853-1860. [PMID: 30113042 DOI: 10.1039/c7pp00411g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma rates have increased in populations that are mainly European. The main etiologic factor is ultraviolet radiation, from the sun as well as artificial tanning devices. Host factors such as skin color, number of nevi, hair and eye color and tanning ability are critical factors in modifying an individual's response to the sun. Genetic factors interact with host factors and environmental factors to increase risk. This review summarizes our current knowledge of environment and genetics on melanoma risk and on gene-environment interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne E Cust
- Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Sydney School of Public Health, The University of Sydney, Australia
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18
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Bleakley A, Lazovich D, B Jordan A, Glanz K. Compensation Behaviors and Skin Cancer Prevention. Am J Prev Med 2018; 55:848-855. [PMID: 30344038 DOI: 10.1016/j.amepre.2018.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Revised: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skin cancer prevention guidelines recommend practicing multiple behaviors to protect against harmful ultraviolet rays, yet few adults report practicing more than one recommended behavior. This study examines the extent to which skin cancer prevention behaviors are combined and may follow a pattern of compensation in which an individual's performance of one behavior (e.g., wearing sunscreen) precludes performing other protective behaviors (e.g., wearing a hat). METHODS Data from qualitative semi-structured interviews (n=80) in 2015 and a quantitative online national survey (n=940) in 2016 with non-Hispanic white adults aged 18-49 years from the U.S. were used to examine combinations of skin cancer prevention behaviors. Data were analyzed in 2017. RESULTS Protective behaviors like wearing sunglasses and sunscreen were a common approach to prevention, but protective, avoidant (i.e., seeking shade, avoiding outdoor tanning), and covering-up (i.e., wearing a hat, shirt) strategies were rarely used in combination. Regression analyses to determine correlates of protection, avoidance, and covering-up showed that age was positively associated with practicing each strategy; positive attitudes about tanning were negatively associated with avoidance and covering-up; and positive body image was positively associated with protection and negatively associated with avoidance. Demographics such as education, employment, and gender, but not skin cancer risk, were also related to the various strategies. CONCLUSIONS Although a full evaluation of compensation theory and skin cancer prevention was limited by the available data, the results suggest that application of the theory may yield clues for how to improve sun protection behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Bleakley
- Annenberg School for Communication, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
| | - DeAnn Lazovich
- Division of Epidemiology and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota
| | - Amy B Jordan
- School of Communication and Information, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Karen Glanz
- Perelman School of Medicine and School of Nursing, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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19
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Foo S, Nightingale P, Gazzani P, Bader E, Ogboli M, Martin-Clavijo A, Milford D, Kelly D, Moss C, Thomson M. A 10-year longitudinal follow-up study of a U.K. paediatric transplant population to assess for skin cancer. Br J Dermatol 2018; 179:1368-1375. [PMID: 29701240 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.16697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S.H. Foo
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
| | - P.G. Nightingale
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
| | - P. Gazzani
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
| | - E. Bader
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
| | - M. Ogboli
- Department of Dermatology; Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham U.K
| | - A. Martin-Clavijo
- University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
| | - D.V. Milford
- Department of Nephrology; Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham U.K
| | - D.A. Kelly
- Department of Hepatology; Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham U.K
| | - C. Moss
- Department of Dermatology; Birmingham Women's and Children's NHS Foundation Trust; Birmingham U.K
| | - M.A. Thomson
- Sandwell and West Birmingham Hospitals NHS Trust; Department of Dermatology; Birmingham U.K
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20
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Yanik EL, Hernández-Ramírez RU, Qin L, Lin H, Leyden W, Neugebauer RS, Horberg MA, Moore RD, Mathews WC, Justice AC, Hessol NA, Mayor AM, Gill MJ, Brooks JT, Sun J, Althoff KN, Engels EA, Silverberg MJ, Dubrow R. Brief Report: Cutaneous Melanoma Risk Among People With HIV in the United States and Canada. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2018; 78:499-504. [PMID: 29771785 PMCID: PMC6037538 DOI: 10.1097/qai.0000000000001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma incidence may be modestly elevated in people with HIV (PWH) vs. people without HIV. However, little is known about the relationship of immunosuppression, HIV replication, and antiretroviral therapy (ART) with melanoma risk. METHODS PWH of white race in the North American AIDS Cohort Collaboration on Research and Design were included. A standardized incidence ratio was calculated comparing risk with the white general population, standardizing by age, sex, and calendar period. Associations between melanoma incidence and current, lagged, and cumulative measures of CD4 count, HIV RNA level, and ART use were estimated with Cox regression, adjusting for established risk factors such as age and annual residential ultraviolet B (UVB) exposure. RESULTS Eighty melanomas were diagnosed among 33,934 white PWH (incidence = 40.75 per 100,000 person-years). Incidence was not elevated compared with the general population [standardized incidence ratio = 1.15, 95% confidence interval (95% CI) = 0.91 to 1.43]. Higher melanoma incidence was associated with older age [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) per decade increase = 1.50, 95% CI = 1.20 to 1.89] and higher UVB exposure (aHR for exposure ≥35 vs. <35 mW/m = 1.62, 95% CI = 0.99 to 2.65). Current, lagged, and cumulative CD4 and HIV RNA were not associated with melanoma incidence. Melanoma incidence was higher among people ART-treated for a larger proportion of time in the previous 720 days (aHR per 10% increase = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.30). CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that HIV-induced immune dysfunction does not influence melanoma development. The association between ART and melanoma risk may be due to increased skin surveillance among PWH engaged in clinical care. Associations with age and UVB confirmed those established in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth L. Yanik
- Washington University School of Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery and Department of Surgery, Division of Public Health Sciences, St. Louis, MO
| | | | - Li Qin
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Center for Outcomes Research and Evaluation, New Haven, CT
| | - Haiqun Lin
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Biostatistics, New Haven, CT
| | - Wendy Leyden
- Kaiser Permanente Northern California, Division of Research, Oakland, CA
| | | | - Michael A. Horberg
- Kaiser Permanente Mid-Atlantic, Mid-Atlantic Permanente Research Institute, Rockville, MD
| | - Richard D. Moore
- Johns Hopkins University, Department of General Internal Medicine, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Amy C. Justice
- Yale School of Medicine, Department of Medicine, and Yale School of Public Health, Department of Health Policy, New Haven, CT
| | - Nancy A. Hessol
- University of California San Francisco, Departments of Clinical Pharmacy and Medicine, San Francisco, CA
| | - Angel M. Mayor
- Universidad Central del Caribe, Department of Internal Medicine, Bayamon, Puerto Rico
| | - M. John Gill
- University of Calgary, Department of Medicine, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - John T. Brooks
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Division of HIV/AIDS Prevention, Atlanta, GA
| | - Jing Sun
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Keri N. Althoff
- Johns Hopkins School of Public Health, Department of Epidemiology, Baltimore, MD
| | - Eric A. Engels
- National Cancer Institute, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, Bethesda, MD
| | | | - Robert Dubrow
- Yale School of Public Health, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, New Haven, CT
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21
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XRCC1 Arg194Trp polymorphism is no risk factor for skin cancer development in Kashmiri population. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmhg.2017.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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22
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Common Genetic Variants of MUTYH are not Associated with Cutaneous Malignant Melanoma: Application of Molecular Screening by Means of High-Resolution Melting Technique in a Pilot Case-Control Study. Int J Biol Markers 2018; 26:37-42. [DOI: 10.5301/jbm.2011.6285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2010] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
MUTYH glycosylase recognizes the 8-oxoG:A mismatch and is able to excise the adenine base using proofreading mechanisms. Some papers have reported a strong association between cancer development or aggressiveness and MUTYH gene mutations. The aim of this study was to find a possible association between the most frequent MUTYH mutations and melanoma in the context of a case-control pilot study. One hundred ninety-five melanoma patients and 195 healthy controls were matched for sex and age. Clinical and laboratory data were collected in a specific database and all individuals were analyzed for MUTYH mutations by high-resolution melting and direct sequencing techniques. Men and women had significantly different distributions of tumor sites and phototypes. No significant associations were observed between the Y165C, G382D and V479F MUTYH mutations and risk of melanoma development or aggressiveness. Our preliminary findings therefore do not confirm a role for MUTYH gene mutations in the melanoma risk. Further studies are necessary for the assessment of MUTYH not only in melanoma but also other cancer types with the same embryonic origin, in the context of larger arrays studies of genes involved in DNA stability or integrity.
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23
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Goldstein AM, Xiao Y, Sampson J, Zhu B, Rotunno M, Bennett H, Wen Y, Jones K, Vogt A, Burdette L, Luo W, Zhu B, Yeager M, Hicks B, Han J, De Vivo I, Koutros S, Andreotti G, Beane-Freeman L, Purdue M, Freedman ND, Chanock SJ, Tucker MA, Yang XR. Rare germline variants in known melanoma susceptibility genes in familial melanoma. Hum Mol Genet 2017; 26:4886-4895. [PMID: 29036293 PMCID: PMC5886297 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddx368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Revised: 09/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Known high-risk cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM) genes account for melanoma risk in <40% of melanoma-prone families, suggesting the existence of additional high-risk genes or perhaps a polygenic mechanism involving multiple genetic modifiers. The goal of this study was to systematically characterize rare germline variants in 42 established melanoma genes among 144 CMM patients in 76 American CMM families without known mutations using data from whole-exome sequencing. We identified 68 rare (<0.1% in public and in-house control datasets) nonsynonymous variants in 25 genes. We technically validated all loss-of-function, inframe insertion/deletion, and missense variants predicted as deleterious, and followed them up in 1, 559 population-based CMM cases and 1, 633 controls. Several of these variants showed disease co-segregation within families. Of particular interest, a stopgain variant in TYR was present in five of six CMM cases/obligate gene carriers in one family and a single population-based CMM case. A start gain variant in the 5'UTR region of PLA2G6 and a missense variant in ATM were each seen in all three affected people in a single family, respectively. Results from rare variant burden tests showed that familial and population-based CMM patients tended to have higher frequencies of rare germline variants in albinism genes such as TYR, TYRP1, and OCA2 (P < 0.05). Our results suggest that rare nonsynonymous variants in low- or intermediate-risk CMM genes may influence familial CMM predisposition, warranting further investigation of both common and rare variants in genes affecting functionally important pathways (such as melanogenesis) in melanoma risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yanzi Xiao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Joshua Sampson
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Melissa Rotunno
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Yixuan Wen
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Jones
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Aurelie Vogt
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Wen Luo
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD, USA
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Richard M. Fairbanks School of Public Health, Melvin & Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Immaculata De Vivo
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Stella Koutros
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Gabriella Andreotti
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Laura Beane-Freeman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Mark Purdue
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, MD, USA
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24
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Clement E, Lazar I, Muller C, Nieto L. Obesity and melanoma: could fat be fueling malignancy? Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2017; 30:294-306. [PMID: 28222242 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decade, it has become increasingly clear that adipose tissue, and particularly adipocytes, contributes to tumor progression. Obesity, an ever-increasing worldwide phenomenon, exacerbates this effect. The influence of obesity on melanoma remains poorly studied, although recent data do underline an association between the two diseases in both humans and murine models. Herein, we review the impact of obesity on melanoma incidence and progression and discuss the underlying mechanisms known to be involved. Adipose tissue favors the proliferation and aggressiveness of melanoma cells through a direct dialog, mediated by soluble factors and by exosomes, and through remodeling of the tumor microenvironment. This knowledge could, in the future, help to design new personalized therapeutic options for obese melanoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Clement
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Ikrame Lazar
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Muller
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Laurence Nieto
- Université de Toulouse, CNRS, UPS, Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale (IPBS), Toulouse Cedex, France
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25
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Rajská L, Göpfertová D, Hercogová J, Jiráková A, Sečníková Z, Rob F, Šmerhovský Z. Relative Importance of Traditional Risk Factors for Malignant Melanoma in the Czech Population. Cent Eur J Public Health 2017; 24:268-271. [PMID: 28095280 DOI: 10.21101/cejph.a4569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
AIM The Czech Republic is one of the leading European countries in incident cases of malignant melanoma (MM), which is on the rise. The study objective was to assess the strength of associations between MM and the known generally accepted risk factors for MM in the population of the Czech Republic. METHODS The study was designed as a case-control study where cases were incident cases of MM detected at the Department of Dermatology and Venereology of the Bulovka Hospital. Controls were selected from cancer-free patients admitted to departments other than Dermatology and Venereology. Validated questionnaires were used to collect demographic, epidemiological, and clinical data. RESULTS The binary logistic model shows the main risk factors for MM: male, female (OR=0.292, 95% CI=0.175-0.486), a changed mole (OR=6.371, 95% CI=3.774-10.756), a history of skin cancer (OR=95.704, 95% CI=37.241-10.756), and sunbeds use (OR=3.594, 95% CI=1.288-10.028). Using sunscreen products was considered as a protective factor against MM (OR=0.253, 95% CI=0.137-0.466). CONCLUSION The primary and secondary prevention increasingly emerges as a public health priority in the effort to reverse the negative trend in cases of MM and mortality from this disease in the Czech Republic. A prerequisite for an effective secondary prevention through screening is, among others, the identification of the population groups at highest risk for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Rajská
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Epidemiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Dana Göpfertová
- Department of Epidemiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Hercogová
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Jiráková
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Sečníková
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.,Department of Epidemiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Filip Rob
- Department of Dermatology and Venereology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and Bulovka Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Zdeněk Šmerhovský
- Department of Epidemiology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
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26
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Gupta AK, Bharadwaj M, Mehrotra R. Skin Cancer Concerns in People of Color: Risk Factors and Prevention. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2016; 17:5257-5264. [PMID: 28125871 PMCID: PMC5454668 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2016.17.12.5257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Though people of color (POC) are less likely to become afflicted with skin cancer, they are much more likely to die from it due to delay in detection or presentation. Very often, skin cancer is diagnosed at a more advanced stage in POC, making treatment difficult.The purpose of this research was to improve awareness regarding skin cancers in people of color by providing recommendations to clinicians and the general public for early detection and photo protection preventive measures. Methods: Data on different types of skin cancers were presented to POC. Due to limited research, there are few resources providing insights for evaluating darkly pigmented lesions in POC. Diagnostic features for different types of skin cancers were recorded and various possible risk factors were considered. Results: This study provided directions for the prevention and early detection of skin cancer in POC based on a comprehensive review of available data. Conclusions: The increased morbidity and mortality rate associated with skin cancer in POC is due to lack of awareness, diagnosis at a more advanced stage and socioeconomic barriers hindering access to care. Raising public health concerns for skin cancer prevention strategies for all people, regardless of ethnic background and socioeconomic status, is the key to timely diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alpana K Gupta
- Division of Molecular Cytology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (Formerly, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology) (ICMR) Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), India
| | - Mausumi Bharadwaj
- Division of Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (ICMR), Noida, India
| | - Ravi Mehrotra
- Division of Molecular Cytology, National Institute of Cancer Prevention and Research (Formerly, Institute of Cytology and Preventive Oncology) (ICMR) Department of Health Research (Govt. of India), India
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27
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Shi J, Zhou W, Zhu B, Hyland PL, Bennett H, Xiao Y, Zhang X, Burke LS, Song L, Hsu CH, Yan C, Chen Q, Meerzaman D, Dagnall CL, Burdette L, Hicks B, Freedman ND, Chanock SJ, Yeager M, Tucker MA, Goldstein AM, Yang XR. Rare Germline Copy Number Variations and Disease Susceptibility in Familial Melanoma. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:2436-2443. [PMID: 27476724 PMCID: PMC5123914 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Mounting evidence suggests that copy number variations (CNVs) can contribute to cancer susceptibility. The main goal of this study was to evaluate the role of germline CNVs in melanoma predisposition in high-risk melanoma families. We used genome-wide tiling comparative genomic hybridization and single nucleotide polymorphism arrays to characterize CNVs in 335 individuals (240 melanoma cases) from American melanoma-prone families (22 with germline CDKN2A or CDK4 mutations). We found that the global burden of overall CNVs (or deletions or duplications separately) was not significantly associated with case-control or CDKN2A/CDK4 mutation status after accounting for the familial dependence. However, we identified several rare CNVs that either involved known melanoma genes (e.g., PARP1, CDKN2A) or cosegregated with melanoma (duplication on 10q23.23, 3p12.2 and deletions on 8q424.3, 2q22.1) in families without mutations in known melanoma high-risk genes. Some of these CNVs were correlated with expression changes in disrupted genes based on RNASeq data from a subset of melanoma cases included in the CNV study. These results suggest that rare cosegregating CNVs may influence melanoma susceptibility in some melanoma-prone families and genes found in our study warrant further evaluation in future genetic analyses of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianxin Shi
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Weiyin Zhou
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Bin Zhu
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Paula L Hyland
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Hunter Bennett
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Yanzi Xiao
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xijun Zhang
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laura S Burke
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA; Statistics Collaborative, Inc., Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lei Song
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chih Hao Hsu
- Computational Genomics Research Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Chunhua Yan
- Computational Genomics Research Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Qingrong Chen
- Computational Genomics Research Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Daoud Meerzaman
- Computational Genomics Research Group, Center for Biomedical Informatics & Information Technology, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Casey L Dagnall
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie Burdette
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Belynda Hicks
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Neal D Freedman
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Stephen J Chanock
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Meredith Yeager
- Cancer Genomics Research Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Research, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, Maryland, USA
| | - Margaret A Tucker
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Alisa M Goldstein
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | - Xiaohong R Yang
- Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, NIH, DHHS, Bethesda, Maryland, USA.
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28
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Kamenisch Y, Baban TSA, Schuller W, von Thaler AK, Sinnberg T, Metzler G, Bauer J, Schittek B, Garbe C, Rocken M, Berneburg M. UVA-Irradiation Induces Melanoma Invasion via the Enhanced Warburg Effect. J Invest Dermatol 2016; 136:1866-1875. [PMID: 27185340 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2016.02.815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is a malignant tumor in which UVA (320-400 nm) radiation is considered to be an important risk factor. But the role of UVA in melanoma progression toward an invasive phenotype is still not adequately investigated. For most proliferating tumor cells the preference of aerobic glycolysis has been described as the Warburg effect. Here we investigate the effect of UVA irradiation on changes in the Warburg effect and tumor progression toward invasive potential. On UVA irradiation, melanoma cell lines from initial tumors show an induction of the Warburg effect with increased glucose consumption and lactate production, which is at least partially mediated by reactive oxygen species. Associated with UVA treatment and enhanced lactic acid production, tumor-relevant proteases and in situ invasion is upregulated. Simultaneously, UVA increases intracellular concentrations of progression marker transketolase and activated protein kinase Akt, both involved in metabolic changes that increase with proliferation. Using invasion assays we show that lactic acid, resulting from the UVA enhanced and partially reactive oxygen species-mediated Warburg effect, increases the invasive potential of all melanoma cell lines investigated. Therefore, we demonstrate in melanoma cells that production of lactic acid, induced by UVA irradiation, increases invasiveness of melanoma cells via expression of tumor-relevant proteases.
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Affiliation(s)
- York Kamenisch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Tarza S A Baban
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Winfried Schuller
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | | | - Tobias Sinnberg
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Metzler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Birgit Schittek
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Martin Rocken
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.
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29
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Larsen AC, Dahl C, Dahmcke CM, Lade-Keller J, Siersma VD, Toft PB, Coupland SE, Prause JU, Guldberg P, Heegaard S. BRAF mutations in conjunctival melanoma: investigation of incidence, clinicopathological features, prognosis and paired premalignant lesions. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94:463-70. [PMID: 27009410 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 01/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate incidence, clinicopathological features and prognosis of BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma in Denmark. Furthermore, to determine BRAF mutations in paired premalignant lesions and evaluate immunohistochemical BRAF V600E oncoprotein detection. METHODS Data from 139 patients with conjunctival melanoma (1960-2012) were collected. Archived conjunctival melanoma samples and premalignant lesions were analysed for BRAF mutations using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results were associated with clinicopathological features and compared with BRAF V600E oncoprotein stainings. RESULTS The overall incidence of conjunctival melanoma (0.5 cases/1 000 000/year) increased during the study period with 0.13 cases/1 000 000/10 years. The increase comprised a higher proportion of patients aged >65 years, epibulbar tumours and tumours developed from a primary acquired melanosis with atypia. BRAF mutations were identified in 39 of 111 (35%) cases. The rate ratio of BRAF-mutated versus BRAF-wild-type melanoma did not change over time. BRAF mutations were associated with T1 stage (p = 0.007), young age (p = 0.001), male gender (p = 0.02), sun-exposed location (p = 0.01), mixed/non-pigmented tumour colour (p = 0.02) and nevus origin (p = 0.005), but did not associate with prognosis. BRAF status in conjunctival melanoma and paired premalignant lesions corresponded in 19 of 20 cases. Immunohistochemistry detected BRAF V600E mutations with a sensitivity of 0.94 and a specificity of 1.00 in newer conjunctival melanoma samples (2000-2012, n = 47). CONCLUSION The incidence of conjunctival melanoma increased in Denmark over 50 years. The proportion of BRAF-mutated conjunctival melanoma was constant. BRAF mutations were identified as early events in conjunctival melanoma, associated with a distinct clinicopathological profile, similar to BRAF-mutated cutaneous melanoma. Immunohistochemical detection of BRAF can be used to assess BRAF V600E mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Pathology - Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Christina Dahl
- Danish Cancer Society, Research Center; Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | | | - Volkert D. Siersma
- The Research Unit and Section of General Practice; Institute of Public Health, University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Peter B. Toft
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rigshospitalet - Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Sarah E. Coupland
- Division of Pathology, Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine; Royal Liverpool University Hospital; Liverpool UK
| | - Jan U. Prause
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Per Guldberg
- Danish Cancer Society, Research Center; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Steffen Heegaard
- Department of Pathology - Rigshospitalet; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Ophthalmology; Rigshospitalet - Glostrup Hospital; Copenhagen Denmark
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30
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“Melanoma: Questions and Answers.” Development and evaluation of a psycho-educational resource for people with a history of melanoma. Support Care Cancer 2016; 24:4849-4859. [DOI: 10.1007/s00520-016-3339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/10/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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31
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Savoia P, Astrua C, Fava P. Ipilimumab (Anti-Ctla-4 Mab) in the treatment of metastatic melanoma: Effectiveness and toxicity management. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:1092-101. [PMID: 26889818 PMCID: PMC4963052 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2015.1129478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2015] [Revised: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last years the onset of new therapies changed the management of malignant melanoma. Anti CTLA-4 antibody ipilimumab was the first drug to achieve a significant improvement in survival of advanced stage melanoma. This new therapeutic agent is characterized by a number of side effects that are totally different from those of traditional chemotherapy, mainly caused by the immune system activation. The purpose of this paper is to underline the central role of ipilimumab in the treatment of metastatic melanoma and to characterize related adverse events in terms of incidence, duration and severity of presentation. The early recognition of these side effects is crucial in order to ensure an appropriate management of the toxicities, thus reducing the long term clinical sequelae and the inappropriate treatment discontinuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Savoia
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
- Department of Health Science, “A. Avogadro” University of Eastern Piedmont, Novara, Italy
| | - Chiara Astrua
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Paolo Fava
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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32
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Larsen AC. Conjunctival malignant melanoma in Denmark: epidemiology, treatment and prognosis with special emphasis on tumorigenesis and genetic profile. Acta Ophthalmol 2016; 94 Thesis 1:1-27. [PMID: 27192168 DOI: 10.1111/aos.13100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Conjunctival malignant melanoma is a rare disease associated with considerable mortality. Most published data have been based on case reports or series of referred patients. In addition, very little is known about the genetic and epigenetic profile of conjunctival melanoma and the resemblance to uveal, cutaneous and mucosal melanoma. The aim was to determine the incidence rate of conjunctival melanoma, and to relate clinicopathological features and treatment to prognosis. A further aim was to determine the prevalence of BRAF mutations in conjunctival melanoma, to determine whether BRAF mutations are early events in pathogenesis, and relate clinicopathological features and prognosis to BRAF-mutation status. Finally, we wanted to identify tumour-specific and prognostic microRNAs in conjunctival melanoma, and to compare these with the microRNA expression of other melanoma subtypes. In order to investigate these rare tumours, we studied all the conjunctival melanomas that had been surgically removed in Denmark over a period of 52 years (1960-2012). Tissue samples, clinical files, pathology reports and follow-up data were collected and re-evaluated. Using droplet digital polymerase chain reaction and immunohistochemistry, we investigated BRAF mutations; and using microRNA expression profiling, we investigated differentially expressed microRNAs. The overall incidence of conjunctival melanoma was 0.5/1 000 000/year, and it increased in Denmark over 52 years. The increase was mainly caused by an increase in older patients (>65 years) and bulbar lesions. Clinicopathological features significantly associated with a poor prognosis were extrabulbar location, involvement of adjacent tissue structures, tumour thickness exceeding 2 mm and local tumour recurrence. Patients undergoing incisional biopsy and/or treatment involving excision without adjuvant therapy fared worse than patients treated with excision and any type of adjuvant treatment. We found that 35% (39/110) of conjunctival melanomas were BRAF-mutated, and the incidence of BRAF mutations was constant over time. BRAF-mutation status corresponded in conjunctival melanoma and paired premalignant lesions. BRAF mutations were more frequent in males, in young patients, and in tumours with a sun-exposed tumour location (bulbar conjunctiva or caruncle), with a mixed or non-pigmented colour, with absence of primary acquired melanosis, and with origin in a nevus. Immunohistochemistry was able to accurately detect BRAF V600E mutations. In univariate analysis, distant metastatic disease was associated with BRAF mutations. No prognostic associations with BRAF mutations were identified in multivariate analyses. MicroRNA expression analysis revealed 25 tumour-specific microRNAs in conjunctival melanoma. Five possibly oncogenic miRNAs (miR-20b-5p, miR-146b-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-506-3p and miR-509-3p) were up-regulated. Seven microRNAs (miR-30d-5p, miR-138-5p, miR-146a-5p, miR-500a-5p, miR-501-3p, miR-501-5p and miR-502-3p) were significantly and simultaneously up-regulated in both stage T1 and stage T2 tumours, and were associated with increased tumour thickness. The expression of the 25 tumour-specific microRNAs did not differ significantly between conjunctival melanoma and oral or nasal mucosal melanoma. In conclusion, the incidence of conjunctival melanoma increased in the Danish population from 1960 to 2012. From our findings of a distinct pattern of BRAF mutations and differentially expressed microRNAs, it is evident that conjunctival melanoma is closely related to cutaneous and other mucosal melanomas and bears less resemblance to uveal melanomas. This means that conjunctival melanoma patients may benefit from therapies that are effective for cutaneous and mucosal melanoma. Additionally, the identification of several up-regulated microRNAs may prove to be useful as prognostic or therapeutic targets in conjunctival melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann-Cathrine Larsen
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
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33
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Berwick M, Buller DB, Cust A, Gallagher R, Lee TK, Meyskens F, Pandey S, Thomas NE, Veierød MB, Ward S. Melanoma Epidemiology and Prevention. Cancer Treat Res 2016; 167:17-49. [PMID: 26601858 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-22539-5_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The epidemiology of melanoma is complex, and individual risk depends on sun exposure, host factors, and genetic factors, and in their interactions as well. Sun exposure can be classified as intermittent, chronic, or cumulative (overall) exposure, and each appears to have a different effect on type of melanoma. Other environmental factors, such as chemical exposures-either through occupation, atmosphere, or food-may increase risk for melanoma, and this area warrants further study. Host factors that are well known to be important are the numbers and types of nevi and the skin phenotype. Genetic factors are classified as high-penetrant genes, moderate-risk genes, or low-risk genetic polymorphisms. Subtypes of tumors, such as BRAF-mutated tumors, have different risk factors as well as different therapies. Prevention of melanoma has been attempted using various strategies in specific subpopulations, but to date optimal interventions to reduce incidence have not emerged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Berwick
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of New Mexico, MSC10-5550, Albuquerque, NM, 87131-0001, USA.
| | - David B Buller
- Klein Buendel, Inc., 1667 Cole Boulevard, Suite 225, Golden, CO, 80401, USA.
| | - Anne Cust
- Sydney School of Public Health, Sydney Medical School, University of Sydney, Level 6, 119-143 Missenden Road, Camperdown, NSW, 2050, Australia.
| | - Richard Gallagher
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Tim K Lee
- Cancer Control Research Program, BC Cancer Agency, 675 West 10th Avenue, Vancouver, BC, V5Z 1L3, Canada.
| | - Frank Meyskens
- Public Health and Epidemiology, University of California, Irvine, USA.
| | - Shaily Pandey
- Mount Sinai School of Medicine, One Gustave L. Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
| | - Nancy E Thomas
- University of North Carolina, 413 Mary Ellen Jones Bldg. CB#7287, Chapel Hill, NC, 275992, USA.
| | - Marit B Veierød
- Department of Biostatistics, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 1122 Blindern, 0317, Oslo, Norway.
| | - Sarah Ward
- Centre for Genetic Origins of Health and Disease (GOHaD), The University of Western Australia, M409, 35 Stirling Hwy, Crawley, WA, 6009, Australia.
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Rigon RB, Oyafuso MH, Fujimura AT, Gonçalez ML, do Prado AH, Gremião MPD, Chorilli M. Nanotechnology-Based Drug Delivery Systems for Melanoma Antitumoral Therapy: A Review. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:841817. [PMID: 26078967 PMCID: PMC4442269 DOI: 10.1155/2015/841817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Revised: 04/06/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma (MEL) is a less common type of skin cancer, but it is more aggressive with a high mortality rate. The World Cancer Research Fund International (GLOBOCAN 2012) estimates that there were 230,000 new cases of MEL in the world in 2012. Conventional MEL treatment includes surgery and chemotherapy, but many of the chemotherapeutic agents used present undesirable properties. Drug delivery systems are an alternative strategy by which to carry antineoplastic agents. Encapsulated drugs are advantageous due to such properties as high stability, better bioavailability, controlled drug release, a long blood circulation time, selective organ or tissue distribution, a lower total required dose, and minimal toxic side effects. This review of scientific research supports applying a nanotechnology-based drug delivery system for MEL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberta Balansin Rigon
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Márcia Helena Oyafuso
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Andressa Terumi Fujimura
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Lima Gonçalez
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Alice Haddad do Prado
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Maria Palmira Daflon Gremião
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Marlus Chorilli
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Drug and Medicines, São Paulo State University, 14801-902 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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Llorca-Cardeñosa MJ, Peña-Chilet M, Mayor M, Gomez-Fernandez C, Casado B, Martin-Gonzalez M, Carretero G, Lluch A, Martinez-Cadenas C, Ibarrola-Villava M, Ribas G. Long telomere length and a TERT-CLPTM1 locus polymorphism association with melanoma risk. Eur J Cancer 2014; 50:3168-77. [PMID: 25457634 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2014.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Telomere length has been associated with the development of cancer. Studies have shown that shorter telomere length may be related to a decreased risk of cutaneous melanoma. Furthermore, deregulation of the telomere-maintaining gene complexes, has been related to this oncogenic process. Some variants in these genes seem to be correlated with a change in telomerase expression. We examined the effect of 10 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the TERT gene (encoding telomerase), one SNP in the related TERT-CLPTM1L locus and one SNP in the TRF1 gene with telomere length, and its influence on melanoma risk in 970 Spanish cases and 733 Spanish controls. Genotypes were determined using KASP technology, and telomere length was measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) on DNA extracted from peripheral blood leucocytes. Our results demonstrate that shorter telomere length is associated with a decreased risk of melanoma in our population (global p-value, 2.69×10(-11)), which may be caused by a diminution of proliferative potential of nevi (melanoma precursor cells). We also obtained significant results when we tested the association between rs401681 variant (TERT-CLPTM1L locus) with melanoma risk (Odds ratio, OR; 95% confidence interval, CI=1.24 (1.08-1.43); p-value, 3×10(-3)). This is the largest telomere-related study undertaken in a Spanish population to date. Furthermore, this study represents a comprehensive analysis of some of the most relevant telomere pathway genes in relation to cutaneous melanoma susceptibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta J Llorca-Cardeñosa
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Maria Peña-Chilet
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Matias Mayor
- Dermatology Unit, La Paz Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Ana Lluch
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | | | - Maider Ibarrola-Villava
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain
| | - Gloria Ribas
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Health Research Institute-INCLIVA, Valencia, Spain.
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Vranova J, Arenbergerova M, Arenberger P, Vrana A, Zivcak J, Kolarova H, Rosina J. Malignant melanoma in the Czech Republic: Incidence and mortality according to sex, age and disease stage. Biomed Pap Med Fac Univ Palacky Olomouc Czech Repub 2014; 158:438-46. [DOI: 10.5507/bp.2012.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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Song F, Amos CI, Lee JE, Lian CG, Fang S, Liu H, MacGregor S, Iles MM, Law MH, Lindeman NI, Montgomery GW, Duffy DL, Cust AE, Jenkins MA, Whiteman DC, Kefford RF, Giles GG, Armstrong BK, Aitken JF, Hopper JL, Brown KM, Martin NG, Mann GJ, Bishop DT, Bishop JAN, Kraft P, Qureshi AA, Kanetsky PA, Hayward NK, Hunter DJ, Wei Q, Han J. Identification of a melanoma susceptibility locus and somatic mutation in TET2. Carcinogenesis 2014; 35:2097-101. [PMID: 24980573 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgu140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Although genetic studies have reported a number of loci associated with melanoma risk, the complex genetic architecture of the disease is not yet fully understood. We sought to identify common genetic variants associated with melanoma risk in a genome-wide association study (GWAS) of 2298 cases and 6654 controls. Thirteen of 15 known loci were replicated with nominal significance. A total of 69 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected for in silico replication in two independent melanoma GWAS datasets (a total of 5149 cases and 12 795 controls). Seven novel loci were nominally significantly associated with melanoma risk. These seven SNPs were further genotyped in 234 melanoma cases and 238 controls. The SNP rs4698934 was nominally significantly associated with melanoma risk. The combined odds ratio per T allele = 1.18; 95% confidence interval (1.10-1.25); combined P = 7.70 × 10(-) (7). This SNP is located in the intron of the TET2 gene on chromosome 4q24. In addition, a novel somatic mutation of TET2 was identified by next-generation sequencing in 1 of 22 sporadic melanoma cases. TET2 encodes a member of TET family enzymes that oxidizes 5-methylcytosine to 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5hmC). It is a putative epigenetic biomarker of melanoma as we previously reported, with observation of reduced TET2 transcriptional expression. This study is the first to implicate TET2 genetic variation and mutation in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengju Song
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China
| | - Christopher I Amos
- Department of Community and Family Medicine, Center for Genomic Medicine, Geisel School of Medicine, Dartmouth College, Lebanon, NH 03755, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Lee
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Christine G Lian
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Shenying Fang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Hongliang Liu
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
| | - Stuart MacGregor
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Mark M Iles
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | - Matthew H Law
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Neal I Lindeman
- Department of Pathology, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Grant W Montgomery
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - David L Duffy
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Anne E Cust
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia, Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Mark A Jenkins
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - David C Whiteman
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Richard F Kefford
- Westmead Institute of Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute and Melanoma Institute Australia, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - Graham G Giles
- Cancer Epidemiology Centre, The Cancer Council Victoria, Carlton, Victoria 3053, Australia
| | - Bruce K Armstrong
- Cancer Epidemiology and Services Research, Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2006, Australia
| | - Joanne F Aitken
- Viertel Centre for Research in Cancer Control, Cancer Council Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4004, Australia
| | - John L Hopper
- Centre for Molecular, Environmental, Genetic and Analytic Epidemiology, School of Population Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria 3052, Australia
| | - Kevin M Brown
- Laboratory of Translational Genomics, Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, MD 20852, USA
| | - Nicholas G Martin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - Graham J Mann
- Westmead Institute of Cancer Research, University of Sydney at Westmead Millennium Institute and Melanoma Institute Australia, Westmead, New South Wales 2145, Australia
| | - D Timothy Bishop
- Leeds Institute of Cancer and Pathology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS9 7TF, UK
| | | | | | - Peter Kraft
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Abrar A Qureshi
- Channing Division of Network Medicine and Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Peter A Kanetsky
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Nicholas K Hayward
- Oncogenomics Laboratory, QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, Queensland 4029, Australia
| | - David J Hunter
- Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Qingyi Wei
- Duke Cancer Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA,
| | - Jiali Han
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, National Clinical Research Center of Cancer, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin 300060, P.R. China, Department of Epidemiology, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Channing Division of Network Medicine and Department of Dermatology, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA, Department of Epidemiology, Fairbanks School of Public Health, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA, Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA and Department of Dermatology, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA
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A large French case-control study emphasizes the role of rare Mc1R variants in melanoma risk. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:925716. [PMID: 24982914 PMCID: PMC4003837 DOI: 10.1155/2014/925716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The MC1R gene implicated in melanogenesis and skin pigmentation is highly polymorphic. Several alleles are associated with red hair and fair skin phenotypes and contribute to melanoma risk. OBJECTIVE This work aims to assess the effect of different classes of MC1R variants, notably rare variants, on melanoma risk. Methods. MC1R coding region was sequenced in 1131 melanoma patients and 869 healthy controls. MC1R variants were classified as RHC (R) and non-RHC (r). Rare variants (frequency < 1%) were subdivided into two subgroups, predicted to be damaging (D) or not (nD). RESULTS Both R and r alleles were associated with melanoma (OR = 2.66 [2.20-3.23] and 1.51 [1.32-1.73]) and had similar population attributable risks (15.8% and 16.6%). We also identified 69 rare variants, of which 25 were novel. D variants were strongly associated with melanoma (OR = 2.38 [1.38-4.15]) and clustered in the same MC1R domains as R alleles (intracellular 2, transmembrane 2 and 7). CONCLUSION This work confirms the role of R and r alleles in melanoma risk in the French population and proposes a novel class of rare D variants as important melanoma risk factors. These findings may improve the definition of high-risk subjects that could be targeted for melanoma prevention and screening.
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Agbai ON, Buster K, Sanchez M, Hernandez C, Kundu RV, Chiu M, Roberts WE, Draelos ZD, Bhushan R, Taylor SC, Lim HW. Skin cancer and photoprotection in people of color: a review and recommendations for physicians and the public. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:748-762. [PMID: 24485530 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2013.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2013] [Revised: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Skin cancer is less prevalent in people of color than in the white population. However, when skin cancer occurs in non-whites, it often presents at a more advanced stage, and thus the prognosis is worse compared with white patients. The increased morbidity and mortality associated with skin cancer in patients of color compared with white patients may be because of the lack of awareness, diagnoses at a more advanced stage, and socioeconomic factors such as access to care barriers. Physician promotion of skin cancer prevention strategies for all patients, regardless of ethnic background and socioeconomic status, can lead to timely diagnosis and treatment. Public education campaigns should be expanded to target communities of color to promote self-skin examination and stress importance of photoprotection, avoidance of tanning bed use, and early skin cancer detection and treatment. These measures should result in reduction or earlier detection of cutaneous malignancies in all communities. Furthermore, promotion of photoprotection practices may reduce other adverse effects of ultraviolet exposure including photoaging and ultraviolet-related disorders of pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oma N Agbai
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
| | - Kesha Buster
- Department of Dermatology, Via Christi Clinic, Wichita, Kansas
| | - Miguel Sanchez
- Department of Dermatology, New York University Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Claudia Hernandez
- Department of Dermatology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Roopal V Kundu
- Northwestern Center for Ethnic Skin, Department of Dermatology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Melvin Chiu
- Division of Dermatology, University of California Los Angeles Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Zoe D Draelos
- Dermatology Consulting Services, High Point, North Carolina
| | - Reva Bhushan
- American Academy of Dermatology, Schaumburg, Illinois.
| | - Susan C Taylor
- Society Hill Dermatology and Cosmetic Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Henry W Lim
- Multicultural Dermatology Center, Department of Dermatology, Henry Ford Hospital, Detroit, Michigan
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Peña-Vilabelda M, García-Casado Z, Requena C, Traves V, López-Guerrero J, Guillén C, Kumar R, Nagore E. Clinical Characteristics of Patients With Cutaneous Melanoma According to Variants in the Melanocortin 1 Receptor Gene. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2013.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Nikolaou V, del Marmol V, Stratigos AJ. The role of public education in the early detection of melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Abello-Poblete MV, Correa-Selm LM, Giambrone D, Victor F, Rao BK. Histologic outcomes of excised moderate and severe dysplastic nevi. Dermatol Surg 2013; 40:40-5. [PMID: 24320231 DOI: 10.1111/dsu.12391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dysplastic nevi (DN) have been a matter of controversy since their initial description in 1978 because of differences in the clinical and histological terminology, and large studies on histological outcomes of excising moderate to severely DN have not previously been described. OBJECTIVE To determine the clinical characteristics of DN and histologic outcomes of excised moderate and severe DN. METHODS Retrospective chart review of patients with DN or Clark's nevi at the Dermatology Department at Rutgers-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School in Somerset, New Jersey, from January 2009 to June 2012. Three hundred ninety-three lesions from 380 patients were included in this study. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE Histologic results of excised moderate and severe DN. RESULTS Thirty-four percent of DN were excised because of the presence of moderate or severe atypia, personal history of melanoma, or both. None of the excised lesions showed evidence of melanoma; 81.6% of excisions showed scar or granulation tissue. Only 14% of excised lesions were found to have residual lesions, and 4.4% showed recurrent nevi. CONCLUSION In 134 excisions of moderate to severe DN, no melanoma was identified. Most of the excisions showed scar or granulation tissue. The rate of residual lesions after shave biopsy of moderate or severe DN was lower than after punch biopsy.
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Clinical characteristics of patients with cutaneous melanoma according to variants in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2013; 105:159-71. [PMID: 24238329 DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2013.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Patients with cutaneous melanoma who are carriers of polymorphisms in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene (MC1R) have distinctive clinical characteristics. The objective of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics associated with differing degrees of functional impairment of the melanocortin 1 receptor, as determined by the number and type (R and r) of MC1R polymorphisms. MATERIAL AND METHODS In total, 1044 consecutive patients with melanoma diagnosed in our hospital after January 2000 were selected from the melanoma database. These patients were divided into 3 groups according to a score based on nonsynonymous MC1R polymorphisms. The frequencies of epidemiologic, phenotypic, and histologic variables and personal and family history of cancer were compared. RESULTS Patients with a score of 3 or more were more likely to develop melanoma before the age of 50 years (odds ratio [OR]=1.47), have a tumor on the head or neck (OR=3.04), have a history of basal cell carcinoma or cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (OR=1.70), have atypical nevi (OR=1.74), and have nevi associated with the melanoma (OR=1.87). CONCLUSIONS The use of a scoring system for MC1R polymorphisms allowed us to identify associations between the degree of functional impairment of the melanogenesis pathway and the clinical characteristics of the patients and melanoma presentation.
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Puig-Butillé J, Carrera C, Kumar R, Garcia-Casado Z, Badenas C, Aguilera P, Malvehy J, Nagore E, Puig S. Distribution of MC1R variants among melanoma subtypes: p.R163Q is associated with lentigo maligna melanoma in a Mediterranean population. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:804-11. [PMID: 23647022 PMCID: PMC3863403 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous melanoma tumour is classified into clinicohistopathological subtypes that may be associated with different genetic and host factors. Variation in the MC1R gene is one of the main factors of risk variation in sporadic melanoma. The relationship between MC1R variants and the risk of developing a specific subtype of melanoma has not been previously explored. OBJECTIVES To analyse whether certain MC1R variants are associated with particular melanoma subtypes with specific clinicohistopathological features. METHODS An association study was performed between MC1R gene variants and clinicopathological subtypes of primary melanoma derived from 1679 patients. RESULTS We detected 53 MC1R variants (11 synonymous and 42 nonsynonymous). Recurrent nonsynonymous variants were p.V60L (30·0%), p.V92M (11·7%), p.D294H (9·4%), p.R151C (8·8%), p.R160W (6·2%), p.R163Q (4·2%) p.R142H (3·3%), p.I155T (3·8%), p.V122M (1·5%) and p.D84E (1·0%). Melanoma subtypes showed differences in the total number of MC1R variants (P = 0·028) and the number of red hair colour variants (P = 0·035). Furthermore, an association between p.R163Q and lentigo maligna melanoma was detected under a dominant model of heritance (odds ratio 2·16, 95% confidence interval 1·07-4·37; P = 0·044). No association was found between p.R163Q and Fitzpatrick skin phototype, eye colour or skin colour, indicating that the association was independent of the role of MC1R in pigmentation. No association was observed between MC1R polymorphisms and other melanoma subtypes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that certain MC1R variants could increase melanoma risk due to their impact on pathways other than pigmentation, and may therefore be linked to specific melanoma subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.A. Puig-Butillé
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - C. Carrera
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - R. Kumar
- Division of Molecular Genetic Epidemiology, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Z. Garcia-Casado
- Department of Molecular Biology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - C. Badenas
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Biochemical and Molecular Genetics Service, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - P. Aguilera
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - J. Malvehy
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | - E. Nagore
- Department of Dermatology, Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
| | - S. Puig
- Centro Investigación Biomédica en Red en Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Barcelona, Spain
- Dermatology Department, Melanoma Unit, Hospital Clinic & IDIBAPS (Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques Agustí Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
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Association of genetic variants in CDK6 and XRCC1 with the risk of dysplastic nevi in melanoma-prone families. J Invest Dermatol 2013; 134:481-487. [PMID: 23892592 PMCID: PMC3873368 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2013.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Dysplastic nevi (DN) is a strong risk factor for cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM), and it frequently occurs in melanoma-prone families. To identify genetic variants for DN, we genotyped 677 tagSNPs in 38 melanoma candidate genes that are involved in pigmentation, DNA repair, cell cycle control, and melanocyte proliferation pathways in a total of 504 individuals (310 with DN, 194 without DN) from 53 melanoma-prone families (23 CDKN2A mutation positive and 30 negative). Conditional logistic regression, conditioning on families, was used to estimate the association between DN and each SNP separately, adjusted for age, sex, CMM and CDKN2A status. P-values for SNPs in the same gene were combined to yield gene-specific p-values. Two genes, CDK6 and XRCC1, were significantly associated with DN after Bonferroni correction for multiple testing (P=0.0001 and 0.00025, respectively), whereas neither gene was significantly associated with CMM. Associations for CDK6 SNPs were stronger in CDKN2A mutation positive families (rs2079147, Pinteraction=0.0033), whereas XRCC1 SNPs had similar effects in mutation-positive and negative families. The association for one of the associated SNPs in XRCC1 (rs25487) was replicated in two independent datasets (random effect meta-analysis: P<0.0001). Our findings suggest that some genetic variants may contribute to DN risk independently of their association with CMM in melanoma-prone families.
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Abstract
Dysplastic nevi are described as being on a continuum between common acquired nevi and melanoma because they are morphologically and biologically intermediate between these 2 entities. Since initially being reported as histologic lesions observed in melanoma-prone families, there has been considerable debate about the definition of dysplastic nevi, the histologic and clinical criteria used to define them, and their biologic importance. Their role as precursor lesions for melanoma is not their primary role in their relationship to melanoma because of the rarity of transformation of any individual nevus to a melanoma. Although there is still no single, universally agreed upon histologic or clinical definition or even name for these nevi, dysplastic nevi should be considered important because of their association with an increased risk for melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisa M Goldstein
- Genetic Epidemiology Branch/NCI, Executive Plaza South, Room 7004, 6120 Executive Blvd. MSC 7236, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA.
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Stefanaki I, Panagiotou OA, Kodela E, Gogas H, Kypreou KP, Chatzinasiou F, Nikolaou V, Plaka M, Kalfa I, Antoniou C, Ioannidis JPA, Evangelou E, Stratigos AJ. Replication and predictive value of SNPs associated with melanoma and pigmentation traits in a Southern European case-control study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55712. [PMID: 23393597 PMCID: PMC3564929 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Genetic association studies have revealed numerous polymorphisms conferring susceptibility to melanoma. We aimed to replicate previously discovered melanoma-associated single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a Greek case-control population, and examine their predictive value. Methods Based on a field synopsis of genetic variants of melanoma (MelGene), we genotyped 284 patients and 284 controls at 34 melanoma-associated SNPs of which 19 derived from GWAS. We tested each one of the 33 SNPs passing quality control for association with melanoma both with and without accounting for the presence of well-established phenotypic risk factors. We compared the risk allele frequencies between the Greek population and the HapMap CEU sample. Finally, we evaluated the predictive ability of the replicated SNPs. Results Risk allele frequencies were significantly lower compared to the HapMap CEU for eight SNPs (rs16891982 – SLC45A2, rs12203592 – IRF4, rs258322 – CDK10, rs1805007 – MC1R, rs1805008 - MC1R, rs910873 - PIGU, rs17305573- PIGU, and rs1885120 - MTAP) and higher for one SNP (rs6001027 – PLA2G6) indicating a different profile of genetic susceptibility in the studied population. Previously identified effect estimates modestly correlated with those found in our population (r = 0.72, P<0.0001). The strongest associations were observed for rs401681-T in CLPTM1L (odds ratio [OR] 1.60, 95% CI 1.22–2.10; P = 0.001), rs16891982-C in SCL45A2 (OR 0.51, 95% CI 0.34–0.76; P = 0.001), and rs1805007-T in MC1R (OR 4.38, 95% CI 2.03–9.43; P = 2×10−5). Nominally statistically significant associations were seen also for another 5 variants (rs258322-T in CDK10, rs1805005-T in MC1R, rs1885120-C in MYH7B, rs2218220-T in MTAP and rs4911442-G in the ASIP region). The addition of all SNPs with nominal significance to a clinical non-genetic model did not substantially improve melanoma risk prediction (AUC for clinical model 83.3% versus 83.9%, p = 0.66). Conclusion Overall, our study has validated genetic variants that are likely to contribute to melanoma susceptibility in the Greek population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Stefanaki
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Orestis A. Panagiotou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Elisavet Kodela
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Gogas
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Athens, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Katerina P. Kypreou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Foteini Chatzinasiou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasiliki Nikolaou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Michaela Plaka
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Iro Kalfa
- Blood Donation Unit, Laikon Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Christina Antoniou
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - John P. A. Ioannidis
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Stanford Prevention Research Center, Department of Medicine and Department of Health Research and Policy, Stanford University School of Medicine, and Department of Statistics, Stanford University School of Humanities and Sciences, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - Evangelos Evangelou
- Department of Hygiene and Epidemiology, University of Ioannina School of Medicine, Ioannina, Greece
- Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander J. Stratigos
- Department of Dermatology, University of Athens Medical School, Andreas Sygros Hospital, Athens, Greece
- * E-mail:
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Vadaparampil ST, Azzarello L, Pickard J, Jacobsen PB. Intention to Obtain Genetic Testing for Melanoma among Individuals at Low to Moderate Risk for Hereditary Melanoma. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF HEALTH EDUCATION 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/19325037.2007.10598960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Susan T. Vadaparampil
- a College of Medicine , University of South Florida, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute Tampa , FL , 12902
| | - Lora Azzarello
- b H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center , Research Institute Tampa , FL
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Budden T, Bowden NA. The role of altered nucleotide excision repair and UVB-induced DNA damage in melanomagenesis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1132-51. [PMID: 23303275 PMCID: PMC3565312 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2012] [Revised: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
UVB radiation is the most mutagenic component of the UV spectrum that reaches the earth's surface and causes the development of DNA damage in the form of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and 6-4 photoproducts. UV radiation usually results in cellular death, but if left unchecked, it can affect DNA integrity, cell and tissue homeostasis and cause mutations in oncogenes and tumour-suppressor genes. These mutations, if unrepaired, can lead to abnormal cell growth, increasing the risk of cancer development. Epidemiological data strongly associates UV exposure as a major factor in melanoma development, but the exact biological mechanisms involved in this process are yet to be fully elucidated. The nucleotide excision repair (NER) pathway is responsible for the repair of UV-induced lesions. Patients with the genetic disorder Xeroderma Pigmentosum have a mutation in one of eight NER genes associated with the XP complementation groups XP-A to XP-G and XP variant (XP-V). XP is characterized by diminished repair capacity, as well as a 1000-fold increase in the incidence of skin cancers, including melanoma. This has suggested a significant role for NER in melanoma development as a result of UVB exposure. This review discusses the current research surrounding UVB radiation and NER capacity and how further investigation of NER could elucidate the role of NER in avoiding UV-induced cellular death resulting in melanomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Budden
- Centre for Information Based Medicine, Hunter Medical Research Institute, and School of Biomedical Sciences & Pharmacy, Faculty of Health, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, NSW 2289, Australia.
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50
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Kasparian NA, Bränström R, Chang YM, Affleck P, Aspinwall LG, Tibben A, Azizi E, Baron-Epel O, Battistuzzi L, Bruno W, Chan M, Cuellar F, Debniak T, Pjanova D, Ertmanski S, Figl A, Gonzalez M, Hayward NK, Hocevar M, Kanetsky PA, Leachman S, Bergman W, Heisele O, Palmer J, Peric B, Puig S, Schadendorf D, Gruis NA, Newton-Bishop J, Brandberg Y. Skin examination behavior: the role of melanoma history, skin type, psychosocial factors, and region of residence in determining clinical and self-conducted skin examination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 148:1142-51. [PMID: 22801744 DOI: 10.1001/archdermatol.2012.1817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the frequency and correlates of skin examination behaviors in an international sample of individuals at varying risk of developing melanoma. DESIGN A cross-sectional, web-based survey. SETTING Data were collected from the general population over a 20-month period on behalf of the Melanoma Genetics Consortium (GenoMEL). PARTICIPANTS A total of 8178 adults from Northern (32%), Central (33%), and Southern (14%) Europe, Australia (13%), and the United States (8%). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Self-reported frequency of skin self-examination (SSE) and clinical skin examination (CSE). RESULTS After adjustment for age and sex, frequency of skin examination was higher in both Australia (odds ratio [OR]SSE=1.80 [99% CI, 1.49-2.18]; ORCSE=2.68 [99% CI, 2.23-3.23]) and the United States (ORSSE=2.28 [99% CI, 1.76-2.94]; ORCSE=3.39 [99% CI, 2.60-4.18]) than in the 3 European regions combined. Within Europe, participants from Southern Europe reported higher rates of SSE than those in Northern Europe (ORSSE=1.61 [99% CI, 1.31-1.97]), and frequency of CSE was higher in both Central (ORCSE=1.47 [99% CI, 1.22-1.78]) and Southern Europe (ORCSE=3.46 [99% CI, 2.78, 4.31]) than in Northern Europe. Skin examination behavior also varied according to melanoma history: participants with no history of melanoma reported the lowest levels of skin examination, while participants with a previous melanoma diagnosis reported the highest levels. After adjustment for region, and taking into account the role of age, sex, skin type, and mole count, engagement in SSE and CSE was associated with a range of psychosocial factors, including perceived risk of developing melanoma; perceived benefits of, and barriers to, skin examination; perceived confidence in one's ability to engage in screening; and social norms. In addition, among those with no history of melanoma, higher cancer-related worry was associated with greater frequency of SSE. CONCLUSIONS Given the strong association between psychosocial factors and skin examination behaviors, particularly among people with no history of melanoma, we recommend that greater attempts be made to integrate psycho-education into the fabric of public health initiatives and clinical care, with clinicians, researchers, and advocacy groups playing a key role in guiding individuals to appropriate tools and resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine A Kasparian
- School of Women’s and Children’s Health, Faculty of Medicine, University of New South Wales, Kensington, NSW, Australia.
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