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Tognon M, Martini F, Rotondo JC, Fiume G. Editorial: Recent advances in diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy of oncogenic virus-driven tumors. Front Oncol 2024; 14:1402877. [PMID: 38660129 PMCID: PMC11040595 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2024.1402877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Tognon
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Fernanda Martini
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | | | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro "Magna Graecia", Catanzaro, Italy
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2
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Rademeyer KM, R Nass S, Jones AM, Ohene-Nyako M, Hauser KF, McRae M. Fentanyl dysregulates neuroinflammation and disrupts blood-brain barrier integrity in HIV-1 Tat transgenic mice. J Neurovirol 2024; 30:1-21. [PMID: 38280928 PMCID: PMC11232468 DOI: 10.1007/s13365-023-01186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/29/2024]
Abstract
Opioid overdose deaths have dramatically increased by 781% from 1999 to 2021. In the setting of HIV, opioid drug abuse exacerbates neurotoxic effects of HIV in the brain, as opioids enhance viral replication, promote neuronal dysfunction and injury, and dysregulate an already compromised inflammatory response. Despite the rise in fentanyl abuse and the close association between opioid abuse and HIV infection, the interactive comorbidity between fentanyl abuse and HIV has yet to be examined in vivo. The HIV-1 Tat-transgenic mouse model was used to understand the interactive effects between fentanyl and HIV. Tat is an essential protein produced during HIV that drives the transcription of new virions and exerts neurotoxic effects within the brain. The Tat-transgenic mouse model uses a glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)-driven tetracycline promoter which limits Tat production to the brain and this model is well used for examining mechanisms related to neuroHIV. After 7 days of fentanyl exposure, brains were harvested. Tight junction proteins, the vascular cell adhesion molecule, and platelet-derived growth factor receptor-β were measured to examine the integrity of the blood brain barrier. The immune response was assessed using a mouse-specific multiplex chemokine assay. For the first time in vivo, we demonstrate that fentanyl by itself can severely disrupt the blood-brain barrier and dysregulate the immune response. In addition, we reveal associations between inflammatory markers and tight junction proteins at the blood-brain barrier.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Rademeyer
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Sara R Nass
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Austin M Jones
- Department of Pharmacotherapy and Outcomes Science, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, 23298, U.S.A
| | - Michael Ohene-Nyako
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - Kurt F Hauser
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, U.S.A
| | - MaryPeace McRae
- Department of Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, U.S.A..
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3
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Corral-Ruiz GM, Pérez-Vega MJ, Galán-Salinas A, Mancilla-Herrera I, Barrios-Payán J, Fabila-Castillo L, Hernández-Pando R, Sánchez-Torres LE. Thymic atrophy induced by Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL infection. Immunol Lett 2023; 264:4-16. [PMID: 37875239 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
The thymus is the anatomical site where T cells undergo a complex process of differentiation, proliferation, selection, and elimination of autorreactive cells which involves molecular signals in different intrathymic environment. However, the immunological functions of the thymus can be compromised upon exposure to different infections, affecting thymocyte populations. In this work, we investigated the impact of malaria parasites on the thymus by using C57BL/6 mice infected with Plasmodium berghei ANKA and Plasmodium yoelii 17XL; these lethal infection models represent the most severe complications, cerebral malaria, and anemia respectively. Data showed a reduction in the thymic weight and cellularity involving different T cell maturation stages, mainly CD4-CD8- and CD4+CD8+ thymocytes, as well as an increased presence of apoptotic cells, leading to significant thymic cortex reduction. Thymus atrophy showed no association with elevated serum cytokines levels, although increased glucocorticoid levels did. The severity of thymic damage in both models reached the same extend although it occurs at different stages of infection, showing that thymic atrophy does not depend on parasitemia level but on the specific host-parasite interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- G M Corral-Ruiz
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - M J Pérez-Vega
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Galán-Salinas
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - I Mancilla-Herrera
- Departamento de Infectología e Inmunología, Instituto Nacional de Perinatología, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - J Barrios-Payán
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L Fabila-Castillo
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - R Hernández-Pando
- Sección de Patología Experimental, Departamento de Patología, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - L E Sánchez-Torres
- Departamento de Inmunología, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Mexico City, Mexico.
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4
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Rosichini M, Bordoni V, Silvestris DA, Mariotti D, Matusali G, Cardinale A, Zambruno G, Condorelli AG, Flamini S, Genah S, Catanoso M, Del Nonno F, Trezzi M, Galletti L, De Stefanis C, Cicolani N, Petrini S, Quintarelli C, Agrati C, Locatelli F, Velardi E. SARS-CoV-2 infection of thymus induces loss of function that correlates with disease severity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2023; 151:911-921. [PMID: 36758836 PMCID: PMC9907790 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2023.01.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lymphopenia, particularly when restricted to the T-cell compartment, has been described as one of the major clinical hallmarks in patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and proposed as an indicator of disease severity. Although several mechanisms fostering COVID-19-related lymphopenia have been described, including cell apoptosis and tissue homing, the underlying causes of the decline in T-cell count and function are still not completely understood. OBJECTIVE Given that viral infections can directly target thymic microenvironment and impair the process of T-cell generation, we sought to investigate the impact of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) on thymic function. METHODS We performed molecular quantification of T-cell receptor excision circles and κ-deleting recombination excision circles to assess, respectively, T- and B-cell neogenesis in SARS-CoV-2-infected patients. We developed a system for in vitro culture of primary human thymic epithelial cells (TECs) to mechanistically investigate the impact of SARS-CoV-2 on TEC function. RESULTS We showed that patients with COVID-19 had reduced thymic function that was inversely associated with the severity of the disease. We found that angiotensin-converting enzyme 2, through which SARS-CoV-2 enters the host cells, was expressed by thymic epithelium, and in particular by medullary TECs. We also demonstrated that SARS-CoV-2 can target TECs and downregulate critical genes and pathways associated with epithelial cell adhesion and survival. CONCLUSIONS Our data demonstrate that the human thymus is a target of SARS-CoV-2 and thymic function is altered following infection. These findings expand our current knowledge of the effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection on T-cell homeostasis and suggest that monitoring thymic activity may be a useful marker to predict disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Rosichini
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Veronica Bordoni
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani – IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Alessandro Silvestris
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Davide Mariotti
- Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani – IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Matusali
- Virology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani – IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Cardinale
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Giovanna Zambruno
- Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Giuseppe Condorelli
- Genodermatosis Unit, Genetics and Rare Diseases Research Division, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Sara Flamini
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Shirley Genah
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Marialuigia Catanoso
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Matteo Trezzi
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Galletti
- Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiano De Stefanis
- Pathology Unit, Core Research Laboratories, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Nicolò Cicolani
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Petrini
- Confocal Microscopy Core Facility, Research Center, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Concetta Quintarelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Department of Clinical Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Agrati
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Cellular Immunology Laboratory, INMI L Spallanzani – IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Franco Locatelli
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy,Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Enrico Velardi
- Department of Pediatric Hematology and Oncology, Cell and Gene Therapy, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital, IRCCS, Rome, Italy.
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5
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T-cell evasion and invasion during HIV-1 infection: The role of HIV-1 Tat protein. Cell Immunol 2022; 377:104554. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2022.104554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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6
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Chiang KC, Kalantar-Zadeh K, Gupta A. Thymic Dysfunction and Atrophy in COVID-19 Disease Complicated by Inflammation, Malnutrition and Cachexia. Nutr Health 2022; 28:199-206. [PMID: 35234100 PMCID: PMC8891908 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221083160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Background: The current COVID-19 pandemic has put millions of people, especially children at risk of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) by pushing them into poverty and disrupting the global food supply chain. The thymus is severely affected by nutritional deficiencies and is known as a barometer of malnutrition. Aim: The present commentary provides a novel perspective on the role of malnutrition-induced thymic dysfunction, involution and atrophy on the risk and severity of disease in children during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: A review of pertinent indexed literature including studies examining the effects of malnutrition on the thymus and immune dysfunction in COVID-19. Results: Protein-energy malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies of zinc, iron and vitamin A are known to promote thymic dysfunction and thymocyte loss in children. Malnutrition- and infection-induced thymic atrophy and immune dysfunction may increase the risk of first, progression of COVID-19 disease to more severe forms including development of multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C); second, slow the recovery from COVID-19 disease; and third, increase the risk of other infections. Furthermore, malnourished children may be at increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2 infection due to socioeconomic conditions that promote viral transmission amongst contacts and create barriers to vaccination. Conclusion: National governments and international organizations including WHO, World Food Program, and UNICEF should institute measures to ensure provision of food and micronutrients for children at risk in order to limit the health impact of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kamyar Kalantar-Zadeh
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension
and Kidney Transplantation and Department of Medicine,
University of
California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine,
USA
| | - Ajay Gupta
- Charak
Foundation, Orange, CA, USA
- Division of Nephrology, Hypertension
and Kidney Transplantation and Department of Medicine,
University of
California Irvine (UCI) School of Medicine,
USA
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7
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IBtkα Activates the β-Catenin-Dependent Transcription of MYC through Ubiquitylation and Proteasomal Degradation of GSK3β in Cancerous B Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23042044. [PMID: 35216159 PMCID: PMC8875111 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The IBTK gene encodes the IBtkα protein that is a substrate receptor of E3 ubiquitin ligase, Cullin 3. We have previously reported the pro-tumorigenic activity of Ibtk in MYC-dependent B-lymphomagenesis observed in Eμ-myc transgenic mice. Here, we provide mechanistic evidence of the functional interplay between IBtkα and MYC. We show that IBtkα, albeit indirectly, activates the β-catenin-dependent transcription of the MYC gene. Of course, IBtkα associates with GSK3β and promotes its ubiquitylation, which is associated with proteasomal degradation. This event increases the protein level of β-catenin, a substrate of GSK3β, and results in the transcriptional activation of the MYC and CCND1 target genes of β-catenin, which are involved in the control of cell division and apoptosis. In particular, we found that in Burkitt’s lymphoma cells, IBtkα silencing triggered the downregulation of both MYC mRNA and protein expression, as well as a strong decrease of cell survival, mainly through the induction of apoptotic events, as assessed by using flow cytometry-based cell cycle and apoptosis analysis. Collectively, our results shed further light on the complex puzzle of IBtkα interactome and highlight IBtkα as a potential novel therapeutic target to be employed in the strategy for personalized therapy of B cell lymphoma.
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8
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Vecchio E, Caiazza C, Mimmi S, Avagliano A, Iaccino E, Brusco T, Nisticò N, Maisano D, Aloisio A, Quinto I, Renna M, Divisato G, Romano S, Tufano M, D’Agostino M, Vigliar E, Iaccarino A, Mignogna C, Andreozzi F, Mannino GC, Spiga R, Stornaiuolo M, Arcucci A, Mallardo M, Fiume G. Metabolites Profiling of Melanoma Interstitial Fluids Reveals Uridine Diphosphate as Potent Immune Modulator Capable of Limiting Tumor Growth. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:730726. [PMID: 34604232 PMCID: PMC8486041 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.730726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) surrounds and perfuses tumors and collects ions, metabolites, proteins, and extracellular vesicles secreted by tumor and stromal cells. Specific metabolites, accumulated within the TIF, could induce metabolic alterations of immune cells and shape the tumor microenvironment. We deployed a metabolomic approach to analyze the composition of melanoma TIF and compared it to the plasma of C57BL6 mice, engrafted or not with B16-melanoma cells. Among the classes of metabolites analyzed, monophosphate and diphosphate nucleotides resulted enriched in TIF compared to plasma samples. The analysis of the effects exerted by guanosine diphosphate (GDP) and uridine diphosphate (UDP) on immune response revealed that GDP and UDP increased the percentage of CD4+CD25+FoxP3- and, on isolated CD4+ T-cells, induced the phosphorylation of ERK, STAT1, and STAT3; increased the activity of NF-κB subunits p65, p50, RelB, and p52; increased the expression of Th1/Th17 markers including IFNγ, IL17, T-bet, and RORγt; and reduced the expression of IL13, a Th2 marker. Finally, we observed that local administrations of UDP in B16-engrafted C57BL6 mice reduced tumor growth and necrotic areas. In addition, UDP-treated tumors showed a higher presence of MHCIIhi tumor-associated macrophage (TAM) and of CD3+CD8+ and CD3+CD4+ tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs), both markers of anti-tumor immune response. Consistent with this, intra-tumoral gene expression analysis revealed in UDP-treated tumors an increase in the expression of genes functionally linked to anti-tumor immune response. Our analysis revealed an important metabolite acting as mediator of immune response, which could potentially represent an additional tool to be used as an adjuvant in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Caiazza
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Angelica Avagliano
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Teresa Brusco
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Nancy Nisticò
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Domenico Maisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Annamaria Aloisio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Maurizio Renna
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Divisato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Romano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Martina Tufano
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo D’Agostino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elena Vigliar
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonino Iaccarino
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Chiara Mignogna
- Department of Health Sciences, Magna Graecia University, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Francesco Andreozzi
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gaia Chiara Mannino
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Rosangela Spiga
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University “Magna Graecia” of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | | | - Alessandro Arcucci
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro “Magna Graecia”, Catanzaro, Italy
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9
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Alhazmi A, Nekoua MP, Michaux H, Sane F, Halouani A, Engelmann I, Alidjinou EK, Martens H, Jaidane H, Geenen V, Hober D. Effect of Coxsackievirus B4 Infection on the Thymus: Elucidating Its Role in the Pathogenesis of Type 1 Diabetes. Microorganisms 2021; 9:microorganisms9061177. [PMID: 34072590 PMCID: PMC8229779 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9061177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus gland is a primary lymphoid organ for T-cell development. Various viral infections can result in disturbance of thymic functions. Medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs) are important for the negative selection of self-reactive T-cells to ensure central tolerance. Insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) is the dominant self-peptide of the insulin family expressed in mTECs and plays a crucial role in the intra-thymic programing of central tolerance to insulin-secreting islet β-cells. Coxsackievirus B4 (CVB4) can infect and persist in the thymus of humans and mice, thus hampering the T-cell maturation and differentiation process. The modulation of IGF2 expression and protein synthesis during a CVB4 infection has been observed in vitro and in vivo in mouse models. The effect of CVB4 infections on human and mouse fetal thymus has been studied in vitro. Moreover, following the inoculation of CVB4 in pregnant mice, the thymic function in the fetus and offspring was disturbed. A defect in the intra-thymic expression of self-peptides by mTECs may be triggered by CVB4. The effects of viral infections, especially CVB4 infection, on thymic cells and functions and their possible role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D) are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulaziz Alhazmi
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
- Microbiology and Parasitology Department, College of Medicine, Jazan University, Jazan 82911, Saudi Arabia
| | - Magloire Pandoua Nekoua
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Hélène Michaux
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Famara Sane
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Aymen Halouani
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Ilka Engelmann
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Enagnon Kazali Alidjinou
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
| | - Henri Martens
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Hela Jaidane
- Laboratoire des Maladies Transmissibles et Substances Biologiquement Actives LR99ES27, Université de Monastir, 5000 Monastir, Tunisia; (A.H.); (H.J.)
| | - Vincent Geenen
- GIGA-I3 Center of Immunoendocrinology, GIGA Research Institute, University of Liège, 4000 Liège, Belgium; (H.M.); (H.M.); (V.G.)
| | - Didier Hober
- Laboratoire de Virologie ULR3610, Université de Lille, CHU Lille, F-59000 Lille, France; (A.A.); (M.P.N.); (F.S.); (I.E.); (E.K.A.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-(0)3-20-44-66-88
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10
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Luo M, Xu L, Qian Z, Sun X. Infection-Associated Thymic Atrophy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:652538. [PMID: 34113341 PMCID: PMC8186317 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.652538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is a vital organ of the immune system that plays an essential role in thymocyte development and maturation. Thymic atrophy occurs with age (physiological thymic atrophy) or as a result of viral, bacterial, parasitic or fungal infection (pathological thymic atrophy). Thymic atrophy directly results in loss of thymocytes and/or destruction of the thymic architecture, and indirectly leads to a decrease in naïve T cells and limited T cell receptor diversity. Thus, it is important to recognize the causes and mechanisms that induce thymic atrophy. In this review, we highlight current progress in infection-associated pathogenic thymic atrophy and discuss its possible mechanisms. In addition, we discuss whether extracellular vesicles/exosomes could be potential carriers of pathogenic substances to the thymus, and potential drugs for the treatment of thymic atrophy. Having acknowledged that most current research is limited to serological aspects, we look forward to the possibility of extending future work regarding the impact of neural modulation on thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingli Luo
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lingxin Xu
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhengyu Qian
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xi Sun
- Department of Parasitology of Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Ishikawa T, Akiyama N, Akiyama T. In Pursuit of Adult Progenitors of Thymic Epithelial Cells. Front Immunol 2021; 12:621824. [PMID: 33717123 PMCID: PMC7946825 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.621824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral T cells capable of discriminating between self and non-self antigens are major components of a robust adaptive immune system. The development of self-tolerant T cells is orchestrated by thymic epithelial cells (TECs), which are localized in the thymic cortex (cortical TECs, cTECs) and medulla (medullary TECs, mTECs). cTECs and mTECs are essential for differentiation, proliferation, and positive and negative selection of thymocytes. Recent advances in single-cell RNA-sequencing technology have revealed a previously unknown degree of TEC heterogeneity, but we still lack a clear picture of the identity of TEC progenitors in the adult thymus. In this review, we describe both earlier and recent findings that shed light on features of these elusive adult progenitors in the context of tissue homeostasis, as well as recovery from stress-induced thymic atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Ishikawa
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Nobuko Akiyama
- Laboratory for Immunogenetics, RIKEN Center of Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan
| | - Taishin Akiyama
- Laboratory of Immune Homeostasis, RIKEN Center for Integrative Medical Sciences, Yokohama, Japan.,Graduate School of Medical Life Science, Yokohama City University, Yokohama, Japan
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12
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Li J, Niu C, Jiang Z, Zhang Z, Pan Y, Xing Q, Guo Q, An S, Hu Y, Wang L. Targeted Delivery of Curcumin to Polyethylene-Induced Osteolysis by Magnetically Guided Zoledronate-Anchored Poly Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid Nanoparticles via Repressing NF-κB Signaling. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:600156. [PMID: 33343370 PMCID: PMC7747869 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.600156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aseptic loosening induced by periprosthetic osteolysis (PPO) is the leading complication of total joint arthroplasty (TJA) and results in patients having to receive revision surgery. However, there is still no efficient drug to prevent or even slow the pathological process. Herein, we report novel dual-targeted, curcumin-loaded Poly lactic-co-glycolic acid nanoparticles (ZSCNPs) to inhibit polyethylene-induced osteolysis. These ZSCNPs have good biocompatibility and excellent bone binding affinity. Under external magnetic field guidance, the ZSCNPs can specifically target osteolytic sites with sustained curcumin release, efficiently suppress the effect of IκB kinase, subsequently inhibit activation of the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) signaling pathway, and ultimately prevent osteoclast formation and particle-induced osteolysis. Therefore, these novel dual-targeted, drug-loaded nanoparticles could be applied as a useful strategy for targeted treatment of PPO after TJA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Chengcheng Niu
- Department of Ultrasound Diagnosis, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Research Center of Ultrasonography, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zichao Jiang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yixiao Pan
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qiqi Xing
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Qi Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Senbo An
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yihe Hu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Long Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- Department of Orthopedics, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Biomedical Metal and Ceramic Implants, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Caiazzo E, Cerqua I, Riemma MA, Turiello R, Ialenti A, Schrader J, Fiume G, Caiazza C, Roviezzo F, Morello S, Cicala C. Exacerbation of Allergic Airway Inflammation in Mice Lacking ECTO-5'-Nucleotidase (CD73). Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:589343. [PMID: 33328996 PMCID: PMC7734328 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.589343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The airways are a target tissue of type I allergies and atopy is the main etiological factor of bronchial asthma. A predisposition to allergy and individual response to allergens are dependent upon environmental and host factors. Early studies performed to clarify the role of extracellular adenosine in the airways highlighted the importance of adenosine-generating enzymes CD73, together with CD39, as an innate protection system against lung injury. In experimental animals, deletion of CD73 has been associated with immune and autoimmune diseases. Our experiments have been performed to investigate the role of CD73 in the assessment of allergic airway inflammation following sensitization. We found that in CD73−/− mice sensitization, induced by subcutaneous ovalbumin (OVA) administration, increased signs of airway inflammation and atopy developed, characterized by high IgE plasma levels and increased pulmonary cytokines, reduced frequency of lung CD4+CD25+Foxp3+ T cells, but without bronchial hyperreactivity, compared to sensitized wild type mice. Our results provide evidence that the lack of CD73 causes an uncontrolled allergic sensitization, suggesting that CD73 is a key molecule at the interface between innate and adaptive immune response. The knowledge of host immune factors controlling allergic sensitization is of crucial importance and might help to find preventive interventions that could act before an allergy develops.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Caiazzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Ida Cerqua
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Riemma
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Roberta Turiello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy.,PhD Program in Drug Discovery and Development, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Armando Ialenti
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Jurgen Schrader
- Department of Molecular Cardiology, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University of Catanzaro Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Carmen Caiazza
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples 'Federico II', Naples, Italy
| | - Fiorentina Roviezzo
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Silvana Morello
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Salerno, Salerno, Italy
| | - Carla Cicala
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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14
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Bmi1 inhibitor PTC-209 promotes Chemically-induced Direct Cardiac Reprogramming of cardiac fibroblasts into cardiomyocytes. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7129. [PMID: 32346096 PMCID: PMC7189257 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63992-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of therapeutic approaches based on direct cardiac reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced-cardiomyocytes (iCM) has emerged as an attractive strategy to repair the injured myocardium. The identification of the mechanisms driving lineage conversion represents a crucial step toward the development of new and more efficient regenerative strategies. To this aim, here we show that pre-treatment with the Bmi1 inhibitor PTC-209 is sufficient to increase the efficiency of Chemical-induced Direct Cardiac Reprogramming both in mouse embryonic fibroblasts and adult cardiac fibroblasts. PTC-209 induces an overall increase of spontaneously beating iCM at end-stage of reprogramming, expressing high levels of late cardiac markers Troponin T and myosin muscle light chain-2v. The inhibition of Bmi1 expression occurring upon PTC-209 pre-treatment was maintained throughout the reprogramming protocol, contributing to a significant gene expression de-regulation. RNA profiling revealed that, upon Bmi1 inhibition a significant down-regulation of genes associated with immune and inflammatory signalling pathways occurred, with repression of different genes involved in interleukin, cytokine and chemokine pathways. Accordingly, we observed the down-regulation of both JAK/STAT3 and MAPK/ERK1-2 pathway activation, highlighting the crucial role of these pathways as a barrier for cardiac reprogramming. These findings have significant implications for the development of new cardiac regenerative therapies.
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15
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IBTK Haploinsufficiency Affects the Tumor Microenvironment of Myc-Driven Lymphoma in E-myc Mice. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030885. [PMID: 32019112 PMCID: PMC7038122 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment is a dynamic and interactive supporting network of various components, including blood vessels, cytokines, chemokines, and immune cells, which sustain the tumor cell’s survival and growth. Murine models of lymphoma are useful to study tumor biology, the microenvironment, and mechanisms of response to therapy. Lymphomas are heterogeneous hematologic malignancies, and the complex microenvironment from which they arise and their multifaceted genetic basis represents a challenge for the generation and use of an appropriate murine model. So, it is important to choose the correct methodology. Recently, we supported the first evidence on the pro-oncogenic action of IBTK in Myc-driven B cell lymphomagenesis in mice, inhibiting apoptosis in the pre-cancerous stage. We used the transgenic Eμ-myc mouse model of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Ibtk hemizygous mice to evaluate the tumor development of Myc-driven lymphoma. Here, we report that the allelic loss of Ibtk alters the immunophenotype of Myc-driven B cell lymphomas, increasing the rate of pre-B cells and affecting the tumor microenvironment in Eμ-myc mice. In particular, we observed enhanced tumor angiogenesis, increasing pro-angiogenic and lymphangiogenic factors, such as VEGF, MMP-9, CCL2, and VEGFD, and a significant recruitment of tumor-associated macrophages in lymphomas of Ibtk+/-Eμ-myc compared to Ibtk+/+Eμ-myc mice. In summary, these results indicate that IBTK haploinsufficiency promotes Myc tumor development by modifying the tumor microenvironment.
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16
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HIV-1 Tat protein attenuates the clinical course of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Int Immunopharmacol 2019; 78:105943. [PMID: 31830622 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2019.105943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence has shown that the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection is associated with a significantly decreased risk of developing multiple sclerosis (MS) in patients with acquired immunodeficiency virus (AIDS). It is thought that two mechanisms are in charge of protection against MS, which include immunosuppression induced by chronic HIV infection (depletion of CD4 + T cells) and antiretroviral medications. HIV-1 encodes several regulatory (Tat and Rev) and accessory (Vpr, Vif, Vpu, and Nef) proteins that have immunosuppressive and immunomodulatory properties. HIV-1 Tat protein is a strongly immunosuppressive agent and can cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). In this study, we examined the effect of HIV-1 Tat, which is classified into clade B and C, on inflammation, gliosis, apoptosis, and behavioral function in a murine model of MS called experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). For this aim, mice were immunized with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein 35-55 (MOG35-55), followed by pertussis toxin to induce paralysis in EAE mice. After the induction of EAE in mice, the animals intraperitoneally received serial doses of HIV-1 Tat clade B and C (5, 10, and 20 µg/kg body weight) when the early clinical manifestations of EAE were initiated. The results showed that the administration of both clades of the Tat protein led to a marked decrease in the clinical score of EAE mice, as well as improvement in motor-neuron functions. In line with this, Tat considerably reduced the number of apoptotic cells in the sacral region of the spinal cord through the upregulation expression of the Bcl-2 protein. Besides, proinflammatory cytokines such as, IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-17 were significantly diminished in the serum and spinal cord of EAE mice receiving HIV-1 Tat clade B and C. Conversely, anti-inflammatory cytokines, including IL-10 and IL-4 were elevated in the serum and spinal cord of EAE mice receiving HIV Tat clade B and C when compared with the control group. The immunohistochemical analysis indicated that HIV-1 Tat clade B and C mitigated microgliosis and astrogliosis. The flow cytometry analysis demonstrated that the number of Th1 and Th17cells was significantly decreased in response to TAT administration while the frequency of Th2 cells was markedly increased in the peripheral blood of mice with EAE without influencing the number of T regulatory cells (CD4 + CD25 + forkhead box protein 3 + ). It seems that HIV-1 Tat could be a bona fide therapeutic protein for the alleviation of MS since it has beneficial roles in the suppression of neuroinflammation in MS pathology.
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17
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HENDERSON LJ, JOHNSON TP, SMITH BR, REOMA LB, SANTAMARIA UA, BACHANI M, DEMARINO C, BARCLAY RA, SNOW J, SACKTOR N, MCARTHUR J, LETENDRE S, STEINER J, KASHANCHI F, NATH A. Presence of Tat and transactivation response element in spinal fluid despite antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2019; 33 Suppl 2:S145-S157. [PMID: 31789815 PMCID: PMC11032747 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000002268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to measure the protein concentration and biological activity of HIV-1 Tat in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of individuals on suppressive antiretroviral therapy (ART). DESIGN CSF was collected from 68 HIV-positive individuals on ART with plasma viral load less than 40 copies/ml, and from 25 HIV-negative healthy controls. Duration of HIV infection ranged from 4 to more than 30 years. METHODS Tat levels in CSF were evaluated by an ELISA. Tat protein and viral RNA were quantified from exosomes isolated from CSF, followed by western blot or quantitative reverse transcription PCR, respectively. Functional activity of Tat was assessed using an LTR transactivation assay. RESULTS Tat protein was detected in 36.8% of CSF samples from HIV-positive patients. CSF Tat concentration increased in four out of five individuals after initiation of therapy, indicating that Tat was not inhibited by ART. Similarly, exosomes from 34.4% of CSF samples were strongly positive for Tat protein and/or TAR RNA. Exosomal Tat retained transactivation activity in a CEM-LTR reporter assay in 66.7% of samples assayed, which indicates that over half of the Tat present in CSF is functional. Presence of Tat in CSF was highly associated with previous abuse of psychostimulants (cocaine or amphetamines; P = 0.01) and worse performance in the psychomotor speed (P = 0.04) and information processing (P = 0.02) cognitive domains. CONCLUSION Tat and TAR are produced in the central nervous system despite adequate ART and are packaged into CSF exosomes. Tat remains biologically active within this compartment. These studies suggest that Tat may be a quantifiable marker of the viral reservoir and highlight a need for new therapies that directly inhibit Tat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa J. HENDERSON
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Tory P. JOHNSON
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Bryan R. SMITH
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lauren Bowen REOMA
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ulisses A. SANTAMARIA
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Muzna BACHANI
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland
| | - Catherine DEMARINO
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas Virginia
| | - Robert A. BARCLAY
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas Virginia
| | - Joseph SNOW
- National Institute of Mental Health, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Ned SACKTOR
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Justin MCARTHUR
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Scott LETENDRE
- University of California San Diego School of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health, San Diego California
| | - Joseph STEINER
- Translational Neuroscience Center, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda Maryland
| | - Fatah KASHANCHI
- Laboratory of Molecular Virology, School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas Virginia
| | - Avindra NATH
- Section of Infections of the Nervous System, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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18
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D'Agostino M, Scerra G, Cannata Serio M, Caporaso MG, Bonatti S, Renna M. Unconventional secretion of α-Crystallin B requires the Autophagic pathway and is controlled by phosphorylation of its serine 59 residue. Sci Rep 2019; 9:16892. [PMID: 31729431 PMCID: PMC6858465 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-53226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
α-Crystallin B (CRYAB or HspB5) is a chaperone member of the small heat-shock protein family that prevents aggregation of many cytosolic client proteins by means of its ATP-independent holdase activity. Surprisingly, several reports show that CRYAB exerts a protective role also extracellularly, and it has been recently demonstrated that CRYAB is secreted from human retinal pigment epithelial cells by an unconventional secretion pathway that involves multi-vesicular bodies. Here we show that autophagy is crucial for this unconventional secretion pathway and that phosphorylation at serine 59 residue regulates CRYAB secretion by inhibiting its recruitment to the autophagosomes. In addition, we found that autophagosomes containing CRYAB are not able to fuse with lysosomes. Therefore, CRYAB is capable to highjack and divert autophagosomes toward the exocytic pathway, inhibiting their canonical route leading to the lysosomal compartment. Potential implications of these findings in the context of disease-associated mutant proteins turn-over are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D'Agostino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
| | - G Scerra
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Cannata Serio
- Laboratory of Epithelial Biology and Disease, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Université Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - M G Caporaso
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - S Bonatti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - M Renna
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.
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19
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Insights into Thymus Development and Viral Thymic Infections. Viruses 2019; 11:v11090836. [PMID: 31505755 PMCID: PMC6784209 DOI: 10.3390/v11090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell development in the thymus is a complex and highly regulated process, involving a wide variety of cells and molecules which orchestrate thymocyte maturation into either CD4+ or CD8+ single-positive (SP) T cells. Here, we briefly review the process regulating T-cell differentiation, which includes the latest advances in this field. In particular, we highlight how, starting from a pool of hematopoietic stem cells in the bone marrow, the sequential action of transcriptional factors and cytokines dictates the proliferation, restriction of lineage potential, T-cell antigen receptors (TCR) gene rearrangements, and selection events on the T-cell progenitors, ultimately leading to the generation of mature T cells. Moreover, this review discusses paradigmatic examples of viral infections affecting the thymus that, by inducing functional changes within this lymphoid gland, consequently influence the behavior of peripheral mature T-lymphocytes.
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20
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Simenauer A, Assefa B, Rios-Ochoa J, Geraci K, Hybertson B, Gao B, McCord J, Elajaili H, Nozik-Grayck E, Cota-Gomez A. Repression of Nrf2/ARE regulated antioxidant genes and dysregulation of the cellular redox environment by the HIV Transactivator of Transcription. Free Radic Biol Med 2019; 141:244-252. [PMID: 31238128 PMCID: PMC7096131 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2019.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chronic HIV infection in the era of anti-retroviral therapy is associated with dramatically increased risk of developing severe cardio pulmonary disease. Common to these diseases is increased oxidative burden and chronic inflammation despite low viremia and restoration of CD4+ T-cell levels. Soluble viral factors are heavily implicated in these disease processes, including the HIV Transactivator of Transcription (Tat). Tat is produced in high levels during infection and secreted from infected cells into circulation where it is internalized by bystander cells and is known to regulate inflammatory pathways and elicit a pro-oxidant environment. We have examined the effects of Tat on the anti-oxidant regulatory network driven by the transcription factor Nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) in primary human pulmonary arterial endothelial cells, which are heavily involved in pathogenesis of HIV associated lung diseases including pulmonary arterial hypertension and COPD. Co-expression of Tat and a luciferase reporter construct driven by the Nrf2 activated anti-oxidant response element (ARE) demonstrated markedly reduced Nrf2/ARE activity, even when stimulated by the potent Nrf2 activating compound PB125. Additionally, Heme-oxygenase-1 (HO-1) transcription was potently repressed by Tat in a cell line as well as primary endothelial cells, and treatment with PB125 failed to restore transcriptional activity. Other anti-oxidant Nrf2 genes examined included NADPH Dehydrogenase Quinone 1 (NQO1) and Sulfiredoxin-1 (SRXN1). NQO1 was repressed basally by Tat, while SRXN1 transcription was refractory to activation by PB125 in the presence of Tat. Lastly, we demonstrated that Tat expressing cells have increased indicators of oxidative stress including elevated production of reactive oxygen species, measured by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and increased levels of nitrotyrosine content. These observations suggest a novel mechanism by which HIV Tat increases oxidative burden by dysregulation of the Nrf2/ARE pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Simenauer
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Betelhem Assefa
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jose Rios-Ochoa
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kara Geraci
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Brooks Hybertson
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA; Pathways Bioscience, USA
| | - Bifeng Gao
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA; Pathways Bioscience, USA
| | - Joe McCord
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA; Pathways Bioscience, USA
| | - Hanan Elajaili
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Labs and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Box B131, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Research 2, Room, 6121, USA
| | - Eva Nozik-Grayck
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Pediatrics, Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Labs and Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, University of Colorado Denver, Pediatric Critical Care Medicine, Box B131, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Research 2, Room, 6121, USA
| | - Adela Cota-Gomez
- University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Department of Medicine Division of Pulmonary Sciences and Critical Care Medicine, 12700 E. 19th Avenue, Mailstop C272, 80045, Aurora, CO, USA.
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21
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Increased pain sensitivity and decreased opioid analgesia in T-cell-deficient mice and implications for sex differences. Pain 2019; 160:358-366. [PMID: 30335680 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The processing of pain in the central nervous system is now known to have an important immune component, including T cells of the adaptive immune system. T cells have been shown to release endogenous opioids, and although it is well known that opioids have effects on T-cell populations, very little attention has been given to the converse: how T cells may affect opioid regulation. We find here that, in addition to displaying significantly increased baseline pain sensitivity across various pain modalities, T-cell-deficient mice (CD-1 nude, Rag1 null mutant, and Cd4 null mutant) exhibit pronounced deficiencies in morphine inhibition of thermal or inflammatory pain. Nude mice are also deficient in endogenous opioid-mediated analgesia, exhibiting no stress-induced analgesia from restraint. The relevant T-cell subpopulation seems to be CD4 T cells because adoptive transfer of them but not CD8 cells into nude mice rescues both the pain and morphine analgesia phenotypes. As previously reported, we also observe a sex difference in CD-1 mice, with females requiring 2- to 3-fold more morphine than males to produce equal analgesia. Nude mice display no sex differences in morphine analgesia, and the sex difference is restored in nude mice of either sex receiving CD4 T cells from CD-1 donor male or female mice. These results suggest that CD4 T cells play an as yet unappreciated role in opioid analgesia and may be a driver of sex differences therein.
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22
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Vecchio E, Golino G, Pisano A, Albano F, Falcone C, Ceglia S, Iaccino E, Mimmi S, Fiume G, Giurato G, Britti D, Scala G, Quinto I. IBTK contributes to B-cell lymphomagenesis in Eμ-myc transgenic mice conferring resistance to apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:320. [PMID: 30975981 PMCID: PMC6459904 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1557-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence supports the involvement of IBTK in cell survival and tumor growth. Previously, we have shown that IBTK RNA interference affects the wide genome expression and RNA splicing in cell-type specific manner. Further, the expression of IBTK gene progressively increases from indolent to aggressive stage of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and decreases in disease remission after therapy. However, the role of IBTK in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. Here, we report that loss of the murine Ibtk gene raises survival and delays tumor onset in Eμ-myc transgenic mice, a preclinical model of Myc-driven lymphoma. In particular, we found that the number of pre-cancerous B cells of bone marrow and spleen is reduced in Ibtk-/-Eμ-myc mice owing to impaired viability and increased apoptosis, as measured by Annexin V binding, Caspase 3/7 cleavage assays and cell cycle profile analysis. Instead, the proliferation rate of pre-cancerous B cells is unaffected by the loss of Ibtk. We observed a direct correlation between Ibtk and myc expression and demonstrated a Myc-dependent regulation of Ibtk expression in murine B cells, human hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cell lines by analysis of ChIP-seq data. By tet-repressible Myc system, we confirmed a Myc-dependent expression of IBTK in human B cells. Further, we showed that Ibtk loss affected the main apoptotic pathways dependent on Myc overexpression in pre-cancerous Eμ-myc mice, in particular, MCL-1 and p53. Of note, we found that loss of IBTK impaired cell cycle and increased apoptosis also in a human epithelial cell line, HeLa cells, in Myc-independent manner. Taken together, these results suggest that Ibtk sustains the oncogenic activity of Myc by inhibiting apoptosis of murine pre-cancerous B cells, as a cell-specific mechanism. Our findings could be relevant for the development of IBTK inhibitors sensitizing tumor cells to apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
| | - Gaetanina Golino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Francesco Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Cristina Falcone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Giorgio Giurato
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy.,Genomix4Life srl, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry "Scuola Medica Salernitana", University of Salerno, Baronissi, SA, Italy
| | - Domenico Britti
- Department of Health Science, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.,Interdepartmental Services Centre of Veterinary for Human and Animal Health, University "Magna Græcia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University Magna Græcia of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, 88100, Italy.
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23
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Activation of NF-κB in B cell receptor signaling through Bruton's tyrosine kinase-dependent phosphorylation of IκB-α. J Mol Med (Berl) 2019; 97:675-690. [PMID: 30887112 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-019-01777-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The antigen-mediated triggering of B cell receptor (BCR) activates the transcription factor NF-κB that regulates the expression of genes involved in B cell differentiation, proliferation, and survival. The tyrosine kinase Btk is essentially required for the activation of NF-κB in BCR signaling through the canonical pathway of IKK-dependent phosphorylation and proteasomal degradation of IκB-α, the main repressor of NF-κB. Here, we provide the evidence of an additional mechanism of NF-κB activation in BCR signaling that is Btk-dependent and IKK-independent. In DeFew B lymphoma cells, the anti-IgM stimulation of BCR activated Btk and NF-κB p50/p65 within 0.5 min in absence of IKK activation and IκB-α degradation. IKK silencing did not affect the rapid activation of NF-κB. Within this short time, Btk associated and phosphorylated IκB-α at Y289 and Y305, and, concomitantly, p65 translocated from cytosol to nucleus. The mutant IκB-α Y289/305A inhibited the NF-κB activation after BCR triggering, suggesting that the phosphorylation of IκB-α at tyrosines 289 and 305 was required for NF-κB activation. In primary chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells, Btk was constitutively active and associated with IκB-α, which correlated with Y305-phosphorylation of IκB-α and increased NF-κB activity compared with healthy B cells. Altogether, these results describe a novel mechanism of NF-κB activation in BCR signaling that could be relevant for Btk-targeted therapy in B-lymphoproliferative disorders. KEY MESSAGES: Anti-IgM stimulation of BCR activates NF-κB p50/p65 within 30 s by a Btk-dependent and IKK-independent mechanism. Btk associates and phosphorylates IκB-α at Y289 and Y305, promoting NF-κB activation. In primary CLLs, the binding of Btk to IκB-α correlates with tyrosine phosphorylation of IκB-α and increased NF-κB activity.
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24
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Revisiting Bacterial Ubiquitin Ligase Effectors: Weapons for Host Exploitation. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113576. [PMID: 30428531 PMCID: PMC6274744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein ubiquitylation plays a central role in eukaryotic cell physiology. It is involved in several regulatory processes, ranging from protein folding or degradation, subcellular localization of proteins, vesicular trafficking and endocytosis to DNA repair, cell cycle, innate immunity, autophagy, and apoptosis. As such, it is reasonable that pathogens have developed a way to exploit such a crucial system to enhance their virulence against the host. Hence, bacteria have evolved a wide range of effectors capable of mimicking the main players of the eukaryotic ubiquitin system, in particular ubiquitin ligases, by interfering with host physiology. Here, we give an overview of this topic and, in particular, we detail and discuss the mechanisms developed by pathogenic bacteria to hijack the host ubiquitination system for their own benefit.
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25
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Yan Q, Zhao R, Shen C, Wang F, Li W, Gao SJ, Lu C. Upregulation of MicroRNA 711 Mediates HIV-1 Vpr Promotion of Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus Latency and Induction of Pro-proliferation and Pro-survival Cytokines by Targeting the Notch/NF-κB-Signaling Axis. J Virol 2018; 92:JVI.00580-18. [PMID: 29976660 PMCID: PMC6146700 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00580-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/21/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Coinfection with HIV-1 and Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) often leads to AIDS-related malignancies, including Kaposi's sarcoma (KS) and primary effusion lymphoma (PEL). The interaction between HIV and KSHV plays a pivotal role in the progression of these malignancies. We have previously demonstrated that, by upregulating miR-942-5p, HIV-1 viral protein R (Vpr) inhibits KSHV lytic replication by targeting IκBα to activate the NF-κB signaling (Q. Yan, C. Shen, J. Qin, W. Li, M. Hu, H. Lu, D. Qin, J. Zhu, S. J. Gao, C. Lu, J Virol 90:8739-8753, 2016). Here, we show that Vpr inactivates Notch signaling, resulting in inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and induction of pro-proliferative and -survival cytokines, including interleukin-2 (IL-2), TIMP-1, IGF-1, and NT-4. Mechanistically, Vpr upregulates miR-711, which directly targets the Notch1 3' untranslated region. Suppression of miR-711 relieved Notch1 and reduced Vpr inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and Vpr induction of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines, while overexpression of miR-711 exhibited the opposite effect. Finally, overexpression of Notch1 reduced Vpr induction of NF-κB activity by promoting IκBα promoter activity. Our novel findings reveal that by upregulating miR-711 to target Notch1, Vpr silences Notch signaling to activate the NF-κB pathway by reducing IκBα expression, leading to inhibition of KSHV lytic replication and induction of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines. Therefore, the miR-711/Notch/NF-κB axis is important in the pathogenesis of AIDS-related malignancies and could be an attractive therapeutic target.IMPORTANCE HIV-1 infection significantly increases the risk of KS and PEL in KSHV-infected individuals. Our previous study has shown that HIV-1 Vpr regulates the KSHV life cycle by targeting IκBα to activate NF-κB signaling through upregulating cellular miR-942-5p. In this study, we have further found that Vpr inactivates Notch signaling to promote KSHV latency and production of pro-proliferation and -survival cytokines. Another Vpr-upregulated cellular microRNA, miR-711, participates in this process by directly targeting Notch1. As a result, Notch1 upregulation of the IκBα promoter activity is attenuated, resulting in reduced levels of IκBα transcript and protein. Overall, these results illustrate an alternative mechanism of HIV-1 Vpr regulation of KSHV latency and aberrant cytokines through the miR-711/Notch/NF-κB axis. Our novel findings further demonstrate the role of an HIV-1-secreted regulatory protein in the KSHV life cycle and KSHV-related malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Runran Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Chenyou Shen
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Fei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wan Li
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shou-Jiang Gao
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Laboratory of Human Virology and Oncology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, People's Republic of China
- UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chun Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Pathogen Biology of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
- Department of Microbiology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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26
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Liu YP, Chen CH, Yen CH, Tung CW, Chen CJ, Chen YMA, Huang MS. Human immunodeficiency virus Tat-TIP30 interaction promotes metastasis by enhancing the nuclear translocation of Snail in lung cancer cell lines. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:3105-3114. [PMID: 30099830 PMCID: PMC6172071 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have a poorer prognosis than do patients without HIV infection. HIV1 Tat is a secreted viral protein that penetrates the plasma membrane and interacts with a number of proteins in non‐HIV‐infected cells. The loss of function of Tat‐interacting protein 30 (TIP30) has been linked to metastasis in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, it is unknown how the interaction of HIV1 Tat with TIP30 regulates the metastasis of NSCLC cells. In this study, the overexpression of TIP30 decreased tumor growth factor‐β‐induced epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion of NSCLC cells, whereas the knockdown of TIP30 promoted EMT, invasion and stemness. Exposure to recombinant HIV1 Tat proteins promoted EMT and invasion. A mechanistic study showed that the interaction of HIV1 Tat with TIP30 blocked the binding of TIP30 to importin‐β, which is required for the nuclear translocation of Snail. Indeed, the loss of TIP30 promoted the nuclear translocation of Snail. In vivo studies demonstrated that the overexpression of TIP30 inhibited the metastasis of NSCLC cells. In contrast, the coexpression of HIV1 Tat and TIP30 diminished the inhibitory effect of TIP30 on metastasis. Immunohistochemistry confirmed that TIP30 overexpression reduced the nuclear localization of Snail, whereas the coexpression of HIV1 Tat and TIP30 increased nuclear Snail in metastatic tumors. In conclusion, the binding of HIV1 Tat to TIP30 enhanced EMT and metastasis by regulating the nuclear translocation of Snail. Targeting Tat‐interacting proteins may be a potential therapeutic strategy to prevent metastasis in NSCLC patients with HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Peng Liu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Environmental Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Hsiung Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Hung Yen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Natural Products, College of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Research Center for Natural Products & Drug Development, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Wei Tung
- School of Pharmacy, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Ju Chen
- Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Ming A Chen
- Center for Infectious Disease and Cancer Research, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Shyan Huang
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, E-DA Cancer Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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27
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Clark E, Nava B, Caputi M. Tat is a multifunctional viral protein that modulates cellular gene expression and functions. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27569-27581. [PMID: 28187438 PMCID: PMC5432358 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The human immunodeficiency virus type I (HIV-1) has developed several strategies to condition the host environment to promote viral replication and spread. Viral proteins have evolved to perform multiple functions, aiding in the replication of the viral genome and modulating the cellular response to the infection. Tat is a small, versatile, viral protein that controls transcription of the HIV genome, regulates cellular gene expression and generates a permissive environment for viral replication by altering the immune response and facilitating viral spread to multiple tissues. Studies carried out utilizing biochemical, cellular, and genomic approaches show that the expression and activity of hundreds of genes and multiple molecular networks are modulated by Tat via multiple mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan Clark
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Brenda Nava
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
| | - Massimo Caputi
- Charles E. Schmidt College of Medicine, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL, USA
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28
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Albano F, Chiurazzi F, Mimmi S, Vecchio E, Pastore A, Cimmino C, Frieri C, Iaccino E, Pisano A, Golino G, Fiume G, Mallardo M, Scala G, Quinto I. The expression of inhibitor of bruton's tyrosine kinase gene is progressively up regulated in the clinical course of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia conferring resistance to apoptosis. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29317636 PMCID: PMC5849039 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-017-0026-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is the most common B-cell malignancy with a variable clinical outcome. Biomarkers of CLL progression are required for optimising prognosis and therapy. The Inhibitor of Bruton’s tyrosine kinase—isoform α (IBTKα) gene encodes a substrate receptor of Cullin 3-dependent E3 ubiquitin ligase, and promotes cell survival in response to the reticulum stress. Searching for novel markers of CLL progression, we analysed the expression of IBTKα in the peripheral blood B-cells of CLL patients, before and after first line therapy causing remission. The expression of IBTKα was significantly increased in disease progression, and decreased in remission after chemotherapy. Consistently with a pro-survival action, RNA interference of IBTKα increased the spontaneous and Fludarabine-induced apoptosis of MEC-1 CLL cells, and impaired the cell cycle of DeFew B-lymphoma cells by promoting the arrest in G0/G1 phase and apoptosis. Consistently, RNA interference of IBTKα up regulated the expression of pro-apoptotic genes, including TNF, CRADD, CASP7, BNIP3 and BIRC3. Our results indicate that IBTKα is a novel marker of CLL progression promoting cell growth and resistance to apoptosis. In this view, IBTKα may represent an attractive cancer drug target for counteracting the therapy-resistance of tumour cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Federico Chiurazzi
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Arianna Pastore
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Clementina Cimmino
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Camilla Frieri
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Antonio Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Gaetanina Golino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Massimo Mallardo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University "Federico II" of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University "Magna Graecia" of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy.
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29
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Ansari AR, Liu H. Acute Thymic Involution and Mechanisms for Recovery. Arch Immunol Ther Exp (Warsz) 2017; 65:401-420. [PMID: 28331940 DOI: 10.1007/s00005-017-0462-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Acute thymic involution (ATI) is usually regarded as a virulence trait. It is caused by several infectious agents (bacteria, viruses, parasites, fungi) and other factors, including stress, pregnancy, malnutrition and chemotherapy. However, the complex mechanisms that operate during ATI differ substantially from each other depending on the causative agent. For instance, a transient reduction in the size and weight of the thymus and depletion of populations of T cell subsets are hallmarks of ATI in many cases, whereas severe disruption of the anatomical structure of the organ is also associated with some factors, including fungal, parasitic and viral infections. However, growing evidence shows that ATI may be therapeutically halted or reversed. In this review, we highlight the current progress in this field with respect to numerous pathological factors and discuss the possible mechanisms. Moreover, these new observations also show that ATI can be mechanistically reversed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdur Rahman Ansari
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.,Section of Anatomy and Histology, Department of Basic Sciences, College of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (CVAS), Jhang, Pakistan.,University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences (UVAS), Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Huazhen Liu
- Department of Basic Veterinary Medicine, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, 430070, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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30
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Fiume G, Scialdone A, Rizzo F, De Filippo MR, Laudanna C, Albano F, Golino G, Vecchio E, Pontoriero M, Mimmi S, Ceglia S, Pisano A, Iaccino E, Palmieri C, Paduano S, Viglietto G, Weisz A, Scala G, Quinto I. IBTK Differently Modulates Gene Expression and RNA Splicing in HeLa and K562 Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111848. [PMID: 27827994 PMCID: PMC5133848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2016] [Revised: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The IBTK gene encodes the major protein isoform IBTKα that was recently characterized as substrate receptor of Cul3-dependent E3 ligase, regulating ubiquitination coupled to proteasomal degradation of Pdcd4, an inhibitor of translation. Due to the presence of Ankyrin-BTB-RCC1 domains that mediate several protein-protein interactions, IBTKα could exert expanded regulatory roles, including interaction with transcription regulators. To verify the effects of IBTKα on gene expression, we analyzed HeLa and K562 cell transcriptomes by RNA-Sequencing before and after IBTK knock-down by shRNA transduction. In HeLa cells, 1285 (2.03%) of 63,128 mapped transcripts were differentially expressed in IBTK-shRNA-transduced cells, as compared to cells treated with control-shRNA, with 587 upregulated (45.7%) and 698 downregulated (54.3%) RNAs. In K562 cells, 1959 (3.1%) of 63128 mapped RNAs were differentially expressed in IBTK-shRNA-transduced cells, including 1053 upregulated (53.7%) and 906 downregulated (46.3%). Only 137 transcripts (0.22%) were commonly deregulated by IBTK silencing in both HeLa and K562 cells, indicating that most IBTKα effects on gene expression are cell type-specific. Based on gene ontology classification, the genes responsive to IBTK are involved in different biological processes, including in particular chromatin and nucleosomal organization, gene expression regulation, and cellular traffic and migration. In addition, IBTK RNA interference affected RNA maturation in both cell lines, as shown by the evidence of alternative 3′- and 5′-splicing, mutually exclusive exons, retained introns, and skipped exons. Altogether, these results indicate that IBTK differently modulates gene expression and RNA splicing in HeLa and K562 cells, demonstrating a novel biological role of this protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Fiume
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Annarita Scialdone
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Francesca Rizzo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosaria De Filippo
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Carmelo Laudanna
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Francesco Albano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Gaetanina Golino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Eleonora Vecchio
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Marilena Pontoriero
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Selena Mimmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Simona Ceglia
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Antonio Pisano
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Enrico Iaccino
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Camillo Palmieri
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Sergio Paduano
- Department of Health Sciences, University "Magna Graecia", 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Viglietto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Weisz
- Laboratory of Molecular Medicine and Genomics, Department of Medicine, Surgery and Dentistry 'Schola Medica Salernitana', University of Salerno, via S. Allende 1, 84081 Baronissi, Italy.
| | - Giuseppe Scala
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
| | - Ileana Quinto
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, University 'Magna Graecia' of Catanzaro, Viale Europa (Località Germaneto), 88100 Catanzaro, Italy.
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Thakker S, Verma SC. Co-infections and Pathogenesis of KSHV-Associated Malignancies. Front Microbiol 2016; 7:151. [PMID: 26913028 PMCID: PMC4753363 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2016.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), also known as human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) is one of the several carcinogenic viruses that infect humans. KSHV infection has been implicated in the development of Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS), primary effusion lymphoma, and multicentric Castleman’s Disease. While KSHV infection is necessary for the development of KSHV associated malignancies, it is not sufficient to induce tumorigenesis. Evidently, other co-factors are essential for the progression of KSHV induced malignancies. One of the most important co-factors, necessary for the progression of KSHV induced tumors, is immune suppression that frequently arises during co-infection with HIV and also by other immune suppressants. In this mini-review, we discuss the roles of co-infection with HIV and other pathogens on KSHV infection and pathogenesis.
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