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Filatova TS, Kuzmin VS, Dzhumaniiazova I, Pustovit OB, Abramochkin DV, Shiels HA. 3-Methyl-phenanthrene (3-MP) disrupts the electrical and contractile activity of the heart of the polar fish, navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 357:142089. [PMID: 38643846 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/17/2024] [Accepted: 04/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/23/2024]
Abstract
Alkylated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are abundant in crude oil and are enriched during petroleum refinement but knowledge of their cardiotoxicity remains limited. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are considered the main hazardous components in crude oil and the tricyclic PAH phenanthrene has been singled out for its direct effects on cardiac tissue in mammals and fish. Here we test the impact of the monomethylated phenanthrene, 3-methylphenanthrene (3-MP), on the contractile and electrical function of the atrium and ventricle of a polar fish, the navaga cod (Eleginus nawaga). Using patch-clamp electrophysiology in atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes we show that 3-MP is a potent inhibitor of the delayed rectifier current IKr (IC50 = 0.25 μM) and prolongs ventricular action potential duration. Unlike the parent compound phenanthrene, 3-MP did not reduce the amplitude of the L-type Ca2+ current (ICa) but it accelerated current inactivation thus reducing charge transfer across the myocyte membrane and compromising pressure development of the whole heart. 3-MP was a potent inhibitor (IC50 = 4.7 μM) of the sodium current (INa), slowing the upstroke of the action potential in isolated cells, slowing conduction velocity across the atrium measured with optical mapping, and increasing atrio-ventricular delay in a working whole heart preparation. Together, these findings reveal the strong cardiotoxic potential of this phenanthrene derivative on the fish heart. As 3-MP and other alkylated phenanthrenes comprise a large fraction of the PAHs in crude oil mixtures, these findings are worrisome for Arctic species facing increasing incidence of spills and leaks from the petroleum industry. 3-MP is also a major component of polluted air but is not routinely measured. This is also of concern if the hearts of humans and other terrestrial animals respond to this PAH in a similar manner to fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana S Filatova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladislav S Kuzmin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina Dzhumaniiazova
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oksana B Pustovit
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis V Abramochkin
- Department of Human and Animal Physiology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskiye Gory, 1, 12, Moscow, Russia; Laboratory of Cardiac Electrophysiology, Chazov National Medical Research Center for Cardiology, Moscow, Russia; Department of Physiology, Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ostrovityanova str., 1, Moscow, Russia
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Core Technology Facility, 46 Grafton Street, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9NT, UK.
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Wang C, Lei W, Du L, Xu Y, Lou Y, Peng M, Gao D. Genome-wide DNA methylation changes in Oryzias melastigma embryos exposed to the water accommodated fraction of crude oil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 277:116325. [PMID: 38653019 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The water accommodated fraction (WAF) of crude oil exerts considerable impacts on marine fish during embryonic stage. Clarifying changes in epigenetic modifications is helpful for understanding the molecular mechanism underlying the toxicity of embryonic WAF exposure. The aim of this study was to explore genome-wide DNA methylation changes in Oryzias melastigma embryos after exposure to the nominal total petroleum hydrocarbon concentration of 500 μg/L in WAF for 7 days. Whole-genome bisulfite sequencing revealed that 8.47 % and 8.46 % of all the genomic C sites were methylated in the control and WAF-exposed groups, respectively. Among the three sequence contexts, methylated CG site had the largest number in both the two groups. The sequence preferences of nearby methylated cytosines were consistent between the two groups. A total of 4798 differentially methylated regions (DMRs) were identified in the promoter region. Furthermore, Gene Ontology analysis revealed that DMR-related genes were enriched mainly for functions related to development and nervous system. Additionally, the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways enriched in DMR-related genes were related to nervous system and endocrine system. These novel findings provide comprehensive insights into the genome-wide DNA methylation landscape of O. melastigma following embryonic WAF exposure, shedding light on the epigenetic regulatory mechanisms underlying WAF-induced toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenshi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China; State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China
| | - Wei Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Marine Ecosystem Restoration, National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian, China.
| | - Lichao Du
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yiran Xu
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China
| | - Yingbin Lou
- Dalian Ecological Environment Monitoring Center, Liaoning Province, Dalian, China
| | - Mo Peng
- Jiangsu Environmental Monitoring Center, Nanjing, China
| | - Dongxu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Mariculture & Stock Enhancement in North China's Sea, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, China.
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Sørhus E, Bjelland R, Durif C, Johnsen E, Donald CE, Meier S, Nordtug T, Vikebø FB, Perrichon P. Oil droplet fouling on lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) eggshells does not enhance the crude oil induced developmental toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 468:133814. [PMID: 38412802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
The oil industry's expansion and increased operational activity at older installations, along with their demolition, contribute to rising cumulative pollution and a heightened risk of accidental oil spills. The lesser sandeel (Ammodytes marinus) is a keystone prey species in the North Sea and coastal systems. Their eggs adhere to the seabed substrate making them particularly vulnerable to oil exposure during embryonic development. We evaluated the sensitivity of sandeel embryos to crude oil in a laboratory by exposing them to dispersed oil at concentrations of 0, 15, 50, and 150 µg/L oil between 2 and 16 days post-fertilization. We assessed water and tissue concentrations of THC and tPAH, cyp1a expression, lipid distribution in the eyes, head and trunk, and morphological and functional deformities. Oil droplets accumulated on the eggshell in all oil treatment groups, to which the embryo responded by a dose-dependent rise in cyp1a expression. The oil exposure led to only minor sublethal deformities in the upper jaw and otic vesicle. The findings suggest that lesser sandeel embryos are resilient to crude oil exposure. The lowest observed effect level documented in this study was 36 µg THC/L and 3 µg tPAH/L. The inclusion of these species-specific data in risk assessment models will enhance the precision of risk evaluations for the North Atlantic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Reidun Bjelland
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, Storebø, Norway
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Cameron JR, Scholz NL. Structure-activity relationships for alkyl-phenanthrenes support two independent but interacting synergistic models for PAC mixture potency. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 918:170544. [PMID: 38309367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2023] [Revised: 01/19/2024] [Accepted: 01/27/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Multiple lines of evidence at whole animal, cellular and molecular levels implicate polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) with three rings as drivers of crude oil toxicity to developing fish. Phenanthrene (P0) and its alkylated homologs (C1- through C4-phenanthrenes) comprise the most prominent subfraction of tricyclic PACs in crude oils. Among this family, P0 has been studied intensively, with more limited detail available for the C4-phenanthrene 1-methyl-7-isopropyl-phenanthrene (1-M,7-IP, or retene). While both compounds are cardiotoxic, P0 impacts embryonic cardiac function and development through direct blockade of K+ and Ca2+ currents that regulate cardiomyocyte contractions. In contrast, 1-M,7-IP dysregulates aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR) activation in developing ventricular cardiomyocytes. Although no other compounds have been assessed in detail across the larger family of alkylated phenanthrenes, increasing alkylation might be expected to shift phenanthrene family member activity from K+/Ca2+ ion current blockade to AHR activation. Using embryos of two distantly related fish species, zebrafish and Atlantic haddock, we tested 14 alkyl-phenanthrenes in both acute and latent developmental cardiotoxicity assays. All compounds were cardiotoxic, and effects were resolved into impacts on multiple, highly specific aspects of heart development or function. Craniofacial defects were clearly linked to developmental cardiotoxicity. Based on these findings, we suggest a novel framework to delineate the developmental toxicity of petrogenic PAC mixtures in fish, which incorporates multi-mechanistic pathways that produce interactive synergism at the organ level. In addition, relationships among measured embryo tissue concentrations, cytochrome P4501A mRNA induction, and cardiotoxic responses suggest a two-compartment toxicokinetic model that independently predicts high potency of PAC mixtures through classical metabolic synergism. These two modes of synergism, specific to the sub-fraction of phenanthrenes, are sufficient to explain the high embryotoxic potency of crude oils, independent of as-yet unmeasured compounds in these complex environmental mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Saltwater, Inc., Under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Science Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, NOAA Fisheries, Seattle, WA, USA
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Kumar V, Karam Q, Shajan AB, Al-Nuaimi S, Sattari Z, El-Dakour S. Transcriptome analysis of Sparidentex hasta larvae exposed to water-accommodated fraction of Kuwait crude oil. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3591. [PMID: 38351213 PMCID: PMC10864312 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53408-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 01/31/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities have been shown to significantly affect marine life. Water pollution and oil spills are particularly deleterious to the fish population, especially during their larval stage. In this study, Sobaity-sea bream Sparidentex hasta (Valenciennes, 1830) larvae were exposed to serial dilutions of water-accommodated fraction of Kuwait crude oil (KCO-WAF) for varying durations (3, 6, 24, 48, 72 or 96 h) in acute exposure regime. Gene expression was assessed using RNA sequencing and validated through RT-qPCR. The RNA sequencing data were aligned to the sequenced genome, and differentially expressed genes were identified in response to treatment with or without KCO-WAF at various exposure times. The highest number of differentially expressed genes was observed at the early time point of 6 h of post-exposure to KCO-WAF. The lowest number of differentially expressed genes were noticed at 96 h of treatment indicating early response of the larvae to KCO-WAF contaminant. The acquired information on the differentially expressed genes was then used for functional and pathway analysis. More than 90% of the differentially expressed genes had a significant BLAST match, with the two most common matching species being Acanthopagrus latus and Sparus aurata. Approximately 65% of the differentially expressed genes had Gene Ontology annotations, whereas > 35% of the genes had KEGG pathway annotations. The differentially expressed genes were found to be enriched for various signaling pathways (e.g., MAPK, cAMP, PI3K-Akt) and nervous system-related pathways (e.g., neurodegeneration, axon guidance, glutamatergic synapse, GABAergic synapse). Early exposure modulated the signaling pathways, while KCO-WAF exposure of larvae for a longer duration affected the neurodegenerative/nervous system-related pathways. RT-qPCR analysis confirmed the differential expression of genes at each time point. These findings provide insights into the underlying molecular mechanisms of the deleterious effects of acute exposure to oil pollution-on marine fish populations, particularly at the early larval stage of Sparidentex hasta.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinod Kumar
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait.
| | - Qusaie Karam
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Anisha B Shajan
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Sabeeka Al-Nuaimi
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Zainab Sattari
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
| | - Saleem El-Dakour
- Environment and Life Sciences Research Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, 13109, Safat, Kuwait
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Bharali P, Gogoi B, Sorhie V, Acharjee SA, Walling B, Alemtoshi, Vishwakarma V, Shah MP. Autochthonous psychrophilic hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria and its ecological function in contaminated cold environments. Biodegradation 2024; 35:1-46. [PMID: 37436665 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10042-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum hydrocarbon (PH) pollution has mostly been caused by oil exploration, extraction, and transportation activities in colder regions, particularly in the Arctic and Antarctic regions, where it serves as a primary source of energy. Due to the resilience feature of nature, such polluted environments become the realized ecological niches for a wide community of psychrophilic hydrocarbonoclastic bacteria (PHcB). In contrast, to other psychrophilic species, PHcB is extremely cold-adapted and has unique characteristics that allow them to thrive in greater parts of the cold environment burdened with PHs. The stated group of bacteria in its ecological niche aids in the breakdown of litter, turnover of nutrients, cycling of carbon and nutrients, and bioremediation. Although such bacteria are the pioneers of harsh colder environments, their growth and distribution remain under the influence of various biotic and abiotic factors of the environment. The review discusses the prevalence of PHcB community in colder habitats, the metabolic processes involved in the biodegradation of PH, and the influence of biotic and abiotic stress factors. The existing understanding of the PH metabolism by PHcB offers confirmation of excellent enzymatic proficiency with high cold stability. The discovery of more flexible PH degrading strategies used by PHcB in colder environments could have a significant beneficial outcome on existing bioremediation technologies. Still, PHcB is least explored for other industrial and biotechnological applications as compared to non-PHcB psychrophiles. The present review highlights the pros and cons of the existing bioremediation technologies as well as the potential of different bioaugmentation processes for the effective removal of PH from the contaminated cold environment. Such research will not only serve to investigate the effects of pollution on the basic functional relationships that form the cold ecosystem but also to assess the efficacy of various remediation solutions for diverse settings and climatic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranjal Bharali
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India.
| | - Bhagyudoy Gogoi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Viphrezolie Sorhie
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Shiva Aley Acharjee
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Bendangtula Walling
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Alemtoshi
- Applied Environmental Microbial Biotechnology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Science, Nagaland University, Lumami, Nagaland, 798627, India
| | - Vinita Vishwakarma
- Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Galgotias University, Greater Noida, NCR Delhi, India
| | - Maulin Pramod Shah
- Industrial Waste Water Research Lab, Division of Applied and Environmental Microbiology Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd., Ankleshwar, Gujarat, India
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7
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Frøysa HG, Nepstad R, Meier S, Donald C, Sørhus E, Bockwoldt M, Carroll J, Vikebø FB. Mind the gap - Relevant design for laboratory oil exposure of fish as informed by a numerical impact assessment model. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166951. [PMID: 37696403 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
Laboratory experiments provide knowledge of species-specific effects thresholds that are used to parameterize impact assessment models of oil contamination on marine ecosystems. Such experiments typically place individuals of species and life stages in tanks with different contaminant concentrations. Exposure concentrations are usually fixed, and the individuals experience a shock treatment being moved from clean water directly into contaminated water and then back to clean water. In this study, we use a coupled numerical model that simulates ocean currents and state, oil dispersal and fate, and early life stages of fish to quantify oil exposure histories, specifically addressing oil spill scenarios of high rates and long durations. By including uptake modelling we also investigate the potential of buffering transient high peaks in exposure. Our simulation results are the basis for a recommendation on the design of laboratory experiments to improve impact assessment model development and parameterization. We recommend an exposure profile with three main phases: i) a gradual increase in concentration, ii) a transient peak that is well above the subsequent level, and iii) a plateau of fixed concentration lasting ∼3 days. In addition, a fourth phase with a slow decrease may be added.
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Affiliation(s)
- Håvard G Frøysa
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- SINTEF Ocean, PO Box 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carey Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mathias Bockwoldt
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway
| | - JoLynn Carroll
- Department of Geosciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9037 Tromsø, Norway; Akvaplan-Niva, FRAM - High North Research Centre for Climate and the Environment, 9296 Tromsø, Norway
| | - Frode B Vikebø
- Institute of Marine Research, PO Box 1870, Nordnes, 5817 Bergen, Norway; Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen, PO Box 7830, 5020 Bergen, Norway
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Cameron JR, French BL, Bolton JL, Gregg JL, Donald CE, Hershberger PK, Scholz NL. Biological Responses of Pacific Herring Embryos to Crude Oil Are Quantifiable at Exposure Levels Below Conventional Limits of Quantitation for PAHs in Water and Tissues. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19214-19222. [PMID: 37963111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c04122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Pacific herring (Clupea pallasii), a cornerstone of marine food webs, generally spawn on marine macroalgae in shallow nearshore areas that are disproportionately at risk from oil spills. Herring embryos are also highly susceptible to toxicity from chemicals leaching from oil stranded in intertidal and subtidal zones. The water-soluble components of crude oil trigger an adverse outcome pathway that involves disruption of the physiological functions of cardiomyocytes in the embryonic herring heart. In previous studies, impaired ionoregulation (calcium and potassium cycling) in response to specific polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) corresponds to lethal embryolarval heart failure or subtle chamber malformations at the high and low ends of the PAH exposure range, respectively. Sublethal cardiotoxicity, which involves an abnormal outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricular chamber soon after hatching, subsequently compromises juvenile heart structure and function, leading to pathological hypertrophy of the ventricle and reduced individual fitness, measured as cardiorespiratory performance. Previous studies have not established a threshold for these sublethal and delayed-in-time effects, even with total (∑)PAH exposures as low as 29 ng/g of wet weight (tissue dose). Here, we extend these earlier findings showing that (1) cyp1a gene expression provides an oil exposure metric that is more sensitive than typical quantitation of PAHs via GC-MS and (2) heart morphometrics in herring embryos provide a similarly sensitive measure of toxic response. Early life stage injury to herring (impaired heart development) thus occurs below the quantitation limits for PAHs in both water and embryonic tissues as a conventional basis for assessing oil-induced losses to coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - James R Cameron
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Saltwater, Inc., under Contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Barbara L French
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jennie L Bolton
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Jacob L Gregg
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Nordland, Washington 98358-9633, United States
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Nordnes 5817, Norway
| | - Paul K Hershberger
- Marrowstone Marine Field Station, US Geological Survey, Western Fisheries Research Center, Nordland, Washington 98358-9633, United States
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
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9
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Donald CE, Sørhus E, Perrichon P, Nakken CL, Goksøyr A, Jørgensen KB, Mayer P, da Silva DAM, Meier S. Co-Exposure of Phenanthrene and the cyp-Inducer 3-Methylchrysene Leads to Altered Biotransformation and Increased Toxicity in Fish Egg and Larvae. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023. [PMID: 37465931 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) have frequently been suspected of governing crude oil toxicity because of similar morphological defects in fish. However, PAH concentrations are often not high enough to explain the observed crude oil toxicity. We hypothesize that one PAH can enhance the metabolism and toxicity of another PAH when administered as a mixture. Early life stage Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) were in this study exposed to phenanthrene in the presence and absence of 3-methylchrysene that is known to induce the metabolic enzyme cytochrome P450 1A via cyp1a gene expression. Uptake, metabolism, and multiple toxicity endpoints were then measured in a time-course study up to 3 days post-hatching. Passive dosing provided aqueous concentrations ≈180 μg/L for phenanthrene and ≈0.6 μg/L for 3-methylchrysene, which resulted in tissue concentrations ≈60 μg/g ww for phenanthrene and ≈0.15 μg/g ww for 3-methylchrysene. The low concentration of 3-methylchrysene led to the elevated expression of cyp1a but no toxicity. Levels of phenanthrene metabolites were 5-fold higher, and morphological defects and cardiotoxicity were consistently greater when co-exposed to both compounds relative to phenanthrene alone. This work highlights the metabolic activation of PAH toxicity by a co-occurring PAH, which can lead to excess toxicity, synergistic effects, and the overproportional contribution of PAHs to crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carey E Donald
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | | | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, 5006 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4021 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental & Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Denis A M da Silva
- Environmental Chemistry Program, Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA), Seattle, Washington 98112, United States
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Marine Toxicology, Institute of Marine Research, 5004 Bergen, Norway
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10
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Sørhus E, Nakken CL, Donald CE, Ripley DM, Shiels HA, Meier S. Cardiac toxicity of phenanthrene depends on developmental stage in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 881:163484. [PMID: 37068678 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Complex mixtures like crude oil, and single components such as Phenanthrene (Phe), induce cardiotoxicity by interfering with excitation-contraction coupling. However, recent work has demonstrated that the timing of pollutant exposure during embryogenesis greatly impacts the degree of cardiac dysfunction caused. Here, we aimed to clarify the temporal dependence of Phe toxicity and the downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction using Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Phe (nominal concentration, 1.12 μmol/L), or the L-type‑calcium channel blocker Nicardipine (Nic) (nominal concentration, 2 and 4 μmol/L), were individually applied to cod embryos either during cardiogenesis (early) or after the onset of cardiac function (late). Phe toxicity was highly dependent on the timing of exposure. Exposure after the onset of cardiac function (i.e. late) caused more severe cardiac and extracardiac abnormalities at 3 days post hatching (dph) than early exposure. Late Phe exposure resulted in a smaller ventricle, eliminated ventricular contraction, and reduced atrial contraction. In contrast, early Phe exposure did not have an effect on cardiac development and function. This temporal difference was not as evident in the Nic treatment. Early Nic exposure created similar morphological phenotypes to the late Phe exposure. The two treatments (early Nic and late Phe) also shared a cardiofunctional phenotype, comprised of eliminated ventricular, and reduced atrial, contraction. These data suggest that extracardiac abnormalities, such as the craniofacial deformities seen after late embryonic exposure to cardiotoxic oil components and mixtures, are mostly downstream effects of cardiac dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniel M Ripley
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Holly A Shiels
- University of Manchester, Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Department of Marine Toxicology, Bergen, Norway
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11
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Sørhus E, Sørensen L, Grøsvik BE, Le Goff J, Incardona JP, Linbo TL, Baldwin DH, Karlsen Ø, Nordtug T, Hansen BH, Thorsen A, Donald CE, van der Meeren T, Robson W, Rowland SJ, Rasinger JD, Vikebø FB, Meier S. Crude oil exposure of early life stages of Atlantic haddock suggests threshold levels for developmental toxicity as low as 0.1 μg total polyaromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH)/L. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 190:114843. [PMID: 36965263 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.114843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos bind dispersed crude oil droplets to the eggshell and are consequently highly susceptible to toxicity from spilled oil. We established thresholds for developmental toxicity and identified any potential long-term or latent adverse effects that could impair the growth and survival of individuals. Embryos were exposed to oil for eight days (10, 80 and 300 μg oil/L, equivalent to 0.1, 0.8 and 3.0 μg TPAH/L). Acute and delayed mortality were observed at embryonic, larval, and juvenile stages with IC50 = 2.2, 0.39, and 0.27 μg TPAH/L, respectively. Exposure to 0.1 μg TPAH/L had no negative effect on growth or survival. However, yolk sac larvae showed significant reduction in the outgrowth (ballooning) of the cardiac ventricle in the absence of other extracardiac morphological defects. Due to this propensity for latent sublethal developmental toxicity, we recommend an effect threshold of 0.1 μg TPAH/L for risk assessment models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Jérémie Le Goff
- ADn'tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse 3, Avenue du Général Harris, 14076 Caen Cedex 5, France
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - David H Baldwin
- Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Postbox 4762, Torgarden, 7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | | | | | | | | | - William Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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12
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Donald CE, Nakken CL, Sørhus E, Perrichon P, Jørgensen KB, Bjelland HK, Stølen C, Kancherla S, Mayer P, Meier S. Alkyl-phenanthrenes in early life stage fish: differential toxicity in Atlantic haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2023; 25:594-608. [PMID: 36727431 DOI: 10.1039/d2em00357k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tricyclic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are believed to be the primary toxic components of crude oil. Such compounds including phenanthrene are known to have direct effects on cardiac tissue, which lead to malformations during organogenesis in early life stage fish. We tested a suite of 13 alkyl-phenanthrenes to compare uptake and developmental toxicity in early life stage haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos during gastrulation/organogenesis beginning at 2 days post fertilization via passive dosing. The alkyl-phenanthrenes were tested at their solubility limits, and three of them also at lower concentrations. Measured body burdens were linearly related to measured water concentrations. All compounds elicited one or more significant morphological defects or functional impairment, such as decreased length, smaller eye area, shorter jaw length, and increased incidence of body axis deformities and eye deformities. The profile of developmental toxicities appeared unrelated to the position of alkyl substitution, and gene expression of cytochrome 1 a (cyp1a) was low regardless of alkylation. Mortality and sublethal effects were observed below the expected range for baseline toxicity, thus indicating excess toxicity. Additionally, PAH concentrations that resulted in toxic effects here were far greater than when measured in whole crude oil exposures that cause toxicity. This work demonstrates that, while these phenanthrenes are toxic to early life stage fish, they cannot individually account for most of the developmental toxicity of crude oil, and that other compounds and/or mixture effects should be given more consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Charlotte L Nakken
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, 5817 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Institute of Marine Research, Austevoll Research Station, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Kåre B Jørgensen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Hege K Bjelland
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Christine Stølen
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Sindhu Kancherla
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience, and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, 4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Philipp Mayer
- Department of Environmental and Resource Engineering, Technical University of Denmark, Bygningstorvet 115, 2800 Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
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13
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Sørhus E, Donald CE, Nakken CL, Perrichon P, Durif CMF, Shema S, Browman HI, Skiftesvik AB, Lie KK, Rasinger JD, Müller MHB, Meier S. Co-exposure to UV radiation and crude oil increases acute embryotoxicity and sublethal malformations in the early life stages of Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160080. [PMID: 36375555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Revised: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Crude oil causes severe abnormalities in developing fish. Photomodification of constituents in crude oil increases its toxicity several fold. We report on the effect of crude oil, in combination with ultraviolet (UV) radiation, on Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) embryos. Accumulation of crude oil on the eggshell makes haddock embryos particularly susceptible to exposure. At high latitudes, they can be exposed to UV radiation many hours a day. Haddock embryos were exposed to crude oil (5-300 μg oil/L nominal loading concentrations) for three days in the presence and absence of UV radiation (290-400 nm). UV radiation partly degraded the eggs' outer membrane resulting in less accumulation of oil droplets in the treatment with highest oil concentration (300 μg oil/L). The co-exposure treatments resulted in acute toxicity, manifested by massive tissue necrosis and subsequent mortality, reducing LC50 at hatching stage by 60 % to 0.24 μg totPAH/L compared to 0.62 μg totPAH/L in crude oil only. In the treatment with nominal low oil concentrations (5-30 μg oil/L), only co-exposure to UV led to sublethal morphological heart defects. Including phototoxicity as a parameter in risk assessments of accidental oil spills is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Charlotte L Nakken
- University of Bergen, Department of Chemistry, Allégaten 41, 5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Prescilla Perrichon
- Institute of Marine Research, Reproduction and Developmental Biology, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M F Durif
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Grótti ehf, Melabraut 22, 220 Hafnarfirði, Iceland
| | - Howard I Browman
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, 5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Josef D Rasinger
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette H B Müller
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Section for Experimental Biomedicine, Universitetstunet 3, 1433 Ås, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, Marine Toxicology Group, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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14
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Øverjordet IB, Sørensen L, Kvæstad B, Davies EJ, Meier S, Gomes T, Brooks S, Farkas J. Monitoring ocean water quality by deployment of lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs: In situ bioaccumulation and toxicity in embryos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114074. [PMID: 36137423 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fish embryos can bioaccumulate and are particularly sensitive to a wide range of contaminants, which makes them suitable sentinels for environmental biomonitoring. However, fish embryos are very rarely utilized in environmental monitoring surveys, possibly due to their fragility and seasonality. In the present work, we assessed the applicability of caged lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus) eggs for in situ biomonitoring of exposure and effects of organic contaminants focusing on polyaromatic hydrocarbons and phenolic compounds. Fertilized eggs (1 dpf) were transplanted for 17-19 days at different locations that differed in terms of contaminant load, depths and weather conditions, namely at three stations close to the city of Trondheim (two harbour areas and a one in the Fjord) and three stations at a coastal aquaculture facility. High survival upon retrieval after deployment showed that lumpfish eggs are relatively robust and survive encaging in different environments. Bioaccumulation of organic contaminants (PAHs and phenolic compounds) was measured and potential effects on hatching, development, survival and larvae morphometry were determined. Chemical analyses showed that especially PAHs were effectively accumulated in eggs in contaminated sites, with concentrations of ƩPAHs being 15 - 25 times higher in harbour areas compared to those at the aquaculture facility. A higher incidence of embryonic deformations was observed in the most polluted deployment location, but larvae morphometry revealed no evidence of toxicity related to pollutant body burden. In conclusion, the in-situ exposure method was proven to work well, making it attractive for implementations in environmental monitoring programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjørn Henrik Hansen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Ida Beathe Øverjordet
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Emlyn John Davies
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research (IMR), P.O. Box 1870 Nordnes, NO-5817 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tânia Gomes
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Steven Brooks
- Norwegian Institute of Water Research, Økernveien 94, NO-0579 Oslo, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, P.O. Box 4760 Torgarden, NO-7465 Trondheim, Norway
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15
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Hess C, Little L, Brown C, Kaller M, Galvez F. Transgenerational effects of parental crude oil exposure on the morphology of adult Fundulus grandis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 249:106209. [PMID: 35724524 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 04/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The current study involved exposing adult F0 Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) to Macondo-252 oil for 36 to 44 days and assessing the effects of this oiling on the swimming performance and morphology in two generations of progeny reared in clean water. Following exposure to oil, the F0 fish were used as broodstock to generate four lineages of F1 fish using a full-matrix mating design derived from the gametes of clean and oil-exposed parents. Later, the four lineages of F1 fish were used as broodstock to create an F2 generation of the same four lineages. We found few differences in embryonic outcome (% dead,% hatched, and% unhatched) in any of the four lineages of F1 and F2 fish. However, as adults, F1 and F2 fish derived from oil-exposed males from the F0 generation had significantly lower critical swimming speeds (Ucrit) than both the control and maternally oil-exposed lineages. Additionally, progeny of oil-exposed fish had altered body shape based on the statistical analysis of two-dimensional landmark-based geometric morphometrics. Fish from oil-exposed lineages showed increased body depth, altered spinal curvature, and changes in the upward angle of projection of the head. Both generations had a significant main effect of maternal and paternal oil exposure on shape; however, F0 paternal oil exposure explained more of the variance in shape across both generations relative to F0 maternal exposure. Our findings demonstrate that parental exposure to oil can impact the shape and aerobic swimming capacity of offspring for at least two generations after the original paternal oiling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chelsea Hess
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
| | - Lauren Little
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Charles Brown
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Michael Kaller
- School of Renewable Natural Resources, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States
| | - Fernando Galvez
- Department of Biological Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, United States.
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16
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Meador JP. The fish early-life stage sublethal toxicity syndrome - A high-dose baseline toxicity response. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 291:118201. [PMID: 34740289 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A large number of toxicity studies report abnormalities in early life-stage (ELS) fish that are described here as a sublethal toxicity syndrome (TxSnFELS) and generally include a reduced heart rate, edemas (yolk sac and cardiac), and a variety of morphological abnormalities. The TxSnFELS is very common and not diagnostic for any chemical or class of chemicals. This sublethal toxicity syndrome is mostly observed at high exposure concentrations and appears to be a baseline, non-specific toxicity response; however, it can also occur at low doses by specific action. Toxicity metrics for this syndrome generally occur at concentrations just below those causing mortality and have been reported for a large number of diverse chemicals. Predictions based on tissue concentrations or quantitative-structure activity relationship (QSAR) models support the designation of baseline toxicity for many of the tested chemicals, which is confirmed by observed values. Given the sheer number of disparate chemicals causing the TxSnFELS and correlation with QSAR derived partitioning; the only logical conclusion for these high-dose responses is baseline toxicity by nonspecific action and not a lock and key type receptor response. It is important to recognize that many chemicals can act both as baseline toxicants and specific acting toxicants likely via receptor interaction and it is not possible to predict those threshold doses from baseline toxicity. We should search out these specific low-dose responses for ecological risk assessment and not rely on high-concentration toxicity responses to guide environmental protection. The goal for toxicity assessment should not be to characterize toxic responses at baseline toxicity concentrations, but to evaluate chemicals for their most toxic potential. Additional aspects of this review evaluated the fish ELS teratogenic responses in relation to mammalian oral LD50s and explored potential key events responsible for baseline toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Meador
- Ecotoxicology Program, Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd E, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA.
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17
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Sørhus E, Meier S, Donald CE, Furmanek T, Edvardsen RB, Lie KK. Cardiac dysfunction affects eye development and vision by reducing supply of lipids in fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 800:149460. [PMID: 34391158 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 07/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Developing organisms are especially vulnerable to environmental stressors. Crude oil exposure in early life stages of fish result in multiple functional and developmental defects, including cardiac dysfunction and abnormal and smaller eyes. Phenanthrene (Phe) has a reversible impact on cardiac function, and under exposure Phe reduces cardiac contractility. Exposure to a known L-type channel blocker, nicardipine hydrochloride (Nic) also disrupts cardiac function and creates eye deformities. We aimed to investigate whether cardiac dysfunction was the major underlying mechanism of crude oil-, Phe- and Nic-induced eye malformations. We exposed Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) early embryos to Nic and crude oil (Oil) and late embryos/early larvae to Phe exposure. All three exposures resulted in cardiac abnormalities and lead to severe, eye, jaw and spinal deformities at early larval stages. At 3 days post hatching, larvae from the exposures and corresponding controls were dissected. Eyes, trunk, head and yolk sac were subjected to lipid profiling, and eyes were also subjected to transcriptomic profiling. Among most enriched pathways in the eye transcriptomes were fatty acid metabolism, calcium signaling and phototransduction. Changes in lipid profiles and the transcriptome suggested that the dysfunctional and abnormal eyes in our exposures were due to both disruption of signaling pathways and insufficient supply of essential fatty acids and other nutrients form the yolk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway.
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Carey E Donald
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Tomasz Furmanek
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Rolf B Edvardsen
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kai K Lie
- Insititue of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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18
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Takeshita R, Bursian SJ, Colegrove KM, Collier TK, Deak K, Dean KM, De Guise S, DiPinto LM, Elferink CJ, Esbaugh AJ, Griffitt RJ, Grosell M, Harr KE, Incardona JP, Kwok RK, Lipton J, Mitchelmore CL, Morris JM, Peters ES, Roberts AP, Rowles TK, Rusiecki JA, Schwacke LH, Smith CR, Wetzel DL, Ziccardi MH, Hall AJ. A review of the toxicology of oil in vertebrates: what we have learned following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2021; 24:355-394. [PMID: 34542016 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2021.1975182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In the wake of the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill, a number of government agencies, academic institutions, consultants, and nonprofit organizations conducted lab- and field-based research to understand the toxic effects of the oil. Lab testing was performed with a variety of fish, birds, turtles, and vertebrate cell lines (as well as invertebrates); field biologists conducted observations on fish, birds, turtles, and marine mammals; and epidemiologists carried out observational studies in humans. Eight years after the spill, scientists and resource managers held a workshop to summarize the similarities and differences in the effects of DWH oil on vertebrate taxa and to identify remaining gaps in our understanding of oil toxicity in wildlife and humans, building upon the cross-taxonomic synthesis initiated during the Natural Resource Damage Assessment. Across the studies, consistency was found in the types of toxic response observed in the different organisms. Impairment of stress responses and adrenal gland function, cardiotoxicity, immune system dysfunction, disruption of blood cells and their function, effects on locomotion, and oxidative damage were observed across taxa. This consistency suggests conservation in the mechanisms of action and disease pathogenesis. From a toxicological perspective, a logical progression of impacts was noted: from molecular and cellular effects that manifest as organ dysfunction, to systemic effects that compromise fitness, growth, reproductive potential, and survival. From a clinical perspective, adverse health effects from DWH oil spill exposure formed a suite of signs/symptomatic responses that at the highest doses/concentrations resulted in multi-organ system failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan Takeshita
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Steven J Bursian
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, United States
| | - Kathleen M Colegrove
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Brookfield, Illinois, United States
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Zoological Pathology Program, Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, Bellingham, Washington, United States
| | - Kristina Deak
- College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Florida, United States
| | | | - Sylvain De Guise
- Department of Pathobiology and Veterinary Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut, United States
| | - Lisa M DiPinto
- Office of Response and Restoration, NOAA, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Cornelis J Elferink
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas, United States
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Marine Science Institute, University of Texas at Austin, Port Aransas, Texas, United States
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- Division of Coastal Sciences, School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, Gulfport, Mississippi, United States
| | - Martin Grosell
- RSMAS, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States
| | | | - John P Incardona
- NOAA Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
| | - Richard K Kwok
- Department of Health and Human Services, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, North Carolina, United States
| | | | - Carys L Mitchelmore
- University of Maryland Center of Environmental Science, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, Maryland, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Morris
- Health and Environment Division, Abt Associates, Boulder, Colorado, United States
| | - Edward S Peters
- Department of Epidemiology, LSU School of Public Health, New Orleans, Louisiana, United States
| | - Aaron P Roberts
- Advanced Environmental Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, Texas, United States
| | - Teresa K Rowles
- NOAA Office of Protected Resources, National Marine Fisheries Service, Silver Spring, Maryland, United States
| | - Jennifer A Rusiecki
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Biostatistics, Uniformed Services University, Bethesda, Maryland, United States
| | - Lori H Schwacke
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Cynthia R Smith
- Conservation Medicine, National Marine Mammal Foundation, San Diego, California, United States
| | - Dana L Wetzel
- Environmental Laboratory of Forensics, Mote Marine Laboratory, Sarasota, Florida, United States
| | - Michael H Ziccardi
- School of Veterinary Medicine, One Health Institute, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Ailsa J Hall
- Sea Mammal Research Unit, Scottish Oceans Institute, University of St Andrews, St Andrews, UK
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19
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Lille-Langøy R, Jørgensen KB, Goksøyr A, Pampanin DM, Sydnes MO, Karlsen OA. Substituted Two- to Five-Ring Polycyclic Aromatic Compounds Are Potent Agonists of Atlantic Cod ( Gadus morhua) Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptors Ahr1a and Ahr2a. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15123-15135. [PMID: 34739213 PMCID: PMC8600679 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 10/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are among the most toxic and bioavailable components found in petroleum and represent a high risk to aquatic organisms. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that mediates the toxicity of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) and other planar aromatic hydrocarbons, including certain PAHs. Ahr acts as a xenosensor and modulates the transcription of biotransformation genes in vertebrates, such as cytochrome P450 1A (cyp1a). Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) possesses two Ahr proteins, Ahr1a and Ahr2a, which diverge in their primary structure, tissue-specific expression, ligand affinities, and transactivation profiles. Here, a luciferase reporter gene assay was used to assess the sensitivity of the Atlantic cod Ahrs to 31 polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including two- to five-ring native PAHs, a sulfur-containing heterocyclic PAC, as well as several methylated, methoxylated, and hydroxylated congeners. Notably, most parent compounds, including naphthalene, phenanthrene, and partly, chrysene, did not act as agonists for the Ahrs, while hydroxylated and/or alkylated versions of these PAHs were potent agonists. Importantly, the greater potencies of substituted PAH derivatives and their ubiquitous occurrence in nature emphasize that more knowledge on the toxicity of these environmentally and toxicologically relevant compounds is imperative.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger Lille-Langøy
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Kåre Bredeli Jørgensen
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Magne O. Sydnes
- Department
of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, N-4036 Stavanger, Norway
| | - Odd André Karlsen
- Department
of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, N-5020 Bergen, Norway
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20
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Hazaimeh MD, Ahmed ES. Bioremediation perspectives and progress in petroleum pollution in the marine environment: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:54238-54259. [PMID: 34387817 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15598-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The marine environment is often affected by petroleum hydrocarbon pollution due to industrial activities and petroleum accidents. This pollution has recalcitrant and persistent compounds that pose a high risk to the ecological system and human health. For this reason, the world claims to seek to clean up these pollutants. Bioremediation is an attractive approach for removing petroleum pollution. It is considered a low-cost and highly effective approach with fewer side effects compared to chemical and physical techniques. This depends on the metabolic capability of microorganisms involved in the degradation of hydrocarbons through enzymatic reactions. Bioremediation activities mostly depend on environmental conditions such as temperature, pH, salinity, pressure, and nutrition availability. Understanding the effects of environmental conditions on microbial hydrocarbon degraders and microbial interactions with hydrocarbon compounds could be assessed for the successful degradation of petroleum pollution. The current review provides a critical view of petroleum pollution in seawater, the bioavailability of petroleum compounds, the contribution of microorganisms in petroleum degradation, and the mechanisms of degradation under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. We consider different biodegradation approaches such as biostimulation, bioaugmentation, and phytoremediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Daher Hazaimeh
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Enas S Ahmed
- Department of Biology, College of Science in Zulfi, Majmaah University, Majmaah-11952, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
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21
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Hansen BH, Nordtug T, Farkas J, Khan EA, Oteri E, Kvæstad B, Faksness LG, Daling PS, Arukwe A. Toxicity and developmental effects of Arctic fuel oil types on early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105881. [PMID: 34139396 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the heavy fuel oil (HFO) ban in Arctic maritime transport and new legislations restricting the sulphur content of fuel oils, new fuel oil types are continuously developed. However, the potential impacts of these new fuel oil types on marine ecosystems during accidental spills are largely unknown. In this study, we studied the toxicity of three marine fuel oils (two marine gas oils with low sulphur contents and a heavy fuel oil) in early life stages of cod (Gadus morhua). Embryos were exposed for 4 days to water-soluble fractions of fuel oils at concentrations ranging from 4.1 - 128.3 µg TPAH/L, followed by recovery in clean seawater until 17 days post fertilization. Exposure to all three fuel oils resulted in developmental toxicity, including severe morphological changes, deformations and cardiotoxicity. To assess underlying molecular mechanisms, we studied fuel oil-mediated activation of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (Ahr) gene battery and genes related to cardiovascular, angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways. Overall, our results suggest comparable mechanisms of toxicity for the three fuel oils. All fuel oils caused concentration-dependant increases of cyp1a mRNA which paralleled ahrr, but not ahr1b transcript expression. On the angiogenesis and osteogenesis pathways, fuel oils produced concentration-specific transcriptional effects that were either increasing or decreasing, compared to control embryos. Based on the observed toxic responses, toxicity threshold values were estimated for individual endpoints to assess the most sensitive molecular and physiological effects, suggesting that unresolved petrogenic components may be significant contributors to the observed toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Essa A Khan
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Erika Oteri
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Bjarne Kvæstad
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Per S Daling
- SINTEF Ocean, Climate and Environment, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Augustine Arukwe
- Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Department of Biology, Trondheim, Norway
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22
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Goksøyr SØ, Goldstone J, Lille-Langøy R, Lock EJ, Olsvik PA, Goksøyr A, Karlsen OA. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons modulate the activity of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) vitamin D receptor paralogs in vitro. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 238:105914. [PMID: 34304057 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) mediates the biological function of the steroid hormone calcitriol, which is the metabolically active version of vitamin D. Calcitriol is important for a wide array of physiological functions, including calcium and phosphate homeostasis. In contrast to mammals, which harbor one VDR encoding gene, teleosts possess two orthologous vdr genes encoding Vdr alpha (Vdra) and Vdr beta (Vdrb). Genome mining identified the vdra and vdrb paralogs in the Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) genome, which were further characterized regarding their phylogeny, tissue-specific expression, and transactivational properties induced by calcitriol. In addition, a selected set of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), including naphthalene, phenanthrene, fluorene, pyrene, chrysene, benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), and 7-methylbenzo[a]pyrene, were assessed for their ability to modulate the transcriptional activity of gmVdra and gmVdrb in vitro. Both gmVdra and gmVdrb were activated by calcitriol with similar potencies, but gmVdra produced significantly higher maximal fold activation. Notably, none of the tested PAHs showed agonistic properties towards the Atlantic cod Vdrs. However, binary exposures of calcitriol together with phenanthrene, fluorene, or pyrene, antagonized the activation of gmVdra, while chrysene and BaP significantly potentiated the calcitriol-mediated activity of both receptors. Homology modeling, solvent mapping, and docking analyses complemented the experimental data, and revealed a putative secondary binding site in addition to the canonical ligand-binding pocket (LBP). Calcitriol was predicted to interact with both binding sites, whereas PAHs docked primarily to the LBP. Importantly, our in vitro data suggest that PAHs can interact with the paralogous gmVdrs and interfere with their transcriptional activities, and thus potentially modulate the vitamin D signaling pathway and contribute to adverse effects of crude oil and PAH exposures on cardiac development and bone deformities in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jed Goldstone
- Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, USA
| | | | - Erik-Jan Lock
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Pål A Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway; Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Anders Goksøyr
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Bergen, Norway
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23
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Incardona JP, Linbo TL, French BL, Cameron J, Peck KA, Laetz CA, Hicks MB, Hutchinson G, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Scholz NL. Low-level embryonic crude oil exposure disrupts ventricular ballooning and subsequent trabeculation in Pacific herring. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 235:105810. [PMID: 33823483 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing awareness that transient, sublethal embryonic exposure to crude oils cause subtle but important forms of delayed toxicity in fish. While the precise mechanisms for this loss of individual fitness are not well understood, they involve the disruption of early cardiogenesis and a subsequent pathological remodeling of the heart much later in juveniles. This developmental cardiotoxicity is attributable, in turn, to the inhibitory actions of crude oil-derived mixtures of polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs) on specific ion channels and other proteins that collectively drive the rhythmic contractions of heart muscle cells via excitation-contraction coupling. Here we exposed Pacific herring (Clupea pallasi) embryos to oiled gravel effluent yielding ΣPAC concentrations as low as ~ 1 μg/L (64 ng/g in tissues). Upon hatching in clean seawater, and following the depuration of tissue PACs (as evidenced by basal levels of cyp1a gene expression), the ventricles of larval herring hearts showed a concentration-dependent reduction in posterior growth (ballooning). This was followed weeks later in feeding larvae by abnormal trabeculation, or formation of the finger-like projections of interior spongy myocardium, and months later with hypertrophy (overgrowth) of the spongy myocardium in early juveniles. Given that heart muscle cell differentiation and migration are driven by Ca2+-dependent intracellular signaling, the observed disruption of ventricular morphogenesis was likely a secondary (downstream) consequence of reduced calcium cycling and contractility in embryonic cardiomyocytes. We propose defective trabeculation as a promising phenotypic anchor for novel morphometric indicators of latent cardiac injury in oil-exposed herring, including an abnormal persistence of cardiac jelly in the ventricle wall and cardiomyocyte hyperproliferation. At a corresponding molecular level, quantitative expression assays in the present study also support biomarker roles for genes known to be involved in muscle contractility (atp2a2, myl7, myh7), cardiomyocyte precursor fate (nkx2.5) and ventricular trabeculation (nrg2, and hbegfa). Overall, our findings reinforce both proximal and indirect roles for dysregulated intracellular calcium cycling in the canonical fish early life stage crude oil toxicity syndrome. More work on Ca2+-mediated cellular dynamics and transcription in developing cardiomyocytes is needed. Nevertheless, the highly specific actions of ΣPAC mixtures on the heart at low, parts-per-billion tissue concentrations directly contravene classical assumptions of baseline (i.e., non-specific) crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA.
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Earth Resources Technology, under contract to Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Karen A Peck
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Cathy A Laetz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary Beth Hicks
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Oregon State University, Cooperative Institute for Marine Resources Studies, Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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24
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Tanabe P, Mitchell CA, Cheng V, Chen Q, Volz DC, Schlenk D. Stage-dependent and regioselective toxicity of 2- and 6-hydroxychrysene during Japanese medaka embryogenesis. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 234:105791. [PMID: 33714762 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to oxygenated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (oxy-PAHs) at critical developmental time-points in fish models impairs red blood cell concentrations in a regioselective manner, with 2-hydroxychrysene being more potent than 6-hydroxychrysene. To better characterize this phenomenon, embryos of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) were exposed to 2- or 6-hydroxychrysene (0.5, 2, or 5 μM) from 4 h-post-fertilization (hpf) to 7 d-post-fertilization. Following exposure, hemoglobin concentrations were quantified by staining fixed embryos with o-dianisidine (a hemoglobin-specific dye) and stained embryos were imaged using brightfield microscopy. Exposure to 2-hydroxychrysene resulted in a concentration-dependent decrease in hemoglobin relative to vehicle-exposed embryos, while only the highest concentration of 6-hydroxychrysene resulted in a significant decrease in hemoglobin. All tested concentrations of 2-hydroxychrysene also caused significant mortality (12.2 % ± 2.94, 38.9 % ± 14.4, 85.6 % ± 11.3), whereas mortality was not observed following exposure to 6-hydroxychrysene. Therefore, treatment of embryos with 2-hydroxychrysene at various developmental stages and durations was subsequently conducted to identify key developmental landmarks that may be targeted by 2-hydroxychrysene. A sensitive window of developmental toxicity to 2-hydroxychrysene was found between 52-100 hpf, with a 24 h exposure to 10 μM 2-hydroxychrysene resulting in significant anemia and mortality. Since exposure to 2-hydroxychrysene from 52 to 100 hpf, a window that includes liver morphogenesis in medaka, resulted in the highest magnitude of toxicity, liver development and function may have a role in 2-hydroxychrysene developmental toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip Tanabe
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States.
| | - Constance A Mitchell
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Vanessa Cheng
- Environmental Toxicology Graduate Program, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States; Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - David C Volz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, CA, United States
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25
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Ainerua MO, Tinwell J, Murphy R, Galli GLJ, van Dongen BE, White KN, Shiels HA. Prolonged phenanthrene exposure reduces cardiac function but fails to mount a significant oxidative stress response in the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 268:129297. [PMID: 33359987 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Crustaceans are important ecosystem bio-indicators but their response to pollutants such as polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) remains understudied, particularly in freshwater habitats. Here we investigated the effect of phenanthrene (at 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 mg L-1), a 3-ringed PAH associated with petroleum-based aquatic pollution on survival, in vivo and in situ cardiac performance, the oxidative stress response and the tissue burden in the signal crayfish (Pacifastacus leniusculus). Non-invasive sensors were used to monitor heart rate during exposure. Phenanthrene reduced maximum attainable heart rate in the latter half (days 8-15) of the exposure period but had no impact on routine heart rate. At the end of the 15-day exposure period, the electrical activity of the semi-isolated in situ crayfish heart was assessed and significant prolongation of the QT interval of the electrocardiogram was observed. Enzyme pathways associated with oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase and total oxyradical scavenging capacity) were also assessed after 15 days of phenanthrene exposure in gill, hepatopancreas and skeletal muscle; the results suggest limited induction of protective antioxidant pathways. Lastly, we report that 15 days exposure caused a dose-dependent increase in phenanthrene in hepatopancreas and heart tissues which was associated with reduced survivability. To our knowledge, this study is the first to provide such a thorough understanding of the impact of phenanthrene on a crustacean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Oshioriamhe Ainerua
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB, 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Jake Tinwell
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Rory Murphy
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Gina L J Galli
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Bart E van Dongen
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering and Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Science. University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Keith N White
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9GB, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
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26
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Li X, Xiong D, Ju Z, Xiong Y, Ding G, Liao G. Phenotypic and transcriptomic consequences in zebrafish early-life stages following exposure to crude oil and chemical dispersant at sublethal concentrations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:143053. [PMID: 33129528 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To further understand the underlying mechanisms involved in the developmental toxicity of crude oil and chemically dispersed crude oil on fish early-life stages (ELS), zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos were exposed to GM-2 chemical dispersant (DISP), low-energy water-accommodated fractions (LEWAF), and chemically enhanced WAF (CEWAF) of Merey crude oil at sublethal concentrations for 120 h. We employed the General Morphology Score (GMS) and General Teratogenic Score (GTS) systems in conjunction with high-throughput RNA-Seq analysis to evaluate the phenotypic and transcriptomic responses in zebrafish ELS. Results showed that ΣPAHs concentrations in LEWAF and CEWAF solutions were 507.63 ± 80.95 ng·L-1 and 4039.51 ± 241.26 ng·L-1, respectively. The GMS and GTS values indicated that CEWAF exposure caused more severe developmental delay and higher frequencies of teratogenic effects than LEWAF exposure. Moreover, no significant change in heart rate was observed in LEWAF treatment, while CEWAF exposure caused a significant reduction in heart rate. LEWAF and CEWAF exposure exhibited an overt change in eye area, with a reduction of 4.0% and 25.3% (relative to the control), respectively. Additionally, no obvious impact on phenotypic development was observed in zebrafish embryo-larvae following DISP exposure. Significant changes in gene expression were detected in LEWAF and CEWAF treatments, with a total of 957 and 2062 differentially expressed genes (DEGs), respectively, while DISP exposure altered only 91 DEGs. Functional enrichment analysis revealed that LEWAF and CEWAF exposure caused significant perturbations in the pathways associated with phototransduction, retinol metabolism, metabolism of xenobiotics by cytochrome P450, and immune response-related pathways. Our results provide more valid evidence to corroborate the previous suggestion that ocular impairment is an equal or possibly more sensitive biomarker than cardiotoxicity in fish ELS exposed to oil-derived PAHs. All these findings could gain further mechanistic insights into the effects of crude oil and chemical dispersant on fish ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China.
| | - Zhonglei Ju
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Grinnell College, Grinnell, IA 50112, USA
| | - Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian 116026, China
| | - Guoxiang Liao
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
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27
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Polidoro B, Matson CW, Ottinger MA, Renegar DA, Romero IC, Schlenk D, Wise JP, Beltrán González J, Bruns P, Carpenter K, Cobián Rojas D, Collier TK, Duda TF, González-Díaz P, Di Giulio R, Grubbs RD, Haney JC, Incardona JP, Horta-Puga G, Linardich C, Moore JA, Pech D, Perera Valderrama S, Ralph GM, Strongin K, Ringwood AH, Würsig B. A multi-taxonomic framework for assessing relative petrochemical vulnerability of marine biodiversity in the Gulf of Mexico. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 763:142986. [PMID: 33168243 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2020] [Revised: 10/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the impact of petrochemicals and other stressors on marine biodiversity is critical for effective management, restoration, recovery, and mitigation initiatives. As species-specific information on levels of petrochemical exposure and toxicological response are lacking for the majority of marine species, a trait-based assessment to rank species vulnerabilities to petrochemical activities in the Gulf of Mexico can provide a more comprehensive and effective means to prioritize species, habitats, and ecosystems for improved management, restoration and recovery. To initiate and standardize this process, we developed a trait-based framework, applicable to a wide range of vertebrate and invertebrate species, that can be used to rank relative population vulnerabilities of species to petrochemical activities in the Gulf of Mexico. Through expert consultation, 18 traits related to likelihood of exposure, individual sensitivity, and population resilience were identified and defined. The resulting multi-taxonomic petrochemical vulnerability framework can be adapted and applied to a wide variety of species groups and geographic regions. Additional recommendations and guidance on the application of the framework to rank species vulnerabilities under specific petrochemical exposure scenarios, management needs or data limitations are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth Polidoro
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA.
| | - Cole W Matson
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Mary Ann Ottinger
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, 3455 Cullen Boulevard, #221E, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-5001, USA
| | - D Abigail Renegar
- Halmos College of Arts and Sciences, Nova Southeastern University, 8000 North Ocean Drive, Dania, FL 33004, USA
| | - Isabel C Romero
- University of South Florida, College of Marine Science, 140 7th Ave S, St Petersburg, FL 33701, USA
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California Riverside, 900 University Blvd., Riverside, CA 92054, USA
| | - John Pierce Wise
- Wise Laboratory of Environmental and Genetic Toxicology, 500 S. Preston St., 55A Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jesús Beltrán González
- Centro de Investigación y Manejo Ambiental del Transporte (Cimab), Ctra. del Cristo esq. Tiscornia, Casablanca, Habana, Cuba
| | - Peter Bruns
- Department of Environmental Science, Baylor University, One Bear Place #97266, Waco, TX 76798, USA
| | - Kent Carpenter
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Dorka Cobián Rojas
- Parque Nacional Guanahacabibes, Centro de Investigaciones y Servicios Ambientales (ECOVIDA), Ministerio de Ciencia, Tecnología y Medio Ambiente (CITMA), La Bajada, 22100 Sandino, Pinar Del Río, Cuba
| | - Tracy K Collier
- Huxley College of the Environment, Western Washington University, 516 High Street, Bellingham, WA 98225-9079, USA
| | - Thomas F Duda
- Museum of Zoology & Department of Ecology of Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan, 1105 N. University, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-1085, USA
| | - Patricia González-Díaz
- Centro de Investigaciones Marinas, Universidad de La Habana, Calle 16, No. 114 entre 1ra y 3ra, Municipio Playa, La Habana CP: 11300, Cuba
| | - Richard Di Giulio
- Nicholas School of the Environment, Duke University, Research Drive, Durham, NC 27708, USA
| | - R Dean Grubbs
- Florida State University Coastal and Marine Laboratory, 3618 Highway 98, St. Teresa, FL 32358, USA
| | - J Christopher Haney
- Terra Mar Applied Sciences, 1370 Tewkesbury Place NW, Washington, DC 20012, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Ecotoxicology Program, Environmental Conservation Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Guillermo Horta-Puga
- Lab. Biogeoquímica, UBIPRO, FES Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Av. de los Barrios 1, Los Reyes Iztacala, Tlalnepantla, México 54090, Mexico
| | - Christi Linardich
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Jon A Moore
- Wilkes Honors College, Florida Atlantic University, 5353 Parkside Dr., Jupiter, FL 33458, USA; Harbor Branch Oceanographic Institute, 5600 US 1, Ft. Pierce, FL 34964, USA
| | - Daniel Pech
- Laboratorio de Biodiversidad Marina y Cambio Climático (BIOMARCCA), El Colegio de la Frontera Sur, Lerma, 24500 Campeche, Mexico
| | - Susana Perera Valderrama
- National Commission for the Knowledge and Use of Biodiversity (CONABIO), Liga Periférico - Insurgentes Sur 4903, Parques del Pedregal, Tlalpan, 14010 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gina M Ralph
- International Union for Conservation of Nature Marine Biodiversity Unit, Department of Biological Sciences, Old Dominion University, 5115 Hampton Blvd., Norfolk, VA 23529, USA
| | - Kyle Strongin
- School of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Arizona State University, 4701 W. Thunderbird Rd, Glendale, AZ 85306, USA
| | - Amy H Ringwood
- Dept of Biology, 9201 University City Blvd, University of North Carolina Charlotte, Charlotte, NC 28223, USA
| | - Bernd Würsig
- Department of Marine Biology, Texas A&M University at Galveston, 200 Seawolf Pkwy, Galveston, TX 77553, USA
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28
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Sørhus E, Donald CE, da Silva D, Thorsen A, Karlsen Ø, Meier S. Untangling mechanisms of crude oil toxicity: Linking gene expression, morphology and PAHs at two developmental stages in a cold-water fish. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 757:143896. [PMID: 33316527 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.143896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Early life stages of fish are highly sensitive to crude oil exposure and thus, short term exposures during critical developmental periods could have detrimental consequences for juvenile survival. Here we administered crude oil to Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) in short term (3-day) exposures at two developmental time periods: before first heartbeat, from gastrulation to cardiac cone stage (early), and from first heartbeat to one day before hatching (late). A frequent sampling regime enabled us to determine immediate PAH uptake, metabolite formation and gene expression changes. In general, the embryotoxic consequences of an oil exposure were more severe in the early exposure animals. Oil droplets on the eggshell resulted in severe cardiac and craniofacial abnormalities in the highest treatments. Gene expression changes of Cytochrome 1 a, b, c and d (cyp1a, b, c, d), Bone morphogenetic protein 10 (bmp10), ABC transporter b1 (abcb1) and Rh-associated G-protein (rhag) were linked to PAH uptake, occurrence of metabolites of phenanthrene and developmental and functional abnormalities. We detected circulation-independent, oil-induced gene expression changes and separated phenotypes linked to proliferation, growth and disruption of formation events at early and late developmental stages. Changes in bmp10 expression suggest a direct oil-induced effect on calcium homeostasis. Localized expression of rhag propose an impact on osmoregulation. Severe eye abnormalities were linked to possible inappropriate overexpression of cyp1b in the eyes. This study gives an increased knowledge about developmentally dependent effects of crude oil toxicity. Thus, our findings provide more knowledge and detail to new and several existing adverse outcome pathways of crude oil toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Denis da Silva
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center (NOAA), 2725 Montlake Blvd. East, Seattle, WA 98112-2097, USA
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29
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Abstract
Millions of tons of oil are spilled in aquatic environments every decade, and this oil has the potential to greatly impact fish populations. Here, we review available information on the physiological effects of oil and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on fish. Oil toxicity affects multiple biological systems, including cardiac function, cholesterol biosynthesis, peripheral and central nervous system function, the stress response, and osmoregulatory and acid-base balance processes. We propose that cholesterol depletion may be a significant contributor to impacts on cardiac, neuronal, and synaptic function as well as reduced cortisol production and release. Furthermore, it is possible that intracellular calcium homeostasis-a part of cardiotoxic and neuronal function that is affected by oil exposure-may be related to cholesterol depletion. A detailed understanding of oil impacts and affected physiological processes is emerging, but knowledge of their combined effects on fish in natural habitats is largely lacking. We identify key areas deserving attention in future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Grosell
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA; ,
| | - Christina Pasparakis
- Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, University of Miami, Miami, Florida 33149, USA; ,
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30
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Kurita-Oyamada H, Brown CL, Kroll KJ, Walley SE, Keller C, Ejaz M, Kozuch M, Reed W, Grayson S, Savin DA, Denslow ND. Toxicity assessment of a novel oil dispersant based on silica nanoparticles using Fathead minnow. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 229:105653. [PMID: 33080536 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Oil spill accidents are a major concern for aquatic organisms. In recent history, the Deepwater Horizon blowout spilled 500 million liters of crude oil into the Gulf of Mexico. Corexit 9500A was used to disperse the oil since it was the method approved at that time, despite safety concerns about its use. A better solution is necessary for dispersing oil from spills that reduces the toxicity to exposed aquatic organisms. To address this challenge, novel engineered nanoparticles were designed using silica cores grafted with hyperbranched poly(glycidol) branches. Because the silica core and polymers are known to be biocompatible, we hypothesized that these particles are nontoxic to fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) and would decrease their exposure to oil polyaromatic hydrocarbons. Fathead minnow embryos, juveniles and adult stages were exposed to the particles alone or in combination with a water-accommodated fraction of oil. Acute toxicity of nanoparticles to fish was tested by measuring mortality. Sub-lethal effects were also measured including gene expression of cytochrome P450 1a (cyp1a) mRNA and heart rate in embryos. In addition, a mixture of particles plus the water-accommodated fraction was directly introduced to adult female fathead minnows by gavage. Three different nanoparticle concentrations were used (2, 10, and 50 mg/L) in either artificial fresh water or the water-accommodated fraction of the oil. In addition, nanoparticle-free controls were carried out in the two solutions. No significant mortality was observed for any age group or nanoparticle concentration, suggesting the safety of the nanoparticles. In the presence of the water-accommodated fraction alone, juvenile and adult fathead minnows responded by increasing expression of cyp1a. The addition of nanoparticles to the water-accommodated fraction reduced cyp1a gene expression in treatments. Heart rate was also restored to normal parameters in embryos co-exposed to nanoparticles and to the water-accommodated fraction. Measurement of polyaromatic hydrocarbons confirmed their presence in the tested solutions and the reduction of available PAH in WAF treated with the nanoparticles. Our findings suggest the engineered nanoparticles may be protecting the fish by sequestering polyaromatic hydrocarbons from oil, measured indirectly by the induction of cypa1 mRNAs. Furthermore, chemical analysis showed a reduction in PAH content in the water accommodated fraction with the presence of nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hajime Kurita-Oyamada
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Caroline L Brown
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Kevin J Kroll
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States
| | - Susan E Walley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, United States
| | | | - Muhammad Ejaz
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Marianne Kozuch
- Analytical Toxicology Core Laboratory, University of Florida
| | - Wayne Reed
- Department of Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Scott Grayson
- Department of Chemistry, Tulane University, New Orleans, United States
| | - Daniel A Savin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, United States
| | - Nancy D Denslow
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, United States.
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Cresci A, Paris CB, Browman H, Skiftesvik AB, Shema S, Bjelland R, Durif CMF, Foretich M, Di Persia C, Lucchese V, Vikebø FB, Sørhus E. Effects of Exposure to Low Concentrations of Oil on the Expression of Cytochrome P4501a and Routine Swimming Speed of Atlantic Haddock ( Melanogrammus aeglefinus) Larvae In Situ. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:13879-13887. [PMID: 32990430 PMCID: PMC7659032 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c04889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmentally relevant concentrations of oil could impact survival of fish larvae in situ through subtle effects on larval behavior. During the larval period, Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) are transported toward nursery grounds by ocean currents and active swimming, which can modify their drift route. Haddock larvae are sensitive to dispersed oil; however, whether exposure to oil during development impacts the ability of haddock larvae to swim in situ is unknown. Here, we exposed Atlantic haddock embryos to 10 and 80 μg oil/L (0.1 and 0.8 μg ∑PAH/L) of crude oil for 8 days and used a novel approach to measure its effect on the larval swimming behavior in situ. We assessed the swimming behavior of 138 haddock larvae in situ, in the North Sea, using a transparent drifting chamber. Expression of cytochrome P4501a (cyp1a) was also measured. Exposure to 10 and 80 μg oil/L significantly reduced the average in situ routine swimming speed by 30-40% compared to the controls. Expression of cyp1a was significantly higher in both exposed groups. This study reports key information for improving oil spill risk assessment models and presents a novel approach to study sublethal effects of pollutants on fish larvae in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Cresci
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
- . Mobile: +47 485 06 296
| | - Claire B. Paris
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Howard
I. Browman
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Anne Berit Skiftesvik
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Steven Shema
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Reidun Bjelland
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Caroline M. F. Durif
- Institute
of Marine Research, Marine Ecosystem Acoustics Group, Austevoll Research Station, Sauganeset 16, N-5392 Storebø, Norway
| | - Matthew Foretich
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Camilla Di Persia
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Veronica Lucchese
- Rosenstiel
School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, 4600 Rickenbacker Causeway, Miami, Florida 33149, United States
| | - Frode B. Vikebø
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute
of Marine Research, Nordnesgaten 50, 5005 Bergen, Norway
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Meier S, Karlsen Ø, Le Goff J, Sørensen L, Sørhus E, Pampanin DM, Donald CE, Fjelldal PG, Dunaevskaya E, Romano M, Caliani I, Casini S, Bogevik AS, Olsvik PA, Myers M, Grøsvik BE. DNA damage and health effects in juvenile haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) exposed to PAHs associated with oil-polluted sediment or produced water. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240307. [PMID: 33091018 PMCID: PMC7580938 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The research objective was to study the presence of DNA damages in haddock exposed to petrogenic or pyrogenic polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from different sources: 1) extracts of oil produced water (PW), dominated by 2-ring PAHs; 2) distillation fractions of crude oil (representing oil-based drilling mud), dominated by 3-ring PAHs; 3) heavy pyrogenic PAHs, mixture of 4/5/6-ring PAHs. The biological effect of the different PAH sources was studied by feeding juvenile haddock with low doses of PAHs (0.3-0.7 mg PAH/kg fish/day) for two months, followed by a two-months recovery. In addition to the oral exposure, a group of fish was exposed to 12 single compounds of PAHs (4/5/6-ring) via intraperitoneal injection. The main endpoint was the analysis of hepatic and intestinal DNA adducts. In addition, PAH burden in liver, bile metabolites, gene and protein expression of CYP1A, GST activity, lipid peroxidation, skeletal deformities and histopathology of livers were evaluated. Juvenile haddock responded quickly to both intraperitoneal injection and oral exposure of 4/5/6-ring PAHs. High levels of DNA adducts were detected in livers three days after the dose of the single compound exposure. Fish had also high levels of DNA adducts in liver after being fed with extracts dominated by 2-ring PAHs (a PW exposure scenario) and 3-ring PAHs (simulating an oil exposure scenario). Elevated levels of DNA adducts were observed in the liver of all exposed groups after the 2 months of recovery. High levels of DNA adduct were found also in the intestines of individuals exposed to oil or heavy PAHs, but not in the PW or control groups. This suggests that the intestinal barrier is very important for detoxification of orally exposures of PAHs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jeremie Le Goff
- ADn’tox, Bâtiment Recherche, Centre François Baclesse, Caen, France
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
| | - Daniela M. Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
- NORCE, Randaberg, Norway
| | | | | | - Evgenia Dunaevskaya
- Department of Chemistry Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Stavanger, Norway
| | - Marta Romano
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Ilaria Caliani
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - Silvia Casini
- Department of Physical, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Siena, Siena, Italy
| | - André S. Bogevik
- Nofima AS – Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries Aquaculture Research, Fyllingsdalen, Norway
| | - Pål A. Olsvik
- Institute of Marine Research, Bergen, Norway
- Nord Univ, Fac Biosci & Aquaculture, Bodo, Norway
| | - Mark Myers
- Myers Ecotoxicology Services, LLC, Shoreline, Washington, United States of America
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Cunha V, Vogs C, Le Bihanic F, Dreij K. Mixture effects of oxygenated PAHs and benzo[a]pyrene on cardiovascular development and function in zebrafish embryos. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 143:105913. [PMID: 32615350 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.105913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/10/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PACs), including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and oxygenated PAHs (oxy-PAHs), are common environmental pollutants known to cause health effects in humans and wild-life. In particular, vertebrate cardiovascular development and function are sensitive to PACs. However, the interactive effects of PAHs and oxy-PAHs on cardiovascular endpoints have not been well studied. In this study, we used zebrafish embryos (ZFEs) as a model to examine developmental and cardiovascular toxicities induced by the three environmental oxy-PAHs benzo[a]fluorenone (BFLO), 4H-cyclopenta[def]phenanthren-4-one (4H-CPO) and, 6H-benzo[cd]pyren-6-one (6H-BPO), and the PAH benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) either as single exposures or binary oxy-PAH + PAH mixtures. 6H-BPO induced developmental and cardiovascular toxicity, including reduced heartbeat rate and blood flow, at lower doses compared to the other compounds. Exposure to binary mixtures generally caused enhanced toxicity and induction of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR)-regulated gene expression (ahr2 and cyp1a) compared to single compound exposure. This was associated with differential expression of genes involved in cardiovascular development and function including atp2a2, myh6, tbx5 and zerg. AhR-knock-down significantly reduced the cardiovascular toxicity of 6H-BPO and its binary mixture with BaP indicating a significant AhR-dependence of the effects. Measurements of internal concentrations showed that the toxicokinetics of BaP and 6H-BPO were altered in the binary mixture compared to the single compound exposure, and most likely due to CYP1 inhibition by 6H-BPO. Altogether, these data support that similar to interactions between PAHs, mixtures of PAHs and oxy-PAHs may cause increased developmental and cardiovascular toxicity in ZFEs through an AhR-dependent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virgínia Cunha
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carolina Vogs
- Unit of Integrative Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Pharmacology and Toxicology Unit, Department of Biomedical Science and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Box 7028, 750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Florane Le Bihanic
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Kristian Dreij
- Unit of Biochemical Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Transcriptional responses in newly-hatched Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) associated with developmental malformations following diluted bitumen exposure. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2020; 35:100685. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2020.100685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Johann S, Nüßer L, Goßen M, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Differences in biomarker and behavioral responses to native and chemically dispersed crude and refined fossil oils in zebrafish early life stages. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 709:136174. [PMID: 31884285 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.136174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Petroleum products including crude oils and refined distillates are unique environmental pollutants consisting of thousands of compounds with varying physical-chemical properties and resulting toxicity for aquatic biota. Hence, for a reliable risk assessment individual petroleum product toxicity profiles are needed. Furthermore, the influence of oil spill response strategies like the application of chemical dispersants has to be implemented. The present study addressed the toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of two different oil types on fish early life stages on different biological organization levels in the laboratory model species Danio rerio. Experiments with a 3rd generation dispersant used in loading rated resembling the exposure in experiments with chemically dispersed oils were included, enabling a direct comparability of results. This approach is of high importance as especially the investigation of dispersant toxicity in relevant exposure concentrations is rather scarce. Zebrafish embryos were exposed to different WAFs shortly after and up to 120 hour post fertilization (hpf). Besides phenotypic effects including edema and spine deformations, reduced responses to dark stimuli, increased CYP1A activity and marginal AChE inhibition were observed in sublethal effect concentrations. Both oil types had varying strength of toxicity, which did not correlate with corresponding chemical analysis of target PAHs. Chemically dispersed oils induced stronger acute toxicity in zebrafish embryos compared to native (initial) oil exposure, which was further reflected by very low exposure concentrations for biomarker endpoints. Based on a comparison to the dispersant alone, a higher toxicity of dispersed oils was related to a combination of dispersant toxicity and an elevated crude oil compound bioavailability, due to dispersion-related partitioning kinetics. In contrast to LEWAF and CEWAF neither typical morphological effects nor mechanism-specific toxicity were observed for the dispersant alone, indicating narcosis as the responsible cause of effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
| | - Leonie Nüßer
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Mira Goßen
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Evolutionary Ecology and Environmental Toxicology, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Thomas Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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36
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Marris CR, Kompella SN, Miller MR, Incardona JP, Brette F, Hancox JC, Sørhus E, Shiels HA. Polyaromatic hydrocarbons in pollution: a heart-breaking matter. J Physiol 2020; 598:227-247. [PMID: 31840250 PMCID: PMC7003748 DOI: 10.1113/jp278885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/19/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution is associated with detrimental effects on human health, including decreased cardiovascular function. However, the causative mechanisms behind these effects have yet to be fully elucidated. Here we review the current epidemiological, clinical and experimental evidence linking pollution with cardiovascular dysfunction. Our focus is on particulate matter (PM) and the associated low molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) as key mediators of cardiotoxicity. We begin by reviewing the growing epidemiological evidence linking air pollution to cardiovascular dysfunction in humans. We next address the pollution-based cardiotoxic mechanisms first identified in fish following the release of large quantities of PAHs into the marine environment from point oil spills (e.g. Deepwater Horizon). We finish by discussing the current state of mechanistic knowledge linking PM and PAH exposure to mammalian cardiovascular patho-physiologies such as atherosclerosis, cardiac hypertrophy, arrhythmias, contractile dysfunction and the underlying alterations in gene regulation. Our aim is to show conservation of toxicant pathways and cellular targets across vertebrate hearts to allow a broad framework of the global problem of cardiotoxic pollution to be established. AhR; Aryl hydrocarbon receptor. Dark lines indicate topics discussed in this review. Grey lines indicate topics reviewed elsewhere.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. R. Marris
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - S. N. Kompella
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
| | - M. R. Miller
- BHF Centre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueens Medical Research InstituteThe University of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - J. P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences DivisionNorthwest Fisheries Science CenterNational Oceanic and Atmospheric AdministrationSeattleWA98112USA
| | - F. Brette
- INSERMCentre de Recherche Cardio‐Thoracique de BordeauxU1045BordeauxFrance
- Université de BordeauxCentre de Recherche Cardio‐ThoraciqueU1045BordeauxFrance
- IHU LirycElectrophysiology and Heart Modeling InstituteFondation Bordeaux UniversitéPessac‐BordeauxFrance
| | - J. C. Hancox
- School of PhysiologyPharmacology and NeuroscienceBristol Heart InstituteUniversity of BristolBristolBS2 8HWUK
| | - E. Sørhus
- Institute of Marine ResearchPO Box 1870 Nordes NO‐5871BergenNorway
| | - H. A. Shiels
- Division of Cardiovascular SciencesFaculty of Biology Medicine and HealthUniversity of ManchesterManchesterUK
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Ainerua MO, Tinwell J, Kompella SN, Sørhus E, White KN, van Dongen BE, Shiels HA. Understanding the cardiac toxicity of the anthropogenic pollutant phenanthrene on the freshwater indicator species, the brown trout (Salmo trutta): From whole heart to cardiomyocytes. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 239:124608. [PMID: 31499312 PMCID: PMC6857438 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/17/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Freshwater systems are faced with a myriad of stressors including geomorphological alterations, nutrient overloading and pollution. Previous studies in marine fish showed polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) to be cardiotoxic. However, the cardiotoxicity of anthropogenic pollutants in freshwater fishes is unclear and has not been examined across multiple levels of cardiac organization. Here we investigated the effect of phenanthrene (Phe), a pervasive anthropogenic pollutant on a sentinel freshwater species, the brown trout (Salmo trutta). We first examined the electrical activity of the whole heart and found prolongation (∼8.6%) of the QT interval (time between ventricular depolarization and repolarization) of the electrocardiogram (ECG) and prolongation (∼13.2%) of the monophasic action potential duration (MAPD) following ascending doses of Phe. At the tissue level, Phe significantly reduced trabecular force generation by ∼24% at concentration 15 μM and above, suggesting Phe reduces cellular calcium cycling. This finding was supported by florescent microscopy showing a reduction (∼39%) in the intracellular calcium transient amplitude following Phe exposure in isolated brown trout ventricular myocytes. Single-cell electrophysiology was used to reveal the mechanism underlying contractile and electrical dysfunction following Phe exposure. A Phe-dependent reduction (∼38%) in the L-type Ca2+ current accounts, at least in part, for the lowered Ca2+ transient and force production. Prolongation of the MAPD and QT interval was explained by a reduction (∼70%) in the repolarising delayed rectifier K+ current following Phe exposure. Taken together, our study shows a direct impact of Phe across multiple levels of cardiac organization in a key freshwater salmonid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martins Oshioriamhe Ainerua
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom; Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Benin, PMB 1154, Benin City, Nigeria
| | - Jake Tinwell
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Shiva Nag Kompella
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom
| | - Elin Sørhus
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Keith N White
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9GB, United Kingdom
| | - Bart E van Dongen
- School of Earth Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Williamson Research Centre for Molecular Science, University of Manchester, Williamson Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Holly A Shiels
- Cardiovascular Division, School of Medicine, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Core Technology Facility Building, Manchester, M13 9NT, United Kingdom.
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38
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Li X, Xiong D, Ding G, Fan Y, Ma X, Wang C, Xiong Y, Jiang X. Exposure to water-accommodated fractions of two different crude oils alters morphology, cardiac function and swim bladder development in early-life stages of zebrafish. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:423-433. [PMID: 31272002 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the developmental toxicity of water-accommodated fractions (WAFs) of Oman crude oil (OCO) and Merey crude oil (MCO) on zebrafish (Danio rerio) in early-life stages (ELS). Based on total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH), LC50 values manifested that OCO WAF was 1.2-fold more lethal to zebrafish embryos than MCO WAF. As for hatching rate, EC50 value for OCO WAF was 5.7-fold lower than that for MCO WAF. To evaluate the sublethal morphological effects, semi-quantitative extended general morphological score (GMS) and general teratogenic score (GTS) systems were adopted. The GMS and GTS scores indicated that the WAFs caused remarkable developmental delay and high frequencies of malformation in a dose-dependent manner. Additionally, OCO and MCO WAFs exposure exhibited severe bradycardia (reduced heart rate) and overt reduction of stroke volume, with a concomitant decrease in the cardiac output. Meanwhile, the WAFs also induced dose-dependent down-regulated expressions of several key functional genes of excitation-contraction coupling in cardiomyocytes, including ryr2, atp2a2a, atp2a2b, ncx1h, and kcnh2. For key gene markers of swim bladder development, results showed that high dose of TPH induced significant down-regulation of hb9 and anxa5 with no obvious change of acta2, suggesting that the WAFs could affect the specification and development of epithelium and outer mesothelium of swim bladder in zebrafish ELS. A strong negative relationship between the failure of swim bladder inflation and cardiac dysfunction via cardiac output was found. All these findings provide novel insights into the complicated mechanisms of the developmental toxicity of crude oil on fish in ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xishan Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Deqi Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China.
| | - Guanghui Ding
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Youmei Fan
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Xinrui Ma
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Chengyan Wang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Dalian Maritime University, Dalian, 116026, China
| | - Yijun Xiong
- Biological Chemistry & Statistics, Grinnell College, IA, 50112, USA
| | - Xi Jiang
- China Railway No.9 Group Fourth Engineering Co., Ltd, Shenyang, 110013, China
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Pasparakis C, Esbaugh AJ, Burggren W, Grosell M. Impacts of deepwater horizon oil on fish. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2019; 224:108558. [PMID: 31202903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An explosion on the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil rig in 2010 lead to the largest marine oil spill to occur in US history, resulting in significant impacts to the ecosystems and organisms in the Northern Gulf of Mexico (GoM). The present review sought to summarize and discuss findings from the 50+ peer-reviewed publications reporting effects of DWH oil exposure on teleost fish, and concludes that oil toxicity is a multi-target, multi-organ syndrome with substantial species-specific sensitivity differences. Of the 15 species tested with characterized exposures, 20% show effects at concentrations <1 μg l-1 while 50% display effects at <8.6 μg l-1 ΣPAH50, concentrations well within the range of reported environmental levels during the spill. Cardiotoxic effects are among the most frequently reported endpoints in DWH oil exposure studies and are thought to have significant downstream effects on fitness and survival. However, additional and possibly cardio-toxic independent impacts on sensory function and behavior are reported at very low exposure concentrations (< 1 μg l-1 ∑PAH50) and are clearly deserving of further study. Available information about modes of action leading to different categories of effects are summarized in the present review. An overview of the literature illustrates that early life stages (ELS) are approximately 1-order of magnitude more sensitive than corresponding later life stages, but also illustrates that adults can be impacted at concentrations as low as 4 μg l-1 ΣPAH50. The majority of studies exploring DWH oil toxicity in fish are performed using acute exposures (1-2 days), mid-range test temperatures (26-28 °C) and measure effects at the molecular to organismal levels, leaving a pressing need for more long-term exposures, exposures at the upper and lower levels of GoM relevant temperatures, and studies investigating population level impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Pasparakis
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA.
| | - Andrew J Esbaugh
- Department of Marine Science, University of Texas at Austin, Marine Science Institute, Port Aransas, TX, USA
| | - Warren Burggren
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of North Texas, Denton, TX, USA
| | - Martin Grosell
- Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, University of Miami, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, Miami, Fl, USA
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Vehniäinen ER, Haverinen J, Vornanen M. Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons Phenanthrene and Retene Modify the Action Potential via Multiple Ion Currents in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss Cardiac Myocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2019; 38:2145-2153. [PMID: 31237719 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are ubiquitous contaminants in aqueous environments. They affect cardiovascular development and function in fishes. The 3-ring PAH phenanthrene has recently been shown to impair cardiac excitation-contraction coupling by inhibiting Ca2+ and K+ currents in marine warm-water scombrid fishes. To see if similar events take place in a boreal freshwater fish, we studied whether the PAHs phenanthrene and retene (an alkylated phenanthrene) modify the action potential (AP) via effects on Na+ (INa ), Ca2+ (ICaL ), or K+ (IKr , IK1 ) currents in the ventricular myocytes of the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) heart. Electrophysiological characteristics of myocytes were measured using whole-cell patch clamp. Micromolar concentrations of phenanthrene and retene modified the shape of the ventricular AP, and retene profoundly shortened the AP at low micromolar concentrations. Both PAHs increased INa and reduced ICaL and IKr , but retene was more potent. Neither of the PAHs had an effect on IK1 . Our results show that phenanthrene and retene affect cardiac function in rainbow trout by a mechanism that involves multiple cardiac ion channels, and the final outcome of these changes (shortening of AP) is opposite to that observed in scombrid fishes (prolongation of AP). The results also show that retene and aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) agonist have an additional mechanism of toxicity besides the previously known AhR-mediated, transcription-dependent one. Environ Toxicol Chem 2019;38:2145-2153. © 2019 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eeva-Riikka Vehniäinen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Jaakko Haverinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Matti Vornanen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
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Meador JP, Nahrgang J. Characterizing Crude Oil Toxicity to Early-Life Stage Fish Based On a Complex Mixture: Are We Making Unsupported Assumptions? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:11080-11092. [PMID: 31503459 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies of the water-soluble fraction (WSF) from crude oil have concluded that polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are the primary causative agents for early life stage (ELS) fish toxicity. Noteworthy is the lack of studies demonstrating that the sum of PAHs are capable of causing toxic effects in ELS fish at the low levels claimed (0.1-5 μg/L) without being part of a complex crude oil mixture. Crude oil and the WSF are composed of thousands of other compounds that co-occur and likely contribute to crude oil toxicity. Based on the available data, it appears that the syndrome of effects (lower heart rate, edemas, and morphological abnormalities) for ELS fish exposed to the aqueous fraction of a crude oil mixture is commonly observed in studies exposing fish embryos to high concentrations of a variety of compounds and may be a nonspecific response. We conclude that the available data support the hypothesis that this syndrome of effects is likely the result of baseline toxicity (not receptor based) due to membrane disruption and resulting alteration in ion (e.g., calcium and potassium) homeostasis. We acknowledge the possibility of some compounds in the WSF capable of causing a specific receptor based toxicity response to ELS fish; however, such compounds have not been identified nor their receptor characterized. Concluding that PAHs are the main toxic compounds for crude oil exposure is misleading and does not result in guideline values that can be useful for environmental protection. Water quality guidelines for any single chemical or suite of chemicals must be based on a complete understanding of exposure concentrations, mechanism of action, potency, and resulting response. This review focuses on the toxic effects reported for fish embryos and the purported toxic concentrations observed in the aqueous phase of an oil/water mixture, the known levels of toxicity for individual PAHs, a toxic unit approach for characterizing mixtures, and the potential molecular initiating event for ELS toxicity in fish. This review also has implications for a large number of studies exposing ELS fish to a variety of compounds at high concentrations that result in a common baseline toxic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Meador
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Marine Fisheries Service , National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration , 2725 Montlake Boulevard East , Seattle , Washington 98112 , United States
| | - Jasmine Nahrgang
- Faculty of Biosciences, Fisheries and Economics, Department of Arctic and Marine Biology , UiT The Arctic University of Norway , N-9037 Tromsø , Norway
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Chronic toxicity of oil sands tailings pond sediments to early life stages of fathead minnow ( Pimephales promelas). Heliyon 2019; 5:e02509. [PMID: 31687598 PMCID: PMC6819858 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2019.e02509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas) embryo-larval stages were exposed to two oil sands tailings pond sediments which had previously been shown to decrease the survival of embryo-larval larval stages of walleye (Sander vitreus) and northern pike (Esox lucius). Fathead minnow are standard test species and we wanted to compare their sensitivity to the other two species. Fathead minnow larvae were exposed for 20 days (5 days in the egg stage and 15 days in the larval stage) with daily renewal of sediments and waters. Sediments contained polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and alkylated PAHs (APAHs). Results from an earlier study showed that Sediment 1 contained 173 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (97 % alkylated), and sediment 2 contained 401 μg/g total PAHs + APAHs (95 % alkylated). Fathead minnow larvae exposed to oil sands tailings pond sediments had decreased survival, decreased weight, and increased deformities. Fathead minnow survival was unaffected at the embryo stage and at hatch. Most deaths occurred at the larval stages 1–8 days after hatching, showing the importance of exposing the fish for at least a week after hatch. Toxicity was seen at 0.2 g/L of sediment, which was equivalent to the addition of 35 and 80 μg total PAHs + APAHs to 1 L of overlying water for sediment 1 and 2, respectively. When compared to embryo-larval northern pike and walleye results from previous studies, all three species of fish responded more strongly to sediment 2 compared to sediment 1. For effects on lethality, fathead minnow were equally sensitive to pike, but walleye were 5–28 times more sensitive to the lethal effects of the sediments compared to both fathead minnow and pike. The study (and comparisons to our previous studies) shows the difference in sensitivity between a model laboratory species (fathead minnow) and some species of wild fish that are highly relevant to the oil sands area of Alberta.
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Loughery JR, Marentette JR, Frank RA, Hewitt LM, Parrott JL, Martyniuk CJ. Transcriptome Profiling in Larval Fathead Minnow Exposed to Commercial Naphthenic Acids and Extracts from Fresh and Aged Oil Sands Process-Affected Water. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:10435-10444. [PMID: 31335129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Surface mining and extraction of oil sands results in the generation of and need for storage of large volumes of oil sands process-affected water (OSPW). More structurally complex than classical naphthenic acids (NAs), naphthenic acid fraction components (NAFCs) are key toxic constituents of OSPW, and changes in the NAFC profile in OSPW over time have been linked to mitigation of OSPW toxicity. Molecular studies targeting individual genes have indicated that NAFC toxicity is likely mediated via oxidative stress, altered cell cycles, ontogenetic differentiation, endocrine disruption, and immunotoxicity. However, the individual-gene approach results in a limited picture of molecular responses. This study shows that NAFCs, from aged or fresh OSPW, have a unique effect on the larval fathead minnow transcriptome and provides initial data to construct adverse outcome pathways for skeletal deformities. All three types of processed NAs (fresh, aged, and commercial) affected the immunome of developing fish. These gene networks included immunity, inflammatory response, B-cell response, platelet adhesion, and T-helper lymphocyte activity. Larvae exposed to both NAFCs and commercial NA developed cardiovascular and bone deformities, and transcriptomic networks reflected these developmental abnormalities. Gene networks found only in NAFC-exposed fish suggest NAFCs may alter fish cardiovascular health through altered calcium ion regulation. This study improves understanding regarding the molecular perturbations underlying developmental deformities following exposure to NAFCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer R Loughery
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of New Brunswick , Saint John , NB E2L 4L5 , Canada
| | - Julie R Marentette
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Richard A Frank
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - L Mark Hewitt
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Joanne L Parrott
- Water Science and Technology Directorate , Environment and Climate Change Canada , Burlington , ON L7S 1A1 , Canada
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Biological Sciences , University of New Brunswick , Saint John , NB E2L 4L5 , Canada
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Simning D, Sepulveda M, De Guise S, Bosker T, Griffitt RJ. The combined effects of salinity, hypoxia, and oil exposure on survival and gene expression in developing sheepshead minnows, Cyprinodon variegatus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2019; 214:105234. [PMID: 31357108 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2019.105234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill released approximately 780 million liters of crude oil contaminating coastal habitats from Texas to Florida which are important habitats for many fish species during early life stages. These diverse habitats are also prone to rapid fluctuations in water quality, such as dissolved oxygen concentration and salinity. The consequence of combined exposure to crude oil and suboptimal environmental conditions during early life stage development of fish is still largely unknown. The objective of this project was to investigate the impacts of exposure to crude oil in combination with varying environmental stressors on developing Cyprinodon variegatus survival, growth, and gene expression. Three life stages (embryonic, post-hatch, and post-larval) were exposed to four nominal concentrations (6.25%, 12.5%, 50% and 100% with actual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentrations ranging from 0 to 512 μg/L) of high energy water accommodated fractions (HEWAF) under different oxic (2.0 or >5.0 mg/L) and salinity (10 or 30 ppt) regimes at 30 °C for 48 h. We found that the post-larval developmental stage was the most sensitive to oil toxicity. Median lethal concentrations during the post-larval exposures followed a treatment-dependent pattern with the highest mortality observed under hypoxic-high salinity conditions (64.55 μg/L). Real-time PCR analysis identified down regulation of target genes, encoding cytochrome P450-1α (cyp1a1), erythropoietin (epo), and the aryl hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator (arnt1) only when oil exposure occurred under hypoxic-high salinity conditions in treatments with PAH concentrations greater than 226 μg/L. The target genes measured in this experiment are involved in the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway which modulates metabolism of PAHs (a major component of crude oil), and the hypoxia inducible 1-α signaling pathway which is responsible for resilience to hypoxic stress, and it is known that disruption of these pathways can lead to an array of acute and chronic effects. Our results indicated that sheepshead minnow are most sensitive to oil exposure during the post-larval developmental stage. Survival data from this age-stage also indicate that oil toxicity response is exacerbated in hypoxic and high salinity environments. The increased mortality observed during the post-larval developmental stage might be attributed to the suppression of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling and the hypoxia inducible 1-α signaling pathways which is evident in by the down-regulated expression of cyp1a1, epo, and arnt1. These findings provide more information about interactions between oil and abiotic factors which enable us to make better assumptions of the ecological impacts of DWH on coastal estuaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Simning
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 113 McIlwaine Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
| | - Maria Sepulveda
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 113 McIlwaine Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
| | - Sylvain De Guise
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 113 McIlwaine Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
| | - Thijs Bosker
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 113 McIlwaine Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564
| | - Robert J Griffitt
- School of Ocean Science and Engineering, University of Southern Mississippi, 113 McIlwaine Drive, Ocean Springs, MS 39564.
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Laurel BJ, Copeman LA, Iseri P, Spencer ML, Hutchinson G, Nordtug T, Donald CE, Meier S, Allan SE, Boyd DT, Ylitalo GM, Cameron JR, French BL, Linbo TL, Scholz NL, Incardona JP. Embryonic Crude Oil Exposure Impairs Growth and Lipid Allocation in a Keystone Arctic Forage Fish. iScience 2019; 19:1101-1113. [PMID: 31536959 PMCID: PMC6831839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2019.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 07/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As Arctic ice recedes, future oil spills pose increasing risk to keystone species and the ecosystems they support. We show that Polar cod (Boreogadus saida), an energy-rich forage fish for marine mammals, seabirds, and other fish, are highly sensitive to developmental impacts of crude oil. Transient oil exposures ≥300 μg/L during mid-organogenesis disrupted the normal patterning of the jaw as well as the formation and function of the heart, in a manner expected to be lethal to post-hatch larvae. More importantly, we found that exposure to lower levels of oil caused a dysregulation of lipid metabolism and growth that persisted in morphologically normal juveniles. As lipid content is critical for overwinter survival and recruitment, we anticipate Polar cod losses following Arctic oil spills as a consequence of both near-term and delayed mortality. These losses will likely influence energy flow within Arctic food webs in ways that are as-yet poorly understood. Polar cod eggs are buoyant and accumulate crude oil droplets on the chorion Crude oil disrupts embryonic cardiac function and larval lipid metabolism Juvenile growth and lipid content are reduced following brief embryonic oil exposure Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are toxic to cod in parts per trillion concentrations
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin J Laurel
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA.
| | - Louise A Copeman
- Oregon State University Hatfield Marine Science Center, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Paul Iseri
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Mara L Spencer
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | - Greg Hutchinson
- Alaska Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Newport, OR, USA
| | | | | | | | - Sarah E Allan
- National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration, Anchorage, AK, USA
| | - Daryle T Boyd
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Gina M Ylitalo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - James R Cameron
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Barbara L French
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Tiffany L Linbo
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Nathaniel L Scholz
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - John P Incardona
- Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle, WA, USA
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46
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Sørensen L, Hansen BH, Farkas J, Donald CE, Robson WJ, Tonkin A, Meier S, Rowland SJ. Accumulation and toxicity of monoaromatic petroleum hydrocarbons in early life stages of cod and haddock. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 251:212-220. [PMID: 31078960 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.04.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A multitude of recent studies have documented the detrimental effects of crude oil exposure on early life stages of fish, including larvae and embryos. While polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), particularly alkyl PAHs, are often considered the main cause of observed toxic effects, other crude oil derived organic compounds are usually overlooked. In the current study, comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry was applied to investigate the body burden of a wide range of petrogenic compounds in Atlantic haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) and cod (Gadus morhua) embryos that had been exposed to sublethal doses of dispersed crude oil. Several groups of alkylated monoaromatic compounds (e.g. alkyl tetralins, indanes and alkyl benzenes), as well as highly alkylated PAHs, were found to accumulate in the fish embryos upon crude oil exposure. To investigate the toxicity of the monoaromatic compounds, two models (1-isopropyl-4-methyltetralin and 1-isopropyl-4-methylindane) were synthesized and shown to bioaccumulate and cause delayed hatching in developing embryos. Minor developmental effects, including craniofacial and jaw deformations and pericardial edemas, were also observed at the highest studied concentrations of the alkylindane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisbet Sørensen
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway; Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway; Department of Chemistry, University of Bergen, P.O. Box 7800, NO-5020, Bergen, Norway.
| | | | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean, Environment and New Resources, N-7465, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Carey E Donald
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - William J Robson
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Andrew Tonkin
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
| | - Sonnich Meier
- Institute of Marine Research, P.O. Box 1870, Nordnes, NO-5817, Bergen, Norway
| | - Steven J Rowland
- Petroleum & Environmental Geochemistry Group, Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, PL4 8AA, Devon, UK
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Hansen BH, Sørensen L, Størseth TR, Nepstad R, Altin D, Krause D, Meier S, Nordtug T. Embryonic exposure to produced water can cause cardiac toxicity and deformations in Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 148:81-86. [PMID: 31108339 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2019.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Regular discharges of produced water from the oil and gas industry represents the largest direct discharge of effluent into the marine environment worldwide. Organic compound classes typically reported in produced water include saturated hydrocarbons, monoaromatic and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (MAHs, PAHs) as well as oxygenated compounds, such as phenols, acids and ketones. This forms a cocktail of known and suspect toxicants, but limited knowledge is yet available on the sub-lethal toxicity of produced water to cold-water marine fish species. In the present work, we conducted a 4-day exposure of embryos of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) and haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) to produced water extracts equivalent to 1:50, 1:500 and 1:5000 times dilutions of raw effluent. No significant reduction in survival or hatching success was observed, however, for cod, hatching was initiated earlier for exposed embryos in a concentration-dependent manner. During recovery, significantly reduced embryonic heart rate was observed for both species. After hatch, larvae subjected to embryonic exposure to produced water extracts were smaller, and displayed signs of cardiotoxicity, jaw and craniofacial deformations. In order to improve risk assessment and regulation of produced water discharges, it is important to identify which produced water components contribute to these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisbet Sørensen
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Trond R Størseth
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Raymond Nepstad
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Daniel Krause
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- (a)SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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48
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Hansen BH, Malzahn A, Hagemann A, Farkas J, Skancke J, Altin D, Nordtug T. Acute and sub-lethal effects of an anionic polyacrylamide on sensitive early life stages of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 652:1062-1070. [PMID: 30586793 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the possible increase in use of anionic polyacrylamide (APAM) in enhanced oil recovery operations, very little relevant information regarding ecotoxicity exists. The current study assessed acute and sub-lethal toxicity in sensitive early life stages (ELS) of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to 200 kDa APAM under controlled laboratory conditions. Two experiments (screening and long-term study) were conducted covering ecologically relevant endpoints (survival, hatching, growth, deformations, respiration and heart rate) in fish developing through embryogenesis, hatching, yolk-sac larvae stage and the first feeding period. The screening experiment was an 8-day exposure of embryos, whereas in the long-term experiments embryos and developing larvae were exposed continuously for 23 days. In the screening experiment, a significant reduction in embryonic heart rate was observed during exposure to 150 and 1500 mg APAM/L. However, we observed no effects on fitness-related endpoints (survival, hatching and growth) at concentrations up to 1500 mg L-1 APAM. Also, for the long-term exposure from late embryo to first feeding larvae stage, we observed reduced heart rate at 125 mg L-1. No consistent responses on survival, growth or respiration were observed except for the highest concentration tested (6000 mg L-1). Dispersion modelling based on expected and relevant discharged polymer concentrations and durations showed that predicted environmental concentrations were orders of magnitude lower than the concentrations tested in our experiments, indicating that 200 kDa APAM will have a limited probability of causing fitness-related effects on Atlantic cod ELS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arne Malzahn
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Andreas Hagemann
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Julia Farkas
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Jørgen Skancke
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
| | | | - Trond Nordtug
- SINTEF Ocean AS, Environment and New Resources, Trondheim, Norway
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49
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Uttieri M, Nihongi A, Hinow P, Motschman J, Jiang H, Alcaraz M, Strickler JR. Copepod manipulation of oil droplet size distribution. Sci Rep 2019; 9:547. [PMID: 30679674 PMCID: PMC6346107 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37020-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Oil spills are one of the most dangerous sources of pollution in aquatic ecosystems. Owing to their pivotal position in the food web, pelagic copepods can provide crucial intermediary transferring oil between trophic levels. In this study we show that the calanoid Paracartia grani can actively modify the size-spectrum of oil droplets. Direct manipulation through the movement of the feeding appendages and egestion work in concert, splitting larger droplets (Ø = 16 µm) into smaller ones (Ø = 4–8 µm). The copepod-driven change in droplet size distribution can increase the availability of oil droplets to organisms feeding on smaller particles, sustaining the transfer of petrochemical compounds among different compartments. These results raise the curtain on complex small-scale interactions which can promote the understanding of oil spills fate in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Uttieri
- Department of Integrative Marine Ecology, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Villa Comunale, 80121, Naples, Italy. .,CoNISMa (National Interuniversity Consortium for Marine Sciences), Piazzale Flaminio 9, 00196, Rome, Italy.
| | - Ai Nihongi
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
| | - Peter Hinow
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Wisconsin - Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53201, USA
| | - Jeffrey Motschman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Materials Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27708, USA
| | - Houshuo Jiang
- Applied Ocean Physics and Engineering Department, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA, 02543, USA
| | - Miquel Alcaraz
- Institut de Ciències del Mar (CSIC), Passeig Marítim de la Barceloneta 37-49, 08015, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - J Rudi Strickler
- School of Freshwater Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, WI, 53204, USA
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50
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Gardner LD, Peck KA, Goetz GW, Linbo TL, Cameron J, Scholz NL, Block BA, Incardona JP. Cardiac remodeling in response to embryonic crude oil exposure involves unconventional NKX family members and innate immunity genes. J Exp Biol 2019; 222:jeb.205567. [DOI: 10.1242/jeb.205567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac remodeling results from both physiological and pathological stimuli. Compared to mammals, fish hearts show a broader array of remodeling changes in response to environmental influences, providing exceptional models for dissecting the molecular and cellular bases of cardiac remodeling. We recently characterized a form of pathological remodeling in juvenile pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) in response to crude oil exposure during embryonic cardiogenesis. In the absence of overt pathology (cardiomyocyte death or inflammatory infiltrate), cardiac ventricles in exposed fish showed altered shape, reduced thickness of compact myocardium, and hypertrophic changes in spongy, trabeculated myocardium. Here we used RNA sequencing to characterize molecular pathways underlying these defects. In juvenile ventricular cardiomyocytes, antecedent embryonic oil exposure led to dose-dependent up-regulation of genes involved in innate immunity and two NKX homeobox transcription factors not previously associated with cardiomyocytes, nkx2.3 and nkx3.3. Absent from mammalian genomes, the latter is largely uncharacterized. In zebrafish embryos nkx3.3 demonstrated a potent effect on cardiac morphogenesis, equivalent to nkx2.5, the primary transcription factor associated with ventricular cardiomyocyte identity. The role of nkx3.3 in heart growth is potentially linked to the unique regenerative capacity of fish and amphibians. Moreover, these findings support a cardiomyocyte-intrinsic role for innate immune response genes in pathological hypertrophy. This study demonstrates how an expanding mechanistic understanding of environmental pollution impacts – i.e., the chemical perturbation of biological systems – can ultimately yield new insights into fundamental biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke D. Gardner
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - Karen A. Peck
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Giles W. Goetz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Tiffany L. Linbo
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - James Cameron
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Nathaniel L. Scholz
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
| | - Barbara A. Block
- Hopkins Marine Station, Department of Biology, Stanford University, Pacific Grove, CA 93950, USA
| | - John P. Incardona
- Environmental and Fisheries Sciences Division, Northwest Fisheries Science Center, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, 2725 Montlake Blvd. E., Seattle, WA 98112, USA
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