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Milinkovitch T, Vacher L, Le Béguec M, Petit E, Dubillot E, Grimmelpont M, Labille J, Tran D, Ravier S, Boudenne JL, Lefrançois C. Sunscreen use during recreational activities on a French Atlantic beach: release of UV filters at sea and influence of air temperature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:41046-41058. [PMID: 38842783 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33783-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/07/2024]
Abstract
Organic UV filters are emerging contaminants in personal care products such as sunscreens. The toxicity of numerous of these UV filter compounds has been demonstrated in several marine taxa. However, whilst the biological impact has already been largely demonstrated, the anthropogenic drivers leading to UV filter contamination still need to be identified. In this work, a survey was conducted on a site of the French Atlantic Coast (i) to describe beachgoers' behaviours (sunscreen use and beach frequentation), (ii) provide an estimation of the UV filters released at sea and (iii) highlight the effect of air temperature on these behaviours and on the release of UV filters. In parallel with these estimations of the UV filters released at sea, in situ chemical measurements were performed. By comparing the results of both approaches, this interdisciplinary work provides an insight of how the observations of beachgoers' behaviour modulations and attendance level fluctuations could be used to prevent UV filter contaminations and ultimately manage the ecotoxicological risk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Luc Vacher
- LIENSs (La Rochelle University, CNRS), La Rochelle, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Jérôme Labille
- CNRS, IRD, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix Marseille Univ, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Damien Tran
- EPOC (Bordeaux University, CNRS, EPHE, INP), Talence, France
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Magnuson JT, Sydnes MO, Ræder EM, Schlenk D, Pampanin DM. Transcriptomic profiles of brains in juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) exposed to pharmaceuticals and personal care products from a wastewater treatment plant discharge. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169110. [PMID: 38065506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2024]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) are frequently detected in marine environments, posing a threat to aquatic organisms. Our previous research demonstrated the occurrence of neuroactive compounds in effluent and sediments from a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in a fjord North of Stavanger, the fourth-largest city in Norway. To better understand the influence of PPCP mixtures on fish, Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua) were caged for one month in 3 locations: site 1 (reference), site 2 (WWTP discharge), and site 3 (6.7 km west of discharge). Transcriptomic profiling was conducted in the brains of exposed fish and detection of PPCPs in WWTP effluent and muscle fillets were determined. Caffeine (47.8 ng/L), benzotriazole (10.9 ng/L), N,N-diethyl-meta-toluamide (DEET) (5.6 ng/L), methyl-1H-benzotriazole (5.5 ng/L), trimethoprim (3.4 ng/L), carbamazepine (2.1 ng/L), and nortriptyline (0.4 ng/L) were detected in the WWTP effluent. Octocrylene concentrations were observed in muscle tissue at all sites and ranged from 53 to 193 ng/g. Nervous system function and endocrine system disorders were the top enriched disease and function pathways predicted in male and female fish at site 2, with the top shared canonical pathways involved with estrogen receptor and Sirtuin signaling. At the discharge site, predicted disease and functional responses in female brains were involved in cellular assembly, organization, and function, tissue development, and nervous system development, whereas male brains were involved in connective tissue development, function, and disorders, nervous system development and function, and neurological disease. The top shared canonical pathways in females and males were involved in fatty acid activation and tight junction signaling. This study suggests that pseudopersistent, chronic exposure of native juvenile Atlantic cod from this ecosystem to PPCPs may alter neuroendocrine and neuron development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason T Magnuson
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway; U.S. Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research Center, Columbia, MO 65201, USA.
| | - Magne O Sydnes
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
| | - Erik Magnus Ræder
- Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ås 1433, Norway
| | - Daniel Schlenk
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA
| | - Daniela M Pampanin
- Department of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, University of Stavanger, Stavanger 4036, Norway
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Sun J, Rene ER, Tao D, Lu Y, Jin Q, Lam JCH, Leung KMY, He Y. Degradation of organic UV filters in the water environment: A concise review on the mechanism, toxicity, and technologies. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 463:132822. [PMID: 37898090 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/30/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have been used globally for the past 20 years. Given that OUVFs can be quickly released from sunscreens applied on human skins, they have been frequently detected in aquatic environments and organisms. Some byproducts of OUVFs might be more recalcitrant and toxic than their parent compounds. To further assess the toxicity and potential risk of OUVFs' byproducts, it is necessary to determine the fate of OUVFs and identify their transformation products. This review summarizes and analyzes pertinent literature and reports in the field of OUVFs research. These published research works majorly focus on the degradation mechanisms of OUVFs in aquatic environments, their intermediates/byproducts, and chlorination reaction. Photodegradation (direct photolysis, self-sensitive photolysis and indirect photolysis) and biodegradation are the main transformation pathways of OUVFs through natural degradation. To remove residual OUVFs' pollutants from aqueous environments, novel physicochemical and biological approaches have been developed in recent years. Advanced oxidation, ultrasound, and bio-based technologies have been proven to eliminate OUVFs from wastewaters. In addition, the disinfection mechanism and the byproducts (DBPs) of various OUVFs in swimming pools are discussed in this review. Besides, knowledge gaps and future research directions in this field of study are also mentioned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaji Sun
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Eldon R Rene
- Department of Water Supply, Sanitation and Environmental Engineering, IHE Delft Institute for Water Education, Westvest 7, P. O. Box 3015, 2611AX Delft, the Netherlands
| | - Danyang Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yichun Lu
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianqian Jin
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Jason Chun-Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution and Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Guangzhou), 511458 Guangzhou, China.
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García-Pimentel MM, Fernández B, Campillo JA, Castaño-Ortiz JM, Gil-Solsona R, Fernández-González V, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Rodríguez-Mozaz S, León VM. Floating plastics as integrative samplers of organic contaminants of legacy and emerging concern from Western Mediterranean coastal areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166828. [PMID: 37690766 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the role of floating plastics as integrative samplers of organic contaminants. To this end, plastics items were collected in two Western Mediterranean coastal areas: the Mar Menor lagoon, and the last transect of Ebro river. Floating plastics were identified and characterized by attenuated total reflection Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry. Then, organic contaminants were extracted from plastic items by ultrasonic extraction with methanol, and the concentrations of 168 regulated and emerging contaminants were analysed. These compounds were analysed by stir bar sorptive extraction coupled to gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS), except for bisphenol analogues, which were analysed with a ultraperformance liquid chromatography pump coupled to a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer (UHPLC-MS/MS), and pharmaceutical compounds, determined by UPLC coupled to hybrid triple quadrupole-linear ion trap mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS). All the contaminants groups considered were detected in the samples, being particularly relevant the contribution of plastic additives. The most frequently detected contaminants were UV-filters, PAHs, pharmaceuticals and synthetic musks. Apart from plasticizers, the individual contaminants octocrylene, homosalate, galaxolide, salycilic acid and ketoprofen were frequently detected in plastics items. The results pointed out to urban and touristic activities as the main sources of pollution in the coastal areas investigated. The utility of floating plastics as integrative samplers for the detection of organic contaminants in aquatic ecosystems has been demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- M M García-Pimentel
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - B Fernández
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M Castaño-Ortiz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - R Gil-Solsona
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain; Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC) Severo Ochoa Excellence Centre, Department of Environmental Chemistry, C/ Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V Fernández-González
- Grupo de Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo de Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus A Coruña, E-15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - S Rodríguez-Mozaz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain; University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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Thallinger D, Labille J, Milinkovitch T, Boudenne JL, Loosli F, Slomberg D, Angeletti B, Lefrançois C. UV filter occurrence in beach water of the Mediterranean coast - A field survey over 2 years in Palavas-les-Flots, France. Int J Cosmet Sci 2023; 45 Suppl 1:67-83. [PMID: 37799080 DOI: 10.1111/ics.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A 2-year sampling campaign was realized on French Mediterranean beach (Palavas-les-Flots Hérault) in order to measure the concentration of UV filters released from the sunscreen used by bathers. Multiple factors suspected of playing determining roles in the UV filter pattern in water were explored, such as the seasonal and daily time evolutions, or the vertical and horizontal distributions, and they were regarded through the UV filter characteristics. METHODS The beach was monitored during periods of high and low tourist attendance, typically before, during and after the summer peak. The beachgoers attendance was counted. Bathing water was sampled distinctly from the bulk column and from the top surface layer, testing different sampling tools. Sediments and mussels were also sampled and analysed as potential UV filter sinks. Three organic UV filters (octocrylene OCR, avobenzone BMDBM and octyl methoxycinnamate OMC) and one mineral (titanium dioxide TiO2 ) were studied here as representatives of the current cosmetic market. RESULTS Summer peak attendance on the beach was confirmed associated with peak levels of UV filter concentration in the bathing water, even more pronounced during a heat wave period. This relation was also observed at day scale with an afternoon peak, suggesting a rapid evolution of the UV filter pattern in water. Contrasted fates were measured between the four studied UV filters, that could be mainly explained by their respective characteristics, i.e. particulate or dissolved, hydrophilic or lipophilic, lifetime. Generally, this resulted in a concentration ranking TiO2 > OCR > OMC > BMDBM, ranging from 0.5 to 500 μg/L. The most lipophilic and recalcitrant OCR was found most vertically differentiated and over concentrated in the top surface layer of water. Finally, a large horizontal heterogeneity was also observed in the UV filter concentration pattern, raising the need for sample replicates that cover a significant area. CONCLUSION This work fulfils some knowledge gaps on the issue of UV filter release in coastal environments, not only by providing original field data and methodological recommendations but also importantly in the comparison made of organic and mineral UV filters, which are often considered separately and rarely evaluated at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Thallinger
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Jerome Labille
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | | | | | - Frédéric Loosli
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Danielle Slomberg
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
| | - Bernard Angeletti
- Aix-Marseille University, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll. France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France
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Grimmelpont M, Lefrançois C, Panisset Y, Jourdon G, Receveur J, Le Floch S, Boudenne JL, Labille J, Milinkovitch T. Avoidance behaviour and toxicological impact of sunscreens in the teleost Chelon auratus. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 194:115245. [PMID: 37517278 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that sunscreen, more specifically the organic ultra-violet filters (O-UVFs), are toxic for aquatic organisms. In the present study, we simulated an environmental sunscreen exposure on the teleost fish, Chelon auratus. The first objective was to assess their spatial avoidance of environmental concentrations of sunscreen products (i.e. a few μg.L-1 of O-UVFs). Our results showed that the fish did not avoid the contaminated area. Therefore, the second objective was to evaluate the toxicological impacts of such pollutants after 35 days exposure to concentrations of a few μg.L-1 of O-UVFs. At the individual level, O-UVFs increased the hepatosomatic index which could suggest pathological alterations of the liver or the initiation of the detoxification processes. At the cellular level, a significant increase of malondialdehyde was measured in the muscle of fish exposed to O-UVFs which suggests a failure of antioxidant defences and/or an excess of reactive oxygen species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margot Grimmelpont
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Christel Lefrançois
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
| | - Yannis Panisset
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Guilhem Jourdon
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France
| | - Justine Receveur
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218 Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Floch
- Centre de Documentation de Recherche et d'Expérimentations sur les Pollutions Accidentelles des Eaux (CEDRE), 715 rue Alain Colas, CS41836-F-29218 Brest Cedex 2, France.
| | | | - Jérôme Labille
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, IRD, INRAe, Coll France, CEREGE, Aix-en-Provence, France.
| | - Thomas Milinkovitch
- Littoral Environnement et Sociétés (LIENSs), UMR 7266, CNRS-Université de La Rochelle, 2 rue Olympe de Gouges, F-17042 La Rochelle Cedex 01, France.
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He T, Tsui MMP, Mayfield AB, Liu PJ, Chen TH, Wang LH, Fan TY, Lam PKS, Murphy MB. Organic ultraviolet filter mixture promotes bleaching of reef corals upon the threat of elevated seawater temperature. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162744. [PMID: 36907390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Global reef degradation is a critical environmental health issue that has triggered intensive research on ocean warming, but the implications of emerging contaminants in coral habitats are largely overlooked. Laboratory experiments assessing organic ultraviolet (UV) filter exposure have shown that these chemicals negatively affect coral health; their ubiquitous occurrence in association with ocean warming may pose great challenges to coral health. We investigated both short- (10-day) and long-term (60-day) single and co-exposures of coral nubbins to environmentally relevant organic UV filter mixtures (200 ng/L of 12 compounds) and elevated water temperatures (30 °C) to investigate their effects and potential mechanisms of action. The initial 10-day exposure of Seriatopora caliendrum resulted in bleaching only under co-exposure conditions (compounds + temperature). The 60-day mesocosm study entailed the same exposure settings with nubbins of three species (S. caliendrum, Pocillopora acuta and Montipora aequituberculata). Bleaching (37.5 %) and mortality (12.5 %) of S. caliendrum were observed under UV filter mixture exposure. In the co-exposure treatment, 100 % S. caliendrum and P. acuta bleached associating with 100 % and 50 % mortality, respectively, and significant increase of catalase activities in P. acuta and M. aequituberculata nubbins were found. Biochemical and molecular analyses indicated significant alteration of oxidative stress and metabolic enzymes. The results suggest that upon the adverse effects of thermal stress, organic UV filter mixture at environmental concentrations can cause bleaching in corals by inducing a significant oxidative stress and detoxification burden, suggesting that emerging contaminants may play a unique role in global reef degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian He
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Mirabelle M P Tsui
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Anderson B Mayfield
- Khaled bin Sultan Living Oceans Foundation, 130 Severn Ave., Annapolis, MD 21403, USA
| | - Pi-Jen Liu
- Graduate Institute of Marine Biology, National Dong Hwa University, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Te-Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li-Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung-Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Margaret B Murphy
- State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Rizzi C, Seveso D, De Grandis C, Montalbetti E, Lancini S, Galli P, Villa S. Bioconcentration and cellular effects of emerging contaminants in sponges from Maldivian coral reefs: A managing tool for sustainable tourism. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 192:115084. [PMID: 37257411 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2023.115084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 05/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Tourism is the main income source for the Maldives, but concurrently, it represents a growing threat to its marine ecosystem. Here, we monitored the bioaccumulation of 15 emerging contaminants (ECs) in the Maldivian reef sponges Spheciospongia vagabunda collected in two resort islands (Athuruga and Thudufushi, Ari Atoll) and an inhabited island (Magoodhoo, Faafu Atoll), and we analysed their impact on different sponge cellular stress biomarkers. Caffeine and the insect repellent DEET were detected in sponges of all the islands, whereas the antibiotic erythromycin and the UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor were found in resort islands only. Although concentrations were approximately a few ng/g d.w., we quantified various induced cellular effects, in particular an increase of the levels of the enzyme glutathione S-transferase involved in cell detoxification. Our results highlight the importance to increase awareness on ECs pollution, promoting the use of more environmental friendly products to achieving the sustainable development goals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Rizzi
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Davide Seveso
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives.
| | - Chiara De Grandis
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy
| | - Enrico Montalbetti
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Stefania Lancini
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives
| | - Paolo Galli
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy; MaRHE Center (Marine Research and High Education Centre), Magoodhoo Island, Faafu Atoll, Maldives; University of Dubai, PO Box: 14143, Dubai Academic City, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sara Villa
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano - Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza, 1, Milano 20126, Italy
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Boyd A, Choi J, Ren G, How ZT, El-Din MG, Tierney KB, Blewett TA. Can short-term data accurately model long-term environmental exposures? Investigating the multigenerational adaptation potential of Daphnia magna to environmental concentrations of organic ultraviolet filters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 445:130598. [PMID: 37056014 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters (UVFs) are contaminants of concern, ubiquitously found in many aquatic environments due to their use in personal care products to protect against ultraviolet radiation. Research regarding the toxicity of UVFs such as avobenzone, octocrylene and oxybenzone indicate that these chemicals may pose a threat to invertebrate species; however, minimal long-term studies have been conducted to determine how these UVFs may affect continuously exposed populations. The present study modeled the effects of a 5-generation exposure of Daphnia magna to these UVFs at environmental concentrations. Avobenzone and octocrylene resulted in minor, transient decreases in reproduction and wet mass. Oxybenzone exposure resulted in > 40% mortality, 46% decreased reproduction, and 4-fold greater reproductive failure over the F0 and F1 generations; however, normal function was largely regained by the F2 generation. These results indicate that Daphnia are able to acclimate over long-term exposures to concentrations of 6.59 μg/L avobenzone, ∼0.6 μg/L octocrylene or 16.5 μg/L oxybenzone. This suggests that short-term studies indicating high toxicity may not accurately represent long-term outcomes in wild populations, adding additional complexity to risk assessment practices at a time when many regions are considering or implementing UVF bans in order to protect these most sensitive invertebrate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Boyd
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Jessica Choi
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Grace Ren
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H9, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada; University of Alberta, School of Public Health, Edmonton, AB T6G 1C9, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
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10
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Recent trends in the determination of organic UV filters by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2023.116995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/03/2023]
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11
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García-Pimentel M, Campillo JA, Castaño-Ortiz JM, Llorca M, León VM. Occurrence and distribution of contaminants of legacy and emerging concern in surface waters of two Western Mediterranean coastal areas: Mar Menor Lagoon and Ebro Delta. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2023; 187:114542. [PMID: 36669297 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.114542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence and distribution of UV filters, plastic additives, synthetic musks, other personal care products (Other PCPs), triazines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and other current-use pesticides (Other CUPs) were characterised during summer 2018 and winter 2019 in surface waters of two sensitive areas of the Spanish coast located on the Mediterranean Sea (Mar Menor lagoon and Ebro Delta). Sixty-three organic contaminants out of a total of 100 compounds were detected, thus confirming the presence of all groups of pollutants studied in surface water at concentrations of ng/L. Both areas are affected by agricultural, urban and recreational activities, PCPs (mainly UV filters) being the predominant compounds found in both seasons which showed significant increases in concentrations in summer. The contaminants found at the highest concentrations were octocrylene, homosalate and ethylhexyl salicylate, which showed risk quotients higher than 1, indicating a potential risk to aquatic organisms, particularly in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- M García-Pimentel
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
| | - J A Campillo
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain
| | - J M Castaño-Ortiz
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA-CERCA), 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - M Llorca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), Spanish Council for Scientific Research (CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - V M León
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO-CSIC), Centro Oceanográfico de Murcia, Apdo. 22, C/ Varadero 1, 30740 San Pedro del Pinatar, Murcia, Spain.
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12
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Thorel E, Clergeaud F, Rodrigues AMS, Lebaron P, Stien D. A Comparative Metabolomics Approach Demonstrates That Octocrylene Accumulates in Stylophora pistillata Tissues as Derivatives and That Octocrylene Exposure Induces Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Cell Senescence. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:2160-2167. [PMID: 36318224 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to study the effect of octocrylene on Stylophora pistillata and to compare the metabolomic response of this coral species to that obtained with Pocillopora damicornis. When S. pistillata coral was exposed to octocrylene, it accumulated octocrylene derivatives similar to P. damicornis. Octocrylene-fatty acid conjugates were found, as well as octocrylene heterosides. Furthermore, the tissue concentrations of various acylcarnitines and three sphingoid bases increased significantly. This phenomenon was indicative of mitochondrial dysfunction and the induction of cellular senescence processes in exposed corals. Overall, the responses of the two corals to octocrylene pollution were consistent. The proven impact of octocrylene on a second coral species suggests that potential environmental octocrylene pollution could impact many reef-building species. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that octocrylene may be modified in vivo by many organisms and that levels of octocrylene contamination in the food chain have probably been underestimated until now.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evane Thorel
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Fanny Clergeaud
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Alice M S Rodrigues
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France.,Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Fédération de Recherche, Observatoire Océanologique, FR3724, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
| | - Didier Stien
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, UAR3579, Observatoire Océanologique, 66650 Banyuls-sur-Mer, France
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13
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Fenni F, Sunyer-Caldú A, Ben Mansour H, Diaz-Cruz MS. Contaminants of emerging concern in marine areas: First evidence of UV filters and paraben preservatives in seawater and sediment on the eastern coast of Tunisia. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 309:119749. [PMID: 35820572 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
UV filters (UVFs) and paraben preservatives (PBs) are widely used components in many personal care products. However, there has been a rising concern for their endocrine-disrupting effects on wildlife once they reach aquatic ecosystems via recreative activities and wastewater treatment plants effluents. This study addresses UVFs and PBs occurrence in seawater and sediment impacted by tourism and sewage discharges along the coast of Mahdia, center East Tunisia. Samples of water and sediment were collected for 6 months from 3 coastal areas. Among the 14 investigated UVFs, 8 were detected in seawater and 4 were found in sediment. All PBs were present in seawater and only methylparaben (MePB) was detected in sediment. Benzophenone-3 (oxybenzone, BP3), benzocaine (EtPABA), and MePB were present in all water samples with concentrations in the ranges 16.4-66.9, 7.3-37.7, and 17.6-222 ng/L, respectively. However, the highest value, 1420 ng/L, corresponded to octinoxate (EHMC). In sediments, avobenzone (AVO), 4-methyl benzylidene camphor (4MBC), EHMC, 5-methyl-1-H-benzotriazole (MeBZT), and MePB were detected at concentrations within the range 1.1-17.6 ng/g dw, being MePB the most frequently detected (89%). MePB and MBZT presented the highest sediment-water partition coefficients and MePB also showed a positive correlation with total suspended solids' water content. Overall, pollutants concentrations remained rather constant along the sampling period, showing little seasonal variation. This study constitutes the first monitoring of UVFs and PBs on the Tunisian coastline and provides occurrence data for reference in further surveys in the country.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferdaws Fenni
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia "ISSAT", University of Monastir, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - Adrià Sunyer-Caldú
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hedi Ben Mansour
- Research Unit of Analysis and Process Applied to the Environment-APAE UR17ES32, Higher Institute of Applied Sciences and Technology Mahdia "ISSAT", University of Monastir, 5100 Mahdia, Tunisia
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research Severo Ochoa Excellence Center, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain.
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14
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Li Y, He Y, Lam CH, Nah T. Environmental photochemistry of organic UV filter butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane: Implications for photochemical fate in surface waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 839:156145. [PMID: 35613640 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.156145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2022] [Accepted: 05/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
With the widespread use of sunscreen and other personal care products, organic ultraviolet filters (OUVFs) have become widely detected in the aquatic environment. Direct and indirect photolysis are important transformation pathways of OUVFs in aquatic environments, so their transformation products (TPs) are also chemicals of concern. Butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM) is one of the most commonly used OUVFs worldwide due to its ability to absorb ultraviolet light across a wide range of wavelengths, and it is ubiquitously detected in aquatic environments. In this study, we investigated the photodegradation of BMDBM through direct photolysis and hydroxyl radical (•OH) photooxidation. TPs were identified using ultrahigh performance liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry, and reaction mechanisms were proposed. Our results showed that the photodegradation rates for both enol and keto tautomer forms of BMDBM during direct photolysis and •OH photooxidation were similar. The formation of TPs resulted from α-cleavage and decarbonylation reactions involving the keto form of BMDBM. Comparisons of the kinetic data and TPs revealed that the direct photolysis mechanism was a significant sink for BMDBM even during •OH photooxidation. Evaluations of environmental properties based on the predicted physicochemical properties of BMDBM and TPs suggests that some of the TPs will have higher mobility than BMDBM. The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) approach was used to evaluate the ecotoxicity of BMDBM and the identified TPs. Most TPs were found to be less ecotoxic than BMDBM; however, TPs that had a diphenyl ring structure could be more ecotoxic than BMDBM. Overall, this study provides new insights into the photochemical behavior and ecotoxicity of BMDBM and its TPs, which are important for assessing the fate, persistence, accumulation, and adverse impacts of these compounds in aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yitao Li
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Yuhe He
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Chun Ho Lam
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Theodora Nah
- School of Energy and Environment and State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.
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15
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Huang CW, Kung ZY, Wei CC. UV-filter octyl methoxycinnamate causes reproductive toxicity associated with germline apoptosis and vitellogenin decrease in Caenorhabditis elegans. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 247:106149. [PMID: 35397382 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 02/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC) is a common UV filter found in personal care products such as sunscreen and cosmetics. However, OMC's presence in wastewater has raised concerns that it could potentially pollute aquatic ecosystems because of its limited biodegradability and its estrogenic disrupting properties. In this study, we investigated the environmental toxicity of OMC and its potential biomarkers using the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results showed that body length, eggs in utero, and total brood size decreased with increasing dose (experimental concentrations = 0, 1, 5, 10, 100, 500 μM for body length and eggs in utero, and 0, 5, 10 μM for total brood size) in C. elegans after L1 larval stage (the first larval stage for 0 - 12 hours post-hatching) larval stage exposure to OMC. The minimum effective concentrations were 1, 5, and 10 μM, respectively. Modeling results demonstrated that the threshold concentration of OMC inducing 10% inhibited eggs in utero was 0.33 μM (95.11 μg/L). Furthermore, germline apoptosis was induced in 10 μM OMC-treated worms (experimental concentrations = 0, 5, 10 μM). Decreased mRNA levels of vitellogenin-related genes (vit-2 and vit-6) and increased mRNA levels of apoptosis-related genes (egl-1 and ced-3) were observed in 10 μM OMC-treated C. elegans (experimental concentrations = 0, 10 μM), suggesting that reproductive toxicity was associated with decreased vitellogenin levels and germline apoptosis. In summary, our study shows that OMC is reproductively toxic and leads to reduced egg formation and decreased brood size in C. elegans by reducing vitellogenin levels and promoting germline apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Wei Huang
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Zhi-Ying Kung
- Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Cheng Wei
- Institute of Food Safety and Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan; Department of Public Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, No. 17, Xuzhou Rd., Taipei 100, Taiwan.
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16
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Li Y, Zhu Q, Li G, Zhou Q, Liang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. Concentration profiles of a typical ultraviolet filter benzophenone-3 and its derivatives in municipal sewage sludge in China: Risk assessment in sludge-amended soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152329. [PMID: 34914995 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The widespread occurrence of benzophenones in various environmental matrices is a public health concern due to their endocrine-disrupting effects. Nevertheless, information on the exposure and health risk of benzophenones derived from sludge-amended soil is scarce. Herein, we measured a typical ultraviolet filter benzophenone-3 (BP-3) and its four derivatives in sewage sludges from different regions of China. BP-3 was the most abundant benzophenone analog in sludge (range: 0.581-305 ng/g dw), whereas no difference was found for BP-3 in sludge from different regions (p > 0.05). The sum concentration range of the four BP-3 derivatives in sludge was 0.128-74.2 ng/g dw. The mass loading and per capita daily release were calculated to determine the environmental release of benzophenones. The highest mass loading of benzophenones was found in Eastern China (20.9 kg/yr), followed by Northeast China (8.41 kg/yr) and Northwest China (8.13 kg/yr). The per capita daily release value of benzophenones via sludge was estimated as 100 ng/day/person. Calculation of the risk quotients (RQs) of BP-3 and its derivatives showed that benzophenones in sludge-amended soils had low environmental risks (RQs < 0.1) in all geographic regions. This nationwide study provides information outlining the environmental release of benzophenones through sludge composting and potential ecological risk from sludge-amended soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifan Li
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Guoliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Qunfang Zhou
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yong Liang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310024, China; State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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17
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Duis K, Junker T, Coors A. Review of the environmental fate and effects of two UV filter substances used in cosmetic products. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 808:151931. [PMID: 34863752 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sunscreens containing UV filters, such as octocrylene (OCR) and butyl-methoxydibenzoylmethane (BMDBM), have been increasingly used to protect human skin against UV radiation. Both substances have been detected in monitoring studies in the freshwater and marine environment, and there has been concern about potential effects on aquatic organisms. In the present work, the environmental fate and occurrence, bioaccumulation and ecotoxicity including endocrine effects of OCR and BMDBM are reviewed focusing on the aquatic environment. The two UV filters have low water solubilities and a high sorption potential. The available data indicate that OCR is poorly biodegradable. BMDBM lacks anaerobic and inherent biodegradability. However, it was biodegraded to variable degrees in simulation studies. Measured concentrations in the freshwater and marine environment were found to vary considerably between sites, depending on the extent of recreational activities or wastewater discharges. While the bioconcentration factor of OCR in fish is below the threshold value for bioaccumulation according to EU REACH, the available data for BMDBM do not allow a definitive conclusion on its bioaccumulation potential. Analysis of the aquatic toxicity data showed that data quality was often limited, e.g. in the case of effect concentrations substantially exceeding maximum achievable dissolved concentrations. Up to their limit of water solubility, OCR and BMDBM showed no toxicity to microorganisms, algae, and corals, and no acute toxicity to daphnids and fish. In chronic daphnid tests, OCR was highly toxic, whereas BMDBM lacked toxicity. Reliable water-sediment toxicity tests are required to further evaluate possible effects on benthic invertebrates. The available data do not provide evidence for endocrine effects of the two UV filters on fish. In order to assess potential environmental risks caused by OCR and BMDBM, a validated exposure model for estimating direct emission of UV filters into the aquatic environment and data from systematic, longer-term monitoring studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Duis
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany.
| | - Thomas Junker
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
| | - Anja Coors
- ECT Oekotoxikologie GmbH, Böttgerstraße 2-14, 65439 Flörsheim, Germany
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18
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Falfushynska H, Sokolov EP, Fisch K, Gazie H, Schulz-Bull DE, Sokolova IM. Biomarker-based assessment of sublethal toxicity of organic UV filters (ensulizole and octocrylene) in a sentinel marine bivalve Mytilus edulis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 798:149171. [PMID: 34329935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The global occurrence of organic UV filters in the marine environment is of increasing ecotoxicological concern. Here we assessed the toxicity of UV filters ensulizole and octocrylene in the blue mussels Mytilus edulis exposed to 10 or 100 μg l-1 of octocrylene and ensulizole for two weeks. An integrated battery of biochemical and molecular biomarkers related to xenobiotics metabolism and cellular toxicity (including oxidative stress, DNA damage, apoptosis, autophagy and inflammation) was used to assess the toxicity of these UV filters in the mussels. Octocrylene (but not ensulizole) accumulated in the mussel tissues during the waterborne exposures. Both studied UV filters induced sublethal toxic effects in M. edulis at the investigated concentrations. These effects involved induction of oxidative stress, genotoxicity (indicated by upregulation of DNA damage sensing and repair markers), upregulation of apoptosis and inflammation, and dysregulation of the xenobiotic biotransformation system. Octocrylene induced cellular stress in a concentration-dependent manner, whereas ensulizole appeared to be more toxic at the lower (10 μg l-1) studied concentration than at 100 μg l-1. The different concentration-dependence of sublethal effects and distinct toxicological profiles of ensulizole and octocrylene show that the environmental toxicity is not directly related to lipophilicity and bioaccumulation potential of these UV filters and demonstrate the importance of using bioassays for toxicity assessment of emerging pollutants in coastal marine ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halina Falfushynska
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Human Health, Physical Rehabilitation and Vital Activity, Ternopil V. Hnatiuk National Pedagogical University, Ternopil, Ukraine
| | - Eugene P Sokolov
- Leibniz Institute for Baltic Sea Research, Leibniz Science Campus Phosphorus Research, Warnemünde, Rostock, Germany
| | - Kathrin Fisch
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Hatem Gazie
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Detlef E Schulz-Bull
- Department Marine Chemistry, Leibniz-Institute for Baltic Sea Research Warnemünde, Seestr. 15, 18119 Rostock, Germany
| | - Inna M Sokolova
- Department of Marine Biology, Institute for Biological Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany; Department of Maritime Systems, Interdisciplinary Faculty, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany.
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19
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Araújo MJ, Soares AMVM, Monteiro MS. Effects of exposure to the UV-filter 4-MBC during Solea senegalensis metamorphosis. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:51440-51452. [PMID: 33987723 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14235-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Many personal care products integrate UV-filters, such as 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), a compound frequently detected in aquatic habitats, including coastal areas. However, the potential effects of 4-MBC to saltwater species have been poorly studied. Therefore, the main objective of this work is to study the effects of 4-MBC exposure on Solea senegalensis during metamorphosis, a sensitive life stage of this flatfish. To achieve this, fish were exposed to 4-MBC (0.2-2.0 mg L-1) for 48 h at the beginning of metamorphosis (13 days after hatching, dah). After this period, the fish were transferred to a clean medium. They were fed and maintained until more than 80% of individuals in the control group completed the metamorphosis (24 dah). Mortality, malformations, and metamorphic progression were studied daily. Growth, behavior, and biochemical markers of neurotransmission (acetylcholinesterase, AChE), oxidative stress (catalase, CAT; lipid peroxidation, LPO), detoxification (glutathione S-transferase, GST), and anaerobic metabolism (lactate dehydrogenase, LDH) were also determined at the end of the experiment. An acceleration of metamorphosis progression was observed during and 2 days after the 4-MBC exposure in all concentrations tested. In addition, reduced length, inhibition of CAT activity, and induction of oxidative damage were observed (lowest observed effect concentration, LOEC = 0.928 mg L-1 4-MBC for length, CAT, and LPO). Short-term exposure to 4-MBC at the onset of metamorphosis affected S. senegalensis at several levels of organization, even after 9 days in a clean medium, including growth and metamorphic progression, suggesting possible long-term adverse effects in this species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mário J Araújo
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
- CIIMAR-Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research of the University of Porto, Terminal de Cruzeiros do Porto de Leixões, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208, Matosinhos, Portugal.
| | - Amadeu M V M Soares
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marta S Monteiro
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Campus Universitário de Santiago, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
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20
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Chiriac FL, Pirvu F, Paun I. Investigation of endocrine disruptor pollutants and their metabolites along the Romanian Black Sea Coast: Occurrence, distribution and risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2021; 86:103673. [PMID: 34029729 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2021.103673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the occurrence of organic UV-filters (UVFs) and bisphenol derivatives (BPs) in the marine environment has raised high concerns all over the world, due to the potentially adverse impacts on marine organism and, indirectly on human health. This paper reports, for the first time in Romania, the occurrence, distribution pattern and environmental risk assessment of UVFs, BPs and their metabolites in seawater, sediment and algae collected from the Romania Black Sea coastal region. BP-3 (2-hydroxy-4-methoxy-benzophenone) was the most abundant contaminant in seawater samples, with detection frequency of 100 %. Sediment samples were dominated by ES (Ethylhexyl salicylate), with concentration values up to 5823 ng/g d.w., while for algae, concentrations of several hundreds of ng/g d.w. were determined for BP-3, BS (Benzyl salicylate) and BPE (Bisphenol E). Environmental risk assessment revealed that some UVFs and BPs detected in seawater samples were hazardous to the marine organism of the Black Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Laura Chiriac
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Florinela Pirvu
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Iuliana Paun
- National Research and Development Institute for Industrial Ecology - ECOIND, Drumul Podu Dambovitei 71-73, Sector 6, 060652, Bucharest, Romania.
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21
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Kindl GH, D'Orazio JA. Pharmacologic manipulation of skin pigmentation. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2021; 34:777-785. [PMID: 33666358 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Skin complexion is among the most recognizable phenotypes between individuals and is mainly determined by the amount and type of melanin pigment deposited in the epidermis. Persons with dark skin complexion have more of a brown/black pigment known as eumelanin in their epidermis whereas those with fair skin complexions have less. Epidermal eumelanin acts as a natural sunblock by preventing incoming UV photons from penetrating into the skin and therefore protects against UV mutagenesis. By understanding the signaling pathways and regulation of pigmentation, strategies can be developed to manipulate skin pigmentation to improve UV resistance and to diminish skin cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel H Kindl
- The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John A D'Orazio
- The University of Kentucky College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,The Markey Cancer Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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22
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Hong H, Wang J, Shi D. Effects of salinity on the chronic toxicity of 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) in the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 232:105742. [PMID: 33460951 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Organic ultraviolet filters are widely used in personal care products. 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) is one of the most frequently used UV filters. Due to its widespread usage 4-MBC has been detected at high concentrations in offshore waters. Previous toxicological studies have suggested that 4-MBC might induce much higher toxicity in marine organisms than freshwater species. To explore the effects of salinity on 4-MBC toxicity, the marine copepod Tigriopus japonicus was used as the model species, as it plays an important role in marine ecosystems and can be adapted to a wide range of salinity conditions. T. japonicus were adapted to three different salinity conditions (i.e., 20, 30 and 40 ppt) prior to exposure to 0, 1, and 5 μg L-1 4-MBC for multiple generations (F0-F3). Results showed that environmentally relevant concentrations of 4-MBC had toxic effects on T. japonicus and therefore, can pose a significant risk to marine copepods in the natural environment. In addition, increasing salinity levels increased the lethal, developmental and reproductive toxicities of 4-MBC in T. japonicus. This was because that higher salinity levels increased the uptake rate constant and bioconcentration factor of 4-MBC and also further exacerbated the oxidative stress induced by exposure to 4-MBC in T. japonicus. Our study demonstrated that understanding how salinity affects the toxicity of 4-MBC is important for accurate assessment of the risk of 4-MBC in the aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haizheng Hong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China.
| | - Jiaxin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
| | - Dalin Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science and College of the Environment and Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen, 361102, China
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23
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Boyd A, Stewart CB, Philibert DA, How ZT, El-Din MG, Tierney KB, Blewett TA. A burning issue: The effect of organic ultraviolet filter exposure on the behaviour and physiology of Daphnia magna. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 750:141707. [PMID: 33182172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) filters are compounds utilized in many manufacturing processes and personal care products such as sunscreen to protect against UV-radiation. These highly lipophilic compounds are emerging contaminants of concern in aquatic environments due to their previously observed potential to bioaccumulate and exert toxic effects in marine ecosystems. Currently, research into the toxic effects of UV filter contamination of freshwater ecosystems is lacking, thus the present study sought to model the effects of acute and chronic developmental exposures to UV filters avobenzone, oxybenzone and octocrylene as well as a mixture of these substances in the freshwater invertebrate, Daphnia magna, at environmentally realistic concentrations. Median 48-hour effect and lethal concentrations were determined to be in the low mg/L range, with the exception of octocrylene causing 50% immobilization near environmental concentrations. 48-hour acute developmental exposures proved to behaviourally impair daphnid phototactic response; however, recovery was observed following a 19-day post-exposure period. Although no physiological disruptions were detected in acutely exposed daphnids, delayed mortality was observed up to seven days post-exposure at 200 μg/L of avobenzone and octocrylene. 21-day chronic exposure to 7.5 μg/L octocrylene yielded complete mortality within 7 days, while sublethal chronic exposure to avobenzone increased Daphnia reproductive output and decreased metabolic rate. 2 μg/L oxybenzone induced a 25% increase in metabolic rate of adult daphnids, and otherwise caused no toxic effects at this dose. These data indicate that UV filters can exert toxic effects in freshwater invertebrates, therefore further study is required. It is clear that the most well-studied UV filter, oxybenzone, may not be the most toxic to Daphnia, as both avobenzone and octocrylene induced behavioural and physiological disruption at environmentally realistic concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron Boyd
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada.
| | - Connor B Stewart
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Danielle A Philibert
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada; Huntsman Marine Science Centre, St. Andrews E5B 2L7, Canada
| | - Zuo Tong How
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H, Canada
| | - Mohamed Gamal El-Din
- University of Alberta, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Edmonton, AB T6G 1H, Canada
| | - Keith B Tierney
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
| | - Tamzin A Blewett
- University of Alberta, Department of Biological Sciences, Edmonton T6G 2E9, Canada
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24
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Juksu K, Liu YS, Zhao JL, Yao L, Sarin C, Sreesai S, Klomjek P, Traitangwong A, Ying GG. Emerging contaminants in aquatic environments and coastal waters affected by urban wastewater discharge in Thailand: An ecological risk perspective. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 204:110952. [PMID: 32801032 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants such as synthetic musks and UV-filters as ingredients personal care products were widely used in human daily life in Thailand. The occurrence and fate of four synthetic musks and nine UV-filters were investigated in eight full-scale sewage treatment plants (STPs) and their receiving aquatic environments in Bangkok and Pattaya, Thailand. All target compounds were detected in every single sample from STPs and surface water with magnitude from ng/L to μg/L. HHCB-lactone and HMS were found as the predominant musk and UV filter in influent and effluent of STPs, respectively. HHCB-lactone was also found with the highest concentration up to 79501 ng/g (dw) in the sludge. Low removal efficiency range from -37% (HHCB-lactone) to 58% (AHTN) were found for four musks in the STPs. The total emission of Σ4musks and Σ9UV-filters were estimated to be up to 16.7 mg/person/day and 0.28 mg/person/day by the STPs. Three synthetic musks and seven UV-filters were detected in fish from the receiving river. Concentration and emission of musks and UV filters found in this study from Thailand were much higher than those reported in many other countries worldwide. The preliminary ecological risk assessment showed that Musk xylene, 4-MBC and OC may pose high risk to aquatic organisms in the riverine and estuarine environment in Thailand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanokthip Juksu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China; SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzho, 510006, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - You-Sheng Liu
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzho, 510006, China.
| | - Jian-Liang Zhao
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzho, 510006, China
| | - Li Yao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals. China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Charoon Sarin
- Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | - Siranee Sreesai
- Department of Environmental Health Science, Faculty of Public Health, Mahidol University, Bangkok, 10400, Thailand
| | - Pantip Klomjek
- Faculty of Agriculture Natural Resources and Environment, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, 65000, Thailand
| | | | - Guang-Guo Ying
- SCNU Environmental Research Institute, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Environmental Theoretical Chemistry, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzho, 510006, China
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25
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Emnet P, Mahaliyana AS, Northcott G, Gaw S. Organic Micropollutants in Wastewater Effluents and the Receiving Coastal Waters, Sediments, and Biota of Lyttelton Harbour (Te Whakaraupō), New Zealand. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:461-477. [PMID: 33128586 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Coastal ecosystems are receiving environments for micropollutants due to high levels of associated anthropogenic activities. Effluent discharges from wastewater treatment plants are a significant source of micropollutants to coastal environments. Wastewater effluents, seawater, sediments, and green-lipped mussels (Perna canaliculus) in Lyttelton Harbour (Te Whakaraupō), Christchurch, New Zealand, were analysed for a suite of personal care products and steroid hormones during a 1-year period. In wastewater effluents, the concentration of methyl paraben (mParaben), ethyl paraben (eParaben), propyl paraben (pParaben), butyl paraben (bParaben), 4-t-octylphenol (OP), 4-methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC), benzophenone-3 (BP-3), benzophenone-1 (BP-1), triclosan, methyl triclosan (mTric), Bisphenol A (BPA), Estrone (E1), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethinyl estradiol (EE2), and Estriol (E3) ranged from < 0.6 to 429 ng L-1 and was dominated by OP, 4-MBC, BP-3, triclosan, BP-1, and BPA. In seawater, 4-MBC, BP-3, BPA, and E1 were the most frequently detected contaminants (< 0.2-9.4 ng L-1). Coastal sediment samples contained mParaben, OP, 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-1, BPA, OMC, and E1 (< 0.2-11 ng g-1 d.w.), and mParaben, OP, and BP-3 were found to bioaccumulate (3.8-21.3 ng g-1 d.w.) in green lipped mussels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Emnet
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- ibacon GmbH, Arheilger Weg 17, 64380, Rossdorf, Germany
| | - Anjula Sachintha Mahaliyana
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand
- Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka, Passara Rd, Badulla, 90000, Sri Lanka
| | - Grant Northcott
- Northcott Research Consultants Limited, 20 River Oaks Place, Hamilton, 3200, New Zealand
| | - Sally Gaw
- School of Physical and Chemical Sciences, University of Canterbury, Private Bag 4800, Christchurch, 8140, New Zealand.
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26
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Pintado-Herrera MG, Allan IJ, González-Mazo E, Lara-Martín PA. Passive Samplers vs Sentinel Organisms: One-Year Monitoring of Priority and Emerging Contaminants in Coastal Waters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2020; 54:6693-6702. [PMID: 32402185 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c00522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Temporal monitoring of pollutants in aquatic systems impacted by human activities is mandatory for a correct assessment on their environmental impact and later management. The aim of this work was to study the suitability of using silicone rubber passive samplers and caged organisms (Ruditapes philippinarum), simultaneously, to examine the spatial and temporal variability of priority and emerging contaminants in a coastal environment (Cadiz Bay, SW Spain) over the course of an entire year. Seasonal trends were observed for some classes of compounds, such as UV filters and fragrances, and attributed to fluctuations in their sources and changes in the hydrodynamic conditions, respectively. Up to 42 out of 48 (in seawater) and 27 out of 37 (in biota) target analytes were detected, the highest concentrations being observed for synthetic fragrances and UV filters in both biota (136.9-159 ng g-1) and the dissolved phase (3322.2-265.7 ng L-1). Conversely, spatiotemporal differences in the concentrations of target contaminants in clam tissues were minimal. Higher field bioaccumulation factors (log BAF > 5) were found for priority substances. Overall, silicone rubber passive samplers proved to be more sensitive than sentinel organisms for monitoring spatiotemporal changes in the dissolved aqueous concentrations of contaminants, whereas the latter allowed for a more realistic evaluation of the potential uptake and bioaccumulation of each compound.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Research Institute (INMAR), University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence in Marine Science (CEI-MAR), Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, NO-0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Eduardo González-Mazo
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Research Institute (INMAR), University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence in Marine Science (CEI-MAR), Cadiz 11510, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Marine Research Institute (INMAR), University of Cadiz, International Campus of Excellence in Marine Science (CEI-MAR), Cadiz 11510, Spain
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27
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Liang M, Yan S, Chen R, Hong X, Zha J. 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor induced reproduction toxicity and antiandrogenicity in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126224. [PMID: 32088463 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2019] [Revised: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
To assess the toxic effects of 3-(4-Methylbenzylidene) camphor (4-MBC) at environmentally relevant concentrations on the reproduction and development of Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), adult paired medaka (F0) were exposed to 5, 50, and 500 μg/L 4-MBC for 28 d in the current study. The fecundity and fertility were significantly decreased at 500 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). Histological observations showed that spermatogenesis in F0 males was significantly inhibited at 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC, similar to the effects obtained with all treatments of plasma 11-ketotestosterone (p < 0.05). Moreover, the plasma vitellogenin and estradiol levels in F0 females were significantly increased at 5 μg/L 4-MBC (p < 0.05). All the transcripts of hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis-related genes tested in the brains and gonads of males were significantly increased at all treatments, similar to the effects obtained for erα, erβ and vtg in the livers and in contrast to those found for arα in the livers (p < 0.05). Equal numbers of embryos were exposed to tap water and 4-MBC solutions. Significantly increased times to hatching, decreased hatching rates and decreased body lengths at 14-day post-hatching (dph) were obtained at 500 μg/L 4-MBC treatment (p < 0.05). The cumulative death rates at 14 dph were significantly increased with all the treatments (p < 0.05). Therefore, our results showed that long-term exposure to 50 and 500 μg/L 4-MBC causes reproductive and developmental toxicity and thus provide new insight into antiandrogenicity and the mechanism of 4-MBC in Japanese medaka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengmeng Liang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Rui Chen
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiangsheng Hong
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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28
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Unuofin JO. Garbage in garbage out: the contribution of our industrial advancement to wastewater degeneration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:22319-22335. [PMID: 32347482 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-08944-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Natural water sources are habitually marred by insidious anthropogenic practices and municipal wastewater discharges that contain either of xenobiotic pollutants and their sometimes more toxic degradation products, or both. Although wastewater is considered as both a resource and a problem, as explained in this review, it is however daunting that, while the global village is still struggling to decipher the mode of proper handling, subsequent discharge and regulation of already established aromatic contaminants in wastewater, there emanates some more aggressive, stealth and sinister groups of compounds. It is quite ironic that majority of these compounds are the 'go through' consumables in our present society and have been suspected to pose several health risks to the aquatic ecosystem, eliciting unfavourable clinical manifestations in aquatic animals and humans, which has heightened the uncertainties conferred on freshwater use and consumption of some aquatic foods. This review therefore serves to give a brief account on the metamorphosis of approach in detection of aromatic pollutants and ultimately their implications along the trophic chains in the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- John O Unuofin
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group (AEMREG), Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice, 5700, South Africa.
- Department of Environmental, Earth and Water Sciences, Tshwane University of Technology, Private bag X680, Pretoria, 0001, South Africa.
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29
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Nataraj B, Maharajan K, Hemalatha D, Rangasamy B, Arul N, Ramesh M. Comparative toxicity of UV-filter Octyl methoxycinnamate and its photoproducts on zebrafish development. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 718:134546. [PMID: 31839308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2019] [Revised: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/17/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, we explored the adverse effects of Octyl methoxycinnamate (OMC), and its photoproducts, namely 2-ethylhexanol (2-EH) and 4-methoxybenzaldehyde (4-MBA) on the developmental stages of zebrafish using various biomarkers such as developmental toxicity, oxidative stress, antioxidant response, neurotoxicity and histopathological changes. The 96 h effective concentrations (EC50) of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA were found to be 64.0, 34.0 and 3.5 µg/mL, respectively in the embryo toxicity test. Embryos exposed to the EC50 of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA showed time-dependent increases in the malformation, heart rate and hatching delay. The lipid peroxidation (LPO) level was significantly (p < 0.05) increased and both induction and inhibition of SOD, CAT, GPx and GST activities were observed in the zebrafish embryos exposed to OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA. GSH activity was significantly (p < 0.05) decreased in the highest exposure groups, when compared with the control. AChE activity was increased in lower concentrations of OMC, 2-EH and 4-MBA exposed embryos whereas, the activity was found to be decreased in highest concentration. Moreover, the histopathological studies showed severe damage to the muscle fibers and yolk sac regions of the larvae with 4-MBA treatment. The photoproduct 4-MBA has the highest toxic effect, followed by 2-EH and OMC. Our results provide useful insights into the impacts of OMC and its photoproducts on zebrafish development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojan Nataraj
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Kannan Maharajan
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; DRDO-BU Center for Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, India
| | - Devan Hemalatha
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India; PG and Research Department of Zoology, PSG College of Arts and Science, Coimbatore, 641014, India
| | - Basuvannan Rangasamy
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Narayanasamy Arul
- Disease Proteomics Laboratory, Department of Zoology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India
| | - Mathan Ramesh
- Unit of Toxicology, Department of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore 641046, India.
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30
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Effect of 10 UV Filters on the Brine Shrimp Artemia salina and the Marine Microalga Tetraselmis sp. TOXICS 2020; 8:toxics8020029. [PMID: 32290111 PMCID: PMC7357026 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8020029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 04/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The presence of pharmaceutical and personal care product (PPCP) residues in the aquatic environment is an emerging issue due to their uncontrolled release through gray water, and accumulation in the environment that may affect living organisms, ecosystems and public health. The aim of this study is to assess the toxicity of benzophenone-3 (BP-3), bis-ethylhexyloxyphenol methoxyphenyl triazine (BEMT), butyl methoxydibenzoylmethane (BM), methylene bis-benzotriazolyl tetramethylbutylphenol (MBBT), 2-ethylhexyl salicylate (ES), diethylaminohydroxybenzoyl hexyl benzoate (DHHB), diethylhexyl butamido triazone (DBT), ethylhexyl triazone (ET), homosalate (HS) and octocrylene (OC) on marine organisms from two major trophic levels, including autotrophs (Tetraselmis sp.) and heterotrophs (Artemia salina). In general, results showed that both HS and OC were the most toxic UV filters for our tested species, followed by a significant effect of BM on Artemia salina due to BM—but only at high concentrations (1 mg/L). ES, BP3 and DHHB affected the metabolic activity of the microalgae at 100 µg/L. BEMT, DBT, ET, MBBT had no effect on the tested organisms, even at high concentrations (2 mg/L). OC toxicity represents a risk for those species, since concentrations used in this study are 15–90 times greater than those reported in occurrence studies for aquatic environments. For the first time in the literature, we report HS toxicity on a microalgae species at concentrations complementing those found in aquatic environments. These preliminary results could represent a risk in the future if concentrations of OC and HS continue to increase.
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31
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Santonocito M, Salerno B, Trombini C, Tonini F, Pintado-Herrera MG, Martínez-Rodríguez G, Blasco J, Lara-Martín PA, Hampel M. Stress under the sun: Effects of exposure to low concentrations of UV-filter 4- methylbenzylidene camphor (4-MBC) in a marine bivalve filter feeder, the Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2020; 221:105418. [PMID: 32078887 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2020.105418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2019] [Revised: 12/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
UV filters are a class of emerging contaminants with an annual estimated production of 10,000 tons worldwide that continuously enter aquatic environments. Among UV filters, 4-methylbenzylidenecamphor (4-MBC) is an organic camphor derivative used in the cosmetic industry for its ability to protect the skin against UV, specifically UV B radiation. Individuals of the Japanese clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, were exposed to 4-MBC at environmentally relevant and slightly higher concentrations (nominal: 0, 1, 10, 100 μg L-1) using a semi-static exposure system over a 7-days period followed by a 3-days depuration period (total 10 days) where no 4-MBC was added to the tanks. Assessed mortality reached up to 100 % at the highest exposure concentration and a LC50 value of 7.71 μg·L-14-MBC was derived. Environmental risk assessment carried out in a site specific environment, the Cadiz bay in the south of Spain, revealed a potential risk produced by the presence of 4-MBC. Digestive glands tissues were analysed for differential expression of genes encoding proteins involved in the stress response (SOD, MT, GST, EIF1, BCL2, TP53, CAT, 18S, GADPH, GPX, GADD45, THIO9) by RT-qPCR for relative quantification. Results showed that the presence of 4-MBC at environmentally relevant concentrations induced the expression of genes that encode for antioxidant enzymes (GST) and for proteins related to the inhibition of apoptosis (BCL2) and cellular stress (GADD), suggesting a physiological stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Santonocito
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Barbara Salerno
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Chiara Trombini
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Federico Tonini
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales (CASEM), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales (CASEM), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Gonzálo Martínez-Rodríguez
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Instituto de Ciencias Marinas de Andalucía (ICMAN-CSIC), Campus Universitario Rio San Pedro, 11519, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo Antonio Lara-Martín
- Facultad de Ciencias del Mar y Ambientales (CASEM), Campus Universitario de Puerto Real, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Instituto Universitario de Investigación Marina (INMAR), Campus de Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI•MAR), Universidad de Cádiz, Av. República Saharaui s/n, 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
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Beiras R, Muniategui-Lorenzo S, Rodil R, Tato T, Montes R, López-Ibáñez S, Concha-Graña E, Campoy-López P, Salgueiro-González N, Quintana JB. Polyethylene microplastics do not increase bioaccumulation or toxicity of nonylphenol and 4-MBC to marine zooplankton. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 692:1-9. [PMID: 31326592 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Global production of synthetic polymers, led by polyethylene (PE), rose steadily in the last decades, and marine ecosystems are considered as a global sink. Although PE is not biodegradable, in coastal areas it fragments into microplastics (MP) readily taken up by biota, and have been postulated as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to marine organisms. We have tested this hypothesis using two organisms representative of the marine plankton, the holoplanktonic copepod Acartia clausi, and the meroplanktonic larva of the Paracentrotus lividus sea-urchin, and two model chemicals with similar hydrophobic properties, the 4-n-Nonylphenol and the 4-Methylbenzylidene-camphor used as plastic additive and UV filter in cosmetics. Both test species actively ingested the MP particles. However, the presence of MP never increased the bioaccumulation of neither model chemicals, nor their toxicity to the exposed organisms. Bioaccumulation was a linear function of waterborne chemical disregarding the level of MP. Toxicity, assessed by the threshold (EC10) and median (EC50) effect levels, was either independent of the level of MP or even in some instances significantly decreased in the presence of MPs. These consistent results challenge the assumption that MP act as vectors of hydrophobic chemicals to planktonic marine organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain; Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Soledad Muniategui-Lorenzo
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Tania Tato
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Rosa Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - Sara López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla, 36331 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Estefanía Concha-Graña
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - Pedro Campoy-López
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Campus Lagoas-Marcosende, 36200 Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - Noelia Salgueiro-González
- Grupo Química Analítica Aplicada, Instituto Universitario de Medio Ambiente (IUMA), Centro de Investigaciones Científicas Avanzadas (CICA), Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Galicia, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
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Aminot Y, Sayfritz SJ, Thomas KV, Godinho L, Botteon E, Ferrari F, Boti V, Albanis T, Köck-Schulmeyer M, Diaz-Cruz MS, Farré M, Barceló D, Marques A, Readman JW. Environmental risks associated with contaminants of legacy and emerging concern at European aquaculture areas. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 252:1301-1310. [PMID: 31252127 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.05.133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 05/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of marine ecosystems by contaminants of emerging concern such as personal care products or per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances is of increasing concern. This work assessed the concentrations of selected contaminants of emerging concern in water and sediment of European aquaculture areas, to evaluate their co-variation with legacy contaminants (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons) and faecal biomarkers, and estimate the risks associated with their occurrence. The 9 study sites were selected in 7 European countries to be representative of the aquaculture activities of their region: 4 sites in the Atlantic Ocean and 5 in the Mediterranean Sea. Musks, UV filters, preservatives, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were detected in at least one of the sites with regional differences. While personal care products appear to be the main component of the water contamination, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were mostly found in sediments. As expected, generally higher levels of personal care products were found in sewage impacted sites, urbanised coasts and estuaries. The risk assessment for water and sediment revealed a potential risk for the local aquatic environment from contaminants of both legacy and emerging concern, with a significant contribution of the UV filter octocrylene. Despite marginal contributions of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances to the total concentrations, PFOS (perfluorooctane sulfonate) aqueous concentrations combined to its low ecotoxicity thresholds produced significant hazard quotients indicating a potential risk to the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yann Aminot
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; IFREMER LBCO, Rue de l'Ile d'Yeu, BP 21105, 44311, Nantes, Cedex 3, France.
| | - Stephen J Sayfritz
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway
| | - Kevin V Thomas
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349, Oslo, Norway; QAEHS, Queensland Alliance for Environmental Health Science, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lia Godinho
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Elena Botteon
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027, Gariga, Podenzano, PC, Italy; Di.S.T.A.S., Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Piacenza, Italy
| | - Federico Ferrari
- Aeiforia Srl, Località Faggiola 12-16, 29027, Gariga, Podenzano, PC, Italy
| | - Vasiliki Boti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Triantafyllos Albanis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Panepistimioupolis, 45110, Ioannina, Greece
| | - Marianne Köck-Schulmeyer
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Silvia Diaz-Cruz
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marinella Farré
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Damià Barceló
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Department of Environmental Chemistry (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - António Marques
- Division of Aquaculture and Upgrading (DivAV), Portuguese Institute for the Sea and Atmosphere (IPMA, I.P.), Avenida de Brasília, 1449-006, Lisbon, Portugal; Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (CIIMAR), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - James W Readman
- Biogeochemistry Research Centre, University of Plymouth, Plymouth, United Kingdom; Plymouth Marine Laboratory, Prospect Place, the Hoe, Plymouth, PL1 3DH, United Kingdom
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Lee I, Lee J, Jung D, Kim S, Choi K. Two-generation exposure to 2-ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) and its reproduction and endocrine related effects. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 228:478-484. [PMID: 31051350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.04.123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2019] [Revised: 04/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
2-Ethylhexyl 4-methoxycinnamate (EHMC) is one of the most widely used UV-filters, and hence has been frequently detected in water environment. EHMC has been reported to induce short-term reproductive toxicity in fish, and thyroid disrupting effects in other animal studies. However, limited information is available for its long-term effects on fecundity, and thyroid disrupting effects in fish. In the present study, effects of EHMC on fecundity, measured as number of eggs, were evaluated in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes), and its underlying mechanisms on sex and thyroid hormone disruption were explored. For this purpose, a five-month long (154 d) exposure to F0 generation was conducted on fertilized eggs (<24 h post-fertilization (hpf)), with nominal concentration of 0, 0.05, 0.158, 0.5, 1.58, or 5 mg/L EHMC, followed by a 3-8-d exposure of F1 generation. After >3 months exposure, significant decreases in reproductive performances were observed at all test concentrations as low as 0.05 mg/L. Reproduction effects were not accompanied with sex hormone changes, but up-regulation of vitellogenin gene was observed. Thyroid hormones were decreased by EHMC exposure in F1 fish at -38 day post-fertilization (dpf). In addition, down-regulation of type II iodothyronine deiodinase (dio2) and up-regulation of thyrotropin releasing hormone (trh) were observed in both F0 and F1 juvenile fish, suggesting thyroid disruption potential of EHMC. Our observation suggests that EHMC at the levels one to two orders of magnitude higher than those detected in ambient water may affect reproduction and thyroid hormonal balance of fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inae Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jyeun Lee
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Dawoon Jung
- Korea Environment Institute, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Sujin Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungho Choi
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Institute of Health and Environment, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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He T, Tsui MMP, Tan CJ, Ng KY, Guo FW, Wang LH, Chen TH, Fan TY, Lam PKS, Murphy MB. Comparative toxicities of four benzophenone ultraviolet filters to two life stages of two coral species. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 651:2391-2399. [PMID: 30336428 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.10.148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The benzophenone (BP) organic ultraviolet (UV) filters have been measured in seawater at ng/L to μg/L levels, but more data on their effects in non-target marine organisms are needed. Corals can be exposed to BPs due to wastewater discharges and coastal recreational activities. In this study, toxicities and bioaccumulation of BP-1 (2,4-dihydroxybenzophenone), BP-3 (oxybenzone), BP-4 (sulisobenzone) and BP-8 (dioxybenzone) to larvae and adults of two coral species, Pocillopora damicornis and Seriatopora caliendrum, were assessed at concentrations ranging from 0.1-1000 μg/L. BP-1 and BP-8 exposure caused significant settlement failure, bleaching and mortality of S. caliendrum larvae [lowest observed effect concentration (LOEC): ≥10 μg/L] compared to the other BPs, while none of the tested compounds and concentrations affected P. damicornis larvae. Nubbins were more sensitive to BP-3, BP-1 and BP-8 than larvae. Overall, BP-1 and BP-8 were more toxic to the two tested species than BP-3 and BP-4, which matches the relative bioaccumulation potential of the four BPs (BP-8 > BP-1 ≈ BP-3 > BP-4). A conservative risk assessment using the effect concentrations derived from this study showed that BP-3, BP-1 and BP-8 pose high or medium risk to the health of corals in popular recreational areas of Taiwan and Hong Kong. Our study suggests that future ecotoxicological studies of corals should take their sensitivities, life stages and metabolic capacities into consideration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian He
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Mirabelle Mei Po Tsui
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chih Jui Tan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Ka Yan Ng
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Fu Wen Guo
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Li Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Te Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tung Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung 944, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Paul Kwan Sing Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Margaret Burkhardt Murphy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry and State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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He T, Tsui MMP, Tan CJ, Ma CY, Yiu SKF, Wang LH, Chen TH, Fan TY, Lam PKS, Murphy MB. Toxicological effects of two organic ultraviolet filters and a related commercial sunscreen product in adult corals. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:462-471. [PMID: 30458376 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Corals are exposed to organic ultraviolet (UV) filters and other personal care product (PCP) ingredients in the environment, but the toxicities of organic UV filters and their related PCP to corals are not well understood. In this study, 7-day exposures were conducted to evaluate the toxicities and bioaccumulation of two organic UV filters, ethylhexylmethoxy-cinnamate (EHMC; octinoxate) and octocrylene (OC) (single- and combined-chemical tests), and diluted sunscreen wash-off water containing both active ingredients to the adult life stage of two hard coral species, Seriatopora caliendrum and Pocillopora damicornis. In the single-chemical tests, death (33.3%) and bleaching (83.3%) were only observed in the 1000 μg/L EHMC treatment of S. caliendrum. In the sunscreen product exposures, 5% sunscreen water (containing 422.34 ± 37.34 μg/L of EHMC and 33.50 ± 7.60 μg/L of OC at Day 0) caused high mortality in S. caliendrum (66.7-83.3%) and P. damicornis (33.3-50%), and tissue concentrations were up to 10 times greater than in the single-chemical exposures; co-exposure to EHMC and OC at similar levels to those in the sunscreen product resulted in bioaccumulation similar to the single-chemical tests. These results confirm the bioaccumulation potential of EHMC and OC and show that other ingredients in sunscreen products may increase the bioavailability of active ingredients to corals and exacerbate the toxicity of sunscreen products. Future studies on the toxicities of PCPs to aquatic organisms should not only focus on the toxicities of active ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangtian He
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hung Hom, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Mirabelle Mei Po Tsui
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Chih Jui Tan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chui Ying Ma
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Sam King Fung Yiu
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Li Hsueh Wang
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Te Hao Chen
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Tung Yung Fan
- National Museum of Marine Biology and Aquarium, Pingtung, 944, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Paul Kwan Sing Lam
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Margaret Burkhardt Murphy
- Department of Biology and Chemistry, State Key Laboratory in Marine Pollution, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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Stien D, Clergeaud F, Rodrigues AMS, Lebaron K, Pillot R, Romans P, Fagervold S, Lebaron P. Metabolomics Reveal That Octocrylene Accumulates in Pocillopora damicornis Tissues as Fatty Acid Conjugates and Triggers Coral Cell Mitochondrial Dysfunction. Anal Chem 2018; 91:990-995. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.8b04187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Didier Stien
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Fanny Clergeaud
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Alice M. S. Rodrigues
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Karine Lebaron
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Rémi Pillot
- CNRS, Fédération de Recherche, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Pascal Romans
- CNRS, Fédération de Recherche, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Sonja Fagervold
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
| | - Philippe Lebaron
- CNRS, Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Microbienne, LBBM, Observatoire Océanologique, Sorbonne Université, 66650 Banyuls-sur-mer, France
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Apel C, Joerss H, Ebinghaus R. Environmental occurrence and hazard of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the sediment of European North and Baltic Seas. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 212:254-261. [PMID: 30145417 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.08.105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/19/2018] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
UV absorbing compounds are of emerging concern due to their large production volumes, their persistence or pseudo-persistence, and their potential adverse effects. This is the first study investigating the environmental occurrence and potential hazard of organic UV stabilizers and UV filters in the North and Baltic Sea surface sediments, including the connecting Skagerrak and Kattegat straits. In total, nineteen substances were identified over the entire study area, including the rarely studied compounds ethylhexyl triazone (EHT) and bisoctrizole (UV-360). Octocrylene (OC) was the predominant compound in this study with regard to detection frequency (79%) and concentrations (up to 9.7 ng/g dw). OC accounted for more than 65% of UV stabilizer contamination in the German Bight. The triazine derivative EHT was quantified in the Rhine-Meuse-Delta and the German Bight in concentrations up to 2.0 ng/g dw. In the Baltic Sea, benzotriazole UV stabilizers accounted for 60% of the contamination, with UV-360 as the main substance. The estimated environmental hazard quotients indicated a negligible impact on benthic and sediment-dwelling organisms in the North and Baltic Seas. Region-specific contamination pattern and riverine influences were revealed. The results suggest that both direct and indirect sources contribute to the UV stabilizer and UV filter contamination in the study area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Apel
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Hanna Joerss
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany; Universität Hamburg, Institute of Inorganic and Applied Chemistry, Martin-Luther-King-Platz 6, 20146, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Ebinghaus
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht, Institute of Coastal Research, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
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Beiras R, Bellas J, Cachot J, Cormier B, Cousin X, Engwall M, Gambardella C, Garaventa F, Keiter S, Le Bihanic F, López-Ibáñez S, Piazza V, Rial D, Tato T, Vidal-Liñán L. Ingestion and contact with polyethylene microplastics does not cause acute toxicity on marine zooplankton. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2018; 360:452-460. [PMID: 30142596 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.07.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Toxicity of polyethylene microplastics (PE-MP) of size ranges similar to their natural food to zooplanktonic organisms representative of the main taxa present in marine plankton, including rotifers, copepods, bivalves, echinoderms and fish, was evaluated. Early life stages (ELS) were prioritized as testing models in order to maximize sensitivity. Treatments included particles spiked with benzophenone-3 (BP-3), a hydrophobic organic chemical used in cosmetics with direct input in coastal areas. Despite documented ingestion of both virgin and BP-3 spiked microplastics no acute toxicity was found at loads orders of magnitude above environmentally relevant concentrations on any of the invertebrate models. In fish tests some effects, including premature or reduced hatching, were observed after 12 d exposure at 10 mg L-1 of BP-3 spiked PE-MP. The results obtained do not support environmentally relevant risk of microplastics on marine zooplankton. Similar approaches testing more hydrophobic chemicals with higher acute toxicity are needed before these conclusions could be extended to other organic pollutants common in marine ecosystems. Therefore, the replacement of these polymers in consumer products must be carefully considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Beiras
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - J Bellas
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - J Cachot
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - B Cormier
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - X Cousin
- IFREMER, Laboratoire Adaptation et Adaptabilités des Animaux et des Systèmes, UMR MARBEC, chemin de Maguelone, 34250 Palavas, France; UMR GABI INRA, AgroParisTech, Université Paris-Saclay, F-78350 Jouy-en-Josas, France
| | - M Engwall
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - F Garaventa
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - S Keiter
- Man-Technology-Environment Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, Fakultetsgatan 1, 701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - F Le Bihanic
- Bordeaux University, EPOC, UMR CNRS 5805, Avenue des Facultés, 33400 Talence, France
| | - S López-Ibáñez
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - V Piazza
- CNR-ISMAR, Via de Marini 6, 16149 Genova, Italy
| | - D Rial
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - T Tato
- ECIMAT, University of Vigo, Illa de Toralla E-36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Centro Oceanográfico de Vigo, Instituto Español de Oceanografía, Cabo Estay, E-36390, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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García-Córcoles MT, Rodríguez-Gómez R, de Alarcón-Gómez B, Çipa M, Martín-Pozo L, Kauffmann JM, Zafra-Gómez A. Chromatographic Methods for the Determination of Emerging Contaminants in Natural Water and Wastewater Samples: A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2018; 49:160-186. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2018.1496010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. García-Córcoles
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - R. Rodríguez-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - B. de Alarcón-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - M. Çipa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tirana, Tirana, Albania
| | | | - J.-M. Kauffmann
- Laboratory of Instrumental Analysis and Bioelectrochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Université libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - A. Zafra-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Research Group of Analytical Chemistry and Life Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Araújo MJ, Rocha RJM, Soares AMVM, Benedé JL, Chisvert A, Monteiro MS. Effects of UV filter 4-methylbenzylidene camphor during early development of Solea senegalensis Kaup, 1858. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:1395-1404. [PMID: 30045559 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The inclusion of organic UV filters in personal care products (PCPs) has increased in recent years. 4-Methylbenzylidene camphor (4MBC) is one of the most used UV filters, and thus it is commonly found in aquatic ecosystems, with proved negative effects on aquatic organisms. Effects on early life stages of marine vertebrates are largely unknown. Therefore, the main goal of this work was to evaluate 4MBC effects on Senegalese sole (Solea Senegalensis Kaup, 1858) larvae at different levels of biological organization. S. senegalensis were exposed to increasing concentrations of 4MBC from egg stage until 96 h. Mortality, growth, malformations, behaviour and biochemical responses, including enzymatic biomarkers were studied. The exposure to 4MBC until 96 h post-fertilization (hpf) induced mortality and malformations in a dose-response manner. Besides, reduced growth with increasing concentrations was observed. The exposure to 4MBC also caused alterations on behaviour, including overall lower swimming time during light and dark periods. Biomarker alterations caused by 4MBC included imbalance of neurotransmission related endpoints (increased acetylcholinesterase activity) and decreased activity of enzymes related to anaerobic metabolism (lower cellular lactate dehydrogenase activity) at the lower concentrations tested. Furthermore, our results suggest that 4MBC do not induce oxidative stress in S. senegalensis larvae, since catalase and lipid peroxidation levels were not significantly altered by 4MBC. S. senegalensis revealed to be a good model species for vertebrate animal testing in the marine environment. Sub-lethal concentrations of 4MBC induced toxic effects at all organizational levels. Swimming behaviour was a sensitive endpoint and showed that exposure to 4MBC causes impairment on response to light stimulus which is possibly linked with the observed imbalances on cholinesterase activity in larvae. Conservation concerns along distribution range of S. senegalensis should consider that increasing levels of UV filters in marine environment might have impact on the ecology of the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Araújo
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - R J M Rocha
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A M V M Soares
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - J L Benedé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - A Chisvert
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Valencia, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - M S Monteiro
- Department of Biology & CESAM, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Allinson M, Kameda Y, Kimura K, Allinson G. Occurrence and assessment of the risk of ultraviolet filters and light stabilizers in Victorian estuaries. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:12022-12033. [PMID: 29453716 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1386-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This reconnaissance study was undertaken to examine the occurrence of common ultraviolet filters (UVF) and light stabilizers (UVLS), and preservatives in four different estuaries in Port Philip Bay, Victoria, for the first time. In total, 11 UV filters, 10 UV stabilizers, 12 preservatives and a metabolite, and one fragrance were screened in grab samples of water and sediment using a combination of solid phase extraction and gas and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry measurement techniques. In that context, 16 of the UVF and UVLS and 5 of the preservatives screened were observed in water and/or sediment samples. There are no marine water quality guideline values for any of the fragrances, preservatives and UV filters and light stabilizers in Australia's current national water quality guidelines, so potential risk was assessed using the risk quotient (RQ) and toxic unit (TU) concepts. In that context, only two chemicals (OC and EHMC) had both an RQ above 1 and a log10TU above - 3, suggesting that few of the screened chemicals would have posed an individual, short-term risk to organisms in the waters studied at the time of sampling. However, the detection of common UV filters, such as 4MBC, EHMC, OC and the common preservatives 2-PE, MP, and PB in these Victorian estuaries highlights that the existence of personal care products in the environment is not just an issue for more densley populated countries in the northern hemisphere, but also potentially of concern in Australia. And, in that context, more sampling campaigns in Port Philip Bay are of paramount importance to assess the potential risk posed by these compounds to aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Allinson
- Centre for Aquatic Pollution Identification and Management (CAPIM), School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Yutaka Kameda
- Chiba Institute of Technology, Architecture and Civil Engineering, 2-17-1 Tsudanuma, Narashino, Chiba, 275-0016, Japan
| | - Kumiko Kimura
- Saitama City Institute of Health Science and Research, 7-5-12 Suzuya, Chuo-ku, Saitama, 338-0013, Japan
| | - Graeme Allinson
- Future Farming Systems Research Division, Department of Environment and Primary Industries, DEPI Queenscliff Centre, Queenscliff, Victoria, 3225, Australia.
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3001, Australia.
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Picot-Groz M, Fenet H, Martinez Bueno MJ, Rosain D, Gomez E. Diurnal variations in personal care products in seawater and mussels at three Mediterranean coastal sites. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9051-9059. [PMID: 29333571 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-1100-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The presence of personal care products (PCPs) in the marine environment is of major concern. PCPs, UV filters, and musks can enter the marine environment indirectly through wastewater or directly via recreational activities. We conducted this study to document patterns in the occurrence of seven PCPs at three coastal sites impacted by recreational activities during 1 day. The study focused on diurnal variations in these seven PCPs in seawater and indigenous mussels. In seawater, UV filters showed diurnal variations that mirrored variations in recreational activities at the sites. Ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate (EHMC) and octocrylene (OC) water concentrations increased from under the limit of quantification in the morning to 106 and 369 ng/L, respectively, when recreational activities were the highest. In mussels, diurnal variations in OC were observed, with the lowest concentrations recorded in the morning and then increasing throughout the day. As Mytilus spp. are widely used as sentinels in coastal pollution monitoring programs (mussel watch), our findings on diurnal variations could enhance sampling recommendations for recreational sites impacted by PCPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Picot-Groz
- HydroSciences Montpellier CNRS, IRD, Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Hélène Fenet
- HydroSciences Montpellier CNRS, IRD, Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | | | - David Rosain
- HydroSciences Montpellier CNRS, IRD, Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France
| | - Elena Gomez
- HydroSciences Montpellier CNRS, IRD, Montpellier University, 34090, Montpellier, France.
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44
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Vidal-Liñán L, Villaverde-de-Sáa E, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Beiras R. Bioaccumulation of UV filters in Mytilus galloprovincialis mussel. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 190:267-271. [PMID: 28992479 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.09.144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
In this study the bioaccumulation kinetics of organic UV filters, such as 4-MBC, BP-3, BP-4, OC and OD-PABA in wild Mytilus galloprovincialis mussels was investigated. The uptake and accumulation of waterborne 4-MBC, BP-4 and OC was very rapid, and after only 24 h of exposure to 1 μg L-1, the tissular concentrations were 418, 263 and 327 μg kg-1d.w., respectively. The kinetics of bioaccumulation of BP-4 and OC significantly fitted to an asymptotic model with BCF values of 905 L kg-1 and 2210 L kg-1, respectively. Measured bioaccumulation of the hydrophilic chemical BP-4 was much higher than predicted by Kow-based bioconcentration models, which would lead to a marked underestimation of actual risk. On the other hand, the patterns of uptake found for BP-3 and OD-PABA suggest biotransformation ability of mussels for these two chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leticia Vidal-Liñán
- Departamento de Ecoloxía e Bioloxía Animal, Universidade de Vigo, Estrada Colexio Universitario s/n, 36310 Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - Eugenia Villaverde-de-Sáa
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Rosario Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - José Benito Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Sciences, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Constantino Candeira s/n, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Ricardo Beiras
- ECIMAT, Universidade de Vigo, Illa de Toralla s.n., 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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Corinaldesi C, Damiani E, Marcellini F, Falugi C, Tiano L, Brugè F, Danovaro R. Sunscreen products impair the early developmental stages of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7815. [PMID: 28798318 PMCID: PMC5552690 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-08013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Marine ecosystems are increasingly threatened by the release of personal care products. Among them, sunscreens are causing concern either for the effects on skin protection from UV radiation and for the potential impacts on marine life. Here, we assessed the UVA protective efficacy of three sunscreens on human dermal fibroblasts, including two common products in Europe and USA, and an eco-friendly product. The sunscreens' effects were also tested on Paracentrotus lividus, a marine species possibly threatened by these contaminants. We found that all tested sunscreens had similar efficacy in protecting human fibroblasts from UVA radiation. Conversely, the sunscreens' effects on embryo-larval development of P. lividus were dependent on the product tested. In particular, the USA sunscreen, containing benzophenone-3, homosalate and preservatives, caused the strongest impact on the sea urchin development, whereas the eco-friendly sunscreen determined the weakest effects. These results suggest that although the tested products protected human skin cells from UVA-induced damage, they might severely affect the success of recruitment and survival of the sea urchin. Our findings underline the importance of developing eco-friendly sunscreens for minimising or avoiding the impact on marine life while protecting human skin from UV damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Corinaldesi
- Department of Sciences and Engineering of Materials, Environment and Urbanistics, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy.
| | - Elisabetta Damiani
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Marcellini
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- Ecoreach Ltd., Corso Stamira 61, 60121, Ancona, Italy
| | - Carla Falugi
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Luca Tiano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Francesca Brugè
- Department of Clinical, Specialistic and Odontostomatological Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Roberto Danovaro
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Brecce Bianche, Ancona, Italy
- Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Naples, Italy
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46
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S R, A B, M P, T L. Occurrence and toxicity of musks and UV filters in the marine environment. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 104:57-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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47
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Giraldo A, Montes R, Rodil R, Quintana JB, Vidal-Liñán L, Beiras R. Ecotoxicological Evaluation of the UV Filters Ethylhexyl Dimethyl p-Aminobenzoic Acid and Octocrylene Using Marine Organisms Isochrysis galbana, Mytilus galloprovincialis and Paracentrotus lividus. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 72:606-611. [PMID: 28391487 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0399-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The growing concern regarding the negative effects of solar radiation on the skin has led to a drastic increase in the use of sunscreens containing in its composition up to 10% of aromatic chemicals, such as ethylhexyl dimethyl p-aminobenzoic acid (OD-PABA) and octocrylene (OC). The objective of this study was to evaluate the toxicity and to assess the environmental risk posed by these two ultraviolet filters, widely used in cosmetics and as plastic additives, in the marine environment. Several ecotoxicological bioassays were performed with three model organisms belonging to different trophic levels: the microalgae Isochrysis galbana, the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis, and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus. The results show remarkable toxicity to marine species for both OD-PABA (EC10 values range 26,5-127 µg L-1) and OC (EC10 range 103-511 µg L-1). The cell division in the microalgae I. galbana was the most sensitive endpoint tested. To determine the environmental risk of these substances, the risk coefficient (RQ) was calculated. Due to the higher concentrations reported, OC showed remarkable risk (RQ = 0.27), whereas for OD-PABA the risk was low (RQ = 0.007).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Giraldo
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain.
| | - R Montes
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Rodil
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - J B Quintana
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, IIAA-Institute for Food Analysis and Research, University of Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Galicia, Spain
| | - L Vidal-Liñán
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
| | - R Beiras
- Toralla Marine Station (ECIMAT), University of Vigo, 36331, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
- Marine Ecology Laboratory, Department of Ecology and Animal Biology, University of Vigo, Campus Lagoas - Marcosende, 36200, Vigo, Galicia, Spain
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48
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Park CB, Jang J, Kim S, Kim YJ. Single- and mixture toxicity of three organic UV-filters, ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, and avobenzone on Daphnia magna. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2017; 137:57-63. [PMID: 27915143 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2016.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
In freshwater environments, aquatic organisms are generally exposed to mixtures of various chemical substances. In this study, we tested the toxicity of three organic UV-filters (ethylhexyl methoxycinnamate, octocrylene, and avobenzone) to Daphnia magna in order to evaluate the combined toxicity of these substances when in they occur in a mixture. The values of effective concentrations (ECx) for each UV-filter were calculated by concentration-response curves; concentration-combinations of three different UV-filters in a mixture were determined by the fraction of components based on EC25 values predicted by concentration addition (CA) model. The interaction between the UV-filters were also assessed by model deviation ratio (MDR) using observed and predicted toxicity values obtained from mixture-exposure tests and CA model. The results from this study indicated that observed ECxmix (e.g., EC10mix, EC25mix, or EC50mix) values obtained from mixture-exposure tests were higher than predicted ECxmix (e.g., EC10mix, EC25mix, or EC50mix) values calculated by CA model. MDR values were also less than a factor of 1.0 in a mixtures of three different UV-filters. Based on these results, we suggest for the first time a reduction of toxic effects in the mixtures of three UV-filters, caused by antagonistic action of the components. Our findings from this study will provide important information for hazard or risk assessment of organic UV-filters, when they existed together in the aquatic environment. To better understand the mixture toxicity and the interaction of components in a mixture, further studies for various combinations of mixture components are also required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Beom Park
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Jiyi Jang
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Sanghun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Young Jun Kim
- Environmental Safety Group, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) Europe, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany.
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49
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Merel S, Snyder SA. Critical assessment of the ubiquitous occurrence and fate of the insect repellent N,N-diethyl-m-toluamide in water. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 96:98-117. [PMID: 27639850 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The insect repellent diethyltoluamide (DEET) is among the most frequently detected organic chemical contaminants in water across a wide range of geographies from around the world. These observations are raising critical questions and increasing concerns regarding potential environmental relevance, particularly when the emergence of severe neurological conditions attributed to the Zika virus has increased the use of insect repellents. After dermal application, DEET is washed from the skin when bathing and enters the municipal sewer system before discharge into the environment. Mainly measured by gas chromatography or liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC-MS or LC-MS), more than 200 peer-reviewed publications have already reported concentrations of DEET ranging ng/L to mg/L in several water matrices from North America, Europe, Asia, Oceania, and more recently Africa and South America. While conventional wastewater treatment technology has limited capacity of removal, advanced technologies are capable of better attenuation and could lower the environmental discharge of organic contaminants, including DEET. For instance, adsorption on activated carbon, desalinating membrane processes (nanofiltration and reverse osmosis), ozonation, and advanced oxidation processes can achieve 50% to essentially 100% DEET attenuation. Despite the abundant literature on the topic, the ubiquity of DEET in the environment still raises questions due to the apparent lack of obvious spatio-temporal trends in concentrations measured in surface water, which does not fit the expected usage pattern of insect repellents. Moreover, two recent studies showed discrepancies between the concentrations obtained by GC-MS and LC-MS analyses. While the occurrence of DEET in the environment is well established, the concentrations reported should be interpreted cautiously, considering the disparities in methodologies applied and occurrence patterns observed. Therefore, this manuscript provides a critical overview of the origin of DEET in the environment, the relevant analytical methods, the occurrence reported in peer-reviewed literature, and the attenuation efficacy of water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvain Merel
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA; Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Center for Applied Geoscience, Eberhard Karls University Tübingen, 12 Hölderlinstraße, 72074 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Shane A Snyder
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Arizona, 1133 James E. Rogers Way, Tucson 85721, AZ, USA.
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50
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Pintado-Herrera MG, Lara-Martín PA, González-Mazo E, Allan IJ. Determination of silicone rubber and low-density polyethylene diffusion and polymer/water partition coefficients for emerging contaminants. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:2162-2172. [PMID: 26833936 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/31/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in assessing the concentration and distribution of new nonregulated organic compounds (emerging contaminants) in the environment. The measurement of freely dissolved concentrations using conventional approaches is challenging because of the low concentrations that may be encountered and their temporally variable emissions. Absorption-based passive sampling enables the estimation of freely dissolved concentrations of hydrophobic contaminants of emerging concern in water. In the present study, calibration was undertaken for 2 polymers, low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and silicone rubber for 11 fragrances, 5 endocrine-disrupting compounds, 7 ultraviolet (UV) filters, and 8 organophosphate flame retardant compounds. Batch experiments were performed to estimate contaminant diffusion coefficients in the polymers (Dp ), which in general decreased with increasing molecular weight. The values for fragrances, endocrine-disrupting compounds, and UV filters were in ranges similar to those previously reported for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, but were 1 order of magnitude lower for organophosphate flame retardant compounds. Silicone rubber had higher Dp values than LDPE and was therefore selected for further experiments to calculate polymer/water partition coefficients (KPW ). The authors observed a positive correlation between log KPW and log octanol/water partition coefficient values. Field testing of silicone rubber passive samplers was undertaken though exposure in the River Alna (Norway) for an exposure time of 21 d to estimate freely dissolved concentration. Some fragrances and UV filters were predominant over other emerging and regulated contaminants, at levels up to 1600 ng L(-1) for galaxolide and 448 ng L(-1) for octocrylene. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:2162-2172. © 2016 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus ode Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus ode Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Eduardo González-Mazo
- Physical Chemistry Department, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, University of Cadiz, Campus ode Excelencia Internacional del Mar (CEI-MAR), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Ian J Allan
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Oslo, Norway
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