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Romão CC, Mendes SS, Rebelo C, Carvalho SM, Saraiva LM. Antimicrobial and anticancer properties of carbon monoxide releasing molecules of the fac-[Re(CO) 3(N-N)L] + family. Dalton Trans 2024; 53:11009-11020. [PMID: 38874948 DOI: 10.1039/d4dt00978a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
The toxicity profile of fac-[Re(CO)3(N-N)L]+ complexes against microbial and tumoral cells has been extensively studied, primarily focusing on modifications to the bidentate diimine (N-N) ligand. However, less attention has been paid to modifications of the axial ligand L, which is perpendicular to the Re-N-N plane. This study reveals that the high toxicity of the fac-[Re(CO)3(bpy)(Ctz)]+ complex may be attributed to the structural effect of the trityl (CPh3) group present in clotrimazole, as removal of phenyl rings causes a significant decrease in the activity against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). Moreover, substitution of the 1-tritylimidazole ligand by the structurally related ligands PPh3 and PCy3 maintains similarly high activity levels. These findings contribute to understanding the interactions of toxic complexes with bacterial membranes, suggesting that the ligand structures play a crucial role in inhibiting cell wall synthesis processes, potentially including Lipid II synthesis. Compounds with Ph3E (E = C-imidazole; P) groups also showed to be 10 times more toxic than cisplatin against three mammalian cell lines (IC50: 2-4 μM). In contrast, the analogue 1-benzylimidazole and 1-tert-butylimidazole derivatives were as toxic as cisplatin. We observed that the decomposition of the [Re(I)(CO)3] fragment inside mammalian cell lines liberates CO, which is expected to exert biological effects. Therefore, compounds of this family possessing the structural motif Ph3E seem to combine high antimicrobial and antitumoral activities, the latter being much higher than that of cisplatin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos C Romão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sofia S Mendes
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Cátia Rebelo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Sandra M Carvalho
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Lígia M Saraiva
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Avenida da República (EAN), 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal.
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Sadanala BD, Trivedi R. Ferrocenyl Azoles: Versatile N-Containing Heterocycles and their Anticancer Activities. CHEM REC 2024; 24:e202300347. [PMID: 38984727 DOI: 10.1002/tcr.202300347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 05/04/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
The medicinal chemistry of ferrocene has gained its momentum after the discovery of biological activities of ferrocifen and ferroquine. These ferrocenyl drugs have been designed by replacing the aromatic moiety of the organic drugs, tamoxifen and chloroquine respectively, with a ferrocenyl unit. The promising biological activities of these ferrocenyl drugs have paved a path to explore the medicinal applications of several ferrocenyl conjugates. In these conjugates, the ferrocenyl moiety has played a vital role in enhancing or imparting the anticancer activity to the molecule. The ferrocenyl conjugates induce the cytotoxicity by generating reactive oxygen species and thereby damaging the DNA. In medicinal chemistry, the five membered nitrogen heterocycles (azoles) play a significant role due to their rigid ring structure and hydrogen bonding ability with the biomolecules. Several potent drug candidates with azole groups have been in use as chemotherapeutics. Considering the importance of ferrocenyl moiety and azole groups, several ferrocenyl azole conjugates have been synthesized and screened for their biological activities. Hence, in the view of a wide scope in the development of potent drugs based on ferrocenyl azole conjugates, herein we present the details of synthesis and the anticancer activities of ferrocenyl compounds bearing azole groups such as imidazole, triazoles, thiazole and isoxazoles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bhavya Deepthi Sadanala
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Present address, Department of Chemistry, Central University of Karnataka, Kalaburagi, 585367, Karnataka, India
| | - Rajiv Trivedi
- Catalysis and Fine Chemicals Department, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, Uppal Road, Tarnaka, Hyderabad, 500007, Telangana, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research, AcSIR, Headquarters, CSIR-HRDC campus Sector 19, Kamala Nehru Nagar, Ghaziabad, U.P., 201 002, India
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Casarrubias-Tabarez B, Rivera-Fernández N, Alarcón-Herrera N, Guerrero-Palomo G, Rojas-Lemus M, López-Valdez N, Anacleto-Santos J, Gonzalez-Villalva A, Ustarroz-Cano M, Fortoul TI. Evaluation of genotoxic damage, production reactive oxygen and nitrogen species in Plasmodium yoelii yoelii exposed to sodium metavanadate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2024; 108:104465. [PMID: 38734396 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2024.104465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 05/03/2024] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024]
Abstract
Malaria represents the greatest global health burden among all parasitic diseases, with drug resistance representing the primary obstacle to control efforts. Sodium metavanadate (NaVO3) exhibits antimalarial activity against the Plasmodium yoelii yoelii (Pyy), yet its precise antimalarial mechanism remains elusive. This study aimed to assess the antimalarial potential of NaVO3, evaluate its genotoxicity, and determine the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS/RNS) in Pyy. CD-1 mice were infected and divided into two groups: one treated orally with NaVO3 (10 mg/kg/day for 4 days) and the other untreated. A 50% decrease in parasitemia was observed in treated mice. All experimental days demonstrated DNA damage in exposed parasites, along with an increase in ROS and RNS on the fifth day, suggesting a possible parasitostatic effect. The results indicate that DNA is a target of NaVO3, but further studies are necessary to fully elucidate the mechanisms underlying its antimalarial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brenda Casarrubias-Tabarez
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico; Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Norma Rivera-Fernández
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Norberto Alarcón-Herrera
- Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Unidad de Posgrado, Edificio D, 1° Piso, Circuito de Posgrados, Ciudad Universitaria, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, Mexico; Instituto de Ciencias de la Atmósfera y Cambio Climático, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de México C.P. 04510, México.
| | - Gabriela Guerrero-Palomo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados-IPN, Av. IPN No. 2508, Col. San Pedro Zacatenco, Ciudad de México 07360, Mexico.
| | - Marcela Rojas-Lemus
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Nelly López-Valdez
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Jhony Anacleto-Santos
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Adriana Gonzalez-Villalva
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Martha Ustarroz-Cano
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
| | - Teresa I Fortoul
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Tisular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacán, Ciudad de Mexico C.P. 04510, Mexico.
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Ferreira FHDC, Pinto LR, Oliveira BA, Daniel LV, Navarro M, Delgado GYS. Analysis of the interaction of antimalarial agents with Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase through molecular mechanical calculations. J Mol Model 2024; 30:181. [PMID: 38780838 DOI: 10.1007/s00894-024-05968-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Accepted: 05/09/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
CONTEXT Malaria remains a significant global health challenge with emerging resistance to current treatments. Plasmodium falciparum glutathione reductase (PfGR) plays a critical role in the defense mechanisms of malaria parasites against oxidative stress. In this study, we investigate the potential of targeting PfGR with conventional antimalarials and dual drugs combining aminoquinoline derivatives with GR inhibitors, which reveal promising interactions between PfGR and studied drugs. The naphthoquinone Atovaquone demonstrated particularly high affinity and potential dual-mode binding with the enzyme active site and cavity. Furthermore, dual drugs exhibit enhanced binding affinity, suggesting their efficacy in inhibiting PfGR, where the aliphatic ester bond (linker) is essential for effective binding with the enzyme's active site. Overall, this research provides important insights into the interactions between antimalarial agents and PfGR and encourages further exploration of its role in the mechanisms of action of antimalarials, including dual drugs, to enhance antiparasitic efficacy. METHODS The drugs were tested as PfGR potential inhibitors via molecular docking on AutoDock 4, which was performed based on the preoptimized structures in HF/3-21G-PCM level of theory on ORCA 5. Drug-receptor systems with the most promising binding affinities were then studied with a molecular dynamic's simulation on AMBER 16. The molecular dynamics simulations were performed with a 100 ns NPT ensemble employing GAFF2 forcefield in the temperature of 310 K, integration time step of 2 fs, and non-bond cutoff distance of 6.0 Å.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frederico Henrique do C Ferreira
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - L R Pinto
- NEQC: Núcleo de Estudos em Química Computacional, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - B A Oliveira
- SINTBIOMOL: Tecnologia em Fármacos: Síntese de Biomoléculas, Avaliação Biológica e Repercussões Ambientais, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - L V Daniel
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - M Navarro
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil
| | - G Y Sánchez Delgado
- LaQBIC: Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departament of Chemistry, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, MG, 36.036-900, Brazil.
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Bansal S, Singh A, Poddar D, Thakur S, Jain P. A review on green approaches utilizing phytochemicals in the synthesis of vanadium nano particles and their applications. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 2024; 54:127-149. [PMID: 37530797 DOI: 10.1080/10826068.2023.2214916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/03/2023]
Abstract
In the modern era, inorganic nanoparticles have received profound attention as they possess boundless applications in various fields. Among these, vanadium-based nanoparticles (VNPs) are highly remarkable due to their inherent physiological and biological properties with many therapeutic and other applications, such as drug delivery systems for diseases like cancer, environmental remediation, energy storage, energy conversion, and photocatalysis. Moreover, physically, and chemically synthesized VNPs are very versatile, however, these synthesis routes cause concern to health and the environment due to the highly savage reaction conditions, using highly toxic and harsh chemicals, which compel the researchers to develop an eco-friendly, greener, and sustainable route for synthesis. In this outlook, to avoid the innumerable limitations, a bio approach is used over chemical and physical methods. This present review emphasis on the role of various biological components in the synthesis, especially Phyto-molecules that acts as capping and reducing agent, and solvent system for the nanoparticles synthesis. Furthermore, the influence of various factors on the biogenic synthesized nanoparticles has also been discussed. Finally, potential applications of as-synthesized VNPs, principally as an antimicrobial agent and their role as a nanomedicine, energy applications as a supercapacitor, and photocatalytic agents, have been discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Smriti Bansal
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (N.S.U.T), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Ankita Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (N.S.U.T), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Deepak Poddar
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (N.S.U.T), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Sanjeeve Thakur
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (N.S.U.T), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Purnima Jain
- Department of Chemistry, Netaji Subhas University of Technology (N.S.U.T), Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Friães S, Trigueiros C, Gomes CSB, Fernandes AR, Lenis-Rojas OA, Martins M, Royo B. Antimicrobial Activity of Manganese(I) Tricarbonyl Complexes Bearing 1,2,3-Triazole Ligands. Molecules 2023; 28:7453. [PMID: 37959872 PMCID: PMC10650380 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antimicrobial resistance is one of the most pressing health issues of our time. The increase in the number of antibiotic-resistant bacteria allied to the lack of new antibiotics has contributed to the current crisis. It has been predicted that if this situation is not dealt with, we will be facing 10 million deaths due to multidrug resistant infections per year by 2050, surpassing cancer-related deaths. This alarming scenario has refocused attention into researching alternative drugs to treat multidrug-resistant infections. AIMS In this study, the antimicrobial activities of four manganese complexes containing 1,2,3,-triazole and clotrimazole ligands have been evaluated. It is known that azole antibiotics coordinated to manganese tricarbonyl complexes display interesting antimicrobial activities against several microbes. In this work, the effect of the introduction of 1,2,3,-triazole-derived ligands in the [Mn(CO)3(clotrimazole)] fragment has been investigated against one Gram-positive bacterium and five Gram-negative bacteria. METHODS The initial antimicrobial activity of the above-mentioned complexes was assessed by determining the minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations using the broth microdilution method. Growth curves in the presence and absence of the complexes were performed to determine the effects of these complexes on the growth of the selected bacteria. A possible impact on cellular viability was determined by conducting the MTS assay on human monocytes. RESULTS Three of the Mn complexes investigated (4-6) had good antimicrobial activities against all the bacteria tested, with values ranging from 1.79 to 61.95 µM with minimal toxicity. CONCLUSIONS Due to the increased problem of antibiotic resistance and a lack of new antibacterial drugs with no toxicity, these results are exciting and show that these types of complexes can be an avenue to pursue in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Friães
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Cândida Trigueiros
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Clara S. B. Gomes
- LAQV-REQUIMTE and UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Ciências e Tecnologia, Universidade NOVA de Lisboa, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
| | - Alexandra R. Fernandes
- Associate Laboratory i4HB—Institute for Health and Bioeconomy, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal;
- UCIBIO—Applied Molecular Biosciences Unit, Department of Life Sciences, NOVA School of Science and Technology, NOVA University Lisbon, 2819-516 Caparica, Portugal
| | - Oscar A. Lenis-Rojas
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
| | - Marta Martins
- Department of Microbiology, Moyne Institute of Preventive Medicine, School of Genetics and Microbiology, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, D02 PN40 Dublin, Ireland
| | - Beatriz Royo
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, ITQB NOVA, Avenida da República, 2780-157 Oeiras, Portugal;
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Zhang Q, Ma Y, Liu H, Gu J, Sun X. Comparison of the Effects on Bovine Serum Albumin Induced by Different Forms of Vanadium. Biol Trace Elem Res 2023; 201:3088-3098. [PMID: 35915278 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-022-03373-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Various forms of vanadium coexist in vivo, and the behavior mechanism is different. An investigation of the separate and simultaneous binding of three vanadium forms with bovine serum albumin (BSA) was performed. VO(acac)2/NaVO3/VOSO4 bound to site I of BSA, and their binding constants were 4.26 × 105, 9.18 × 103, and 4.31 × 102 L mol-1 at 298 K, respectively. VO(acac)2 had the strongest binding ability to BSA and had the most influence on the secondary structure of BSA and the microenvironment of around amino acid residues. The effect of NaVO3 and VOSO4 coexistence on the binding of VO(acac)2 to BSA was therefore further investigated. Both NaVO3 and VOSO4 had an effect on the binding of VO(acac)2 and BSA, with NaVO3 having the most noticeable effect. NaVO3 interfered with the binding process of VO(acac)2 and BSA, increased the binding constant, and changed the binding forces between them. Competition and allosteric effect may be responsible for the change of binding process between VO(acac)2 and BSA in the presence of NaVO3/VOSO4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qionghua Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, 19, Keji Rd., New Songshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121013, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxuan Ma
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, 19, Keji Rd., New Songshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121013, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongrui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, 19, Keji Rd., New Songshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121013, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiali Gu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Bohai University, 19, Keji Rd., New Songshan District, Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, 121013, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuekai Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang, 110016, People's Republic of China
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Brenda CT, Norma RF, Marcela RL, Nelly LV, Teresa F. Vanadium compounds as antiparasitic agents: An approach to their mechanisms of action. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2023; 78:127201. [PMID: 37210920 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2023.127201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parasitic infections are a public health problem since they have high morbidity and mortality worldwide. In parasitosis such as malaria, leishmaniasis and trypanosomiasis it is necessary to develop new compounds for their treatment since an increase in drug resistance and toxic effects have been observed. Therefore, the use of different compounds that couple vanadium in their structure and that have a broad spectrum against different parasites have been proposed experimentally. OBJECTIVE Report the mechanisms of action exerted by vanadium in different parasites. CONCLUSION In this review, some of the targets that vanadium compounds have were identified and it was observed that they have a broad spectrum against different parasites, which represents an advance to continue investigating therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casarrubias-Tabarez Brenda
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Posgrado en Ciencias Biologicas, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rivera-Fernández Norma
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Microbiology and Parasitology. School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rojas-Lemus Marcela
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - López-Valdez Nelly
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Fortoul Teresa
- Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico; Department of Cellular and Tissue Biology, School of Medicine, UNAM, C.P. 04510, Coyoacan, Mexico City, Mexico.
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Kumari G, Gupta A, Sah RK, Gautam A, Saini M, Gupta A, Kushawaha AK, Singh S, Sasmal PK. Development of Mitochondria Targeting AIE-Active Cyclometalated Iridium Complexes as Potent Antimalarial Agents. Adv Healthc Mater 2022; 12:e2202411. [PMID: 36515128 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The emergence of resistance to conventional antimalarial treatments remains a major cause for concern. New drugs that target the distinct development stages of Plasmodium parasites are required to address this risk. Herein, water-soluble aggregation-induced emission active cyclometalated iridium(III) polypyridyl complexes (Ir1-Ir12) are developed for the elimination of malaria parasites. Remarkably, these complexes show potent antimalarial activity in low nanomolar range against 3D7 (chloroquine and artemisinin sensitive strain), RKL9 (chloroquine resistant strain), and R539T (artemisinin resistant strains) strains of Plasmodium falciparum with faster killing rate of malaria parasites. Concomitantly, these complexes exhibit efficient in vivo antimalarial activity against both the asexual and gametocyte stages of Plasmodium berghei malaria parasite, suggesting promising transmission-blocking potential. The complexes tend to localize into mitochondria of P. falciparum determined by image and cell-based assay. The mechanistic studies reveal that these complexes exert their antimalarial activity by increasing reactive oxygen species levels and disrupting its mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the mitochondrial-dependent antimalarial activity of these complexes is confirmed in yeast model. Thus, this study for the first time highlights the potential role of targeting P. falciparum mitochondria by iridium complexes in discovering and developing the next-generation antimalarial agents for treating multidrug resistant malaria parasites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Kumari
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Ajay Gupta
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Raj Kumar Sah
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Aryan Gautam
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Monika Saini
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.,Department of Life Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Gautam Budhha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, 201314, India
| | - Aashima Gupta
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Akhilesh K Kushawaha
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Pijus K Sasmal
- School of Physical Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
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Brenda CT, Norma RF, Marcela RL, Nelly LV, Teresa I F. Action mechanisms of metallic compounds on Plasmodium spp. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2022; 73:127028. [PMID: 35797926 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtemb.2022.127028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Malaria is a parasitic disease with the highest morbidity and mortality worldwide. Unfortunately, during the last decades, the causal agent, Plasmodium spp., has developed resistance to chloroquine and artemisinin. For this reason, metallic compounds have been proposed as an optional treatment since they have shown a potential antimalarial effect with diverse action mechanisms in the parasite and the host. OBJECTIVE To show the possible targets of metallic compounds in Plasmodium spp. CONCLUSION The metallic compounds are an option attractive to treatment for the malaria, for its low cost and its great activity to reduce parasitemia; however is necessary more studies principally in vivo in order to know the interactions that it can have in an experimental model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Casarrubias-Tabarez Brenda
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TIsular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, C.P. 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rivera-Fernández Norma
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, C.P. 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Rojas-Lemus Marcela
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TIsular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, C.P. 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - López-Valdez Nelly
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TIsular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, C.P. 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Fortoul Teresa I
- Departamento de Biología Celular y TIsular, Facultad de Medicina, UNAM, Av. Ciudad Universitaria 3000, Coyoacan, C.P. 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
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11
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Li Y, Zhao H, Niu C, Aisa HA, Hou X. Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Aurone Derivatives Containing Heterocyclic Substituents. RUSS J GEN CHEM+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070363222080254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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12
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Villarreal W, Castro W, González S, Madamet M, Amalvict R, Pradines B, Navarro M. Copper (I)-Chloroquine Complexes: Interactions with DNA and Ferriprotoporphyrin, Inhibition of β-Hematin Formation and Relation to Antimalarial Activity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2022; 15:ph15080921. [PMID: 35893745 PMCID: PMC9329717 DOI: 10.3390/ph15080921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/16/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
A new Cu(I)-chloroquine (CQ) complex [Cu(CQ)(PPh3)2]NO3 (1) was synthesized and characterized, and its mechanism of action studied concomitant with the previously reported complex [Cu(CQ)2]Cl (2). These copper (I) coordination compounds can be considered as potential antimalarial agents because they show better inhibition of the CQ-resistant strain in in vitro studies than CQ alone. In comparison with other metal-CQ complexes, only the gold complex was similar to (1), i.e., more active than CQ against both CQ-susceptible (3D7) and CQ-resistant strains (W2). These two copper (I)-compounds also demonstrated higher antiplasmodial activity against W2 than other copper complexes reported to date. This suggests that the incorporation of the copper metal center enhanced the biological activity of CQ. To better understand their significant growth inhibition of the Plasmodium falciparum parasite, the interaction with two essential molecular targets for the survival and proliferation of the malarial parasite were studied. These were the ferriprotoporphyrin group and the DNA, both important targets for current antimalarial drugs at the asexual erythrocytic stages. Both compounds (1,2) exhibited significant interactions with these targets. In particular, interactions with the DNA were dominated by the intercalator properties of the CQ ligand but may have also been affected by the presence of copper. Overall, these compounds were better parasitic inhibitors than chloroquine diphosphate (CQDP) alone or other previously reported metal-CQ complexes such as platinum, ruthenium and gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilmer Villarreal
- Grupo de Química Inorgânica Medicinal e Reações Aplicadas, Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre 91501-970, Brazil;
- Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; (W.C.); (S.G.)
| | - William Castro
- Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; (W.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Sorenlis González
- Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; (W.C.); (S.G.)
| | - Marylin Madamet
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (R.A.); (B.P.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Rémy Amalvict
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (R.A.); (B.P.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et Entomologie, Département Microbiologie et Maladies Infectieuses, Institut de Recherche Biomédicale des Armées, 13005 Marseille, France; (M.M.); (R.A.); (B.P.)
- Aix Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 13005 Marseille, France
- IHU Méditerranée Infection, 13005 Marseille, France
- Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 13005 Marseille, France
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Caracas 1020-A, Venezuela; (W.C.); (S.G.)
- Laboratório de Química Bioinorgânica e Catálise, Departamento de Química, Instituto de Ciências Exatas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), Juiz de Fora 36036-900, Brazil
- Correspondence:
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13
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Lai JW, Maah MJ, Sarip R, Lim YAL, Tim KL, Ng CH. Potency of copper(II) complexes towards drug-sensitive and -resistant Plasmodium falciparum: structure-activity relationship, ROS-generation and proteasome inhibition. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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14
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Al‐Buthabhak HS, Falasca V, Yu Y, Sobolev AN, Skelton BW, Moggach SA, Ferro V, Al‐Salami H, Baker MV. Au‐NHC complexes with thiocarboxylate ligands: synthesis, structure, stability, thiol exchange and
in vitro
anti‐cancer activity. Appl Organomet Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.6645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hawraa S. Al‐Buthabhak
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science University of Kufa Najaf Iraq
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Valerio Falasca
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Yu Yu
- Curtin Medical School, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Curtin University Perth WA Australia
- Division of Obstetrics & Gynaecology The University of Western Australia Medical School Perth WA Australia
| | - Alexandre N. Sobolev
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Brian W. Skelton
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Stephen A. Moggach
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
| | - Vito Ferro
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland Brisbane, QLD Australia
| | - Hani Al‐Salami
- Biotechnology and Drug Development Research Laboratory, Curtin Medical School & Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute Curtin University Perth WA Australia
- Hearing Therapeutics Ear Science Institute Australia Perth Western Australia Australia
| | - Murray V. Baker
- School of Molecular Sciences M310, The University of Western Australia Perth WA Australia
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15
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Abid M, Singh S, Egan TJ, Joshi MC. Structural activity relationship of metallo-aminoquines as a next generation antimalarials. Curr Top Med Chem 2022; 22:436-472. [PMID: 34986771 DOI: 10.2174/1568026622666220105103751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Apicomplexian parasite of the genus Plasmodium is the causative agent of malaria, one of the most devastating, furious and common infectious disease throughout the world. According to the latest World malaria report, there were 229 million cases of malaria in 2019 majorly consisting of children under 5 years of age. Some of known analogues viz. quinine, quinoline-containing compounds have been used for last century in the clinical treatment of malaria. Past few decades have witnessed the emergence of multi-drug resistance (MDR) strains of Plasmodium species to existing antimalarials pressing the need for new drug candidates. For the past few decades bioorganometallic approach to malaria therapy has been introduced which led to the discovery of noval metalcontaining aminoquinolines analogues viz. ferroquine (FQ or 1), Ruthenoquine (RQ or 2) and other related potent metal-analogues. It observed that some metal containing analogues (Fe-, Rh-, Ru-, Re-, Au-, Zn-, Cr-, Pd-, Sn-, Cd-, Ir-, Co-, Cu-, and Mn-aminoquines) were more potent; however, some were equally potent as Chloroquine (CQ) and 1. This is probably due to the intertion of metals in the CQ via various approaches, which might be a very attractive strategy to develop a SAR of novel metal containing antimalarials. Thus, this review aims to summarize the SAR of metal containing aminoquines towards the discovery of potent antimalarial hybrids to provide an insight for rational designs of more effective and less toxic metal containing amoniquines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Abid
- Department of Biosciences, Jamia Millia Islamia University, Jamia Nagar, New Delhi-110025, India
| | - Shailja Singh
- Special Centre for Molecular Medicine, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Mehroli Road, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Timothy J Egan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town-7700, South Africa
| | - Mukesh C Joshi
- Dept. of Chemistry, Motilal Nehru College, University of Delhi, Benito Juarez marg, South Campus, New Delhi-110021. India
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16
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Zhong T, Jiang N, Li C, Wang G. A highly selective fluorescence and absorption sensor for rapid recognition and detection of Cu 2+ ion in aqueous solution and film. LUMINESCENCE 2021; 37:391-398. [PMID: 34931444 DOI: 10.1002/bio.4180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A fluorescence and absorption chemosensor (SAAT) based on 5-(hydroxymethyl)-salicylaldehyde (SA) and o-aminothiophenol (AT) was designed and synthesized. SAAT in DMSO-HEPES (20.0 mM, v/v, 1:99, pH=7.0) solution shows a highly selective and sensitive absorption and "on-off" fluorescence response to Cu2+ ions in aqueous solutions over all other competitive metal ions including Na+ , Ag+ , Ba2+ , Ca2+ , Cd2+ , Mg2+ , Zn2+ , Cr3+ , Al3+ , Hg2+ , K+ , Mn2+ , Ni2+ , Sr2+ , Tb3+ and Co2+ . SAAT exhibits ratiometric absorption sensing ability for Cu2+ ions. Importantly, SAAT also can sense Cu2+ ions by fluorescence quenching, the fluorescence intensity of SAAT showed a good linear relationship with Cu2+ concentration, and the detection limit of Cu2+ was 0.34 μM. The results of Job's plot, Benesi-Hildebrand plot, mass spectra, and DFT calculations confirmed that the selective absorption and fluorescence response were attributed to the formation of 1:1 complex between SAAT and Cu2+ . SAAT in test film can identify Cu2+ in water samples by the intuitive fluorescence color change under UV lamp. SAAT has great application value as a selective and sensitive chemosensor to discrimination and detection of Cu2+ ions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyuan Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Nan Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
| | - Guang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Nanobiosensing and Nanobioanalysis at Universities of Jilin Province, Faculty of Chemistry, Northeast Normal University, Changchun, P. R. China
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17
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Wieczorek-Błauż A, Błauż A, Rychlik B, Plażuk D. The synthesis and biological activity of the 3-ferrocenylpropenamides derived from 5(4H)-oxazolones. J Organomet Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jorganchem.2021.122026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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18
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Yousuf S, Arjmand F, Tabassum S. Design, synthesis, ligand’s scaffold variation and structure elucidation of Cu(II) complexes; In vitro DNA binding, morphological studies and their anticancer activity. Polyhedron 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2021.115450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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19
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Patel D, Athar M, Jha PC. Exploring Ruthenium‐Based Organometallic Inhibitors against Plasmodium falciparum Calcium Dependent Kinase 2 (PfCDPK2): A Combined Ensemble Docking, QM/MM and Molecular Dynamics Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dhaval Patel
- Department of Biological Sciences and Biotechnology Institute of Advanced Research Gujarat 382426 India
| | - Mohd Athar
- School of Chemical Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar 382030 Gujarat India
- Center for Chemical Biology and Therapeutics InStem Bangalore 560065 Karnataka India
| | - Prakash C. Jha
- School of Applied Material Sciences Central University of Gujarat Gandhinagar 382030 Gujarat India
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20
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İLHAN CEYLAN B. Oxovanadium(IV) template derived from benzophenone S-allyl thiosemicarbazone: Synthesis, crystal structure, antioxidant activity and electrochemistry. JOURNAL OF THE TURKISH CHEMICAL SOCIETY, SECTION A: CHEMISTRY 2021. [DOI: 10.18596/jotcsa.911318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
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21
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Su X, Wang L, Xie J, Liu X, Tomás H. Cyclotriphosphazene-based Derivatives for Antibacterial Applications: An Update on Recent Advances. CURR ORG CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272824999201001154127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
As a phosphorus scaffold, hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP) is widely used
for the synthesis of varieties of derivatives, including metal-binding complexes and several
unique organometallic compounds, which exhibit potential catalytic, flame retardant and biological
activities. Some metal-binding HCCP derivatives have shown antibacterial activities as
free ligands and metal complexes. These derivatives can also serve as building blocks for the
formation of antibacterial metal-containing polymers. This mini-review is focused on the design
and development of HCCP derivatives as potential antibacterial agents with representative
examples as well as antibacterial mechanisms from recent years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiqi Su
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Le Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - JingHua Xie
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - XiaoHui Liu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University of Engineering Science, Shanghai, 201620, China
| | - Helena Tomás
- CQM-Centro de Quimica da Madeira, Universidade da Madeira, Campus da Penteada, 9020-105 Funchal, Portugal
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22
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Ishmail FZ, Melis DR, Mbaba M, Smith GS. Diversification of quinoline-triazole scaffolds with CORMs: Synthesis, in vitro and in silico biological evaluation against Plasmodium falciparum. J Inorg Biochem 2020; 215:111328. [PMID: 33340802 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2020.111328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
A discrete series of tricarbonyl manganese and rhenium complexes conjugated to a quinoline-triazole hybrid scaffold were synthesised and their inhibitory activities evaluated against Plasmodium falciparum. In general, the complexes show moderate activity with improved inhibitory activities for the photoactivatable manganese(I) tricarbonyl complexes in the malaria parasite. All complexes are active in the dark against the NF54 CQS (chloroquine-sensitive) and K1 MDR (multidrug-resistant) strains of Plasmodium falciparum, with IC50 values in the low micromolar range. Of significance, the complexes retain their activity in the MDR strain with resistance indices ranging between 1.1 and 2.1. The Mn(I) analogues display photodissociation of all three CO ligands upon irradiation at 365 nm. More importantly, the complexes show increased antimalarial activity in vitro upon photoactivation, something not observed by the clinically used reference drug, chloroquine. As a purported mechanism of action, the compounds were evaluated as β-haematin inhibitors. To further understand the interactions of the complexes, in silico hemozoin docking simulations were performed, attesting to the fact that CO-release could be vital for blocking the hemozoin formation pathway. These results show that this strategy may be a valuable, novel route to design antimalarial agents with higher efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima-Zahra Ishmail
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Diana R Melis
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Mziyanda Mbaba
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa
| | - Gregory S Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, Cape Town 7700, South Africa.
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23
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Sucipto TH, Wibrianto A, Martak F, Churrotin S, Amarullah IH, Setyawati H, Wardhani P, Aryati A, Soegijanto S. Effect of Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole Complex Against Replication DENV-2 in Vero Cell. INDONESIAN JOURNAL OF TROPICAL AND INFECTIOUS DISEASE 2020. [DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v8i3.11776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Dengue virus (DENV) is a significant pathogen emerging worldwide as a cause of infectious disease. DENVs are transmitted to humans through female mosquitoes from Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus species. Indonesia is one of the largest countries in the world in dengue endemic regions worldwide. Dengue fever was occurred for the first time as an outbreak in Surabaya and Jakarta in 1968. Many efforts have been made to prevent and treat DENV infections, and clinical trials of a number of vaccines are currently underway. Antiviral testing of DENV is an important alternative for drug characterization and development. Complex compounds are formed as a result of metal and organic complex reactions. Complex compounds can be used as an anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial antifungal, antibacterial, antivirus. The Zn2+ ion can be used as an antiviral candidate. The purpose of this project was investigated Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole antiviral compound to be further tested for inhibitory effect on the replication of DENV-2 in cell culture. DENV replication was measured by antiviral activity assay and cytotoxicity assay. The inhibitory activity of Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole complex compound was determined by Viral ToxGloTM Assay. The cytotoxicity of Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole complex compound was determined by CellTiter96® AQuoeus assay. The inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl- 1H-imidazole against dengue virus type-2 was 34.42 μg/ml. The cytotoxic concentration (CC50) of compound against Vero cell was <100 μg/ml. The results of this study demonstrate the antidengue serotype 2 inhibitory activity of investigated Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenyl-1H-imidazole complex and its high toxicity in Vero cells. Further studies are not required before investigated Zinc(II)-2,4,5-triphenylimidazole can be applied in the treatment of DENV-2 infections
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de Souza Pereira C, Costa Quadros H, Magalhaes Moreira DR, Castro W, Santos De Deus Da Silva RI, Botelho Pereira Soares M, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, Schmitz V, Dos Santos HF, Gendrot M, Fonta I, Mosnier J, Pradines B, Navarro M. A Novel Hybrid of Chloroquine and Primaquine Linked by Gold(I): Multitarget and Multiphase Antiplasmodial Agent. ChemMedChem 2020; 16:662-678. [PMID: 33231370 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium parasites kill 435 000 people around the world every year due to unavailable vaccines, a limited arsenal of antimalarial drugs, delayed treatment, and the reduced clinical effectiveness of current practices caused by drug resistance. Therefore, there is an urgent need to discover and develop new antiplasmodial candidates. In this work, we present a novel strategy to develop a multitarget metallic hybrid antimalarial agent with possible dual efficacy in both sexual and asexual erythrocytic stages. A hybrid of antimalarial drugs (chloroquine and primaquine) linked by gold(I) was synthesized and characterized by spectroscopic and analytical techniques. The CQPQ-gold(I) hybrid molecule affects essential parasite targets, it inhibits β-hematin formation and interacts moderately with the DNA minor groove. Its interaction with PfTrxR was also examined in computational modeling studies. The CQPQ-gold(I) hybrid displayed an excellent in vitro antimalarial activity against the blood-stage of Plasmodium falciparum and liver-stage of Plasmodium berghei and efficacy in vivo against P. berghei, thereby demonstrating its multiple-stage antiplasmodial activity. This metallic hybrid is a promising chemotherapeutic agent that could act in the treatment, prevention, and transmission of malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline de Souza Pereira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro Martelos, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Helenita Costa Quadros
- Instituto Gonçalo Moniz, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Av. Waldemar Falcão, 121, Candeal, Salvador, Bahia, Brasil
| | | | - William Castro
- Centro de Química, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas (IVIC), Centro de Química, Carretera Panamericana, Km 11, Altos de Pipe, San Antonio de los Altos Miranda, 1020-A, Caracas, Venezuela
| | | | | | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa <, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa <, Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Vinicius Schmitz
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro Martelos, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Hélio F Dos Santos
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro Martelos, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil
| | - Mathieu Gendrot
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Isabelle Fonta
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Joel Mosnier
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Bruno Pradines
- Unité Parasitologie et entomologie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, IRD, SSA, AP-HM, VITROME, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,IHU Méditerranée Infection, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France.,Centre National de Référence du Paludisme, 19-21 Bd Jean Moulin, 13005, Marseille, France
| | - Maribel Navarro
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, Rua José Lourenço Kelmer, s/n - Campus Universitário, Bairro Martelos, CEP 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brasil
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Mbaba M, Golding TM, Smith GS. Recent Advances in the Biological Investigation of Organometallic Platinum-Group Metal (Ir, Ru, Rh, Os, Pd, Pt) Complexes as Antimalarial Agents. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225276. [PMID: 33198217 PMCID: PMC7698227 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In the face of the recent pandemic and emergence of infectious diseases of viral origin, research on parasitic diseases such as malaria continues to remain critical and innovative methods are required to target the rising widespread resistance that renders conventional therapies unusable. The prolific use of auxiliary metallo-fragments has augmented the search for novel drug regimens in an attempt to combat rising resistance. The development of organometallic compounds (those containing metal-carbon bonds) as antimalarial drugs has been exemplified by the clinical development of ferroquine in the nascent field of Bioorganometallic Chemistry. With their inherent physicochemical properties, organometallic complexes can modulate the discipline of chemical biology by proffering different modes of action and targeting various enzymes. With the beneficiation of platinum group metals (PGMs) in mind, this review aims to describe recent studies on the antimalarial activity of PGM-based organometallic complexes. This review does not provide an exhaustive coverage of the literature but focusses on recent advances of bioorganometallic antimalarial drug leads, including a brief mention of recent trends comprising interactions with biomolecules such as heme and intracellular catalysis. This resource can be used in parallel with complementary reviews on metal-based complexes tested against malaria.
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Milheiro SA, Gonçalves J, Lopes RMRM, Madureira M, Lobo L, Lopes A, Nogueira F, Fontinha D, Prudêncio M, M Piedade MF, Pinto SN, Florindo PR, Moreira R. Half-Sandwich Cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) Complexes: A New Antimalarial Chemotype. Inorg Chem 2020; 59:12722-12732. [PMID: 32838513 DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.0c01795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
A small library of "half-sandwich" cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) compounds of the general formula [(η5-C5R5)Ru(PPh3)(N-N)][PF6], a scaffold hitherto absent from the toolbox of antiplasmodials, was screened for activity against the blood stage of CQ-sensitive 3D7-GFP, CQ-resistant Dd2, and artemisinin-resistant IPC5202 Plasmodium falciparum strains and the liver stage of Plasmodium berghei. The best-performing compounds displayed dual-stage activity, with single-digit nanomolar IC50 values against blood-stage malaria parasites, nanomolar activity against liver-stage parasites, and residual cytotoxicity against HepG2 and Huh7 mammalian cells. The parasitic absorption/distribution of 7-nitrobenzoxadiazole-appended fluorescent compounds Ru4 and Ru5 was investigated by confocal fluorescence microscopy, revealing parasite-selective absorption in infected erythrocytes and nuclear accumulation of both compounds. The lead compound Ru2 impaired asexual parasite differentiation, exhibiting fast parasiticidal activity against both ring and trophozoite stages of a synchronized culture of the P. falciparum 3D7 strain. These results point to cyclopentadienylruthenium(II) complexes as a highly promising chemotype for the development of dual-stage antiplasmodials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia A Milheiro
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Joana Gonçalves
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Ricardo M R M Lopes
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Margarida Madureira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Lis Lobo
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Andreia Lopes
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Fátima Nogueira
- Department of Medical Parasitology, Global Health and Tropical Medicine, GHTM, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, IHMT, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, UNL, Rua da Junqueira, 100, 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Diana Fontinha
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Miguel Prudêncio
- Instituto de Medicina Molecular João Lobo Antunes, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Egas Moniz, 1649-028 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - M Fátima M Piedade
- Centro de Química Estrutural, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal.,Departamento de Química e Bioquímica, Faculdade de Ciências da Universidade de Lisboa, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Sandra N Pinto
- iBB-Institute for Bioengineering and Biosciences, Department of Bioengineering, Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Rovisco Pais, 1049-001 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Pedro R Florindo
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Rui Moreira
- Instituto de Investigação do Medicamento (iMed.ULisboa), Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade de Lisboa, Av. Prof. Gama Pinto, 1649-003 Lisboa, Portugal
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Chellan P, Sadler PJ. Enhancing the Activity of Drugs by Conjugation to Organometallic Fragments. Chemistry 2020; 26:8676-8688. [PMID: 32452579 PMCID: PMC7496994 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201904699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a current clinical problem, especially in the treatment of microbial infections and cancer. One strategy to overcome this is to make new derivatives of existing drugs by conjugation to organometallic fragments, either by an appropriate linker, or by direct coordination of the drug to a metal. We illustrate this with examples of conjugated organometallic metallocene sandwich and half-sandwich complexes, RuII and OsII arene, and RhIII and IrIII cyclopentadienyl half-sandwich complexes. Ferrocene conjugates are particularly promising. The ferrocene-chloroquine conjugate ferroquine is in clinical trials for malaria treatment, and a ferrocene-tamoxifen derivative (a ferrocifen) seems likely to enter anticancer trails soon. Several other examples illustrate that organometallic conjugation can restore the activity of drugs to which resistance has developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prinessa Chellan
- Department of Chemistry and Polymer ScienceStellenbosch University7600Matieland, Western CapeSouth Africa
| | - Peter J. Sadler
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of WarwickCoventryCV4 7ALUK
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Quiñones Vélez G, Carmona-Sarabia L, Rodríguez-Silva WA, Rivera Raíces AA, Feliciano Cruz L, Hu T, Peterson E, López-Mejías V. Potentiating bisphosphonate-based coordination complexes to treat osteolytic metastases. J Mater Chem B 2020; 8:2155-2168. [PMID: 32095795 PMCID: PMC7106950 DOI: 10.1039/c9tb01857c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The hydrothermal reaction between bioactive metal (Ca2+, Zn2+, and Mg2+) salts and a clinically utilized bisphosphonate, alendronate (ALEN), promotes the formation of several materials denominated as bisphosphonate-based coordination complexes (BPCCs). The systematic exploration of the effect of three variables, M2+/ALEN molar ratio, temperature, and pH, on the reaction yielded an unprecedented number of materials of enough crystal quality for structural elucidation. Five crystal structures were unveiled by single crystal X-ray diffraction (ALEN-Ca forms I and II, ALEN-Zn forms I and II, and ALEN-Mg) and their solid-state properties revealed in tandem with other techniques. The dissolution of these BPCCs was tested and contrasted to that of the commercially employed generic form of Fosamax® Alendronate Sodium, using fasted-state simulated gastric fluid and phosphate-buffered saline solution. Quantification of ALEN content was performed by derivatization with Cu2+, which produced a soluble complex suitable for quantification. The results show that these materials present a pH-dependent degradation. Moreover, a phase inversion temperature (PIT) nano-emulsion method was applied to the synthesis of ALEN-Ca form II. Size distribution analysis demonstrated the efficiency of the PIT-nano-emulsion method to decrease the particle size of this BPCC from ∼60 μm to ∼438 d nm. The cytotoxicity of ALEN, ALEN-Ca form II (bulk crystals), and nano-Ca@ALEN (nanocrystals) against the MDA-MB-231 cell line was investigated. Nano-Ca@ALEN form II presents higher cytotoxicity effects than ALEN and ALEN-Ca form II (bulk crystals), showing inhibition of cell proliferation at 7.5 μM. These results provide evidence of the structure, stability, dissolution and cytotoxicity properties of ALEN-based BPCCs and pave the way for better formulation strategies for this drug through the design of nano-sized BPCCs for the treatment of bone-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Quiñones Vélez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA. and Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA
| | - Lesly Carmona-Sarabia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA. and Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA
| | - Waldemar A Rodríguez-Silva
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA
| | - Alondra A Rivera Raíces
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA
| | - Lorraine Feliciano Cruz
- Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA and Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA
| | - Tony Hu
- Department of Chemistry and the Molecular Design Institute, New York University, 100 Washington Square East, New York, New York 10003-6688, USA
| | - Esther Peterson
- Department of Biology, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA
| | - Vilmalí López-Mejías
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, Río Piedras, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931, USA. and Crystallization Design Institute, Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00926, USA
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Minić A, Van de Walle T, Van Hecke K, Combrinck J, Smith PJ, Chibale K, D'hooghe M. Design and synthesis of novel ferrocene-quinoline conjugates and evaluation of their electrochemical and antiplasmodium properties. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 187:111963. [PMID: 31865015 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.111963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The tropical disease malaria is responsible for more than 400,000 deaths annually, especially in Southeast Asia and Africa. Although the number of malaria cases is declining, there still is an urgent need for novel antimalarial agents. The emergence of hybrid antimalarial agents and the precedence set by the antimalarial drug ferroquine (FQ) prompted us to design new ferrocene-containing quinoline structures. Herein, we report the efficient synthesis of three different series of ferrocene-quinoline conjugates and a class of ferrocene-containing heterotricycles in good to high yields. For all twenty novel ferrocenyl derivatives, electrochemical properties were investigated using cyclic voltammetry and antiplasmodium evaluation against a chloroquine-susceptible NF54 strain of the human malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum was conducted, pointing to three compounds showing submicromolar potency. Subsequently, cytotoxicity assays against a Chinese Hamster Ovarian cell line and evaluation against a chloroquine-resistant strain of Plasmodium falciparum for these three compounds revealed selective and promising antiplasmodium activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Minić
- Faculty of Technical Sciences, University of Priština, Knjaza Miloša 7, 38220, Kosovska Mitrovica, Serbia; SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Tim Van de Walle
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kristof Van Hecke
- XStruct, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281, S3, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jill Combrinck
- Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hopsital, Obervatory, 7925, South Africa; Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, South Africa
| | - Peter J Smith
- Medical School, University of Cape Town, K45, OMB, Groote Schuur Hopsital, Obervatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery and Development Research Unit, Department of Chemistry and Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch, 7701, South Africa
| | - Matthias D'hooghe
- SynBioC Research Group, Department of Green Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000, Ghent, Belgium.
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Stringer T, Wiesner L, Smith GS. Ferroquine-derived polyamines that target resistant Plasmodium falciparum. Eur J Med Chem 2019; 179:78-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2019.06.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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31
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Esmail SAA, Shamsi M, Chen T, Al-asbahy WM. Design, synthesis and characterization of tin-based cancer chemotherapy drug entity: In vitro
DNA binding, cleavage, induction of cancer cell apoptosis by triggering DNA damage-mediated p53 phosphorylation and molecular docking. Appl Organomet Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/aoc.4651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Manal Shamsi
- Department of Chemistry; Ibb University; Ibb Yemen
| | - Tianfeng Chen
- Department of Chemistry; Jinan University; Guangzhou 510632 China
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32
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Ong YC, Roy S, Andrews PC, Gasser G. Metal Compounds against Neglected Tropical Diseases. Chem Rev 2018; 119:730-796. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.8b00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yih Ching Ong
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
| | - Saonli Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Wintherthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Philip C. Andrews
- School of Chemistry, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Laboratory for Inorganic Chemical Biology, Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, 11 rue Pierre et Marie Curie, F-75005 Paris, France
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Fonseca D, Páez C, Ibarra L, García-Huertas P, Macías MA, Triana-Chávez O, Hurtado JJ. Metal complex derivatives of bis(pyrazol-1-yl)methane ligands: synthesis, characterization and anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity. TRANSIT METAL CHEM 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11243-018-0277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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34
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Patanjali P, Kumar R, Sourabh, Kumar A, Chaudhary P, Singh R. Reviewing Gold(III) complexes as effective biological operators. MAIN GROUP CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.3233/mgc-180247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pooja Patanjali
- Department of Chemistry, Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Sourabh
- Department of Chemistry, Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Amit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
| | - Pratibha Chaudhary
- Maitreyi College, University of Delhi, Bapudham Complex, Chanakyapuri, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajeev Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Material/Organometallics Laboratory, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, Dhaula Kuan, New Delhi, India
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35
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Potkin VI, Petkevich SK, Kletskov AV, Kolesnik IA, Dikusar EA, Rozentsveig IB, Levkovskaya GG, Nasirova DK, Borisova KK, Zubkov FI. Synthesis of Azaheterocyclic Cymantrene Derivatives. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2018. [DOI: 10.1134/s1070428018030132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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36
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Mou RQ, Zhao M, Lv XX, Zhang SY, Guo DS. An efficient and green synthesis of ferrocenyl-quinoline conjugates via a TsOH-catalyzed three-component reaction in water. RSC Adv 2018; 8:9555-9563. [PMID: 35541872 PMCID: PMC9078733 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra01004h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
An efficient and green synthesis of 4-ferrocenylquinoline derivatives through a TsOH-catalyzed three-component reaction of aromatic aldehydes, amines and ferrocenylacetylene in water has been successfully developed. This strategy is a powerful method for the construction of diverse ferrocenyl-quinoline conjugates from simple available starting materials as it minimized the use of metal catalyst and organic solvent in the reaction process. The conjugates feature unique structures and excellent electronic properties. Moreover, a plausible mechanism for this TsOH-catalyzed three-component reaction was proposed and assessed. We have successfully developed a green method for facile and efficient synthesis of ferrocenyl-quinoline conjugates from available starting materials via a TsOH-mediated three-component reaction in water.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui-Qi Mou
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
| | - Mei Zhao
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
| | - Xue-Xin Lv
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
| | - Sheng-Yan Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
| | - Dian-Shun Guo
- College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Functionalized Probes for Chemical Imaging in Universities of Shandong
- Shandong Normal University
- Jinan 250014
- P. R. China
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Karaca Ö, Scalcon V, Meier-Menches SM, Bonsignore R, Brouwer JMJL, Tonolo F, Folda A, Rigobello MP, Kühn FE, Casini A. Characterization of Hydrophilic Gold(I) N-Heterocyclic Carbene (NHC) Complexes as Potent TrxR Inhibitors Using Biochemical and Mass Spectrometric Approaches. Inorg Chem 2017; 56:14237-14250. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.inorgchem.7b02345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Özden Karaca
- Molecular
Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF103AT Cardiff, U.K
| | - Valeria Scalcon
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | | | | | - Jurriaan M. J. L. Brouwer
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
- Groningen
Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9713GV Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Federica Tonolo
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Alessandra Folda
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Rigobello
- Department
of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Via Ugo Bassi 58/b, 35121 Padova, Italy
| | - Fritz E. Kühn
- Molecular
Catalysis, Department of Chemistry, Catalysis Research Center, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 4, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
| | - Angela Casini
- School
of Chemistry, Cardiff University, Park Place, CF103AT Cardiff, U.K
- Groningen
Research Institute of Pharmacy, University of Groningen, A. Deusinglaan
1, 9713GV Groningen, The Netherlands
- Institute
of Advanced Studies, Technische Universität München, Lichtenbergstraße 2a, 85747 Garching bei München, Germany
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38
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Saravana Mani K, Rajendran SP. L-Proline catalyzed three component synthesis of pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole-5-carbonitrile derivatives and in vitro antimalarial evaluation. SYNTHETIC COMMUN 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/00397911.2017.1362437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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39
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Lam K, Van Wyck SJ, Geiger WE. One-electron oxidation of chloroquine, cymanquine, and related aminoquinolines in nonaqueous media. J Electroanal Chem (Lausanne) 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelechem.2017.06.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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40
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Kumar S, Singh A, Kumar K, Kumar V. Recent insights into synthetic β-carbolines with anti-cancer activities. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 142:48-73. [PMID: 28583770 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.05.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer, an uncontrolled and rapid proliferation of abnormal cells, has become one of the leading cause of death worldwide. The development of resistance among the numerous drugs in clinical use has provided strong impetus for the identification and development of novel cancer therapeutics. β-carbolines constitute an important class of pharmacologically active scaffolds known to exert their anticancer activities via diverse mechanisms. The purpose of present review article is to update the readers on the current developments in β-carbolines with an emphasis on synthetic strategies, structure-activity relationships, mechanism of action and in vivo studies wherever possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Amandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India
| | - Kewal Kumar
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering & Technology, MRSPTU, Dabwali Road, Bathinda, 151001, India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry, Guru Nanak Dev University, Amritsar, 143005, India.
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41
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Singh A, Rani A, Gut J, Rosenthal PJ, Kumar V. Piperazine-linked 4-aminoquinoline-chalcone/ferrocenyl-chalcone conjugates: Synthesis and antiplasmodial evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2017; 90:590-595. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2017] [Revised: 03/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Anu Rani
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Jiri Gut
- Department of Medicine; University of California; San Francisco CA USA
| | | | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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Praziquantel for Schistosomiasis: Single-Drug Metabolism Revisited, Mode of Action, and Resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:AAC.02582-16. [PMID: 28264841 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02582-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 217] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Schistosomiasis, a major neglected tropical disease, affects more than 250 million people worldwide. Treatment of schistosomiasis has relied on the anthelmintic drug praziquantel (PZQ) for more than a generation. PZQ is the drug of choice for the treatment of schistosomiasis; it is effective against all major forms of schistosomiasis, although it is less active against juvenile than mature parasites. A pyrazino-isoquinoline derivative, PZQ is not considered to be toxic and generally causes few or transient, mild side effects. Increasingly, mass drug administration targeting populations in sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is endemic has led to the appearance of reduced efficacy of PZQ, which portends the selection of drug-resistant forms of these pathogens. The synthesis of improved derivatives of PZQ is attracting attention, e.g., in the (i) synthesis of drug analogues, (ii) rational design of pharmacophores, and (iii) discovery of new compounds from large-scale screening programs. This article reviews reports from the 1970s to the present on the metabolism and mechanism of action of PZQ and its derivatives against schistosomes.
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Fourmy K, Gouygou M, Dechy-Cabaret O, Benoit-Vical F. Gold(I) complexes bearing phosphole ligands: Synthesis and antimalarial activity. CR CHIM 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.crci.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Stringer T, Seldon R, Liu N, Warner DF, Tam C, Cheng LW, Land KM, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Antimicrobial activity of organometallic isonicotinyl and pyrazinyl ferrocenyl-derived complexes. Dalton Trans 2017; 46:9875-9885. [DOI: 10.1039/c7dt01952a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Isonicotinyl and pyrazinyl ferrocenyl-derived complexes were evaluatedin vitrofor antimycobacterial and antiparasitic activity.
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Martínez A, Deregnaucourt C, Sinou V, Latour C, Roy D, Schrével J, Sánchez-Delgado RA. Synthesis of an organo-ruthenium aminoquinoline-trioxane hybrid and evaluation of its activity against Plasmodium falciparum and its toxicity toward normal mammalian cells. Med Chem Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-016-1769-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Singh A, Biot C, Viljoen A, Dupont C, Kremer L, Kumar K, Kumar V. 1H
-1,2,3-triazole-tethered uracil-ferrocene and uracil-ferrocenylchalcone conjugates: Synthesis and antitubercular evaluation. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:856-861. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Amandeep Singh
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
| | - Christophe Biot
- UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle; University of Lille; Lille France
- CNRS; UMR 8576; Lille France
| | - Albertus Viljoen
- CNRS; Centre d'étude d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Christian Dupont
- CNRS; Centre d'étude d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
| | - Laurent Kremer
- CNRS; Centre d'étude d'agents Pathogènes et Biotechnologies pour la Santé; Université de Montpellier; Montpellier France
- INSERM; CPBS; Montpellier France
| | - Kewal Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
- Department of Applied Chemistry; Giani Zail Singh Campus College of Engineering and Technology; MRSPTU; Bathinda Punjab India
| | - Vipan Kumar
- Department of Chemistry; Guru Nanak Dev University; Amritsar Punjab India
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Adams M, de Kock C, Smith PJ, Chibale K, Smith GS. Evaluation of Ferrocenyl-Containing Benzothiazoles as Potential Antiplasmodial Agents. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201601000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Muneebah Adams
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Carmen de Kock
- Division of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; University of Cape Town; Groote Schuur Hospital; K45, OMB, Observatory 7925 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Peter J. Smith
- Division of Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; University of Cape Town; Groote Schuur Hospital; K45, OMB, Observatory 7925 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Kelly Chibale
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
- Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
- South African Medical Research Council Drug Discovery & Development Research Unit; University of Cape Town; Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
| | - Gregory S. Smith
- Department of Chemistry; University of Cape Town; Private Bag, Rondebosch 7701 Cape Town South Africa
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Hess J, Patra M, Rangasamy L, Konatschnig S, Blacque O, Jabbar A, Mac P, Jorgensen EM, Gasser RB, Gasser G. Organometallic Derivatization of the Nematocidal Drug Monepantel Leads to Promising Antiparasitic Drug Candidates. Chemistry 2016; 22:16602-16612. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Loganathan Rangasamy
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Sandro Konatschnig
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Olivier Blacque
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Patrick Mac
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0840 USA
| | - Erik M. Jorgensen
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute Department of Biology University of Utah Salt Lake City UT 84112-0840 USA
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences The University of Melbourne Parkville, Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department of Chemistry University of Zurich Winterthurerstrasse 190 8057 Zurich Switzerland
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Hess J, Patra M, Pierroz V, Spingler B, Jabbar A, Ferrari S, Gasser RB, Gasser G. Synthesis, Characterization, and Biological Activity of Ferrocenyl Analogues of the Anthelmintic Drug Monepantel. Organometallics 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.organomet.6b00577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeannine Hess
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Malay Patra
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Vanessa Pierroz
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernhard Spingler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Abdul Jabbar
- Faculty
of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Stefano Ferrari
- Institute
of Molecular Cancer Research, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse
190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Robin B. Gasser
- Faculty
of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Gilles Gasser
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, CH-8057 Zurich, Switzerland
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