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Xin F, Ren X, Lin X, Ma W, Ran B, Teng Y, Gao P, Wang C, Wu L, Cun D, Zhang J. Rapid isolation of extracellular vesicles using covalent organic frameworks combined with microfluidic technique. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2024; 245:116153. [PMID: 38636194 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2024.116153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Revised: 03/29/2024] [Accepted: 04/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized lipid-membrane vesicles involved in intercellular communication and reflecting the physiological and pathological processes of their parental cells. Rapid isolation of EVs with low cost is an essential precondition for downstream function exploration and clinical applications. In this work, we designed a novel EVs isolation device based on the boronated organic framework (BOF) coated recyclable microfluidic chip (named EVs-BD) to separate EVs from cell culture media. Using a reactive oxygen species responsive phenylboronic ester compound, the highly porous BOF with a pore size in the range of 10-300 nm was prepared by crosslinking γ-cyclodextrin metal-organic frameworks. A mussel-inspired polydopamine (PDA)/polyethyleneimine (PEI) coating was employed to pattern BOF on the PDMS substrate of microfluidic channels. The EVs-BD was demonstrated to offer distinct advantages over the traditional ultracentrifugation method, such as operation simplicity and safety, reduced time and expense, and low expertize requirements. All things considered, a novel approach of EV acquisition has been successfully developed, which can be customized easily to meet the requirements of various EV-relevant research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Xin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226126, China
| | - Xiaohong Ren
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, 999078, Macau
| | - Xueyuan Lin
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226126, China
| | - Wuzhen Ma
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Ran
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China
| | - Yupu Teng
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226126, China
| | - Ping Gao
- Yangtze Delta Drug Advanced Research Institute, Nantong 226126, China
| | - Caifen Wang
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China
| | - Li Wu
- Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Dongmei Cun
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China.
| | - Jiwen Zhang
- Shenyang Pharmaceutical University, Shenyang 110016, China; Center for Drug Delivery System, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; School of Pharmacy, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Pharmaceutical Excipients, National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing 100050, China.
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Zhao X, Zhai L, Chen J, Zhou Y, Gao J, Xu W, Li X, Liu K, Zhong T, Xiao Y, Yu X. Recent Advances in Microfluidics for the Early Detection of Plant Diseases in Vegetables, Fruits, and Grains Caused by Bacteria, Fungi, and Viruses. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2024. [PMID: 38875493 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.4c00454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2024]
Abstract
In the context of global population growth expected in the future, enhancing the agri-food yield is crucial. Plant diseases significantly impact crop production and food security. Modern microfluidics offers a compact and convenient approach for detecting these defects. Although this field is still in its infancy and few comprehensive reviews have explored this topic, practical research has great potential. This paper reviews the principles, materials, and applications of microfluidic technology for detecting plant diseases caused by various pathogens. Its performance in realizing the separation, enrichment, and detection of different pathogens is discussed in depth to shed light on its prospects. With its versatile design, microfluidics has been developed for rapid, sensitive, and low-cost monitoring of plant diseases. Incorporating modules for separation, preconcentration, amplification, and detection enables the early detection of trace amounts of pathogens, enhancing crop security. Coupling with imaging systems, smart and digital devices are increasingly being reported as advanced solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingzi Zhai
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
- Department of Food Science & Technology, National University of Singapore, Science Drive 2, Singapore 117542, Singapore
| | - Jingwen Chen
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
- Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen 6708 WG, The Netherlands
| | - Yongzhi Zhou
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhe Gao
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenxiao Xu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Kaixu Liu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Tian Zhong
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Ying Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Taipa, Macao 999078, People's Republic of China
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
| | - Xi Yu
- Faculty of Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, People's Republic of China
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Li X, Wang M, Davis TP, Zhang L, Qiao R. Advancing Tissue Culture with Light-Driven 3D-Printed Microfluidic Devices. BIOSENSORS 2024; 14:301. [PMID: 38920605 PMCID: PMC11201418 DOI: 10.3390/bios14060301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 06/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/06/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
Three-dimensional (3D) printing presents a compelling alternative for fabricating microfluidic devices, circumventing certain limitations associated with traditional soft lithography methods. Microfluidics play a crucial role in the biomedical sciences, particularly in the creation of tissue spheroids and pharmaceutical research. Among the various 3D printing techniques, light-driven methods such as stereolithography (SLA), digital light processing (DLP), and photopolymer inkjet printing have gained prominence in microfluidics due to their rapid prototyping capabilities, high-resolution printing, and low processing temperatures. This review offers a comprehensive overview of light-driven 3D printing techniques used in the fabrication of advanced microfluidic devices. It explores biomedical applications for 3D-printed microfluidics and provides insights into their potential impact and functionality within the biomedical field. We further summarize three light-driven 3D printing strategies for producing biomedical microfluidic systems: direct construction of microfluidic devices for cell culture, PDMS-based microfluidic devices for tissue engineering, and a modular SLA-printed microfluidic chip to co-culture and monitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Liwen Zhang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Ruirui Qiao
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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Vasconez Martinez MG, Frauenlob M, Rothbauer M. An update on microfluidic multi-organ-on-a-chip systems for reproducing drug pharmacokinetics: the current state-of-the-art. Expert Opin Drug Metab Toxicol 2024; 20:459-471. [PMID: 38832686 DOI: 10.1080/17425255.2024.2362183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Advances in the accessibility of manufacturing technologies and iPSC-based modeling have accelerated the overall progress of organs-on-a-chip. Notably, the progress in multi-organ systems is not progressing with equal speed, indicating that there are still major technological barriers to overcome that may include biological relevance, technological usability as well as overall accessibility. AREAS COVERED We here review the progress in the field of multi-tissue- and body-on-a-chip pre and post- SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and review five selected studies with increasingly complex multi-organ chips aiming at pharmacological studies. EXPERT OPINION We discuss future and necessary advances in the field of multi-organ chips including how to overcome challenges regarding cell diversity, improved culture conditions, model translatability as well as sensor integrations to enable microsystems to cover organ-organ interactions in not only toxicokinetic but more importantly pharmacodynamic and -kinetic studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Frauenlob
- CellChipGroup, Institute of Applied Synthetic Chemistry, Technische Universitaet Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Mario Rothbauer
- Karl Chiari Lab for Orthopaedic Biology, Department of Orthopedics and Trauma Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Xu M, Vidler C, Wang J, Chen X, Pan Z, Harley WS, Lee PVS, Collins DJ. Micro-Acoustic Holograms for Detachable Microfluidic Devices. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2307529. [PMID: 38174594 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Acoustic microfluidic devices have advantages for diagnostic applications, therapeutic solutions, and fundamental research due to their contactless operation, simple design, and biocompatibility. However, most acoustofluidic approaches are limited to forming simple and fixed acoustic patterns, or have limited resolution. In this study,a detachable microfluidic device is demonstrated employing miniature acoustic holograms to create reconfigurable, flexible, and high-resolution acoustic fields in microfluidic channels, where the introduction of a solid coupling layer makes these holograms easy to fabricate and integrate. The application of this method to generate flexible acoustic fields, including shapes, characters, and arbitrarily rotated patterns, within microfluidic channels, is demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingxin Xu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Callum Vidler
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Jizhen Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Xi Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Zijian Pan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - William S Harley
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Peter V S Lee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Graeme Clarke Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
| | - David J Collins
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
- Graeme Clarke Institute, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, 3052, Australia
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6
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Jiang W, Tang Q, Zhu Y, Gu X, Wu L, Qin Y. Research progress of microfluidics-based food safety detection. Food Chem 2024; 441:138319. [PMID: 38218144 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2023.138319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024]
Abstract
High demands for food safety detection and analysis have been advocated with people's increasing living standards. Even though numerous analytical testing techniques have been proposed, their widespread adoption is still constrained by the high limit of detection, narrow detection ranges, and high implementation costs. Due to their advantages, such as reduced sample and reagent consumption, high sensitivity, automation, low cost, and portability, using microfluidic devices for food safety monitoring has generated significant interest. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the latest microfluidic detection platforms (published in recent 4 years) and their applications in food safety, aiming to provide references for developing efficient research strategies for food contaminant detection and facilitating the transition of these platforms from laboratory research to practical field use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Jiang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Qu Tang
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Yidan Zhu
- Medical School, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China
| | - Xijuan Gu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China
| | - Li Wu
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China; School of Life Science, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226001, PR China.
| | - Yuling Qin
- Nantong Key Laboratory of Public Health and Medical Analysis, School of Public Health, Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu 226019, PR China.
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Izaguirre M, Parsa S. Emergence of preferential flow paths and intermittent dynamics in emulsion transport in porous media. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3585-3592. [PMID: 38440894 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01465g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2024]
Abstract
We investigate the dynamics of emulsions within a two-dimensional porous medium using an integrated experimental approach that combines pore-level dynamics of single emulsions and bulk transport properties of the medium. Using an on-chip microfluidic drop-maker, we precisely control the concentration and sizes of emulsions injected into the medium. The dynamics of emulsion droplets are highly intermittent despite a small average velocity over the trajectory of an individual emulsion. At low concentrations, emulsions predominantly flow through pores with higher local velocities including pores smaller than the size of emulsion droplets, leading to trapping of emulsions and a decrease in medium porosity. Preferential pathways for the emulsions emerge within the medium once the porosity of the medium decreases significantly, from 55% to 36%. At constant injection flow rates and low concentrations of monodisperse emulsions, these pathways remain the only paths of transport of emulsions within the medium. Introducing a slight polydispersity in emulsion sizes unveiled additional transport pathways. Our pore-level measurements reveal that the average velocity of emulsions scales with the inverse residence time of an emulsion, and this scaling separates the emulsions into distinct groups along the emergent preferential pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Izaguirre
- Center for Imaging Science, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Shima Parsa
- School of Physics and Astronomy, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, USA.
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Gao F, Rafiq M, Cong H, Yu B, Shen Y. Current research status and development prospects of embolic microspheres containing biological macromolecules and others. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 267:131494. [PMID: 38608974 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.131494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2023] [Revised: 03/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
Transcatheter arterial embolization (TACE) has been used in the treatment of malignant tumors, sudden hemorrhage, uterine fibroids, and other diseases, and with advances in imaging techniques and devices, materials science, and drug release technology, more and more embolic agents that are drug-carrying, self-imaging, or have multiple functions are being developed. Microspheres provide safer and more effective therapeutic results as embolic agents, with their unique spherical appearance and good embolic properties. Embolic microspheres are the key to arterial embolization, blocking blood flow and nutrient supply to the tumor target. This review summarizes some of the currently published embolic microspheres, classifies embolic microspheres according to matrix, and summarizes the characteristics of the microsphere materials, the current status of research, directions, and the value of existing and potential applications. It provides a direction to promote the development of embolic microspheres towards multifunctionalization, and provides a reference to promote the research and application of embolic microspheres in the treatment of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Gao
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Muhammad Rafiq
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Hailin Cong
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shandong University of Technology, Zibo 255000, China.
| | - Bing Yu
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; State Key Laboratory of Bio-Fibers and Eco-Textiles, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Youqing Shen
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Institute of Biomedical Materials and Engineering, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Key Laboratory of Biomass Chemical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Center for Bionanoengineering, and Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
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Hussain M, He X, Wang C, Wang Y, Wang J, Chen M, Kang H, Yang N, Ni X, Li J, Zhou X, Liu B. Recent advances in microfluidic-based spectroscopic approaches for pathogen detection. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:031505. [PMID: 38855476 PMCID: PMC11162289 DOI: 10.1063/5.0204987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
Rapid identification of pathogens with higher sensitivity and specificity plays a significant role in maintaining public health, environmental monitoring, controlling food quality, and clinical diagnostics. Different methods have been widely used in food testing laboratories, quality control departments in food companies, hospitals, and clinical settings to identify pathogens. Some limitations in current pathogens detection methods are time-consuming, expensive, and laborious sample preparation, making it unsuitable for rapid detection. Microfluidics has emerged as a promising technology for biosensing applications due to its ability to precisely manipulate small volumes of fluids. Microfluidics platforms combined with spectroscopic techniques are capable of developing miniaturized devices that can detect and quantify pathogenic samples. The review focuses on the advancements in microfluidic devices integrated with spectroscopic methods for detecting bacterial microbes over the past five years. The review is based on several spectroscopic techniques, including fluorescence detection, surface-enhanced Raman scattering, and dynamic light scattering methods coupled with microfluidic platforms. The key detection principles of different approaches were discussed and summarized. Finally, the future possible directions and challenges in microfluidic-based spectroscopy for isolating and detecting pathogens using the latest innovations were also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xu He
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Chao Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Yichuan Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Mingyue Chen
- Engineering Research Center of Intelligent Theranostics Technology and Instruments, Ministry of Education, School of Biomedical Engineering and Informatics, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 211166, China
| | - Haiquan Kang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou 221002, China
| | | | - Xinye Ni
- The Affiliated Changzhou Second People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou Second People's Hospital, Changzhou Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou 213161, China
| | | | - Xiuping Zhou
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Peoples Hospital of Rugao, Rugao Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong 226500, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:
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Alsved J, Rezayati Charan M, Ohlsson P, Urbansky A, Augustsson P. Label-free separation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells from whole blood by gradient acoustic focusing. Sci Rep 2024; 14:8748. [PMID: 38627566 PMCID: PMC11021555 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-59156-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2023] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
Efficient techniques for separating target cells from undiluted blood are necessary for various diagnostic and research applications. This paper presents acoustic focusing in dense media containing iodixanol to purify peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from whole blood in a label-free and flow-through format. If the blood is laminated or mixed with iodixanol solutions while passing through the resonant microchannel, all the components (fluids and cells) rearrange according to their acoustic impedances. Red blood cells (RBCs) have higher effective acoustic impedance than PBMCs. Therefore, they relocate to the pressure node despite the dense medium, while PBMCs stay near the channel walls due to their negative contrast factor relative to their surrounding medium. By modifying the medium and thus tuning the contrast factor of the cells, we enriched PBMCs relative to RBCs by a factor of 3600 to 11,000 and with a separation efficiency of 85%. That level of RBC depletion is higher than most other microfluidic methods and similar to that of density gradient centrifugation. The current acoustophoretic chip runs up to 20 µl/min undiluted whole blood and can be integrated with downstream analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Alsved
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Mahdi Rezayati Charan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Pelle Ohlsson
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anke Urbansky
- AcouSort AB, Medicon Village, S-223 81, Lund, Sweden
| | - Per Augustsson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Lund University, Ole Römers väg 3, 22363, Lund, Sweden.
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11
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Wang W, Xia L, Xiao X, Li G. Recent Progress on Microfluidics Integrated with Fiber-Optic Sensors for On-Site Detection. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 24:2067. [PMID: 38610279 PMCID: PMC11014287 DOI: 10.3390/s24072067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2024] [Revised: 03/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/14/2024]
Abstract
This review introduces a micro-integrated device of microfluidics and fiber-optic sensors for on-site detection, which can detect certain or several specific components or their amounts in different samples within a relatively short time. Fiber-optics with micron core diameters can be easily coated and functionalized, thus allowing sensors to be integrated with microfluidics to separate, enrich, and measure samples in a micro-device. Compared to traditional laboratory equipment, this integrated device exhibits natural advantages in size, speed, cost, portability, and operability, making it more suitable for on-site detection. In this review, the various optical detection methods used in this integrated device are introduced, including Raman, ultraviolet-visible, fluorescence, and surface plasmon resonance detections. It also provides a detailed overview of the on-site detection applications of this integrated device for biological analysis, food safety, and environmental monitoring. Lastly, this review addresses the prospects for the future development of microfluidics integrated with fiber-optic sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaohua Xiao
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.W.); (L.X.)
| | - Gongke Li
- School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (W.W.); (L.X.)
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12
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Wang X, Li X, Pu A, Shun HB, Chen C, Ai L, Tan Z, Zhang J, Liu K, Gao J, Ban K, Yao X. On-chip droplet analysis and cell spheroid screening by capillary wrapping enabled shape-adaptive ferrofluid transporters. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:1782-1793. [PMID: 38358122 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00906h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
Non-invasive droplet manipulation with no physical damage to the sample is important for the practical value of manipulation tools in multidisciplinary applications from biochemical analysis and diagnostics to cell engineering. It is a challenge to achieve this for most existing photothermal, electric stimuli, and magnetic field-based technologies. Herein, we present a droplet handling toolbox, the ferrofluid transporter, for non-invasive droplet manipulation in an oil environment. It involves the transport of droplets with high robustness and efficiency owing to low interfacial friction. This capability caters to various scenarios including droplets with varying components and solid cargo. Moreover, we fabricated a droplet array by transporter positioning and achieved droplet gating and sorting for complex manipulation in the droplet array. Benefiting from the ease of scale-up and high biocompatibility, the transporter-based droplet array can serve as a digital microfluidic platform for on-chip droplet-based bioanalysis, cell spheroid culture, and downstream drug screening tests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejiao Wang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Aoyang Pu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Ho Bak Shun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Cien Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Liqing Ai
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Zhaoling Tan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Jilin Zhang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Kai Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Jun Gao
- Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266101, Shandong Province, P. R. China.
| | - Kiwon Ban
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
| | - Xi Yao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Department of Infectious Diseases and Public Health, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong, P. R. China.
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518075, P. R. China
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13
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Bai C, Tang X, Li Y, Arai T, Huang Q, Liu X. Acoustohydrodynamic micromixers: Basic mixing principles, programmable mixing prospectives, and biomedical applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2024; 18:021505. [PMID: 38659428 PMCID: PMC11037935 DOI: 10.1063/5.0179750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Acoustohydrodynamic micromixers offer excellent mixing efficiency, cost-effectiveness, and flexible controllability compared with conventional micromixers. There are two mechanisms in acoustic micromixers: indirect influence by induced streamlines, exemplified by sharp-edge micromixers, and direct influence by acoustic waves, represented by surface acoustic wave micromixers. The former utilizes sharp-edge structures, while the latter employs acoustic wave action to affect both the fluid and its particles. However, traditional micromixers with acoustic bubbles achieve significant mixing performance and numerous programmable mixing platforms provide excellent solutions with wide applicability. This review offers a comprehensive overview of various micromixers, elucidates their underlying principles, and explores their biomedical applications. In addition, advanced programmable micromixing with impressive versatility, convenience, and ability of cross-scale operations is introduced in detail. We believe this review will benefit the researchers in the biomedical field to know the micromixers and find a suitable micromixing method for their various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenhao Bai
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoqing Tang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yuyang Li
- Institute of Intelligent Flexible Mechatronics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, China
| | - Tatsuo Arai
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Qiang Huang
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Xiaoming Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Biomimetic Robots and Systems, Ministry of Education, State Key Laboratory of Intelligent Control and Decision of Complex System, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Intelligent Robots and Systems, and School of Mechatronical Engineering, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing 100081, China
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14
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Zhang P, Liu C, Modavi C, Abate A, Chen H. Printhead on a chip: empowering droplet-based bioprinting with microfluidics. Trends Biotechnol 2024; 42:353-368. [PMID: 37777352 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibtech.2023.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2023] [Revised: 09/02/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/02/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based bioprinting has long struggled with the manipulation and dispensation of individual cells from a printhead, hindering the fabrication of artificial cellular structures with high precision. The integration of modern microfluidic modules into the printhead of a bioprinter is emerging as one approach to overcome this bottleneck. This convergence allows for high-accuracy manipulation and spatial control over placement of cells during printing, and enables the fabrication of cell arrays and hierarchical heterogenous microtissues, opening new applications in bioanalysis and high-throughput screening. In this review, we summarize recent developments in the use of microfluidics in droplet printing systems, with consideration of the working principles; present applications extended through microfluidic features; and discuss the future of this technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Zhang
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China.
| | - Congying Liu
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
| | - Cyrus Modavi
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Adam Abate
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA; California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Huawei Chen
- School of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Beihang University, Beijing, China
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15
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Kumari M, Gupta V, Kumar N, Arun RK. Microfluidics-Based Nanobiosensors for Healthcare Monitoring. Mol Biotechnol 2024; 66:378-401. [PMID: 37166577 PMCID: PMC10173227 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-023-00760-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Efficient healthcare management demands prompt decision-making based on fast diagnostics tools, astute data analysis, and informatics analysis. The rapid detection of analytes at the point of care is ensured using microfluidics in synergy with nanotechnology and biotechnology. The nanobiosensors use nanotechnology for testing, rapid disease diagnosis, monitoring, and management. In essence, nanobiosensors detect biomolecules through bioreceptors by modulating the physicochemical signals generating an optical and electrical signal as an outcome of the binding of a biomolecule with the help of a transducer. The nanobiosensors are sensitive and selective and play a significant role in the early identification of diseases. This article reviews the detection method used with the microfluidics platform for nanobiosensors and illustrates the benefits of combining microfluidics and nanobiosensing techniques by various examples. The fundamental aspects, and their application are discussed to illustrate the advancement in the development of microfluidics-based nanobiosensors and the current trends of these nano-sized sensors for point-of-care diagnosis of various diseases and their function in healthcare monitoring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kumari
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Verruchi Gupta
- School of Biotechnology, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University, Kakryal, Katra, Jammu & Kashmir, 182320, India
| | - Natish Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India
| | - Ravi Kumar Arun
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, NH-44, Jagti, PO Nagrota, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, 181221, India.
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16
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Kheirkhah Barzoki A. Enhanced mixing efficiency and reduced droplet size with novel droplet generators. Sci Rep 2024; 14:4711. [PMID: 38409482 PMCID: PMC10897375 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-55514-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 02/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Nowadays, droplet microfluidics has become widely utilized for high-throughput assays. Efficient mixing is crucial for initiating biochemical reactions in many applications. Rapid mixing during droplet formation eliminates the need for incorporating micromixers, which can complicate the chip design. Furthermore, immediate mixing of substances upon contact can significantly improve the consistency of chemical reactions and resulting products. This study introduces three innovative designs for droplet generators that achieve efficient mixing and produce small droplets. The T-cross and cross-T geometries combine cross and T junction mixing mechanisms, resulting in improved mixing efficiency. Numerical simulations were conducted to compare these novel geometries with traditional T and cross junctions in terms of mixing index, droplet diameter, and eccentricity. The cross-T geometry exhibited the highest mixing index and produced the smallest droplets. For the flow rate ratio of 0.5, this geometry offered a 10% increase in the mixing index and a decrease in the droplet diameter by 10% compared to the T junction. While the T junction has the best mixing efficiency among traditional droplet generators, it produces larger droplets, which can increase the risk of contamination due to contact with the microchannel walls. Therefore, the cross-T geometry is highly desirable in most applications due to its production of considerably smaller droplets. The asymmetric cross junction offered a 8% increase in mixing index and around 2% decrease in droplet diameter compared to the conventional cross junction in flow rate ratio of 0.5. All novel geometries demonstrated comparable mixing efficiency to the T junction. The cross junction exhibited the lowest mixing efficiency and produced larger droplets compared to the cross-T geometry (around 1%). Thus, the novel geometries, particularly the cross-T geometry, are a favorable choice for applications where both high mixing efficiency and small droplet sizes are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Kheirkhah Barzoki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran.
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17
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Mao Z, Hosoya N, Maeda S. Flexible Electrohydrodynamic Fluid-Driven Valveless Water Pump via Immiscible Interface. CYBORG AND BIONIC SYSTEMS 2024; 5:0091. [PMID: 38318499 PMCID: PMC10843178 DOI: 10.34133/cbsystems.0091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
The conventional electrohydrodynamic (EHD) pump is limited to pumping functional and dielectric liquids, which restricts its applications in fields like microfluidics, food safety, and materials production. In this study, we present a flexible water pump driven by EHD fluid, achieved by integrating valveless elements into the fluidic channel. Our approach leverages the water-EHD interface to propel the immiscible aqueous liquid and reciprocate this process using the nozzle-diffuser system. All components of the water pump are digitally fabricated and assembled. The valveless parts are created using a laser cutting machine. Additionally, we develop a model for the EHD pump and nozzle-diffuser system to predict the generated flow rate, considering factors such as the asymmetrical performance of the EHD pump, pulse frequency, applied voltage, and structural parameters. Finally, we experimentally characterize the flow rates of both the EHD pump and water pump and apply the newly developed device to air bubble manipulation and droplet generation. This research broadens the range of specialized liquids pumped by EHD pumps to include other aqueous liquids or mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zebing Mao
- Department of Mechanical engineering,
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoki Hosoya
- Department of Engineering Science and Mechanics,
Shibaura Institute of Technology, 3-7-5 Toyosu, Koto-ku, Tokyo 135-8548, Japan
| | - Shingo Maeda
- Department of Mechanical engineering,
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
- Living Systems Materialogy (LiSM) Research Group, International Research Frontiers Initiative (IRFI),
Tokyo Institute of Technology, Tokyo, Japan
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18
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Zhu Z, Chen T, Huang F, Wang S, Zhu P, Xu RX, Si T. Free-Boundary Microfluidic Platform for Advanced Materials Manufacturing and Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2304840. [PMID: 37722080 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202304840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics, with its remarkable capacity to manipulate fluids and droplets at the microscale, has emerged as a powerful platform in numerous fields. In contrast to conventional closed microchannel microfluidic systems, free-boundary microfluidic manufacturing (FBMM) processes continuous precursor fluids into jets or droplets in a relatively spacious environment. FBMM is highly regarded for its superior flexibility, stability, economy, usability, and versatility in the manufacturing of advanced materials and architectures. In this review, a comprehensive overview of recent advancements in FBMM is provided, encompassing technical principles, advanced material manufacturing, and their applications. FBMM is categorized based on the foundational mechanisms, primarily comprising hydrodynamics, interface effects, acoustics, and electrohydrodynamic. The processes and mechanisms of fluid manipulation are thoroughly discussed. Additionally, the manufacturing of advanced materials in various dimensions ranging from zero-dimensional to three-dimensional, as well as their diverse applications in material science, biomedical engineering, and engineering are presented. Finally, current progress is summarized and future challenges are prospected. Overall, this review highlights the significant potential of FBMM as a powerful tool for advanced materials manufacturing and its wide-ranging applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqiang Zhu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Tianao Chen
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Fangsheng Huang
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Pingan Zhu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, 999077, China
| | - Ronald X Xu
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, Key Laboratory of Precision Scientific Instrumentation of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
- School of Biomedical Engineering, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Suzhou Institute for Advanced Research, University of Science and Technology of China, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, China
| | - Ting Si
- Department of Modern Mechanics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230026, China
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19
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Ren K, Xie Y, Wang C, Yan J, Shi Y, Guo J, Guo J. Application of the fuzzy proportional integral differential (PID) temperature control algorithm in a liver function test system based on a centrifugal microfluidic device. Talanta 2024; 268:125330. [PMID: 37879203 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2023.125330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Clinical laboratory examinations frequently include biochemical analysis of the liver. The presence of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in serum can be used to identify liver damage. In this study, a centrifugal microfluidic-based clinical biochemical detection system was developed for the detection of liver function markers. Using the centrifugal microfluidic chip and centrifugal force on the chip, separation of blood cells and serum was performed. The extraction and mixing of quantitative serum and diluent were completed under the chip design of microchannels and microchambers. The lyophilized reagent beads in the chip interacted with the combined solution. The Fuzzy PID algorithm regulates the power of the heating film to deliver the ideal reaction temperature. In accordance with Beer-Lambert, the rate of change in the absorbance of the reaction solution at 340 nm of the light source was measured and a standard curve for the relationship between concentration and rate of change in absorbance was constructed. The system is portable, quick, and simple to use because it uses a centrifugal microfluidic chip instead of the conventional detection and analysis approach. In the future, it is anticipated that the system will have several applications in the detection of highly integrated on-chip point-of-care devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keyi Ren
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China
| | - Yiweng Xie
- School of Computer Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chuang Wang
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jiasheng Yan
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Yuxing Shi
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China
| | - Jiuchuan Guo
- University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
| | - Jinhong Guo
- School of Sensing Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, China; University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu, 611731, China.
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20
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Wu J, Fang D, Zhou Y, Gao G, Zeng J, Zeng Y, Zheng H. Multifunctional droplet handling on surface-charge-graphic-decorated porous papers. LAB ON A CHIP 2024; 24:594-603. [PMID: 38175166 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00806a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Developing a fluidic platform that combines high-throughput with reconfigurability is essential for a wide range of cutting-edge applications, but achieving both capabilities simultaneously remains a significant challenge. Herein, we propose a novel and unique method for droplet manipulation via drawing surface charge graphics on electrode-free papers in a contactless way. We find that opposite charge graphics can be written and retained on the surface layer of porous insulating paper by a controlled charge depositing method. The retained charge graphics result in high-resolution patterning of electrostatic potential wells (EPWs) on the hydrophobic porous surface, allowing for digital and high-throughput droplet handling. Since the charge graphics can be written/projected dynamically and simultaneously in large areas, allowing for on-demand and real-time reconfiguration of EPWs, we are able to develop a charge-graphic fluidic platform with both high reconfigurability and high throughput. The advantages and application potential of the platform have been demonstrated in chemical detection and dynamically controllable fluidic networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayao Wu
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Duokui Fang
- Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yifan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ge Gao
- Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ji Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yubin Zeng
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Huai Zheng
- The Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
- Key Laboratory of Transients in Hydraulic Machinery, Ministry of Education, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
- School of Power and Mechanical Engineering, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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21
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Kašička V. Recent developments in capillary and microchip electroseparations of peptides (2021-mid-2023). Electrophoresis 2024; 45:165-198. [PMID: 37670208 DOI: 10.1002/elps.202300152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023]
Abstract
This review article brings a comprehensive survey of developments and applications of high-performance capillary and microchip electromigration methods (zone electrophoresis in a free solution or in sieving media, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography, and electrochromatography) for analysis, micropreparation, and physicochemical characterization of peptides in the period from 2021 up to ca. the middle of 2023. Progress in the study of electromigration properties of peptides and various aspects of their analysis, such as sample preparation, adsorption suppression, electroosmotic flow regulation, and detection, are presented. New developments in the particular capillary electromigration methods are demonstrated, and several types of their applications are reported. They cover qualitative and quantitative analysis of synthetic or isolated peptides and determination of peptides in complex biomatrices, peptide profiling of biofluids and tissues, and monitoring of chemical and enzymatic reactions and physicochemical changes of peptides. They include also amino acid and sequence analysis of peptides, peptide mapping of proteins, separation of stereoisomers of peptides, and their chiral analyses. In addition, micropreparative separations and physicochemical characterization of peptides and their interactions with other (bio)molecules by the above CE methods are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kašička
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia
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22
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Diep Trinh TN, Trinh KTL, Lee NY. Microfluidic advances in food safety control. Food Res Int 2024; 176:113799. [PMID: 38163712 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodres.2023.113799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2023] [Revised: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 12/02/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Food contamination is a global concern, particularly in developing countries. Two main types of food contaminants-chemical and biological-are common problems that threaten human health. Therefore, rapid and accurate detection methods are required to address the threat of food contamination. Conventional methods employed to detect these two types of food contaminants have several limitations, including high costs and long analysis time. Alternatively, microfluidic technology, which allows for simple, rapid, and on-site testing, can enable us to control food safety in a timely, cost-effective, simple, and accurate manner. This review summarizes advances in microfluidic approaches to detect contaminants in food. Different detection methods have been applied to microfluidic platforms to identify two main types of contaminants: chemical and biological. For chemical contaminant control, the application of microfluidic approaches for detecting heavy metals, pesticides, antibiotic residues, and other contaminants in food samples is reviewed. Different methods including enzymatic, chemical-based, immunoassay-based, molecular-based, and electrochemical methods for chemical contaminant detection are discussed based on their working principle, the integration in microfluidic platforms, advantages, and limitations. Microfluidic approaches for foodborne pathogen detection, from sample preparation to final detection, are reviewed to identify foodborne pathogens. Common methods for foodborne pathogens screening, namely immunoassay, nucleic acid amplification methods, and other methods are listed and discussed; highlighted examples of recent studies are also reviewed. Challenges and future trends that could be employed in microfluidic design and fabrication process to address the existing limitations for food safety control are also covered. Microfluidic technology is a promising tool for food safety control with high efficiency and applicability. Miniaturization, portability, low cost, and samples and reagents saving make microfluidic devices an ideal choice for on-site detection, especially in low-resource areas. Despite many advantages of microfluidic technology, the wide manufacturing of microfluidic devices still demands intensive studies to be conducted for user-friendly and accurate food safety control. Introduction of recent advances of microfluidic devices will build a comprehensive understanding of the technology and offer comparative analysis for future studies and on-site application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thi Ngoc Diep Trinh
- Department of Materials Science, School of Applied Chemistry, Tra Vinh University, Viet Nam
| | - Kieu The Loan Trinh
- BioNano Applications Research Center, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Nae Yoon Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea.
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23
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Aazmi A, Zhang D, Mazzaglia C, Yu M, Wang Z, Yang H, Huang YYS, Ma L. Biofabrication methods for reconstructing extracellular matrix mimetics. Bioact Mater 2024; 31:475-496. [PMID: 37719085 PMCID: PMC10500422 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioactmat.2023.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023] Open
Abstract
In the human body, almost all cells interact with extracellular matrices (ECMs), which have tissue and organ-specific compositions and architectures. These ECMs not only function as cellular scaffolds, providing structural support, but also play a crucial role in dynamically regulating various cellular functions. This comprehensive review delves into the examination of biofabrication strategies used to develop bioactive materials that accurately mimic one or more biophysical and biochemical properties of ECMs. We discuss the potential integration of these ECM-mimics into a range of physiological and pathological in vitro models, enhancing our understanding of cellular behavior and tissue organization. Lastly, we propose future research directions for ECM-mimics in the context of tissue engineering and organ-on-a-chip applications, offering potential advancements in therapeutic approaches and improved patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdellah Aazmi
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Duo Zhang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- School of Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 51817, China
| | - Corrado Mazzaglia
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Mengfei Yu
- The Affiliated Stomatologic Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Zhen Wang
- Center for Laboratory Medicine, Allergy Center, Department of Transfusion Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Affiliated People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310014, China
| | - Huayong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Yan Yan Shery Huang
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Liang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
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24
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Patil PD, Salokhe S, Karvekar A, Suryavanshi P, Phirke AN, Tiwari MS, Nadar SS. Microfluidic based continuous enzyme immobilization: A comprehensive review. Int J Biol Macromol 2023; 253:127358. [PMID: 37827414 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2023.127358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023]
Abstract
Conventional techniques for enzyme immobilization suffer from suboptimal activity recovery due to insufficient enzyme loading and inadequate stability. Furthermore, these techniques are time-consuming and involve multiple steps which limit the applicability of immobilized enzymes. In contrast, the use of microfluidic devices for enzyme immobilization has garnered significant attention due to its ability to precisely control immobilization parameters, resulting in highly active immobilized enzymes. This approach offers several advantages, including reduced time and energy consumption, enhanced mass-heat transfer, and improved control over the mixing process. It maintains the superior structural configuration in immobilized form which ultimately affects the overall efficiency. The present review article comprehensively explains the design, construction, and various methods employed for enzyme immobilization using microfluidic devices. The immobilized enzymes prepared using these techniques demonstrated excellent catalytic activity, remarkable stability, and outstanding recyclability. Moreover, they have found applications in diverse areas such as biosensors, biotransformation, and bioremediation. The review article also discusses potential future developments and foresees significant challenges associated with enzyme immobilization using microfluidics, along with potential remedies. The development of this advanced technology not only paves the way for novel and innovative approaches to enzyme immobilization but also allows for the straightforward scalability of microfluidic-based techniques from an industrial standpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pravin D Patil
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Sakshi Salokhe
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Aparna Karvekar
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Prabhavati Suryavanshi
- Department of Biotechnology Engineering, Kolhapur Institute of Technology's College of Engineering, Kolhapur 416 234, India
| | - Ajay N Phirke
- Department of Basic Science & Humanities, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Manishkumar S Tiwari
- Department of Data Science, SVKM'S NMIMS Mukesh Patel School of Technology Management & Engineering, Mumbai, Maharashtra 400056, India
| | - Shamraja S Nadar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Institute of Chemical Technology, Matunga (E), Mumbai 400019, India.
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25
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McIntyre D, Lashkaripour A, Arguijo D, Fordyce P, Densmore D. Versatility and stability optimization of flow-focusing droplet generators via quality metric-driven design automation. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4997-5008. [PMID: 37909215 PMCID: PMC10694034 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00189j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Droplet generation is a fundamental component of droplet microfluidics, compartmentalizing biological or chemical systems within a water-in-oil emulsion. As adoption of droplet microfluidics expands beyond expert labs or integrated devices, quality metrics are needed to contextualize the performance capabilities, improving the reproducibility and efficiency of operation. Here, we present two quality metrics for droplet generation: performance versatility, the operating range of a single device, and stability, the distance of a single operating point from a regime change. Both metrics were characterized in silico and validated experimentally using machine learning and rapid prototyping. These metrics were integrated into a design automation workflow, DAFD 2.0, which provides users with droplet generators of a desired performance that are versatile or flow stable. Versatile droplet generators with stable operating points accelerate the development of sophisticated devices by facilitating integration of other microfluidic components and improving the accuracy of design automation tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- David McIntyre
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, MA, USA.
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ali Lashkaripour
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Diana Arguijo
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Boston University, MA, USA.
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Polly Fordyce
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
- Chan-Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Douglas Densmore
- Biological Design Center, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
- Electrical & Computer Engineering Department, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
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26
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Wang W, Wang Y, Zhang D, Guo G, Wang L, Wang X. Kinetically Controlled Nucleation Enabled by Tunable Microfluidic Mixing for the Synthesis of Dendritic Au@Pt Core/Shell Nanomaterials. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023:e2302589. [PMID: 37967327 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023]
Abstract
The nucleation stage plays a decisive role in determining nanocrystal morphology and properties; hence, the ability to regulate nucleation is critical for achieving high-level control. Herein, glass microfluidic chips with S-shaped mixing units are designed for the synthesis of Au@Pt core/shell materials. The use of hydrodynamics to tune the nucleation kinetics is explored by varying the number of mixing units. Dendritic Au@Pt core/shell nanomaterials are controllably synthesized and a formation mechanism is proposed. As-synthesized Au@Pt exhibited excellent ethanol oxidation activity under alkaline conditions (8.4 times that of commercial Pt/C). This approach is also successfully applied to the synthesize of Au@Pd core/shell nanomaterials, thus demonstrating its generality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wubin Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yacheng Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Dongtang Zhang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Guangsheng Guo
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
- Minzu University of China, Beijing, 100081, China
| | - Leyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Resource Engineering, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Xiayan Wang
- Center of Excellence for Environmental Safety and Biological Effects, Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Department of Chemistry, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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27
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Dong C, Li F, Sun Y, Long D, Chen C, Li M, Wei T, Martins RP, Chen T, Mak PI. A syndromic diagnostic assay on a macrochannel-to-digital microfluidic platform for automatic identification of multiple respiratory pathogens. LAB ON A CHIP 2023. [PMID: 37961846 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00728f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
The worldwide COVID-19 pandemic has changed people's lives and the diagnostic landscape. The nucleic acid amplification test (NAT) as the gold standard for SARS-CoV-2 detection has been applied in containing its transmission. However, there remains a lack of an affordable on-site detection system at resource-limited areas. In this study, a low cost "sample-in-answer-out" system incorporating nucleic acid extraction, purification, and amplification was developed on a single macrochannel-to-digital microfluidic chip. The macrochannel fluidic subsystem worked as a world-to-chip interface receiving 500-1000 μL raw samples, which then underwent bead-based extraction and purification processes before being delivered to DMF. Electrodes actuate an eluent dispensed to eight independent droplets for reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). By reading with 4 florescence channels, the system can accommodate a maximum of 32 detection targets. To evaluate the proposed platform, a comprehensive assessment was conducted on the microfluidic chip as well as its functional components (i.e., extraction and amplification). The platform demonstrated a superior performance. In particular, using clinical specimens, the chip targeting SARS-CoV-2 and Flu A/B exhibited 100% agreement with off-chip diagnoses. Furthermore, the fabrication of chips is ready for scaled-up manufacturing and they are cost-effective for disposable use since they are assembled using a printed circuit board (PCB) and prefabricated blocks. Overall, the macrochannel-to-digital microfluidic platform coincides with the requirements of point-of-care testing (POCT) because of its advantages: low-cost, ease of use, comparable sensitivity and specificity, and availability for mass production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Dong
- School of Intelligent Systems Science and Engineering/JNU-Industry School of Artificial Intelligence, Jinan University, Zhuhai 519000, China
| | - Fei Li
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
- Digifluidic Biotech Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Yun Sun
- Digifluidic Biotech Ltd., Zhuhai 519000, China.
| | - Dongling Long
- Zhuhai Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Zhuhai 519087, China
| | - Chunzhao Chen
- Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhu Hai 519087, China
| | - Mengyan Li
- Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, 07102, USA
| | - Tao Wei
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Food Science, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510640, China
- Pan Asia (Jiangmen) Institute of Biological Engineering and Health, Jiangmen, 529080, China
| | - Rui P Martins
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
| | | | - Pui-In Mak
- State-Key Laboratory of Analog and Mixed-Signal VLSI, Institute of Microelectronics, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China.
- Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Taipa, Macau SAR, 999078, China
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28
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Amador-Hernandez JU, Guevara-Pantoja PE, Cedillo-Alcantar DF, Caballero-Robledo GA, Garcia-Cordero JL. Millifluidic valves and pumps made of tape and plastic. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4579-4591. [PMID: 37772361 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00559c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/30/2023]
Abstract
There is growing interest in producing micro- and milli-fluidic technologies made of thermoplastic with integrated fluidic control elements that are easy to assemble and suitable for mass production. Here, we developed millifluidic valves and pumps made of acrylic layers bonded with double-sided tape that are simple and fast to assemble. We demonstrate that a layer of pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) is flexible enough to be deformed at relatively low pressures. A chemical treatment deposited on specific regions of the PSA prevents it from sticking to the thermoplastic, which enabled us to create three different types of valves in normally open or closed configurations. We characterized different aspects of their performance, their operating pressures, the cut-off pressure values to open or close the valves (for different configurations and sizes), and the flow rate and volume pumped by seven different micropumps. As an application, we implemented a glucose assay with integrated pumps and valves, automatically generating glucose dilutions and reagent mixing. The ability to create polymeric microfluidic control units made with tape paves the way for their mass manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josue U Amador-Hernandez
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Pablo E Guevara-Pantoja
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Diana F Cedillo-Alcantar
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Gabriel A Caballero-Robledo
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
| | - Jose L Garcia-Cordero
- Laboratory of Microtechnologies Applied to Biomedicine (LMAB), Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (Cinvestav), Monterrey, NL, Mexico
- Institute of Human Biology, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center, Basel, Switzerland.
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29
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Chen Y, Shi H. Rapid and Label-Free Analysis of Antigen-Antibody Dynamic Binding of Tumor Markers Using Piezoelectric Quartz Crystal Biosensor. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:917. [PMID: 37887110 PMCID: PMC10605586 DOI: 10.3390/bios13100917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2023] [Revised: 09/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative biomacromolecular diagnosis is rapidly developing in molecular oncology. In this study, we developed a continuous flow immunoassay device based on a piezoelectric (PZ) quartz crystal biosensor fabricated with whole-electrode occupation for the quantitative molecular diagnosis of tumor markers such as alpha-fetoprotein (AFP). Only one face of the crystal was in contact with the serum sample during the assays. First, the characteristics of AFP and anti-AFP binding kinetics, such as the optimal time for immune response, the average antigen binding rate, the kinetic constants and the optimal standard curve, were investigated. The overall immunoreaction time was only 12 min, the average antigen binding rate of AFP was 45.9 ng/min, the concentration range of AFP detection was 18.8-1100 ng/mL and the association rate constant (kon), dissociation rate constant (koff) and equilibrium dissociation constant (KD) were 5.58×104 M-1s-1,1.79×10-5 s-1 and 3.21×10-10 M, respectively. This sensing system was further validated by detecting AFP values from clinical serum samples, which were obtained from pregnant women, liver and lung cancer patients and those undergoing liver cancer screening. No cross-reactivity with lung cancer markers were found, and the detection results were in good agreement with the radioimmunoassay (RIA) results, with a relative deviation of no more than 3.7% and correlation coefficient r of 0.9998. Therefore, the developed immunoassay device has the potential to be used in large-scale screening for cancers, as well as in novel high-affinity binding drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- School of Information Engineering, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China
| | - Huashan Shi
- Department of Biological Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610047, China;
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30
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Gopinathan KA, Mishra A, Mutlu BR, Edd JF, Toner M. A microfluidic transistor for automatic control of liquids. Nature 2023; 622:735-741. [PMID: 37880436 PMCID: PMC10600001 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06517-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/27/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics have enabled notable advances in molecular biology1,2, synthetic chemistry3,4, diagnostics5,6 and tissue engineering7. However, there has long been a critical need in the field to manipulate fluids and suspended matter with the precision, modularity and scalability of electronic circuits8-10. Just as the electronic transistor enabled unprecedented advances in the automatic control of electricity on an electronic chip, a microfluidic analogue to the transistor could enable improvements in the automatic control of reagents, droplets and single cells on a microfluidic chip. Previous works on creating a microfluidic analogue to the electronic transistor11-13 did not replicate the transistor's saturation behaviour, and could not achieve proportional amplification14, which is fundamental to modern circuit design15. Here we exploit the fluidic phenomenon of flow limitation16 to develop a microfluidic element capable of proportional amplification with flow-pressure characteristics completely analogous to the current-voltage characteristics of the electronic transistor. We then use this microfluidic transistor to directly translate fundamental electronic circuits into the fluidic domain, including the amplifier, regulator, level shifter, logic gate and latch. We also combine these building blocks to create more complex fluidic controllers, such as timers and clocks. Finally, we demonstrate a particle dispenser circuit that senses single suspended particles, performs signal processing and accordingly controls the movement of each particle in a deterministic fashion without electronics. By leveraging the vast repertoire of electronic circuit design, microfluidic-transistor-based circuits enable fluidic automatic controllers to manipulate liquids and single suspended particles for lab-on-a-chip platforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaustav A Gopinathan
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Avanish Mishra
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Baris R Mutlu
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon F Edd
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Mehmet Toner
- BioMEMS Resource Center, Center for Engineering in Medicine and Surgical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA.
- Shriners Children's, Boston, MA, USA.
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31
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Kou J, Shen J, Wang Z, Yu W. Advances in hybridoma preparation using electrofusion technology. Biotechnol J 2023; 18:e2200428. [PMID: 37402172 DOI: 10.1002/biot.202200428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
As a rapidly developing cell engineering technique, cell electrofusion has been increasingly applied in the field of hybridoma preparation in recent years. However, it is difficult to completely replace the polyethylene glycol-mediated cell fusion using electrofusion due to the high operation requirements, high cost of electrofusion instruments, and lack of prior reference research work. The key elements limiting electrofusion in the field of hybridoma preparation also introduce practical complications, such as the use/choice of electrofusion instruments, setup/optimization of electrical parameters, and precise control of cells. This review summarizes the state of the art of cell electrofusion in hybridoma preparation based on recent published literature, mainly focusing on electrofusion instruments and their components, process control and characterization, and cell treatment. It also provides new information and insightful commentary critically important for further electrofusion development in the field of hybridoma preparation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaqian Kou
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenbo Yu
- National Key Laboratory of Veterinary Public Health Security, College of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived Food Safety, and Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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32
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Nosrati H, Nosrati M. Artificial Intelligence in Regenerative Medicine: Applications and Implications. Biomimetics (Basel) 2023; 8:442. [PMID: 37754193 PMCID: PMC10526210 DOI: 10.3390/biomimetics8050442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 09/16/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The field of regenerative medicine is constantly advancing and aims to repair, regenerate, or substitute impaired or unhealthy tissues and organs using cutting-edge approaches such as stem cell-based therapies, gene therapy, and tissue engineering. Nevertheless, incorporating artificial intelligence (AI) technologies has opened new doors for research in this field. AI refers to the ability of machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence in ways such as learning the patterns in the data and applying that to the new data without being explicitly programmed. AI has the potential to improve and accelerate various aspects of regenerative medicine research and development, particularly, although not exclusively, when complex patterns are involved. This review paper provides an overview of AI in the context of regenerative medicine, discusses its potential applications with a focus on personalized medicine, and highlights the challenges and opportunities in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamed Nosrati
- Biosensor Research Center, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan 81746-73461, Iran
| | - Masoud Nosrati
- Department of Computer Science, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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33
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Lin X, Sun L, Lu M, Zhao Y. Biomimetic Gland Models with Engineered Stratagems. RESEARCH (WASHINGTON, D.C.) 2023; 6:0232. [PMID: 37719047 PMCID: PMC10503994 DOI: 10.34133/research.0232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
As extensively distributed tissues throughout the human body, glands play a critical role in various physiological processes. Therefore, the construction of biomimetic gland models in vitro has aroused great interest in multiple disciplines. In the biological field, the researchers focus on optimizing the cell sources and culture techniques to reconstruct the specific structures and functions of glands, such as the emergence of organoid technology. From the perspective of biomedical engineering, the generation of biomimetic gland models depends on the combination of engineered scaffolds and microfluidics, to mimic the in vivo environment of glandular tissues. These engineered stratagems endowed gland models with more biomimetic features, as well as a wide range of application prospects. In this review, we first describe the biomimetic strategies for constructing different in vitro gland models, focusing on the role of microfluidics in promoting the structure and function development of biomimetic glands. After summarizing several common in vitro models of endocrine and exocrine glands, the applications of gland models in disease modelling, drug screening, regenerative medicine, and personalized medicine are enumerated. Finally, we conclude the current challenges and our perspective of these biomimetic gland models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Lin
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health),
Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
| | - Lingyu Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Minhui Lu
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Yuanjin Zhao
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering,
Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
- Oujiang Laboratory (Zhejiang Lab for Regenerative Medicine, Vision and Brain Health),
Wenzhou Institute, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wenzhou, Zhejiang 325001, China
- Southeast University Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518071, China
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34
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Yedire SG, Hosseini II, Shieh H, Khorrami Jahromi A, AbdelFatah T, Jalali M, Mahshid S. Additive manufacturing leveraged microfluidic setup for sample to answer colorimetric detection of pathogens. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:4134-4145. [PMID: 37656450 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc00429e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Colorimetric readout for the detection of infectious diseases is gaining traction at the point of care/need owing to its ease of analysis and interpretation, and integration potential with highly specific loop-mediated amplification (LAMP) assays. However, coupling colorimetric readout with LAMP is rife with challenges including, rapidity, inter-user variability, colorimetric signal quantification, and user involvement in sequential steps of the LAMP assay, hindering its application. To address these challenges, for the first time, we propose a remotely smartphone-operated automated setup consisting of (i) an additively manufactured microfluidic cartridge, (ii) a portable reflected-light imaging setup with controlled epi-illumination (PRICE) module, and (iii) a control and data analysis module. The microfluidic cartridge facilitates sample collection, lysis, mixing of amplification reagents stored on-chip, and subsequent isothermal heating for initiation of amplification in a novel way by employing tunable elastomeric chambers and auxiliary components (heaters and linear actuators). PRICE offers a new imaging setup that captures the colorimetric change of the amplification media over a plasmonic nanostructured substrate in a controlled and noise-free environment for rapid minute-scale nucleic acid detection. The control and data analysis module employs microprocessors to automate cartridge operation in tandem with the imaging module. The different device components were characterized individually and finally, as a proof of concept, SARS-CoV-2 wild-type RNA was detected with a turnaround time of 13 minutes, showing the device's clinical feasibility. The suggested automated device can be adopted in future iterations for other detection and molecular assays that require sequential fluid handling steps.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Hamed Shieh
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | | | - Tamer AbdelFatah
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Mahsa Jalali
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
| | - Sara Mahshid
- Department of Bioengineering, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada.
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montréal, QC, H3A 0C3, Canada
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35
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Concellón A. Liquid Crystal Emulsions: A Versatile Platform for Photonics, Sensing, and Active Matter. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023:e202308857. [PMID: 37694542 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202308857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023]
Abstract
The self-assembly of liquid crystals (LCs) is a fascinating method for controlling the organization of discrete molecules into nanostructured functional materials. Although LCs are traditionally processed in thin films, their confinement within micrometre-sized droplets has recently revealed new properties and functions, paving the way for next-generation soft responsive materials. These recent findings have unlocked a wealth of unprecedented applications in photonics (e.g. reflectors, lasing materials), sensing (e.g. biomolecule and pathogen detection), soft robotics (e.g. micropumps, artificial muscles), and beyond. This Minireview focuses on recent developments in LC emulsion designs and highlights a variety of novel potential applications. Perspectives on the opportunities and new directions for implementing LC emulsions in future innovative technologies are also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Concellón
- Instituto de Nanociencia y Materiales de Aragón (INMA), CSIC-Universidad de Zaragoza, C/Pedro Cerbuna 12, 50009, Zaragoza, Spain
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36
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Laman A, Das D, Priye A. Miniaturized Non-Contact Heating and Transmitted Light Imaging Using an Inexpensive and Modular 3D-Printed Platform for Molecular Diagnostics. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:7718. [PMID: 37765775 PMCID: PMC10535971 DOI: 10.3390/s23187718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The ability to simultaneously heat and image samples using transmitted light is crucial for several biological applications. However, existing techniques such as heated stage microscopes, thermal cyclers equipped with imaging capabilities, or non-contact heating systems are often bulky, expensive, and complex. This work presents the development and characterization of a Miniaturized Optically-clear Thermal Enclosure (MOTE) system-an open-source, inexpensive, and low-powered modular system-capable of convectively heating samples while simultaneously imaging them with transmitted light. We develop and validate a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to design and optimize the heating chamber. The model simulates velocity and temperature profiles within the heating chamber for various chamber materials and sizes. The computational model yielded an optimal chamber dimension capable of achieving a stable temperature ranging from ambient to 95 °C with a spatial discrepancy of less than 1.5 °C, utilizing less than 8.5 W of power. The dual-functionality of the MOTE system, enabling synchronous heating and transmitted light imaging, was demonstrated through the successful execution of paper-based LAMP reactions to detect λ DNA samples in real-time down to 10 copies/µL of the target concentration. The MOTE system offers a promising and flexible platform for various applications, from molecular diagnostics to biochemical analyses, cell biology, genomics, and education.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex Laman
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
| | - Debayan Das
- Chemical Engineering Department, NIT Durgapur, Mahatma Gandhi Rd., A-Zone, Durgapur 713209, West Bengal, India;
| | - Aashish Priye
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA;
- Digital Futures, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
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Dalir Abdolahinia E, Han X. The Three-Dimensional In Vitro Cell Culture Models in the Study of Oral Cancer Immune Microenvironment. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:4266. [PMID: 37686542 PMCID: PMC10487272 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15174266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The onset and progression of oral cancer are accompanied by a dynamic interaction with the host immune system, and the immune cells within the tumor microenvironment play a pivotal role in the development of the tumor. By exploring the cellular immunity of oral cancer, we can gain insight into the contribution of both tumor cells and immune cells to tumorigenesis. This understanding is crucial for developing effective immunotherapeutic strategies to combat oral cancer. Studies of cancer immunology present unique challenges in terms of modeling due to the extraordinary complexity of the immune system. With its multitude of cellular components, each with distinct subtypes and various activation states, the immune system interacts with cancer cells and other components of the tumor, ultimately shaping the course of the disease. Conventional two-dimensional (2D) culture methods fall short of capturing these intricate cellular interactions. Mouse models enable us to learn about tumor biology in complicated and dynamic physiological systems but have limitations as the murine immune system differs significantly from that of humans. In light of these challenges, three-dimensional (3D) culture systems offer an alternative approach to studying cancer immunology and filling the existing gaps in available models. These 3D culture models provide a means to investigate complex cellular interactions that are difficult to replicate in 2D cultures. The direct study of the interaction between immune cells and cancer cells of human origin offers a more relevant and representative platform compared to mouse models, enabling advancements in our understanding of cancer immunology. This review explores commonly used 3D culture models and highlights their significant contributions to expanding our knowledge of cancer immunology. By harnessing the power of 3D culture systems, we can unlock new insights that pave the way for improved strategies in the battle against oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Xiaozhe Han
- Department of Oral Science and Translation Research, College of Dental Medicine, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314, USA
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Goda K, Lu H, Fei P, Guck J. Revolutionizing microfluidics with artificial intelligence: a new dawn for lab-on-a-chip technologies. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:3737-3740. [PMID: 37503818 DOI: 10.1039/d3lc90061d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Keisuke Goda, Hang Lu, Peng Fei, and Jochen Guck introduce the AI in Microfluidics themed collection, on revolutionizing microfluidics with artificial intelligence: a new dawn for lab-on-a-chip technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keisuke Goda
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA
- Institute of Technological Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Hang Lu
- School of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Peng Fei
- School of Optical and Electronic Information, Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Advanced Biomedical Imaging Facility, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Jochen Guck
- Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light and Max-Planck-Zentrum für Physik und Medizin, Erlangen, Germany
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Azizian P, Casals-Terré J, Guerrero-SanVicente E, Grinyte R, Ricart J, Cabot JM. Coupling Capillary-Driven Microfluidics with Lateral Flow Immunoassay for Signal Enhancement. BIOSENSORS 2023; 13:832. [PMID: 37622918 PMCID: PMC10452194 DOI: 10.3390/bios13080832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics has emerged as a versatile technology that is applied to enhance the performance of analytical techniques, among others. Pursuing this, we present a capillary-driven microfluidic device that improves the sensitivity of lateral flow immunoassay rapid tests thanks to offering an automated washing step. A novel multilevel microfluidic chip was 3D-printed with a photocurable black resin, sealed by an optically clear pressure-sensitive adhesive, and linked to the lateral flow strip. To depict the efficacy of microfluidics and the washing step, cortisol was measured quantitatively within the proposed device. Measuring cortisol levels is a way to capture physiological stress responses. Among biofluids, saliva is less infectious and easier to sample than others. However, higher sensitivity is demanded because the salivary cortisol concentrations are much lower than in blood. We carried out a competitive lateral flow immunoassay protocol with the difference that the microfluidic device applies an automated washing step after the sample is drained downstream. It washes the trapped quantum-dot-labeled antibodies out from nitrocellulose, diminishing background noise as these are bonded to cortisols and not to the immobilized receptors. Fluorescence spectroscopy, as a high-precision analysis, was successfully applied to determine clinically relevant salivary cortisol concentrations within a buffer quantitatively. The microfluidic design relied on a 3D valve that avoids reagent cross-contamination. This cross-contamination could make the washing buffer impure and undesirably dilute the sample. The proposed device is cost-effective, self-powered, robust, and ideal for non-expert users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Azizian
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, 08225 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; (P.A.)
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, 08222 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Elena Guerrero-SanVicente
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, 08225 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; (P.A.)
| | - Ruta Grinyte
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, 08225 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; (P.A.)
| | - Jordi Ricart
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, 08225 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; (P.A.)
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, 08225 Terrassa, Barcelona, Spain; (P.A.)
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Krakos A, Cieślak A, Hartel E, Łabowska MB, Kulbacka J, Detyna J. 3D bio-printed hydrogel inks promoting lung cancer cell growth in a lab-on-chip culturing platform. Mikrochim Acta 2023; 190:349. [PMID: 37572169 PMCID: PMC10423169 DOI: 10.1007/s00604-023-05931-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
The results of a lab-on-chip (LOC) platform fabrication equipped with a hydrogel matrix is reported. A 3D printing technique was used to provide a hybrid, "sandwiched" type structure, including two microfluidic substrates of different origins. Special attention was paid to achieving uniformly bio-printed microfluidic hydrogel layers of a unique composition. Six different hydrogel inks were proposed containing sodium alginate, agar, chitosan, gelatin, methylcellulose, deionized water, or 0.9% NaCl, varying in proportions. All of them exhibited appropriate mechanical properties showing, e.g., the value of elasticity modulus as similar to that of biological tissues, such as skin. Utilizing our biocompatible, entirely 3D bio-printed structure, for the first time, a multi-drug-resistant lung cancer cell line (H69AR) was cultured on-chip. Biological validation of the device was performed qualitatively and quantitatively utilizing LIVE/DEAD assays and Presto blue staining. Although all bio-inks exhibited acceptable cell viability, the best results were obtained for the hydrogel composition including 3% sodium alginate + 7% gelatin + 90% NaCl (0.9%), reaching approximately 127.2% after 24 h and 105.4% after 48 h compared to the control group (100%). Further research in this area will focus on the microfluidic culture of the chosen cancer cell line (H69AR) and the development of novel drug delivery strategies towards appropriate in vivo models for chemotherapy and polychemotherapy treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka Krakos
- Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Adrianna Cieślak
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Eliza Hartel
- Department of Microsystems, Faculty of Electronics, Photonics and Microsystems, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Janiszewskiego 11/17, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Magdalena Beata Łabowska
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Julita Kulbacka
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556, Wroclaw, Poland
- Department of Immunology, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Jerzy Detyna
- Department of Mechanics, Materials and Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Wroclaw University of Science and Technology, Smoluchowskiego 25, 50-371, Wroclaw, Poland
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Lin M, Liu T, Liu Y, Lin Z, Chen J, Song J, Qiu Y, Zhou B. Three-Dimensional Printing Enabled Droplet Microfluidic Device for Real-Time Monitoring of Single-Cell Viability and Blebbing Activity. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1521. [PMID: 37630057 PMCID: PMC10456440 DOI: 10.3390/mi14081521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023]
Abstract
Droplet-based microfluidics with the characteristics of high throughput, low sample consumption, increasing reaction speed, and homogeneous volume control have been demonstrated as a useful platform for biomedical research and applications. The traditional fabrication methods of droplet microfluidics largely rely on expensive instruments, sophisticated operations, and even the requirement of an ultraclean room. In this manuscript, we present a 3D printing-based droplet microfluidic system with a specifically designed microstructure for droplet generation aimed at developing a more accessible and cost-effective method. The performance of droplet generation and the encapsulation capacity of the setup were examined. The device was further applied to measure the variation in cell viability over time and monitor the cell's blebbing activity to investigate its potential ability and feasibility for single-cell analysis. The result demonstrated that the produced droplets remained stable enough to enable the long-time detection of cell viability. Additionally, cell membrane protrusions featuring the life cycle of bleb initiation, expansion, and retraction can be well-observed. Three-dimensional printing-based droplet microfluidics benefit from the ease of manufacture, which is expected to simplify the fabrication of microfluidics and expand the application of the droplet approach in biomedical fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meiai Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China;
| | - Yeqian Liu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Zequan Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jiale Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Jing Song
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Yiya Qiu
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
| | - Benqing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (M.L.); (Y.L.); (J.C.); (J.S.); (Y.Q.)
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Azizian P, Casals-Terré J, Ricart J, Cabot JM. Diffusion-free valve for preprogrammed immunoassay with capillary microfluidics. MICROSYSTEMS & NANOENGINEERING 2023; 9:91. [PMID: 37469685 PMCID: PMC10352302 DOI: 10.1038/s41378-023-00568-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2022] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
By manipulating the geometry and surface chemistry of microfluidic channels, capillary-driven microfluidics can move and stop fluids spontaneously without external instrumentation. Furthermore, complex microfluidic circuits can be preprogrammed by synchronizing the capillary pressures and encoding the surface tensions of microfluidic chips. A key component of these systems is the capillary valve. However, the main concern for these valves is the presence of unwanted diffusion during the valve loading and activation steps that can cause cross-contamination. In this study, we design and validate a novel diffusion-free capillary valve: the π-valve. This valve consists of a 3D structure and a void area. The void acts as a spacer between two fluids to avoid direct contact. When the valve is triggered, the air trapped within the void is displaced by pneumatic suction induced from the capillary flow downstream without introducing a gas bubble into the circuit. The proposed design eliminates diffusive mixing before valve activation. Numerical simulation is used to study the function and optimize the dimensions of the π-valve, and 3D printing is used to fabricate either the mould or the microfluidic chip. A comparison with a conventional valve (based on a constriction-expansion valve) demonstrates that the π-valve eliminates possible backflow into the valve and reduces the mixing and diffusion during the loading and trigger steps. As a proof-of-concept, this valve is successfully implemented in a capillary-driven circuit for the determination of benzodiazepine, achieving the successive release of 3 solutions in a 3D-printed microfluidic chip without external instrumentation. The results show a 40% increase in the fluorescence intensity using the π-valve relative to the conventional value. Overall, the π-valve prevents cross-contamination, minimizes sample use, and facilitates a sophisticated preprogrammed release of fluids, offering a promising tool for conducting automated immunoassays applicable at point-of-care testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pooya Azizian
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, Terrassa, Barcelona Spain
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona Spain
| | - Jasmina Casals-Terré
- Mechanical Engineering Department, Technical University of Catalonia, Terrassa, Barcelona Spain
| | - Jordi Ricart
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, Terrassa, Barcelona Spain
| | - Joan M. Cabot
- Energy and Engineering Department, Leitat Technological Center, Terrassa, Barcelona Spain
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Cardoso BD, Castanheira EMS, Lanceros-Méndez S, Cardoso VF. Recent Advances on Cell Culture Platforms for In Vitro Drug Screening and Cell Therapies: From Conventional to Microfluidic Strategies. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202936. [PMID: 36898671 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
The clinical translations of drugs and nanomedicines depend on coherent pharmaceutical research based on biologically accurate screening approaches. Since establishing the 2D in vitro cell culture method, the scientific community has improved cell-based drug screening assays and models. Those advances result in more informative biochemical assays and the development of 3D multicellular models to describe the biological complexity better and enhance the simulation of the in vivo microenvironment. Despite the overall dominance of conventional 2D and 3D cell macroscopic culture methods, they present physicochemical and operational challenges that impair the scale-up of drug screening by not allowing a high parallelization, multidrug combination, and high-throughput screening. Their combination and complementarity with microfluidic platforms enable the development of microfluidics-based cell culture platforms with unequivocal advantages in drug screening and cell therapies. Thus, this review presents an updated and consolidated view of cell culture miniaturization's physical, chemical, and operational considerations in the pharmaceutical research scenario. It clarifies advances in the field using gradient-based microfluidics, droplet-based microfluidics, printed-based microfluidics, digital-based microfluidics, SlipChip, and paper-based microfluidics. Finally, it presents a comparative analysis of the performance of cell-based methods in life research and development to achieve increased precision in the drug screening process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz D Cardoso
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Elisabete M S Castanheira
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- Physics Centre of Minho and Porto Universities (CF-UM-UP), Campus de Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, 4710-057, Portugal
- LaPMET-Laboratory of Physics for Materials and Emergent Technologies, University of Minho, 4710-057, Braga, Portugal
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48009, Spain
| | - Vanessa F Cardoso
- Center for MicroElectromechanical Systems (CMEMS-UMinho), Campus de Azurém, University of Minho, 4800-058, Guimarães, Portugal
- LABBELS-Associate Laboratory in Biotechnology and Bioengineering and Microelectromechanical Systems, University of Minho, Braga/Guimarães, Portugal
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Surappa S, Multani P, Parlatan U, Sinawang PD, Kaifi J, Akin D, Demirci U. Integrated "lab-on-a-chip" microfluidic systems for isolation, enrichment, and analysis of cancer biomarkers. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2942-2958. [PMID: 37314731 PMCID: PMC10834032 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01076c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The liquid biopsy has garnered considerable attention as a complementary clinical tool for the early detection, molecular characterization and monitoring of cancer over the past decade. In contrast to traditional solid biopsy techniques, liquid biopsy offers a less invasive and safer alternative for routine cancer screening. Recent advances in microfluidic technologies have enabled handling of liquid biopsy-derived biomarkers with high sensitivity, throughput, and convenience. The integration of these multi-functional microfluidic technologies into a 'lab-on-a-chip' offers a powerful solution for processing and analyzing samples on a single platform, thereby reducing the complexity, bio-analyte loss and cross-contamination associated with multiple handling and transfer steps in more conventional benchtop workflows. This review critically addresses recent developments in integrated microfluidic technologies for cancer detection, highlighting isolation, enrichment, and analysis strategies for three important sub-types of cancer biomarkers: circulating tumor cells, circulating tumor DNA and exosomes. We first discuss the unique characteristics and advantages of the various lab-on-a-chip technologies developed to operate on each biomarker subtype. This is then followed by a discussion on the challenges and opportunities in the field of integrated systems for cancer detection. Ultimately, integrated microfluidic platforms form the core of a new class of point-of-care diagnostic tools by virtue of their ease-of-operation, portability and high sensitivity. Widespread availability of such tools could potentially result in more frequent and convenient screening for early signs of cancer at clinical labs or primary care offices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushruta Surappa
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Priyanka Multani
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Ugur Parlatan
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
| | - Prima Dewi Sinawang
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Jussuf Kaifi
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO 65201, USA
| | - Demir Akin
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
- Center for Cancer Nanotechnology Excellence for Translational Diagnostics (CCNE-TD), School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Utkan Demirci
- Canary Center at Stanford for Cancer Early Detection, Bio-Acoustic MEMS in Medicine (BAMM) Lab, Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA.
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An L, Ji F, Zhao E, Liu Y, Liu Y. Measuring cell deformation by microfluidics. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1214544. [PMID: 37434754 PMCID: PMC10331473 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1214544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Microfluidics is an increasingly popular method for studying cell deformation, with various applications in fields such as cell biology, biophysics, and medical research. Characterizing cell deformation offers insights into fundamental cell processes, such as migration, division, and signaling. This review summarizes recent advances in microfluidic techniques for measuring cellular deformation, including the different types of microfluidic devices and methods used to induce cell deformation. Recent applications of microfluidics-based approaches for studying cell deformation are highlighted. Compared to traditional methods, microfluidic chips can control the direction and velocity of cell flow by establishing microfluidic channels and microcolumn arrays, enabling the measurement of cell shape changes. Overall, microfluidics-based approaches provide a powerful platform for studying cell deformation. It is expected that future developments will lead to more intelligent and diverse microfluidic chips, further promoting the application of microfluidics-based methods in biomedical research, providing more effective tools for disease diagnosis, drug screening, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling An
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Fenglong Ji
- School of Textile Materials and Engineering, Wuyi University, Jiangmen, Guangdong, China
| | - Enming Zhao
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yi Liu
- School of Engineering, Dali University, Dali, Yunnan, China
| | - Yaling Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering and Mechanics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, United States
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Natu R, Herbertson L, Sena G, Strachan K, Guha S. A Systematic Analysis of Recent Technology Trends of Microfluidic Medical Devices in the United States. MICROMACHINES 2023; 14:1293. [PMID: 37512604 PMCID: PMC10384103 DOI: 10.3390/mi14071293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has seen an increase in microfluidic medical device submissions, likely stemming from recent advancements in microfluidic technologies. This recent trend has only been enhanced during the COVID-19 pandemic, as microfluidic-based test kits have been used for diagnosis. To better understand the implications of this emerging technology, device submissions to the FDA from 2015 to 2021 containing microfluidic technologies have been systematically reviewed to identify trends in microfluidic medical applications, performance tests, standards used, fabrication techniques, materials, and flow systems. More than 80% of devices with microfluidic platforms were found to be diagnostic in nature, with lateral flow systems accounting for about 35% of all identified microfluidic devices. A targeted analysis of over 40,000 adverse event reports linked to microfluidic technologies revealed that flow, operation, and data output related failures are the most common failure modes for these device types. Lastly, this paper highlights key considerations for developing new protocols for various microfluidic applications that use certain analytes (e.g., blood, urine, nasal-pharyngeal swab), materials, flow, and detection mechanisms. We anticipate that these considerations would help facilitate innovation in microfluidic-based medical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rucha Natu
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Luke Herbertson
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Grazziela Sena
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Kate Strachan
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Suvajyoti Guha
- Division of Applied Mechanics, Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories, Center for Devices and Radiological Health, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
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Lehmann S, Kraft FA, Gerken M. Spatially Resolved Protein Binding Kinetics Analysis in Microfluidic Photonic Crystal Sensors. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 23:5637. [PMID: 37420803 DOI: 10.3390/s23125637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/09/2023]
Abstract
Organ-on-a-Chip systems are emerging as an important in vitro analysis method for drug screening and medical research. For continuous biomolecular monitoring of the cell culture response, label-free detection within the microfluidic system or in the drainage tube is promising. We study photonic crystal slabs integrated with a microfluidic chip as an optical transducer for label-free biomarker detection with a non-contact readout of binding kinetics. This work analyzes the capability of same-channel reference for protein binding measurements by using a spectrometer and 1D spatially resolved data evaluation with a spatial resolution of 1.2 μm. A cross-correlation-based data-analysis procedure is implemented. First, an ethanol-water dilution series is used to obtain the limit of detection (LOD). The median of all row LODs is (2.3±0.4)×10-4 RIU with 10 s exposure time per image and (1.3±0.24)×10-4 RIU with 30 s exposure time. Next, we used a streptavidin-biotin binding process as a test system for binding kinetics. Time series of optical spectra were recorded while constantly injecting streptavidin in DPBS at concentrations of 1.6 nM, 3.3 nM, 16.6 nM and 33.3 nM into one channel half as well as the whole channel. The results show that localized binding within a microfluidic channel is achieved under laminar flow. Furthermore, binding kinetics are fading out at the microfluidic channel edge due to the velocity profile.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lehmann
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Fabio Aldo Kraft
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Martina Gerken
- Integrated Systems and Photonics, Faculty of Engineering, Kiel University, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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Gopinathan KA, Mishra A, Mutlu BR, Edd JF, Toner M. A Microfluidic Transistor for Liquid Signal Processing. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.05.31.543146. [PMID: 37398240 PMCID: PMC10312585 DOI: 10.1101/2023.05.31.543146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidics have enabled significant advances in molecular biology 1-3 , synthetic chemistry 4,5 , diagnostics 6,7 , and tissue engineering 8 . However, there has long been a critical need in the field to manipulate fluids and suspended matter with the precision, modularity, and scalability of electronic circuits 9-11 . Just as the electronic transistor enabled unprecedented advances in the control of electricity on an electronic chip, a microfluidic analogue to the transistor could enable improvements in the complex, scalable control of reagents, droplets, and single cells on an autonomous microfluidic chip. Prior works on creating a microfluidic analogue to the electronic transistor 12-14 could not replicate the transistor's saturation behavior, which is crucial to perform analog amplification 15 and is fundamental to modern circuit design 16 . Here we exploit the fluidic phenomenon of flow-limitation 17 to develop a microfluidic element with flow-pressure characteristics completely analogous to the current-voltage characteristics of the electronic transistor. As this microfluidic transistor successfully replicates all of the key operating regimes of the electronic transistor (linear, cut-off and saturation), we are able to directly translate a variety of fundamental electronic circuit designs into the fluidic domain, including the amplifier, regulator, level shifter, logic gate, and latch. Finally, we demonstrate a "smart" particle dispenser that senses single suspended particles, performs liquid signal processing, and accordingly controls the movement of said particles in a purely fluidic system without electronics. By leveraging the vast repertoire of electronic circuit design, microfluidic transistor-based circuits are easy to integrate at scale, eliminate the need for external flow control, and enable uniquely complex liquid signal processing and single-particle manipulation for the next generation of chemical, biological, and clinical platforms.
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Iyer V, Issadore DA, Aflatouni F. The next generation of hybrid microfluidic/integrated circuit chips: recent and upcoming advances in high-speed, high-throughput, and multifunctional lab-on-IC systems. LAB ON A CHIP 2023; 23:2553-2576. [PMID: 37114950 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc01163h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Since the field's inception, pioneers in microfluidics have made significant progress towards realizing complete lab-on-chip systems capable of sophisticated sample analysis and processing. One avenue towards this goal has been to join forces with the related field of microelectronics, using integrated circuits (ICs) to perform on-chip actuation and sensing. While early demonstrations focused on using microfluidic-IC hybrid chips to miniaturize benchtop instruments, steady advancements in the field have enabled a new generation of devices that expand past miniaturization into high-performance applications that would not be possible without IC hybrid integration. In this review, we identify recent examples of labs-on-chip that use high-resolution, high-speed, and multifunctional electronic and photonic chips to expand the capabilities of conventional sample analysis. We focus on three particularly active areas: a) high-throughput integrated flow cytometers; b) large-scale microelectrode arrays for stimulation and multimodal sensing of cells over a wide field of view; c) high-speed biosensors for studying molecules with high temporal resolution. We also discuss recent advancements in IC technology, including on-chip data processing techniques and lens-free optics based on integrated photonics, that are poised to further advance microfluidic-IC hybrid chips.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasant Iyer
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
| | - David A Issadore
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Firooz Aflatouni
- Department of Electrical and Systems Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA.
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Noba K, Yoshimoto S, Tanaka Y, Yokoyama T, Matsuura T, Hori K. Simple Method for the Creation of a Bacteria-Sized Unilamellar Liposome with Different Proteins Localized to the Respective Sides of the Membrane. ACS Synth Biol 2023; 12:1437-1446. [PMID: 37155350 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.2c00564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Artificial cells are membrane vesicles mimicking cellular functions. To date, giant unilamellar vesicles made from a single lipid membrane with a diameter of 10 μm or more have been used to create artificial cells. However, the creation of artificial cells that mimic the membrane structure and size of bacteria has been limited due to technical restrictions of conventional liposome preparation methods. Here, we created bacteria-sized large unilamellar vesicles (LUVs) with proteins localized asymmetrically to the lipid bilayer. Liposomes containing benzylguanine-modified phospholipids were prepared by combining the conventional water-in-oil emulsion method and the extruder method, and green fluorescent protein fused with SNAP-tag was localized to the inner leaflet of the lipid bilayer. Biotinylated lipid molecules were then inserted externally, and the outer leaflet was modified with streptavidin. The resulting liposomes had a size distribution in the range of 500-2000 nm with a peak at 841 nm (the coefficient of variation was 10.3%), which was similar to that of spherical bacterial cells. Fluorescence microscopy, quantitative evaluation using flow cytometry, and western blotting proved the intended localization of different proteins on the lipid membrane. Cryogenic electron microscopy and quantitative evaluation by α-hemolysin insertion revealed that most of the created liposomes were unilamellar. Our simple method for the preparation of bacteria-sized LUVs with asymmetrically localized proteins will contribute to the creation of artificial bacterial cells for investigating functions and the significance of their surface structure and size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosaku Noba
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Shogo Yoshimoto
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
| | - Yoshikazu Tanaka
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Takeshi Yokoyama
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, 2-1-1 Katahira, Aoba-Ku, Sendai 980-8577, Japan
| | - Tomoaki Matsuura
- Earth-Life Science Institute, Tokyo Institute of Technology, Ookayama 2-12-1-i7E-307, Meguro-Ku, Tokyo 152-8550, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Hori
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi 464-8603, Japan
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