1
|
Masnadi Shirazi K, Sotoudeh S, Masnadi Shirazi A, Moaddab SY, Nourpanah Z, Nikniaz Z. Effect of N-acetylcysteine on remission maintenance in patients with ulcerative colitis: A randomized, double-blind controlled clinical trial. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101532. [PMID: 33067169 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2020] [Revised: 08/02/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of antioxidant agents is suggested as a complementary therapy in UC patients for the prevention of flares. Considering the potent antioxidant activity of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), in the present study we aimed to assess the effect of this supplement on remission maintenance in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC). METHODS In the present double-blind randomized controlled clinical trial, 168 volunteer UC patients who were on high dose corticosteroid and Mesalamine for flare-up management, were recruited. The patients received 800 mg NAC or placebo for 16 weeks. Simultaneously, the prednisolone dose was tapered. The patients were followed up six more weeks post-intervention. The primary efficacy of the treatment was remaining in remission. The secondary outcomes were the endoscopic relapse, serum level of hs-CRP, hemoglobin, and fecal calprotectin level. RESULTS During 22 weeks follow up, 25 patients experienced relapses, six of them were in the NAC group and 19 of them were in the placebo group. There was a significant difference between the NAC and placebo groups regarding the relapse-free period (P = 0.007). Compared with the NAC group, significantly more patients in the placebo group had an endoscopic relapse (p < 0.001). At the end of the intervention period (16 weeks) and 6 weeks post-intervention, the mean fecal calprotectin, serum erythrocyte sedimentation rate, and hs-CRP levels were significantly lower in the NAC group compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The findings indicated that NAC had a significantly more positive effect on the maintenance of remission compared with placebo in UC patients that were in the steroid-tapering phase of therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kourosh Masnadi Shirazi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Simin Sotoudeh
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | | | - Seyyed-Yaghoub Moaddab
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zahra Nourpanah
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Zeinab Nikniaz
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
De Marchi L, Freitas R, Oliva M, Cuccaro A, Manzini C, Tardelli F, Andrade M, Costa M, Leite C, Morelli A, Chiellini F, Pretti C. Does salinity variation increase synergistic effects of triclosan and carbon nanotubes on Mytilus galloprovincialis? Responses on adult tissues and sperms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:138837. [PMID: 32464379 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2020] [Revised: 04/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The use of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is rapidly increasing and several scientific studies have addressed their toxicological properties. However, only a very small number of publications have deal with the interaction between CNTs and other molecules. Triclosan (TCS) is an antibacterial agent used in personal care and household products. Commonly detected in aquatic ecosystems, there is a strong evidence that aquatic biota is sensitive to this compound. Aside from emergent pollutants, aquatic organisms are continuously subjected to abiotic variations including salinities. Therefore, the main goal of the present study was to better understand how physio-chemical interactions of CNTs with TCS under different salinity levels (37, 28 and 19) affect the mussel species Mytilus galloprovincialis through the evaluation of biochemical alterations on gametes (sperms) and adult tissues, providing more ecologically relevant information on organisms' responses. The results showed toxicological effects in terms of sperm metabolic activity and intracellular reactive oxygen species production as well as cellular damage and alteration of metabolic capacity at the adult's stage when exposed to both contaminants acting alone and in combination, under tested salinities. Moreover, when the mussels were exposed to the combination of both contaminants, they showed major toxic impacts on both assessed biological levels (adult tissues and sperms) especially under control salinity. This suggests that toxicity upon mixture exposure compared to single-substance exposure may impair mussels' populations, affecting reproduction success and growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia De Marchi
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Pisa, Via Derna 1, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Rosa Freitas
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology &, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - Matteo Oliva
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessia Cuccaro
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology &, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Chiara Manzini
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Federica Tardelli
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy
| | - Madalena Andrade
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology &, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Marcelo Costa
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology &, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Carla Leite
- Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies (CESAM) & Department of Biology &, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Andrea Morelli
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Federica Chiellini
- Department of Chemistry and Industrial Chemistry, University of Pisa, Udr INSTM Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Carlo Pretti
- Interuniversity Consortium of Marine Biology of Leghorn "G. Bacci", 57128 Livorno, Italy; Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Pisa, San Piero a Grado, 56122 Pisa, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Arfsten D, Johnson E, Thitoff A, Jung A, Wilfong E, Lohrke S, Bausman T, Eggers J, Bobb A. Impact of 30-Day Oral Dosing with N-acetyl-l-cysteine on Sprague-Dawley Rat Physiology. Int J Toxicol 2016; 23:239-47. [PMID: 15371168 DOI: 10.1080/10915810490502041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A number of studies have demonstrated a protective effect associated with N-acetyl-l-cysteine (NAC) against toxic chemical exposure. However, the impact of long-term oral dosing on tissue pathology has not been determined. In this study, the authors assessed the impact of long-term oral NAC administration on organ histopathology and tissue glutathione (GSH) and total glutathione- S-transferase (GST) activity levels in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. Groups of 20 SD rats (10 males, 10 females), 8 weeks of age, were dosed daily by oral gavage with deionized H2O (negative controls) or NAC solution at a rate of 600 or 1200 mg/kg/day for 30 days. Animals were euthanized 6 h after treatment on study day 30. There were no significant differences in final body weights or weekly average weight gain between treatment groups. Serum alanine amino-transferase (ALT) activities were significantly elevated ( p ≤.05) in NAC-treated animals compared to controls when measured on study day 30. Histopathologic evaluation of the stomach, small intestine, liver, kidneys, spleen, thymus, and lungs revealed no lesions associated with NAC administration. When measured on study day 30, total GST activity for kidney and skin from NAC-treated animals were increased 39% to 131% as compared to controls. Tissue GSH concentrations from NAC-treated animals were increased 24% to 81% as compared with negative controls. Further studies are needed to determine if the observed increase in tissue GSH concentration and GST activity provide a degree of chemoprotection against dermal and systemic chemical toxicants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Darryl Arfsten
- Naval Health Research Center Environmental Health Effects Laboratory, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio 45433, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tsou PS, Balogh B, Pinney AJ, Zakhem G, Lozier A, Amin MA, Stinson WA, Schiopu E, Khanna D, Fox DA, Koch AE. Lipoic acid plays a role in scleroderma: insights obtained from scleroderma dermal fibroblasts. Arthritis Res Ther 2015; 16:411. [PMID: 25123250 PMCID: PMC4558991 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-014-0411-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is a connective tissue disease characterized by fibrosis of the skin and organs. Increase in oxidative stress and platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR) activation promote type I collagen (Col I) production, leading to fibrosis in SSc. Lipoic acid (LA) and its active metabolite dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) are naturally occurring thiols that act as cofactors and antioxidants and are produced by lipoic acid synthetase (LIAS). Our goals in this study were to examine whether LA and LIAS were deficient in SSc patients and to determine the effect of DHLA on the phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a commonly used thiol antioxidant, was included as a comparison. Methods Dermal fibroblasts were isolated from healthy subjects and patients with diffuse cutaneous SSc. Matrix metalloproteinase (MMPs), tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMP), plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 (PAI-1) and LIAS were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The expression of Col I was measured by immunofluorescence, hydroxyproline assay and quantitative PCR. PDGFR phosphorylation and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA) were measured by Western blotting. Student’s t-tests were performed for statistical analysis, and P-values less than 0.05 with two-tailed analysis were considered statistically significant. Results The expression of LA and LIAS in SSc dermal fibroblasts was lower than normal fibroblasts; however, LIAS was significantly higher in SSc plasma and appeared to be released from monocytes. DHLA lowered cellular oxidative stress and decreased PDGFR phosphorylation, Col I, PAI-1 and αSMA expression in SSc dermal fibroblasts. It also restored the activities of phosphatases that inactivated the PDGFR. SSc fibroblasts produced lower levels of MMP-1 and MMP-3, and DHLA increased them. In contrast, TIMP-1 levels were higher in SSc, but DHLA had a minimal effect. Both DHLA and NAC increased MMP-1 activity when SSc cells were stimulated with PDGF. In general, DHLA showed better efficacy than NAC in most cases. Conclusions DHLA acts not only as an antioxidant but also as an antifibrotic because it has the ability to reverse the profibrotic phenotype of SSc dermal fibroblasts. Our study suggests that thiol antioxidants, including NAC, LA, or DHLA, could be beneficial for patients with SSc. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13075-014-0411-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Suen Tsou
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Rheumatology, University of Michigan Medical School, 109 Zina Pitcher Dr., 4388 BSRB, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2200, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The Glut athione S-Transferase Supergene Family: Regulation of GST and the Contribution of the lsoenzymes to Cancer Chemoprotection and Drug Resistance Part II. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2008. [DOI: 10.3109/10409239509083492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
6
|
O'Brien ML, Spear BT, Glauert HP. Role of Oxidative Stress in Peroxisome Proliferator-Mediated Carcinogenesis. Crit Rev Toxicol 2008; 35:61-88. [PMID: 15742903 DOI: 10.1080/10408440590905957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
In this review, the evidence about the role of oxidative stress in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators is examined. The activation of PPAR-alpha by peroxisome proliferators in rats and mice may produce oxidative stress, due to the induction of enzymes like fatty acyl coenzyme A (CoA) oxidase (AOX) and cytochrome P-450 4A1. The effect of peroxisome proliferators on the antioxidant defense system is reviewed, as is the effect on endpoints resulting from oxidative stress that may be important in carcinogenesis, such as lipid peroxidation, oxidative DNA damage, and transcription factor activation. Peroxisome proliferators clearly inhibit several enzymes in the antioxidant defense system, but studies examining effects on lipid peroxidation and oxidative DNA damage are conflicting. There is a profound species difference in the induction of hepatocellular carcinomas by peroxisome proliferators, with rats and mice being sensitive, whereas species such as nonhuman primates and guinea pigs are not susceptible to the effects of peroxisome proliferators. The possible role of oxidative stress in these species differences is also reviewed. Overall, peroxisome proliferators produce changes in oxidative stress, but whether these changes are important in the carcinogenic process is not clear at this time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L O'Brien
- Graduate Centerfor Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky 40506-0054, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Jung JH, Kim SJ, Lee TK, Shim WJ, Woo S, Kim DJ, Han CH. Biomarker responses in caged rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) from Masan Bay and Haegeumgang, South Korea. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2008; 57:599-606. [PMID: 18234237 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2007] [Revised: 11/15/2007] [Accepted: 12/09/2007] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare enzymatic biomarker activities in fish caged at two sites, Masan Bay (contaminated) and Haeguemgang (reference). In the present study, ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD), brain acetyl cholinesterase (bAChE), muscle acetyl cholinesterase (mAChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (mBChE) in caged rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) were measured 0, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after caging. The level of CYP1A mRNA and Protein expression was induced higher in Masan Bay at 1, 3, 7, 14 and 30 days after caging. EROD activity in the caged fish was significantly higher in Masan Bay than in Haeguemgang 3 and 7 days after caging, but not at 14 and 30 days after caging. bAChE activity was significantly inhibited at 7 and 14 days after caging in Masan Bay. However, mBChE activity was not significantly inhibited during the experiment. Taken together, the data suggest that the caged fish were exposed, at least transiently, to CYP1A inducers and ChE inhibitors, which is consistent with our previous observations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jee-Hyun Jung
- South Sea Institute, Korean Ocean Research and Development Institute (KORDI), 391 Jangbuk-Ri Jangmonk-myon, Geoje 656-830, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Campo P, Waniusiow D, Cossec B, Lataye R, Rieger B, Cosnier F, Burgart M. Toluene-induced hearing loss in phenobarbital treated rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2008; 30:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ntt.2007.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2007] [Revised: 10/04/2007] [Accepted: 10/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
9
|
Smith L, Lind MJ, Drew PJ, Cawkwell L. The putative roles of the ubiquitin/proteasome pathway in resistance to anticancer therapy. Eur J Cancer 2007; 43:2330-8. [PMID: 17888650 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejca.2007.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2007] [Revised: 07/09/2007] [Accepted: 07/18/2007] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The ubiquitin/proteasome (UP) pathway plays a significant role in many important biological functions and alterations in this pathway have been shown to contribute to the pathology of many human diseases, including cancer. Proteasome inhibition has been well established as a rational strategy for the treatment of multiple myeloma and is currently under investigation for the treatment of other haematological malignancies and solid tumours. Recent evidence suggests that proteasome inhibition may also sensitise tumour cells to the actions of both conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy, suggesting that this pathway may modify clinical response to anticancer therapy. However, conflicting evidence exists as to the roles of the UP pathway in resistance to treatment. This review endeavours to discuss such roles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Smith
- Cancer Biology Proteomics Group, Postgraduate Medical Institute of the University of Hull, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Sun W, Margam VM, Sun L, Buczkowski G, Bennett GW, Schemerhorn B, Muir WM, Pittendrigh BR. Genome-wide analysis of phenobarbital-inducible genes in Drosophila melanogaster. INSECT MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2006; 15:455-64. [PMID: 16907832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2583.2006.00662.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
An oligoarray analysis was conducted to determine the differential expression of genes due to phenobarbital exposure in Drosophila melanogaster (w(1118) strain) third instar larvae. Seventeen genes were observed to be induced with increased expression by a statistical analysis of microarrays approach with a q < or = 0.05. At q < or = 0.12, four more genes (Cyp12d1, DmGstd4, and two genes with unknown function) were found to be up-regulated, and 11 genes with unknown function were found to be down-regulated. Fifteen of these genes, Cyp4d14, Cyp6a2, Cyp6a8, Cyp12d1, Cyp6d5, Cyp6w1, CG2065, DmGstd6, DmGstd7, Amy-p/Amy-d, Ugt86Dd, GC5724, Jheh1, Jheh2 and CG11893, were verified using quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction. Some of these genes have been shown to be over-transcribed in metabolically DDT-resistant Drosophila strains.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Sun
- Department of Entomology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907-1158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Cunha I, García LM, Guilhermino L. Sea-urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) glutathione S-transferases and cholinesterase activities as biomarkers of environmental contamination. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 7:288-94. [PMID: 15798794 DOI: 10.1039/b414773a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Activities of glutathione S-transferases (GST) and cholinesterase (ChE) from Paracentrotus lividus were investigated as possible biomarkers of environmental contamination in the coastal zone. In the first phase of the study, the activity of both enzymes was determined in various tissues in order to select the most appropriate ones to be used in the following assays. In the second phase, the ChEs present in ambulacra were characterized using different substrates and selective inhibitors. In the next phase, laboratory bioassays were performed with dilutions of water-accommodated fraction of #4 fuel-oil (WAF) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) to determine the response of those enzymes to these pollutants and, finally, the activity of both enzymes was determined during a year in indigenous specimens from six sites on the Northwest coast of Portugal, with different pollution levels, to determine basal values and seasonal variations of ChE and GST activities. Among the several tissues tested, ambulacra and the anterior portion of the intestine were selected for ChE and GST assays, respectively. The determination of ChE in ambulacra tissue may be performed in a non-destructive way. Ambulacra ChE hydrolysed acetylthiocholine preferentially to propionylthiocholine and butyrylthiocholine and, inhibition by excess of substrate was observed. Enzymatic activity was almost fully inhibited by eserine sulfate (>98%) at concentrations equal or higher than 6.25 microM. Sensitivity to both BW284C51 (reaching 98% at 200 microM) and iso-OMPA (73% at 8 mM) was found. In laboratory bioassays, GSTs activity was inhibited by WAF and induced by BaP, whereas ChE activity was not affected by any of these environmental contaminants. Seasonal variations in enzymatic activities were found. For example, in a reference site, ChE values changed from 52.2 +/- 9.3 U mg(-1) protein in autumn to 71.8 +/- 13.3 U mg(-1) protein in spring, while GST activity changed from 129.9 +/- 29.8 U mg(-1) protein in winter to 279.0 +/- 48.0 U mg(-1) protein in autumn. Sea-urchins from reference sites presented significantly higher values of both ChE and GST than animals from contaminated sites in all seasons. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that (i) ambulacra and the anterior portion of intestine are the most suitable tissues to measure ChE and GST activities, respectively; (ii) only one form of ChE seems to be present in ambulacra, showing properties of both typical acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and pseudocholinesterase (PChE); (iii)P. lividus GST is sensitive to both WAF and BaP even after acute exposures while ChE is not, and (iv) in spite of the significant seasonal variations observed in both enzymes in the field, P. lividus ChE and GST were capable of discriminate sites with different contamination levels and, thus, they are suitable for use as biomarkers in biomonitoring studies in the coastal zone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Cunha
- CIIMAR-Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Laboratório de Ecotoxicologia, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
Chemical carcinogenesis follows a multistep process involving both mutation and increased cell proliferation. Oxidative stress can occur through overproduction of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species through either endogenous or exogenous insults. Important to carcinogenesis, the unregulated or prolonged production of cellular oxidants has been linked to mutation (induced by oxidant-induced DNA damage), as well as modification of gene expression. In particular, signal transduction pathways, including AP-1 and NFkappaB, are known to be activated by reactive oxygen species, and they lead to the transcription of genes involved in cell growth regulatory pathways. This review examines the evidence of cellular oxidants' involvement in the carcinogenesis process, and focuses on the mechanisms for production, cellular damage produced, and the role of signaling cascades by reactive oxygen species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Klaunig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Imaoka S, Osada M, Minamiyama Y, Yukimura T, Toyokuni S, Takemura S, Hiroi T, Funae Y. Role of phenobarbital-inducible cytochrome P450s as a source of active oxygen species in DNA-oxidation. Cancer Lett 2004; 203:117-25. [PMID: 14732219 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2003.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the biological effects of the active oxygen produced by P450s. First, we identified which isoforms of P450 efficiently produced active oxygen using electron spin resonance. Eight forms of P450 purified from rat liver were used. Of these, CYP1A2, 2B1, 2C11 and 3A2 produced hydroxyl radicals efficiently. Phenobarbital (PB) which is a typical inducer of CYP2B1 and 3A2 induced production of hydroxyl radicals by rat liver and ketoconazole, an inhibitor of P450, inhibited production of hydroxyl radicals in vitro. PB is a tumor promoter as well as the P450-inducer. We investigated oxidation of the genomic DNA by the hydroxyl radicals produced by PB-inducible P450 in vitro and in vivo. 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), a biomarker of DNA oxidation in vivo was assayed by HPLC. PB strongly induced the production of 8-OHdG in the rat liver. While ketoconazole inhibited the production of 8-OHdG in vivo. These results suggest that active oxygen produced by P450 oxidized genomic DNA and induction of P450 increased oxidative stress that may contribute to tumor initiation and promotion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susumu Imaoka
- Department of Chemical Biology, Osaka City University Medical School, Abeno-ku, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eferl R, Ricci R, Kenner L, Zenz R, David JP, Rath M, Wagner EF. Liver tumor development. c-Jun antagonizes the proapoptotic activity of p53. Cell 2003; 112:181-92. [PMID: 12553907 DOI: 10.1016/s0092-8674(03)00042-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 374] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor c-Jun mediates several cellular processes, including proliferation and survival, and is upregulated in many carcinomas. Liver-specific inactivation of c-Jun at different stages of tumor development was used to study its role in chemically induced hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) in mice. The requirement for c-jun was restricted to early stages of tumor development, and the number and size of hepatic tumors was dramatically reduced when c-jun was inactivated after the tumor had initiated. The impaired tumor development correlated with increased levels of p53 and its target gene noxa, resulting in the induction of apoptosis without affecting cell proliferation. Primary hepatocytes lacking c-Jun showed increased sensitivity to TNF-alpha-induced apoptosis, which was abrogated in the absence of p53. These data indicate that c-Jun prevents apoptosis by antagonizing p53 activity, illustrating a mechanism that might contribute to the early stages of human HCC development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Eferl
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr. Bohrgasse 7, A-1030, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ito K, Kajikawa S, Aisuke N, Hanada T, Doi K. Antioxidants suppress nitrofurazone-induced proliferation of hepatocytes. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 55:247-50. [PMID: 14703769 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
On administration to rats at a subtoxic dose, the antibiotic nitrofurazone (NF) has been shown to increase hepatocyte DNA synthesis and liver weight in a dose-dependent manner, with no histological or biochemical evidence of cell damage or necrosis. Free radicals are implicated in NF metabolism, as well as in the DNA synthesis or cell proliferation induced by a number of other chemicals. In the present study, NF was given alone or concomitantly with the antioxidants N-acetylcysteine or cyanidanol. Antioxidants prevent the effects of free radicals. Co-administration decreased hepatocyte proliferation to the same level as the control. This suppression of NF-induced hepatocyte proliferation by antioxidants therefore strongly suggests that free radical production is involved in this process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyoko Ito
- Safety Research Laboratories, Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Calfee-Mason KG, Spear BT, Glauert HP. Vitamin E inhibits hepatic NF-kappaB activation in rats administered the hepatic tumor promoter, phenobarbital. J Nutr 2002; 132:3178-85. [PMID: 12368415 DOI: 10.1093/jn/131.10.3178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Phenobarbital (PB) is an efficacious hepatic tumor promoter. Although the promoting activity of PB is likely related to altered cell proliferation or apoptosis, the induction of an oxidative stress environment may also be important. PB has been shown to activate the transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB). In this study, we hypothesized that PB-induced NF-kappaB activation can be decreased by dietary vitamin E in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 39) were fed a purified diet with varying levels of dietary vitamin E (10, 50 or 250 mg/kg of dl-alpha-tocopherol acetate) for 28 d, at which time 8 rats per level of dietary vitamin E were fed the same diet with 500 mg/kg PB for 10 d. In the rats fed the low vitamin E diet, PB increased NF-kappaB DNA binding, but it did not affect NF-kappaB activation in rats fed higher levels of vitamin E (50 and 250 mg/kg). Vitamin E may decrease the oxidative stress created by PB by also enhancing other antioxidants; therefore, we also measured hepatic glutathione S-transferase, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, superoxide dismutase, catalase and NAD(P)H:quinone reductase (DT-diaphorase) activities and glutathione and ascorbic acid concentrations. Increased dietary alpha-tocopherol did not affect the antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes altered by PB treatment. Thus, the effect of alpha-tocopherol acetate on NF-kappaB activation does not appear to be mediated by alterations in the antioxidant system. These results demonstrate that the activation of NF-kappaB, a transcription factor that affects cell proliferation- and apoptosis-related gene expression, can be inhibited by dietary vitamin E.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karen G Calfee-Mason
- Graduate Center for Nutritional Sciences, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington 40506, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Dhar A, Young MR, Colburn NH. The role of AP-1, NF-kappaB and ROS/NOS in skin carcinogenesis: the JB6 model is predictive. Mol Cell Biochem 2002; 234-235:185-93. [PMID: 12162432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
Generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) stimulates transcription by activating transcription factors activator protein 1 (AP-1) and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-KB). The mouse epidermal JB6 cells constitute a model system that has significantly contributed to the understanding of these events. Clonal variants of JB6 cells are differentially responsive to transformation induced by tumor promoters such as phorbol esters (TPA), epidermal growth factor (EGF) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), as well as oxidative stress. TPA and EGF, acting through the MAP kinase pathway, activate AP-1 and subsequently NF-kappaB proteins and downstream transcription processes that are involved in the transformation response in transformation-sensitive (P+) JB6 cells. The effect of TNF-alpha is primarily on the NF-kappaB pathway. ROS and other free radicals can activate AP-1 and NF-KB transcription coordinately. In JB6 cells, both ERK/Fra-1 and NF-kappaB activity is essential for the transformation response. Inhibition of NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity abrogates transformation in JB6 cells as well as in transgenic mice and human keratinocytes. A similar effect is seen with antioxidants, which inhibit NF-kappaB and AP-1 activity as well as transformation in JB6 cells. The JB6 model is therefore valuable for monitoring early events in oxidative stress related signaling leading to carcinogenesis, and for identifying molecular targets for cancer chemoprevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Dhar
- Gene Regulation Section, National Cancer Institute at Frederick, MD 21702-1201, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Pappas P, Stephanou P, Karamanakos P, Vasiliou V, Marselos M. Phenobarbital inducibility and differences in protein expression of an animal model. Chem Biol Interact 2001; 130-132:275-83. [PMID: 11306051 DOI: 10.1016/s0009-2797(00)00271-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a group of enzymes which catalyze the conversion of aldehydes to the corresponding carboxylic acids in a NAD(P)(+)-dependent reaction. In mammals, different ALDHs are constitutively expressed in liver, stomach, eye and skin. In addition, inducible ALDH-isoenzymes are detectable in many tissues; apart from other physico- and immuno-chemical differences, two cytosolic ALDHs (ALDH1A3 and ALDH3A1) are known to be activated in rat liver, by different types of inducers of drug metabolism. Phenobarbital-type inducers increase the ALDH1A3, while polycyclic hydrocarbons (such as BaP and TCDD) increase the expression of the two members of ALDH3A subfamily (3A1 and 3A2). In this study, we used two Wistar rat substrains which have been well-characterized for different inducibility of ALDH1A3 enzyme activity after treatment with phenobarbital. Animals that respond (RR) or do not respond (rr) to treatment have been inbred for almost 25 years, offering a useful experimental model. Apart from the level of ALDH1A3 induced enzyme expression after phenobarbital treatment, no other differences between the two substrains have been noticed, as far as drug metabolizing enzyme activities (like the pentoxy- and ethoxy-O-dealkylation rate) are concerned. According to the present results, the ALDH1A3 expression is still the only difference between the two substrains. Immunoblotting experiments with polyclonal antibodies raised against CYP2B1 or/and CYP1A1/1A2 showed no differences between the two substrains. Additionally, data concerning time- and dose-response induction of ALDH1A3 after phenobarbital and griseofulvin treatment are presented. It is concluded that these two Wistar rat substrains represent a unique animal model for studying what seems to be the only difference between these substrains - the genetic basis of the phenobarbital induction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Pappas
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, University of Ioannina, 451 10, Ioannina, Greece.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Feng Q, Davey KG, Ladd TR, Retnakaran A, Tomkins BL, Zheng S, Palli SR. Developmental expression and stress induction of glutathione S-transferase in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2001; 47:1-10. [PMID: 11033162 DOI: 10.1016/s0022-1910(00)00093-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Developmental and stress-induced expression of Choristoneura fumiferana glutathione S-transferase (CfGST) mRNA and protein were examined using Northern blots and Western blots. High levels of CfGST mRNA and protein were detected in 1st instar larvae and diapausing 2nd instar larvae. Expression of CfGST gradually decreased during larval development from 3rd to 5th instar, after which the expression increased once again, reaching peak levels in 6th instar larvae. CfGST mRNA and protein were undetectable in the pupal stage. Exposure to low temperature did not induce an increase in CfGST expression. Feeding on balsam fir foliage resulted in an increase in the expression of CfGST as compared to larvae that fed on artificial diet. The bacterial insecticide, Bacillus thuringiensis delta-endotoxin (Bt), the non-steroidal ecdysone analog, tebufenozide, and the synthetic pyrethroid, permethrin, induced the expression of CfGST mRNA in 5th instar larvae, whereas the chitin synthesis inhibitor, diflubenzuron, did not have any such effect. These results suggest that CfGST plays an important role in detoxifying various allelochemicals and insecticides in the spruce budworm. The developmental expression pattern strongly suggests that in addition to detoxification, CfGST might be involved in other functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Q Feng
- Great Lakes Forestry Centre, Canadian Forest Service, P.O. Box 490, 1219 Queen Street East, Ontario, P6A 5M7, Sault Ste. Marie, Canada
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Masahiko N, Honkakoski P. Induction of drug metabolism by nuclear receptor CAR: molecular mechanisms and implications for drug research. Eur J Pharm Sci 2000; 11:259-64. [PMID: 11033069 DOI: 10.1016/s0928-0987(00)00112-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent findings indicate that induction of drug metabolism is regulated by activation of specific members of the nuclear receptor gene family. This minireview deals with the mechanisms by which phenobarbital and phenobarbital-type chemicals induce cytochrome P450 and other genes, and summarises the knowledge on the role of the constitutively active receptor CAR in the induction process. The potential implications of CAR-mediated induction for drug research and possible uses of CAR are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Masahiko
- Pharmacogenetics Section, Laboratory of Reproductive and Developmental Toxicology, NIEHS, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Chemically induced cancer is a multi-step process involving damage to the genome initially followed by clonal expansion of the DNA damaged cell eventually leading to a neoplasm. Chemical carcinogens have been shown to impact at all of the stages of the tumorigenesis process. It has become apparent that chemical and physical agents that induce cancer may do so through several different cellular and molecular mechanisms. Epigenetic (nongenotoxic) chemical carcinogens are those agents that function to induce tumor formation by mechanisms exclusive of direct modification or damage to DNA. These agents appear to modulate cell growth and cell death and exhibit dose response relationships between exposure and tumor formation. The exact and/or exclusive mechanisms by which these agents function have not been established, however, changes in cell growth regulation and gene expression are important to tumor formation. This review focuses on several potential mechanisms and cellular processes that may be involved in nongenotoxic chemical carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J E Klaunig
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Chen YH, Ramos KS. A CCAAT/Enhancer-binding Protein Site within Antioxidant/Electrophile Response Element Along with CREB-binding Protein Participate in the Negative Regulation of RatGST-Ya Gene in Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells. J Biol Chem 2000. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(19)61520-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
23
|
Affiliation(s)
- T M Bray
- Department of Human Nutrition, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210-1295, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Lee SH, Wang X, DeJong J. Functional interactions between an atypical NF-kappaB site from the rat CYP2B1 promoter and the transcriptional repressor RBP-Jkappa/CBF1. Nucleic Acids Res 2000; 28:2091-8. [PMID: 10773077 PMCID: PMC105370 DOI: 10.1093/nar/28.10.2091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The phenobarbital-inducible rat cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2B1 and 2B2 proteins are encoded by homologous genes whose promoters contain a mammalian-apparent long terminal repeat retrotransposon (MaLR). An NF-kappaB-like site within the MaLR forms multiple protein-DNA complexes with rat liver and HeLa cell nuclear extracts. Using antibody supershift assays, we have identified these complexes as NF-kappaB and RPB-Jkappa/CBF1. Competition assays using a series of single site mutant oligonucleotides reveal that the recognition sites for these two factors overlap. We also show that the CYP2B1/2 NF-kappaB element, but not the Igkappa NF-kappaB element, can repress transcription in vitro when positioned upstream of the heterologous adenovirus major late core promoter. In addition, RBP-Jkappa over-expressed in COS-7 cells repressed expression in vivo from an SV40-luciferase reporter construct that contained the CYP2B1/2 NF-kappaB element. Finally, we observe similar levels of NF-kappaB and RBP-Jkappa binding activities in nuclear extracts prepared from control and phenobarbital-induced rat livers. The results suggest that RBP-Jkappa/CBF1 binds an atypical NF-kappaB site in the CYP2B1/2 promoters and may help to maintain a low level of expression in the absence of inducer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S H Lee
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, The University of Texas at Dallas, 2601 North Floyd Road, Richardson, TX 75080, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
In the present study we investigated c-fos expression in rat livers, that was initiated with the three arylamines, 2-acetylaminofluorene, 2-acetylaminophenanthrene and trans-4-acetylaminostilbene. The tumor promoter phenobarbital was applied chronically for 26, 52 and 100 weeks. Gene expression, determined by the mRNA level, and FOS protein were increased after 52 weeks of treatment in arylamine initiated as well as in phenobarbital only treated animals. Expression of c-fos seems to be a phenobarbital induced effect that is independent of additional initiator treatments. This finding was supported by immunohistochemical studies demonstrating increased FOS levels to be localized around the central vein. The results indicate that phenobarbital, a widely used tumor promoter, induces c-fos expression. In addition, we demonstrated enhanced FOS in GST-P-positive foci and in tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bitsch
- Department of Toxicology, University of Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lakshminarayanan V, Drab-Weiss EA, Roebuck KA. H2O2 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha induce differential binding of the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB to the interleukin-8 promoter in endothelial and epithelial cells. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:32670-8. [PMID: 9830008 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.49.32670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
We previously demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFalpha) and H2O2 differentially regulate interleukin-8 (IL-8) and intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM-1) gene expression in endothelial and epithelial cells. H2O2 induced IL-8 expression in the A549 and BEAS-2B epithelial cell lines, but not in the human microvessel endothelial cell line, HMEC-1 or human umbilical vein endothelial cells. In contrast, H2O2 induced ICAM-1 only in endothelial cells. Unlike H2O2, the proinflammatory cytokine TNFalpha induced IL-8 and ICAM-1 in both cell types. In this study, we examine the role of the redox-responsive transcription factors AP-1 and nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-kappaB) in the differential expression of IL-8. DNA binding studies using nuclear protein extracts from HMEC-1 and A549 cells stimulated with H2O2 or TNFalpha demonstrated differential activation and promoter binding of AP-1 and NF-kappaB. H2O2 activated AP-1 but not NF-kappaB in A549, whereas TNFalpha activated AP-1 as well as NF-kappaB. In HMEC-1, TNFalpha activated NF-kappaB but not AP-1, while H2O2 did not activate either transcription factor. The differential activation of the factors was also reflected in their differential binding to the IL-8 promoter. Moreover, the H2O2 concentration dependent increase in epithelial IL-8 mRNA expression directly corresponded to the H2O2 concentration dependent binding of AP-1 to the IL-8 promoter. Supershift analysis revealed H2O2 as well as TNFalpha induced AP-1 complexes containing c-Fos and JunD. TNFalpha induced NF-kappaB complexes containing Rel A (p65). Immunohistochemical staining of HMEC-1 and A549 cells revealed TNFalpha stimulated nuclear localization of Rel A, whereas no translocation of Rel A was detected in either cell type stimulated by H2O2. These data indicate that the cell type-specific induction of IL-8 gene expression by H2O2 and TNFalpha in HMEC-1 and A549 cells can be explained by the differential binding of AP-1 and NF-kappaB to the IL-8 promoter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Lakshminarayanan
- Department of Immunology/Microbiology, Rush-Presbyterian, St. Luke's Medical Center, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Milam SB, Zardeneta G, Schmitz JP. Oxidative stress and degenerative temporomandibular joint disease: a proposed hypothesis. J Oral Maxillofac Surg 1998; 56:214-23. [PMID: 9461148 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-2391(98)90872-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The molecular events that underlie degenerative temporomandibular joint diseases are poorly understood. Recent studies have provided evidence that a variety of molecular species, including cytokines, matrix degrading enzymes, neuropeptides, and arachidonic acid catabolites may be involved. This paper advances the theory that mechanical stresses lead to the accumulation of damaging free radicals in affected articular tissues of susceptible individuals. This condition is called oxidative stress. The authors postulate mechanisms that may be involved in the production of free radicals in the temporomandibular joint and in the subsequent induction of molecular events that may amplify damage of articular tissues initiated by free radicals. If the proposed model is correct, then future therapeutic strategies directed at the control of oxidative stress could be effective in the management of degenerative temporomandibular joint diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S B Milam
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio 78284-7903, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Stien X, Percic P, Gnassia-Barelli M, Roméo M, Lafaurie M. Evaluation of biomarkers in caged fishes and mussels to assess the quality of waters in a bay of the NW Mediterranean Sea. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1998; 99:339-345. [PMID: 15093298 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(98)00013-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/1997] [Accepted: 12/17/1997] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Specimens of sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) were placed in cages for 1 month in spring and autumn at different locations in the Bay of Cannes (NW Mediterranean). Biochemical markers evaluated were: ethoxyresorufin O-deethylase (EROD) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) activities in fish livers and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity in fish muscle. EROD and GST activities were higher in front of the outlet for the wastewater plant of Cannes and in the harbour than outside the marina. High EROD and GST activities may be induced by petrol hydrocarbons and/or polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs). AChE was low in the muscles of the fish caged in the harbour compared with samples from the other cages. Low AChE activity could suggest the presence of organophosphorus and carbamate compounds in seawater from the harbour. Mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) were caged off Cannes for the same periods as the fishes. Heavy metal, metallothionein (MT) concentrations and lysosomal membrane stability were evaluated in the digestive gland of the mussels. Results show low heavy metal and MT concentrations, implying low metal concentrations in the surrounding waters. High lysosomal membrane stability revealed a good physiological status of these animals after caging. The whole set of data indicates that seawater in the Bay of Cannes appeared to be unpolluted as regards pollutants which may induce the measured biomarkers, except in restricted areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Stien
- Laboratoire de Physiologie et Toxicologie Environnementales, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 06107 Nice 2, France
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Spataro V, Toda T, Craig R, Seeger M, Dubiel W, Harris AL, Norbury C. Resistance to diverse drugs and ultraviolet light conferred by overexpression of a novel human 26 S proteasome subunit. J Biol Chem 1997; 272:30470-5. [PMID: 9374539 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.272.48.30470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We have investigated the usefulness of the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe as a model organism for the discovery of novel modes of drug resistance in human cells. In fission yeast, overexpression of the essential pad1(+) gene confers pleiotropic drug resistance through a pathway involving an AP-1 transcription factor encoded by pap1(+). We have identified POH1, a human pad1 homologue that can substitute fully for pad1(+) and induce AP-1-dependent drug resistance in fission yeast. POH1 also confers P-glycoprotein-independent resistance to taxol (paclitaxel), doxorubicin, 7-hydroxystaurosporine, and ultraviolet light when transiently overexpressed in mammalian cells. Poh1 is a previously unidentified component of the human 26 S proteasome, a multiprotein complex that degrades proteins targeted for destruction by the ubiquitin pathway. Hence, Poh1 is part of a conserved mechanism that determines cellular susceptibility to cytotoxic agents, perhaps by influencing the ubiquitin-dependent proteolysis of transcription factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V Spataro
- Imperial Cancer Research Fund Molecular Oncology Laboratory, University of Oxford Institute of Molecular Medicine, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Wasserman WW, Fahl WE. Comprehensive analysis of proteins which interact with the antioxidant responsive element: correlation of ARE-BP-1 with the chemoprotective induction response. Arch Biochem Biophys 1997; 344:387-96. [PMID: 9264553 DOI: 10.1006/abbi.1997.0215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Transcriptional activation of the mouse glutathione S-transferase Ya gene by chemoprotective molecules is mediated through the interaction of trans-acting factors with an antioxidant responsive element (ARE) in the promoter region of this gene. In a step toward identifying those factors which bind productively to the GST Ya ARE, all of the discernible, specific ARE-binding proteins (ARE-BP) in nuclear extracts from HepG2 cells were systematically characterized. By gel-mobility-shift analysis, seven specific ARE-BPs, termed ARE-BP-1 through 7 in order of increasing mobility, were observed that did not vary in concentration or migration between induced and uninduced cell extracts. The molecular weights of the individual ARE-BP subunits were determined by a two-dimensional electrophoresis protocol. Ferguson gel analysis of native protein size indicated that several of the ARE-BP-DNA complexes are composed of multiple protein subunits. Wild-type AREs and GST Ya ARE fragments and mutant sequences were evaluated for their ability to mediate induction in a reporter gene system in HepG2 cells. This same panel of sites was tested in an in vitro binding assay for the ability to compete for the ARE-BPs. A binding profile for each ARE-BP was compiled. Correlation between the ARE-BP binding profiles and induction results indicated that: (i) the ARE-BP-1 and ARE-BP-2 complexes formed only with AREs that supported induction, and (ii) the ARE-BP-4 complex formed with all inducible AREs, but it also bound to ARE mutants that failed to support induction. Based on the studies, an early composite regulatory element model for ARE-mediated expression is presented. ARE-BP-1 is proposed to be the mediator of the ARE's unique induction response to chemoprotective agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W W Wasserman
- McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53706, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Serra E, Zemzoumi K, Dissous C. Deletion analysis of the Schistosoma mansoni 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase gene promoter in mammalian cells--importance of a proximal activator-protein-1 site. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 248:113-9. [PMID: 9310368 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.t01-1-00113.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The 1241-bp promoter region of the Schistosoma mansoni 28-kDa glutathione S-transferase gene (Sm28GST) was sequentially deleted and analyzed using the luciferase reporter gene system in different cell lines. The activator protein-1 (AP-1) site located at -231 seems to be responsible for the major part of the promoter activity. The 1241-bp Sm28GST promoter was not, in transient transfection experiments, activated by reagents generating reactive oxygen species, such as hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), 3-methylcholanthrene, and ter-methylhydroquinone, but was significantly stimulated by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, a potent protein kinase C activator. The involvement of the -231 AP-1 site in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate stimulation was demonstrated. Moreover, evidence for in vitro and in vivo binding of the -231 AP-1 site to Jun/Fos dimers was obtained using mobility gel shift assays and co-transfection of embryonic F9 cells with Jun/Fos expression plasmids, respectively. The presence in S. mansoni nuclear extracts of components with affinity for the AP-1 site suggests conservation of this regulatory pathway in the parasite.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Serra
- Unité INSERM 167, Institut Pasteur, Lille, France
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Daggett DA, Nuwaysir EF, Nelson SA, Wright LS, Kornguth SE, Siegel FL. Effects of triethyl lead administration on the expression of glutathione S-transferase isoenzymes and quinone reductase in rat kidney and liver. Toxicology 1997; 117:61-71. [PMID: 9020200 DOI: 10.1016/s0300-483x(96)03555-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effects of triethyl lead chloride (TEL) on the expression of two detoxication enzyme families, glutathione S-transferases (GSTs) and NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase (QR) were determined in rat liver and kidney. Fischer 344 rats were given one intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of TEL. GST activity, GST isoenzyme levels, mRNA levels of alpha class GST isoenzymes Ya1, Ya2, and Yc1 and activity of QR were determined. Treatment of rats with TEL caused a significant increase in GST activity in kidney. In kidney, the levels of all GST subunits were significantly elevated; the largest increase was a 3.2-fold increase in GST Yb1. The levels of GST Ya1, Ya2, and Yc1 mRNA also increased after injection of TEL. In liver, TEL injection resulted in decreased GST activity and lower levels of hepatic GSTs Yb2, Yb3, Ya1, and Ya2. The largest decrease was a 40% reduction of GST Ya1. In contrast, the level of liver GST Yc1 increased from day 4 through day 14 after injection of 10 mg/kg TEL and Yp was increased 1.4-fold 4 days after injection of 12 mg/kg TEL. The levels of liver mRNAs coding for alpha class GSTs Ya1, Ya2, and Yc1 were reduced 12 h after injection of TEL. The mRNA levels of GST Ya1 and Ya2 returned to basal level while Yc1 message increased to a level higher than controls 24 h after TEL injection. The increase in Yc1 protein between days 4 and 14 is consistent with the increase in the corresponding mRNA. The activity of QR was elevated 1.5-fold in kidney and 2.7-fold in liver 14 days after the injection of TEL. This report demonstrates that administration of organic lead significantly affects GST expression and QR activity in a tissue-specific and isoenzyme-specific manner. These results indicate that GST expression and QR activity are not co-regulated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D A Daggett
- The Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53705, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ainbinder E, Bergelson S, Pinkus R, Daniel V. Regulatory mechanisms involved in activator-protein-1 (AP-1)-mediated activation of glutathione-S-transferase gene expression by chemical agents. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1997; 243:49-57. [PMID: 9030721 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1997.0049a.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Induction of murine glutathione-S-transferase (GST) Ya gene expression by a variety of chemical agents is mediated by a regulatory element, EpRE, composed of an Ets and two adjacent activator protein-1 (AP-1)-like sites and activated by the Fos/Jun heterodimeric complex (AP-1). The mechanism of this induction was examined in the present study. We find that the regulation of EpRE-mediated GST Ya gene expression by 3-methylcholanthrene, tert-butylhydroquinone and beta-naphthoflavone is associated with an induction of AP-1 DNA-binding activity and that the AP-1 complex induced in hepatoma cells by these chemicals contains members of the Fos and Jun protein families. We show that tert-butylhydroquinone induces c-fos gene expression and indicate the formation of a transcriptionally active AP-1 complex that contains Fos/Jun heterodimer. In F9 cells, which are considered to lack AP-1 complex, a careful examination reveals that tert-butylhydroquinone induces a low level of an AP-1-related activity responsible for the enhanced expression of EpRE as well as of AP-1 reporter constructs. We find that protein phosphorylations mediate the activation of the GST Ya gene by chemical agents since okadaic acid, an inhibitor of protein phosphatases, can mimic this activation while protein kinase inhibitors abolish it. Evidence is presented that 3-methylcholanthrene, tert-butylhydroquinone and beta-naphthoflavone use a signal transduction pathway to Fos/Jun-dependent GST Ya gene expression via Ras and protein-tyrosine kinase activity. Furthermore, we find that activation by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate, which uses both protein kinase C and protein-tyrosine kinase activities, may share a common pathway with these chemicals downstream of Ras.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Ainbinder
- Department of Biochemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
De Flora S, D'Agostini F, Masiello L, Giunciuglio D, Albini A. Synergism between N-acetylcysteine and doxorubicin in the prevention of tumorigenicity and metastasis in murine models. Int J Cancer 1996; 67:842-8. [PMID: 8824557 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19960917)67:6<842::aid-ijc14>3.0.co;2-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The thiol N-acetylcysteine (NAC) is a promising cancer chemopreventive agent which acts through a variety of mechanisms, including its nucleophilic and antioxidant properties. We have recently shown that NAC inhibits type-IV collagenase activity as well as invasion, tumor take and metastasis of malignant cells in mice. NAC is also known to attenuate the cardiotoxicity of the cytostatic drug doxorubicin (DOX, Adriamycin). The present study was designed to evaluate whether the combination of NAC and DOX treatments in mice injected with cancer cells could affect their tumorigenic and metastatic properties. Six separate experiments were carried out, using a total of 291 adult female mice. In experimental metastasis assays, in which B16-F10 melanoma cells were injected i.v. into (CD-1)BR nude mice, DOX significantly reduced the number of lung metastases when administered i.v. at a dose of 10 mg/kg body weight, 3 days after the i.v. injection of cancer cells. NAC inhibited lung metastases when added to the medium of cancer cells before their i.v. injection. The combined treatment with DOX and NAC, under various experimental conditions, was highly effective, showing a synergistic reduction in the number of mestastases. In tumorigenicity and spontaneous metastasis assays, in which B16-BL6 melanoma cells were injected s.c. into the footpad of C57BL/6 mice, DOX decreased the number of lung metastases when given i.p. at 2 mg/kg body weight. Oral NAC exerted significant protective effects, and considerably prolonged survival of mice. The combined treatment with DOX and NAC again showed synergistic effects on the frequency and weight of primary tumors and local recurrences, and completely prevented the formation of lung metastases in the experiment in which these end-points were evaluated at fixed times. While injection of DOX 7 days after implantation of cancer cells failed to improve the cancer-protective effects of NAC, its injection after I day resulted in a striking inhibition of lung metastases. These findings demonstrate an evident synergism between DOX (given parenterally) and NAC (given with drinking water) in preventing tumorigenicity and metastases. The indications of these animal studies warrant further evaluation in clinical trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S De Flora
- Institute of Hygiene and Preventive Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Pinkus R, Weiner LM, Daniel V. Role of oxidants and antioxidants in the induction of AP-1, NF-kappaB, and glutathione S-transferase gene expression. J Biol Chem 1996; 271:13422-9. [PMID: 8662787 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.271.23.13422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 358] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB have been implicated in the inducible expression of a variety of genes in response to oxidative stress. Recently, based on the observation that butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC) induce AP-1 binding activity and AP-1-dependent gene expression and assuming that these compounds exert an antioxidant effect, it was claimed that AP-1 is an antioxidant-responsive factor. To determine whether AP-1 can be responsive to both oxidant and antioxidant, we examined the nature of BHA and PDTC inducing activity. Using EPR spectroscopy to detect semiquinone radicals, we demonstrate the autoxidation of BHA metabolite tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) to tert-butylquinone. The kinetics of TBHQ-mediated generation of .OH radicals were monitored in intact hepatoma HepG2 cells by EPR spin trapping technique. Exogenous catalase inhibited the rate and amount of .OH radical formation and the induction of AP-1-mediated glutathione S-transferase (GST) Ya gene expression by BHA and TBHQ, thus indicating the intermediate formation of H2O2 in the metabolism of these chemicals. Furthermore, we show that the induction of AP-1 and NF-kappaB activities and GST Ya gene expression by BHA and TBHQ is due to a pro-oxidant activity, since this induction was inhibited by thiol compounds N-acetyl cysteine and GSH. Similarly, induction of AP-1 and GST Ya gene expression by PDTC was inhibited by N-acetyl cysteine and GSH. The present findings do not support the notion that the induction of AP-1 by BHA, TBHQ, or PDTC is an antioxidant response and demonstrate that both AP-1 and NF-kappaB activities are induced by oxygen radicals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Pinkus
- Department of Biochemistry, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Cassis LA, Fettinger MJ, Roe AL, Shenoy UR, Howard G. Characterization and regulation of angiotensin II receptors in rat adipose tissue. Angiotensin receptors in adipose tissue. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 396:39-47. [PMID: 8726684 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4899-1376-0_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Characterization and regulation of angiotensin II (AII) receptor binding sites was performed in rat membrane preparations from nonadipose (liver, lung) and adipose (interscapular (ISBAT) and periaortic (PA) brown adipose tissue; epididymal (EF) and retroperitoneal (RPF) white adipose tissue). In membrane preparations from brown and white adipose sources, [125I]AII saturation binding revealed a single, high affinity (Kd range of 0.3 -0.6 nM) binding site with a modest AII receptor density (Bmax range of 17-120 fmol/mg protein) comparable to rat lung (130 fmol/mg protein). White adipose tissue contained a greater number of AII receptor sites than brown adipose tissue. Competition displacement studies demonstrated the AT1 receptor is the only angiotensin receptor subtype localized in adipose tissue, with the rank order for competition of [125I]AII binding in all adipose tissues examined AIII > AII > losartan > angiotensin I (AI) > PD123319. The AT2 specific receptor antagonist, PD123319, was ineffective at displacing [125I]AII binding in all adipose tissues examined. Since components of the renin-angiotensin system are regulated in adipose tissue, we determined if the AII receptor is also regulated in the obese state. AII receptor binding characteristics were determined in liver, lung, ISBAT and EF membrane preparations from adult Zucker obese (fa/fa) and lean (Fa/?) rats. AII receptor density was decreased in liver from obese rats. In contrast, the affinity for [125I]AII binding was not altered in tissues from obese rats. In a separate group of obese and lean rats, regulation of the AII receptor by phenobarbital (PB) was examined. Administration of PB restored AII receptor density in liver from obese rats to levels obtained in lean rats. In summary, these results demonstrate the presence of AT1 receptor sites in brown and white adipose tissue. Moreover, AII receptor density is decreased in tissues from obese rats, with restoration of receptor density by administration of PB. Future studies will determine if PB regulates the AT1 receptor at the level of gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L A Cassis
- University of Kentucky, Division of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, College of Pharmacy, Lexington, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Primiano T, Sutter TR, Kensler TW. Antioxidant-inducible genes. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1996; 38:293-328. [PMID: 8895814 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)60989-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T Primiano
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Hygiene and Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Affiliation(s)
- A Raha
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
|
40
|
Wacher VJ, Wu CY, Benet LZ. Overlapping substrate specificities and tissue distribution of cytochrome P450 3A and P-glycoprotein: implications for drug delivery and activity in cancer chemotherapy. Mol Carcinog 1995; 13:129-34. [PMID: 7619215 DOI: 10.1002/mc.2940130302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 613] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V J Wacher
- Department of Pharmacy, University of California, San Francisco 94143-0446, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Yoshioka K, Deng T, Cavigelli M, Karin M. Antitumor promotion by phenolic antioxidants: inhibition of AP-1 activity through induction of Fra expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1995; 92:4972-6. [PMID: 7761434 PMCID: PMC41829 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.92.11.4972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Induction of phase 2 detoxification enzymes by phenolic antioxidants can account for prevention of tumor initiation but cannot explain why these compounds inhibit tumor promotion. Phase 2 genes are induced through an antioxidant response element (ARE). Although the ARE resembles an AP-1 binding site, we show that the major ARE binding and activating protein is not AP-1. Interestingly, AP-1 DNA binding activity was induced by the phenolic antioxidant tert-butylhydroquinone (BHQ), but the induction of AP-1 transcriptional activity by the tumor promoter 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA) was inhibited by this compound. BHQ induced expression of c-jun, junB, fra-1, and fra-2, which encode AP-1 components, but was a poor inducer of c-fos and had no effect on fosB. Like c-Fos and FosB, the Fra proteins heterodimerize with Jun proteins to form stable AP-1 complexes. However, Fra-containing AP-1 complexes have low transactivation potential. Furthermore, Fra-1 repressed AP-1 activity induced by either TPA or expression of c-Jun and c-Fos. We therefore conclude that inhibitory AP-1 complexes composed of Jun-Fra heterodimers, induced by BHQ, antagonize the transcriptional effects of the tumor promoter TPA, which are mediated by Jun-Fos heterodimers. Since AP-1 is an important mediator of tumor promoter action, these findings may explain the anti-tumor-promoting activity of phenolic antioxidants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yoshioka
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla 92093-0636, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Remacle J, Raes M, Toussaint O, Renard P, Rao G. Low levels of reactive oxygen species as modulators of cell function. Mutat Res 1995; 316:103-22. [PMID: 7862174 DOI: 10.1016/0921-8734(95)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we present various arguments supporting the hypothesis that reactive oxygen species (ROS) could be responsible for the modulation of various cellular functions, besides their well known toxic effects. We first review the recent evidence indicating that ROS are able to modulate genome expression through specific and precise mechanisms during cell activation. The role of the nitrogen reactive radicals such as nitric oxide is separately analyzed because of its specific role in the nervous and vascular systems. The action of the other ROS on gene activation will then be reviewed by first looking at their possible involvement in the activation of transcription factors like NF-kappa B. Arguments will then be developed in favor of the implication of the ROS in the cellular effects of PMA, TNF-alpha and other cytokines on the modulation of the genetic expression. Possible mechanisms will be presented for linking the production of the ROS with cell activation. In a general way we postulate that ROS can play a role of secondary messengers in several cell responses to external stimuli. In the second part of the paper, we will examine the long term influence of ROS and their possible roles in cellular aging. Different links exist between ROS and aging and the relationship between them is probably indirect. We propose to consider the effect of ROS as one of the multiple challenges that cells have to face, the cell being considered as a global system which must optimize its energy expenditure for carrying out its basic functions such as turnover, differentiated phenotype functions, multiplication, defense and repair processes. This thermodynamic point of view will help to understand the effect of low ROS stresses, among others, on accelerated aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Remacle
- Laboratoire de Biochimie Cellulaire, Facultés Universitaires, Namur, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Hayes JD, Pulford DJ. The glutathione S-transferase supergene family: regulation of GST and the contribution of the isoenzymes to cancer chemoprotection and drug resistance. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 1995; 30:445-600. [PMID: 8770536 DOI: 10.3109/10409239509083491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2391] [Impact Index Per Article: 82.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The glutathione S-transferases (GST) represent a major group of detoxification enzymes. All eukaryotic species possess multiple cytosolic and membrane-bound GST isoenzymes, each of which displays distinct catalytic as well as noncatalytic binding properties: the cytosolic enzymes are encoded by at least five distantly related gene families (designated class alpha, mu, pi, sigma, and theta GST), whereas the membrane-bound enzymes, microsomal GST and leukotriene C4 synthetase, are encoded by single genes and both have arisen separately from the soluble GST. Evidence suggests that the level of expression of GST is a crucial factor in determining the sensitivity of cells to a broad spectrum of toxic chemicals. In this article the biochemical functions of GST are described to show how individual isoenzymes contribute to resistance to carcinogens, antitumor drugs, environmental pollutants, and products of oxidative stress. A description of the mechanisms of transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulation of GST isoenzymes is provided to allow identification of factors that may modulate resistance to specific noxious chemicals. The most abundant mammalian GST are the class alpha, mu, and pi enzymes and their regulation has been studied in detail. The biological control of these families is complex as they exhibit sex-, age-, tissue-, species-, and tumor-specific patterns of expression. In addition, GST are regulated by a structurally diverse range of xenobiotics and, to date, at least 100 chemicals have been identified that induce GST; a significant number of these chemical inducers occur naturally and, as they are found as nonnutrient components in vegetables and citrus fruits, it is apparent that humans are likely to be exposed regularly to such compounds. Many inducers, but not all, effect transcriptional activation of GST genes through either the antioxidant-responsive element (ARE), the xenobiotic-responsive element (XRE), the GST P enhancer 1(GPE), or the glucocorticoid-responsive element (GRE). Barbiturates may transcriptionally activate GST through a Barbie box element. The involvement of the Ah-receptor, Maf, Nrl, Jun, Fos, and NF-kappa B in GST induction is discussed. Many of the compounds that induce GST are themselves substrates for these enzymes, or are metabolized (by cytochrome P-450 monooxygenases) to compounds that can serve as GST substrates, suggesting that GST induction represents part of an adaptive response mechanism to chemical stress caused by electrophiles. It also appears probable that GST are regulated in vivo by reactive oxygen species (ROS), because not only are some of the most potent inducers capable of generating free radicals by redox-cycling, but H2O2 has been shown to induce GST in plant and mammalian cells: induction of GST by ROS would appear to represent an adaptive response as these enzymes detoxify some of the toxic carbonyl-, peroxide-, and epoxide-containing metabolites produced within the cell by oxidative stress. Class alpha, mu, and pi GST isoenzymes are overexpressed in rat hepatic preneoplastic nodules and the increased levels of these enzymes are believed to contribute to the multidrug-resistant phenotype observed in these lesions. The majority of human tumors and human tumor cell lines express significant amounts of class pi GST. Cell lines selected in vitro for resistance to anticancer drugs frequently overexpress class pi GST, although overexpression of class alpha and mu isoenzymes is also often observed. The mechanisms responsible for overexpression of GST include transcriptional activation, stabilization of either mRNA or protein, and gene amplification. In humans, marked interindividual differences exist in the expression of class alpha, mu, and theta GST. The molecular basis for the variation in class alpha GST is not known. (ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J D Hayes
- Biomedical Research Centre, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Scotland, U.K
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Wang B, Williamson G. Detection of a nuclear protein which binds specifically to the antioxidant responsive element (ARE) of the human NAD(P) H:quinone oxidoreductase gene. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1219:645-52. [PMID: 7948021 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90223-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
We have detected a protein or complex of proteins with a native molecular mass of 160 kDa from the nuclear extract of HeLa cells, which binds specifically to the human antioxidant responsive element (ARE) in the 5'-flanking region of the NAD(P)H:quinone oxidoreductase gene. Binding of the 160 kDa protein to oligonucleotides containing the ARE in gel mobility shift assays is diminished or abolished by increasing concentrations of the reducing agent dithiothreitol, but not by anti-Jun or anti-Fos antibodies. The effect of dithiothreitol is opposite to that observed for the Ref-1-mediated binding of Fos/Jun to the ARE or to the related 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate responsive element (TRE). Competition assays indicated that the binding of the 160 kDa protein requires the ARE sequence, TGACNNNGCA, with T as the most important base, and that the TRE sequence (TGACTCA) is not sufficient. F9 cells, which contain no AP-1 protein, were able to form a complex with the same mobility as the 160 kDa protein in gel mobility shift assays. We conclude that a 160 kDa protein or complex of proteins binds specifically to the human ARE sequence but not to the TRE. The 160 kDa protein does not contain Fos or Jun proteins, and its binding is abolished by the reducing agent, dithiothreitol.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Wang
- Food Molecular Biochemistry Department, Norwich Laboratory, Colney, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Daido A, Aniya Y. Alteration of liver glutathione S-transferase and protease activities by cobalt chloride treatment of rats. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF PHARMACOLOGY 1994; 66:357-62. [PMID: 7532736 DOI: 10.1254/jjp.66.357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Effects of cobalt chloride on liver glutathione S-transferase and protease activities were studied. When cobalt chloride (60 mg/kg) was given to rats, liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase and protease activities were significantly increased 24 hr after the injection, whereas glutathione peroxidase activity in microsomes was decreased. The increase in glutathione S-transferase by N-ethylmaleimide was similar to that of the control, indicating that the increase in the transferase activity by cobalt chloride is not due to a modification of the sulfhydryl group of the enzyme. Immunochemical analysis of the liver microsomes did not detect any proteolytic product of microsomal glutathione S-transferase. In puromycin- or actinomycin D-treated rats, an increase in the transferase activity caused by cobalt chloride treatment was depressed. Thus it was suggested that liver microsomal glutathione S-transferase is induced by cobalt chloride treatment, but not activated by limited proteolysis via microsomal protease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Daido
- Laboratory of Physiology and Pharmacology, School of Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of the Ryukyus, Okinawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Affiliation(s)
- A K Jaiswal
- Department of Pharmacology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Shaw PM, Adesnik M. Sequence and activity of the rat PB-inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase promoter. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1994; 1218:242-4. [PMID: 8018732 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4781(94)90022-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The 5' flanking region of the rat PB inducible aldehyde dehydrogenase gene was isolated and the sequence from +42 to -1339 was determined. This sequence contains several putative binding sites for the liver-enriched factors HNF3 and DBP as well as a GRE and several possible AP1 sites. A TATA and CCAAT motif were assigned at positions -26 and -53. A promoter construct containing the -1339 bp of the aldehyde dehydrogenase 5' flanking region was active when transfected into both H411 and HepG2 liver cell lines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P M Shaw
- Department of Cell Biology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016
| | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Hales BF, Huang C. Regulation of the Yp subunit of glutathione S-transferase P in rat embryos and yolk sacs during organogenesis. Biochem Pharmacol 1994; 47:2029-37. [PMID: 8010987 DOI: 10.1016/0006-2952(94)90078-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Manipulation of the glutathione status of an embryo during organogenesis leads to abnormal development, as well as increasing the susceptibility of the embryo to insult by either xenobiotic or endogenous electrophiles. The glutathione S-transferases are a family of drug-metabolizing enzymes that catalyze the conjugation of reactive chemicals with glutathione, playing an important role in protecting cells against attack. The purpose of this study was to investigate the presence and regulation of one glutathione S-transferase, glutathione S-transferase P, a homodimer of the Yp subunit, in the conceptus during organogenesis. Northern blot analysis of the RNA isolated from rat embryos and their yolk sacs on days 10, 11 and 12 of gestation revealed a single Yp transcript. Steady-state concentrations of the Yp mRNA in embryos did not change with either gestational age or culture for 24 hr (day 11 in vitro) or 45 hr (day 12 in vitro). In contrast, concentrations of this transcript in yolk sac increased 3-fold from day 10 to 12 of gestation and a further 3-fold with culture (day 12 in vivo compared with in vitro). Transcription of the rat Yp subunit gene in cell lines is induced by treatment with phorbol esters. However, the addition of 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA, 50 or 100 nM) to embryos in culture had no effect on the steady-state concentrations of the Yp transcript. Thus, the glutathione S-transferase Yp message is subject to tissue- and development-specific regulation in the conceptus during organogenesis. Moreover, culture of the embryos resulted in a further up-regulation of the steady-state concentrations of the Yp transcript in yolk sac. Western blot analysis demonstrated that a single immunoreactive Yp subunit band of 26 kDa was found in both embryos and yolk sacs. Neither age nor culture appeared to affect the concentrations of immunoreactive Yp subunit in the yolk sac. Thus, glutathione S-transferase Yp mRNA is translated in the conceptus during organogenesis. The apparent differences between the relative amounts of the message and immunoreactive protein in yolk sac suggest that this subunit may be subject to post-transcriptional as well as transcriptional regulation in this tissue. Immunohistochemical analysis of embryos cultured for 45 hr (day 12 in vitro) revealed that the Yp reaction product was localized over the hepatic primordia, mesonephric ducts, otocyst, yolk sac and ectoplacental cone.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B F Hales
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, McGill University, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Ketterer B, Christodoulides LG. Enzymology of cytosolic glutathione S-transferases. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 1994; 27:37-69. [PMID: 8068560 DOI: 10.1016/s1054-3589(08)61029-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- B Ketterer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
McWhir J, Selfridge J, Harrison DJ, Squires S, Melton DW. Mice with DNA repair gene (ERCC-1) deficiency have elevated levels of p53, liver nuclear abnormalities and die before weaning. Nat Genet 1993; 5:217-24. [PMID: 8275084 DOI: 10.1038/ng1193-217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Defects in nucleotide excision repair are associated with the human condition xeroderma pigmentosum which predisposes to skin cancer. Mice with defective DNA repair were generated by targeting the excision repair cross complementing gene (ERCC-1) in the embryonic stem cell line, HM-1. Homozygous ERCC-1 mutants were runted at birth and died before weaning with liver failure. Examination of organs revealed polyploidy in perinatal liver, progressing to severe aneuploidy by 3 weeks of age. Elevated p53 levels were detected in liver, brain and kidney, supporting the hypothesised role for p53 as a monitor of DNA damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J McWhir
- Institute of Cell and Molecular Biology, University of Edinburgh, UK
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|