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Andreoli MF, Gentreau M, Rukh G, Perello M, Schiöth HB. Genetic variants of LEAP2 are associated with anthropometric traits and circulating insulin-like growth factor-1 concentration: A UK Biobank study. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024; 26:3565-3575. [PMID: 38888057 DOI: 10.1111/dom.15695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/17/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM To test the hypothesis that liver-expressed antimicrobial peptide 2 (LEAP2) genetic variants might influence the susceptibility to human obesity. METHODS Using data from the UK Biobank, we identified independent LEAP2 gene single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and examined their associations with obesity traits and serum insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) concentration. These associations were evaluated for both individual SNPs and after combining them into a genetic risk score (GRSLEAP2) using linear and logistic regression models. Sex-stratified analyses were also conducted. RESULTS Five SNPs showed positive associations with obesity-related traits. rs57880964 was associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for BMI (WHRadjBMI), in the total population and among women. Four independent SNPs were positively associated with higher serum IGF-1 concentrations in both men and women. GRSLEAP2 was associated with BMI and WHRadjBMI only in women and with serum IGF-1 concentration in both sexes. CONCLUSIONS These findings reveal sex-specific associations between key LEAP2 gene variants and several obesity traits, while also indicating a strong independent association of LEAP2 variants with serum IGF-1 concentration.
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Affiliation(s)
- María F Andreoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Instituto de Desarrollo e Investigaciones Pediátricas (IDIP). HIAEP Sor María Ludovica de La Plata, Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC-PBA), La Plata, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Mélissa Gentreau
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gull Rukh
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Mario Perello
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Grupo de Neurofisiología, Instituto Multidisciplinario de Biología Celular (IMBICE). Universidad Nacional La Plata (UNLP), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET) y CIC-PBA, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Helgi B Schiöth
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Functional Pharmacology and Neuroscience, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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2
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Reed JN, Huang J, Li Y, Ma L, Banka D, Wabitsch M, Wang T, Ding W, Björkegren JL, Civelek M. Systems genetics analysis of human body fat distribution genes identifies adipocyte processes. Life Sci Alliance 2024; 7:e202402603. [PMID: 38702075 PMCID: PMC11068934 DOI: 10.26508/lsa.202402603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Excess abdominal fat is a sexually dimorphic risk factor for cardio-metabolic disease and is approximated by the waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI). Whereas this trait is highly heritable, few causal genes are known. We aimed to identify novel drivers of WHRadjBMI using systems genetics. We used two independent cohorts of adipose tissue gene expression and constructed sex- and depot-specific Bayesian networks to model gene-gene interactions from 8,492 genes. Using key driver analysis, we identified genes that, in silico and putatively in vitro, regulate many others. 51-119 key drivers in each network were replicated in both cohorts. In other cell types, 23 of these genes are found in crucial adipocyte pathways: Wnt signaling or mitochondrial function. We overexpressed or down-regulated seven key driver genes in human subcutaneous pre-adipocytes. Key driver genes ANAPC2 and RSPO1 inhibited adipogenesis, whereas PSME3 increased adipogenesis. RSPO1 increased Wnt signaling activity. In differentiated adipocytes, MIGA1 and UBR1 down-regulation led to mitochondrial dysfunction. These five genes regulate adipocyte function, and we hypothesize that they regulate fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan N Reed
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jiansheng Huang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | - Yong Li
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | - Lijiang Ma
- https://ror.org/04a9tmd77 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dhanush Banka
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Martin Wabitsch
- Division of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Ulm University Medical Centre, Ulm, Germany
| | - Tianfang Wang
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | - Wen Ding
- Novo Nordisk Research Center China, Novo Nordisk A/S, Beijing, China
| | - Johan Lm Björkegren
- https://ror.org/04a9tmd77 Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Mete Civelek
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- https://ror.org/0153tk833 Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
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3
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Luna TB, Bello JLG, Carbonell AG, Montoya ADLCR, Lafargue AL, Ciria HMC, Zulueta YA. The role of various physiological and bioelectrical parameters for estimating the weight status in infants and juveniles cohort from the Southern Cuba region: a machine learning study. BMC Pediatr 2024; 24:313. [PMID: 38711132 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-024-04789-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The search for other indicators to assess the weight status of individuals is important as it may provide more accurate information and assist in personalized medicine.This work is aimed to develop a machine learning predictions of weigh status derived from bioimpedance measurements and other physical parameters of healthy infant juvenile cohort from the Southern Cuba Region, Santiago de Cuba. METHODS The volunteers were selected between 2002 and 2008, ranging in age between 2 and 18 years old. In total, 393 female and male infant and juvenile individuals are studied. The bioimpedance parameters are obtained by measuring standard tetrapolar whole-body configuration. A classification model are performed, followed by a prediction of other bioparameters influencing the weight status. RESULTS The results obtained from the classification model indicate that fat-free mass, reactance, and corrected resistance primarily influence the weight status of the studied population. Specifically, the regression model demonstrates that other bioparameters derived from impedance measurements can be highly accurate in estimating weight status. CONCLUSION The classification and regression predictive models developed in this work are of the great importance for accessing to the weigh status with high accuracy of younger individuals at the Oncological Hospital in Santiago de Cuba, Cuba.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taira Batista Luna
- Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD), UASD Nagua Center, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic.
| | - Jose Luis García Bello
- Autonomous University of Santo Domingo (UASD), San Francisco de Macorís Campus, Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic
| | - Agustín Garzón Carbonell
- National Center for Applied Electromagnetism (CNEA), Universidad de Oriente CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | | | - Alcibíades Lara Lafargue
- National Center for Applied Electromagnetism (CNEA), Universidad de Oriente CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Héctor Manuel Camué Ciria
- National Center for Applied Electromagnetism (CNEA), Universidad de Oriente CP 90500, Santiago de Cuba, Cuba
| | - Yohandys A Zulueta
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias Naturales y Exactas, Universidad de Oriente, Santiago de Cuba, CP 90500, CP, Cuba.
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4
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Bass AJ, Bian S, Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP. Identifying latent genetic interactions in genome-wide association studies using multiple traits. Genome Med 2024; 16:62. [PMID: 38664839 PMCID: PMC11044415 DOI: 10.1186/s13073-024-01329-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The "missing" heritability of complex traits may be partly explained by genetic variants interacting with other genes or environments that are difficult to specify, observe, and detect. We propose a new kernel-based method called Latent Interaction Testing (LIT) to screen for genetic interactions that leverages pleiotropy from multiple related traits without requiring the interacting variable to be specified or observed. Using simulated data, we demonstrate that LIT increases power to detect latent genetic interactions compared to univariate methods. We then apply LIT to obesity-related traits in the UK Biobank and detect variants with interactive effects near known obesity-related genes (URL: https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=lit ).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Bass
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
| | - Shijia Bian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Aliza P Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Thomas S Wingo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - David J Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Michael P Epstein
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA.
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5
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Christians JK, Reue K. The role of gonadal hormones and sex chromosomes in sex-dependent effects of early nutrition on metabolic health. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1304050. [PMID: 38189044 PMCID: PMC10770830 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1304050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Early-life conditions such as prenatal nutrition can have long-term effects on metabolic health, and these effects may differ between males and females. Understanding the biological mechanisms underlying sex differences in the response to early-life environment will improve interventions, but few such mechanisms have been identified, and there is no overall framework for understanding sex differences. Biological sex differences may be due to chromosomal sex, gonadal sex, or interactions between the two. This review describes approaches to distinguish between the roles of chromosomal and gonadal sex, and summarizes findings regarding sex differences in metabolism. The Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mouse model allows dissociation of the sex chromosome genotype from gonadal type, whereas the XY* mouse model can be used to distinguish effects of X chromosome dosage vs the presence of the Y chromosome. Gonadectomy can be used to distinguish between organizational (permanent) and activational (reversible) effects of sex hormones. Baseline sex differences in a variety of metabolic traits are influenced by both activational and organizational effects of gonadal hormones, as well as sex chromosome complement. Thus far, these approaches have not been widely applied to examine sex-dependent effects of prenatal conditions, although a number of studies have found activational effects of estradiol to be protective against the development of hypertension following early-life adversity. Genes that escape X chromosome inactivation (XCI), such as Kdm5c, contribute to baseline sex-differences in metabolism, while Ogt, another XCI escapee, leads to sex-dependent responses to prenatal maternal stress. Genome-wide approaches to the study of sex differences include mapping genetic loci influencing metabolic traits in a sex-dependent manner. Seeking enrichment for binding sites of hormone receptors among genes showing sexually-dimorphic expression can elucidate the relative roles of hormones. Using the approaches described herein to identify mechanisms underlying sex-dependent effects of early nutrition on metabolic health may enable the identification of fundamental mechanisms and potential interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian K. Christians
- Department of Biological Sciences, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- Centre for Cell Biology, Development and Disease, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada
- British Columbia Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada
- Women’s Health Research Institute, BC Women’s Hospital and Health Centre, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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6
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Bass AJ, Bian S, Wingo AP, Wingo TS, Cutler DJ, Epstein MP. Identifying latent genetic interactions in genome-wide association studies using multiple traits. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.11.557155. [PMID: 37745553 PMCID: PMC10515795 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.11.557155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies of complex traits frequently find that SNP-based estimates of heritability are considerably smaller than estimates from classic family-based studies. This 'missing' heritability may be partly explained by genetic variants interacting with other genes or environments that are difficult to specify, observe, and detect. To circumvent these challenges, we propose a new method to detect genetic interactions that leverages pleiotropy from multiple related traits without requiring the interacting variable to be specified or observed. Our approach, Latent Interaction Testing (LIT), uses the observation that correlated traits with shared latent genetic interactions have trait variance and covariance patterns that differ by genotype. LIT examines the relationship between trait variance/covariance patterns and genotype using a flexible kernel-based framework that is computationally scalable for biobank-sized datasets with a large number of traits. We first use simulated data to demonstrate that LIT substantially increases power to detect latent genetic interactions compared to a trait-by-trait univariate method. We then apply LIT to four obesity-related traits in the UK Biobank and detect genetic variants with interactive effects near known obesity-related genes. Overall, we show that LIT, implemented in the R package lit, uses shared information across traits to improve detection of latent genetic interactions compared to standard approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J. Bass
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Shijia Bian
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Aliza P. Wingo
- Department of Psychiatry, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Thomas S. Wingo
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - David J. Cutler
- Department of Human Genetics, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
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7
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Bardhi O, Palmer BF, Clegg DJ. The evolutionary impact and influence of oestrogens on adipose tissue structure and function. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2023; 378:20220207. [PMID: 37482787 PMCID: PMC10363706 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2022.0207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oestrogens are sex steroid hormones that have gained prominence over the years owing to their crucial roles in human health and reproduction functions which have been preserved throughout evolution. One of oestrogens actions, and the focus of this review, is their ability to determine adipose tissue distribution, function and adipose tissue 'health'. Body fat distribution is sexually dimorphic, affecting males and females differently. These differences are also apparent in the development of the metabolic syndrome and other chronic conditions where oestrogens are critical. In this review, we summarize the different molecular mechanisms, pathways and resulting pathophysiology which are a result of oestrogens actions in and on adipose tissues. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'Causes of obesity: theories, conjectures and evidence (Part I)'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olgert Bardhi
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Biff F. Palmer
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Deborah J. Clegg
- Vice President for Research, Texas Tech Health Sciences Center, El Paso, TX 75390, USA
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8
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Reed JN, Huang J, Li Y, Ma L, Banka D, Wabitsch M, Wang T, Ding W, Björkegren JLM, Civelek M. Systems genetics analysis of human body fat distribution genes identifies Wnt signaling and mitochondrial activity in adipocytes. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.09.06.556534. [PMID: 37732278 PMCID: PMC10508754 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.06.556534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Excess fat in the abdomen is a sexually dimorphic risk factor for cardio-metabolic disease. The relative storage between abdominal and lower-body subcutaneous adipose tissue depots is approximated by the waist-to-hip ratio adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI). Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) identified 346 loci near 495 genes associated with WHRadjBMI. Most of these genes have unknown roles in fat distribution, but many are expressed and putatively act in adipose tissue. We aimed to identify novel sex- and depot-specific drivers of WHRadjBMI using a systems genetics approach. METHODS We used two independent cohorts of adipose tissue gene expression with 362 - 444 males and 147 - 219 females, primarily of European ancestry. We constructed sex- and depot- specific Bayesian networks to model the gene-gene interactions from 8,492 adipose tissue genes. Key driver analysis identified genes that, in silico and putatively in vitro, regulate many others, including the 495 WHRadjBMI GWAS genes. Key driver gene function was determined by perturbing their expression in human subcutaneous pre-adipocytes using lenti-virus or siRNA. RESULTS 51 - 119 key drivers in each network were replicated in both cohorts. We used single-cell expression data to select replicated key drivers expressed in adipocyte precursors and mature adipocytes, prioritized genes which have not been previously studied in adipose tissue, and used public human and mouse data to nominate 53 novel key driver genes (10 - 21 from each network) that may regulate fat distribution by altering adipocyte function. In other cell types, 23 of these genes are found in crucial adipocyte pathways: Wnt signaling or mitochondrial function. We selected seven genes whose expression is highly correlated with WHRadjBMI to further study their effects on adipogenesis/Wnt signaling (ANAPC2, PSME3, RSPO1, TYRO3) or mitochondrial function (C1QTNF3, MIGA1, PSME3, UBR1).Adipogenesis was inhibited in cells overexpressing ANAPC2 and RSPO1 compared to controls. RSPO1 results are consistent with a positive correlation between gene expression in the subcutaneous depot and WHRadjBMI, therefore lower relative storage in the subcutaneous depot. RSPO1 inhibited adipogenesis by increasing β-catenin activation and Wnt-related transcription, thus repressing PPARG and CEBPA. PSME3 overexpression led to more adipogenesis than controls. In differentiated adipocytes, MIGA1 and UBR1 downregulation led to mitochondrial dysfunction, with lower oxygen consumption than controls; MIGA1 knockdown also lowered UCP1 expression. SUMMARY ANAPC2, MIGA1, PSME3, RSPO1, and UBR1 affect adipocyte function and may drive body fat distribution.
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Ivanova T, Churnosova M, Abramova M, Plotnikov D, Ponomarenko I, Reshetnikov E, Aristova I, Sorokina I, Churnosov M. Sex-Specific Features of the Correlation between GWAS-Noticeable Polymorphisms and Hypertension in Europeans of Russia. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24097799. [PMID: 37175507 PMCID: PMC10178435 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24097799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2023] [Revised: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was directed at studying the sex-specific features of the correlation between genome-wide association studies (GWAS)-noticeable polymorphisms and hypertension (HTN). In two groups of European subjects of Russia (n = 1405 in total), such as men (n = 821 in total: n = 564 HTN, n = 257 control) and women (n = 584 in total: n = 375 HTN, n = 209 control), the distribution of ten specially selected polymorphisms (they have confirmed associations of GWAS level with blood pressure (BP) parameters and/or HTN in Europeans) has been considered. The list of studied loci was as follows: (PLCE1) rs932764 A > G, (AC026703.1) rs1173771 G > A, (CERS5) rs7302981 G > A, (HFE) rs1799945 C > G, (OBFC1) rs4387287 C > A, (BAG6) rs805303 G > A, (RGL3) rs167479 T > G, (ARHGAP42) rs633185 C > G, (TBX2) rs8068318 T > C, and (ATP2B1) rs2681472 A > G. The contribution of individual loci and their inter-locus interactions to the HTN susceptibility with bioinformatic interpretation of associative links was evaluated separately in men's and women's cohorts. The men-women differences in involvement in the disease of the BP/HTN-associated GWAS SNPs were detected. Among women, the HTN risk has been associated with HFE rs1799945 C > G (genotype GG was risky; ORGG = 11.15 ppermGG = 0.014) and inter-locus interactions of all 10 examined SNPs as part of 26 intergenic interactions models. In men, the polymorphism BAG6 rs805303 G > A (genotype AA was protective; ORAA = 0.30 ppermAA = 0.0008) and inter-SNPs interactions of eight loci in only seven models have been founded as HTN-correlated. HTN-linked loci and strongly linked SNPs were characterized by pronounced polyvector functionality in both men and women, but at the same time, signaling pathways of HTN-linked genes/SNPs in women and men were similar and were represented mainly by immune mechanisms. As a result, the present study has demonstrated a more pronounced contribution of BP/HTN-associated GWAS SNPs to the HTN susceptibility (due to weightier intergenic interactions) in European women than in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Ivanova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Maria Churnosova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Maria Abramova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Denis Plotnikov
- Genetic Epidemiology Lab, Kazan State Medical University, 420012 Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina Ponomarenko
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Evgeny Reshetnikov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Inna Aristova
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Inna Sorokina
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
| | - Mikhail Churnosov
- Department of Medical Biological Disciplines, Belgorod State National Research University, 308015 Belgorod, Russia
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Kyrgiafini MA, Sarafidou T, Giannoulis T, Chatziparasidou A, Christoforidis N, Mamuris Z. Gene-by-Sex Interactions: Genome-Wide Association Study Reveals Five SNPs Associated with Obesity and Overweight in a Male Population. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14040799. [PMID: 37107557 PMCID: PMC10137758 DOI: 10.3390/genes14040799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a chronic health problem associated with severe complications and with an increasing prevalence in the Western world. Body-fat composition and distribution are closely associated with obesity, but the human body’s composition is a sexually dimorphic trait, as differences between the two sexes are evident even from fetal life. The effect of sex hormones contributes to this phenomenon. However, studies investigating gene-by-sex interactions for obesity are limited. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with obesity and overweight in a male population. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) that included 104 control, 125 overweight, and 61 obese subjects revealed four SNPs associated with overweight (rs7818910, rs7863750, rs1554116, and rs7500401) and one SNP (rs114252547) associated with obesity in males. An in silico functional annotation was subsequently used to further investigate their role. Most of the SNPs were found in genes regulating energy metabolism and homeostasis, and some of them were expression quantitative trait loci (eQTL). These findings contribute to the understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying obesity-related traits, especially in males, and pave the road for future research toward the improvement of the diagnosis and therapy of obese individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria-Anna Kyrgiafini
- Laboratory of Genetics, Comparative and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Theologia Sarafidou
- Laboratory of Genetics, Comparative and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
| | - Themistoklis Giannoulis
- Laboratory of Biology, Genetics and Bioinformatics, Department of Animal Sciences, University of Thessaly, Gaiopolis, 41336 Larissa, Greece
| | - Alexia Chatziparasidou
- Embryolab IVF Unit, St. 173-175 Ethnikis Antistaseos, Kalamaria, 55134 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | | | - Zissis Mamuris
- Laboratory of Genetics, Comparative and Evolutionary Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Viopolis, Mezourlo, 41500 Larissa, Greece
- Correspondence:
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11
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Wang GX, Hu XY, Zhao HX, Li HL, Chu SF, Liu DL. Development and validation of a diabetic retinopathy risk prediction model for middle-aged patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1132036. [PMID: 37008912 PMCID: PMC10050549 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1132036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives The study aims to establish a predictive nomogram of diabetic retinopathy(DR) for the middle-aged population with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods This retrospective study screened 931 patients with T2DM between 30 and 59 years of age from the 2011-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey database. The development group comprised 704 participants from the 2011-2016 survey, and the validation group included 227 participants from the 2017-2018 survey. The least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression model was used to determine the best predictive variables. The logistic regression analysis built three models: the full model, the multiple fractional polynomial (MFP) model, and the stepwise (stepAIC) selected model. Then we decided optimal model based on the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). ROC, calibration curve, Hosmer-Lemeshow test, and decision curve analysis (DCA) were used to validate and assess the model. An online dynamic nomogram prediction tool was also constructed. Results The MFP model was selected to be the final model, including gender, the use of insulin, duration of diabetes, urinary albumin-to-creatinine ratio, and serum phosphorus. The AUC was 0.709 in the development set and 0.704 in the validation set. According to the ROC, calibration curves, and Hosmer-Lemeshow test, the nomogram demonstrated good coherence. The nomogram was clinically helpful, according to DCA. Conclusion This study established and validated a predictive model for DR in the mid-life T2DM population, which can assist clinicians quickly determining who is prone to develop DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao-Xiang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin-Yu Hu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Fourth Clinical Medical College of Guangzhou University of Chinese Medicine, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Heng-Xia Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui-Lin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - Shu-Fang Chu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
| | - De-Liang Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shenzhen Traditional Chinese Medicine Hospital, Shenzhen, Guangdong, China
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12
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Genome Editing and Obesity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2023; 1396:179-190. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-19-5642-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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13
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Jadhav RA, Maiya GA, Shivashankara K, Umakanth S. Measurement of visceral fat for early prediction of prediabetes-Cross-sectional study from Southern India. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 17:983-990. [PMID: 36212585 PMCID: PMC9519599 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Prediabetes is a precursor to type 2 diabetes mellitus and routine screening of prediabetes is crucial. Visceral fat (VF) is associated with prediabetes and insulin resistance. Ethnic and racial differences resulting in different levels of VF in the Indian population necessitates an India-specific study. There is a dearth of literature on the cut-off values of VF measured using a bioelectrical impedance analyzer (BIA) to predict prediabetes in the Indian population. Hence, the main objective of this study was to determine the sex-specific cut-off value of VF on BIA to predict prediabetes in the Indian population. Methods Three hundred individuals aged 18-55 years of both sexes were selected for this cross-sectional study. VF was evaluated as a part of body composition analysis using BIA. The body composition variables for the prediction of prediabetes were examined using backward logistic regression. Optimal cut-off levels of VF to predict prediabetes were identified using receiver operator characteristic curve (ROC) analysis. Results VF, total fat, and age were found to be associated with prediabetes (p ≤ 0.05). In females, the cut-off value of VF for predicting prediabetes was identified as 8 with 77.8% sensitivity and 69.3% specificity; in males, it was 11 with 84% sensitivity and 62.9% specificity. Conclusion This study contributes to the sex-specific cut-off values of VF level on BIA that can be used for predicting prediabetes in the Indian population.
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Key Words
- ADA, American Diabetes Association
- AUC, Area under the curve
- BIA, bioelectrical impedance analyzer
- BMI, body mass index
- Bioelectric impedance
- Body composition
- FBS, fasting blood sugar
- HbA1C, glycated hemoglobin
- Intra-abdominal fat
- OGTT, oral glucose tolerance test
- Obesity
- Prediabetic state
- ROC, receivers operating characteristic
- SF, subcutaneous fat
- SMM, skeletal muscle mass
- T2DM, type 2 diabetes mellitus
- TF, total body fat
- VF, visceral fat
- WC, waist circumference
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Affiliation(s)
- Radhika A. Jadhav
- Centre for Diabetic Foot Care and Research, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - G. Arun Maiya
- Centre for Diabetic Foot Care and Research, Department of Physiotherapy, Manipal College of Health Professions, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - K.N. Shivashankara
- Kasturba Medical College, Department of Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
| | - Shashikiran Umakanth
- Dr. TMA Pai Hospital, Melaka Manipal Medical College, Department of Medicine, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Madhav Nagar, Manipal, Karnataka, India
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14
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Mušo M, Bentley L, Vizor L, Yon M, Burling K, Barker P, Zolkiewski LAK, Cox RD, Dumbell R. A Wars2 mutant mouse shows a sex and diet specific change in fat distribution, reduced food intake and depot-specific upregulation of WAT browning. Front Physiol 2022; 13:953199. [PMID: 36091365 PMCID: PMC9452902 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.953199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Increased waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is associated with increased mortality and risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. The TBX15-WARS2 locus has consistently been associated with increased WHR. Previous study of the hypomorphic Wars2 V117L/V117L mouse model found phenotypes including severely reduced fat mass, and white adipose tissue (WAT) browning, suggesting Wars2 could be a potential modulator of fat distribution and WAT browning. Methods: To test for differences in browning induction across different adipose depots of Wars2 V117L/V117L mice, we measured multiple browning markers of a 4-month old chow-fed cohort in subcutaneous and visceral WAT and brown adipose tissue (BAT). To explain previously observed fat mass loss, we also tested for the upregulation of plasma mitokines FGF21 and GDF15 and for differences in food intake in the same cohort. Finally, to test for diet-associated differences in fat distribution, we placed Wars2 V117L/V117L mice on low-fat or high-fat diet (LFD, HFD) and assessed their body composition by Echo-MRI and compared terminal adipose depot weights at 6 months of age. Results: The chow-fed Wars2 V117L/V117L mice showed more changes in WAT browning marker gene expression in the subcutaneous inguinal WAT depot (iWAT) than in the visceral gonadal WAT depot (gWAT). These mice also demonstrated reduced food intake and elevated plasma FGF21 and GDF15, and mRNA from heart and BAT. When exposed to HFD, the Wars2 V117L/V117L mice showed resistance to diet-induced obesity and a male and HFD-specific reduction of gWAT: iWAT ratio. Conclusion: Severe reduction of Wars2 gene function causes a systemic phenotype which leads to upregulation of FGF21 and GDF15, resulting in reduced food intake and depot-specific changes in browning and fat mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Mušo
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Liz Bentley
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Lucie Vizor
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Marianne Yon
- Mary Lyon Centre at MRC Harwell, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Burling
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Barker
- MRC Metabolic Diseases Unit, Mouse Biochemistry Laboratory, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Roger D. Cox
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- Mammalian Genetics Unit, MRC Harwell Institute, Oxfordshire, United Kingdom
- Department of Biosciences, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, United Kingdom
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15
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Li H, Konja D, Wang L, Wang Y. Sex Differences in Adiposity and Cardiovascular Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23169338. [PMID: 36012601 PMCID: PMC9409326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23169338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 08/11/2022] [Accepted: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Body fat distribution is a well-established predictor of adverse medical outcomes, independent of overall adiposity. Studying body fat distribution sheds insights into the causes of obesity and provides valuable information about the development of various comorbidities. Compared to total adiposity, body fat distribution is more closely associated with risks of cardiovascular diseases. The present review specifically focuses on the sexual dimorphism in body fat distribution, the biological clues, as well as the genetic traits that are distinct from overall obesity. Understanding the sex determinations on body fat distribution and adiposity will aid in the improvement of the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases (CVD).
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16
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Gottfried S. Women: Diet, Cardiometabolic Health, and Functional Medicine. Phys Med Rehabil Clin N Am 2022; 33:621-645. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pmr.2022.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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17
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Kanellakis S, Karalexi MA, Apostolidou E, Skoufas E, Kontoe M, Bacopoulou F, Tsitsas G, Migdanis A, Boudouvi E, Canellopoulos L, Manios Y. Earlier Age at Menarche Is Associated with Body Fat and Negative Body Image in Adult Life. Behav Med 2022; 49:105-114. [PMID: 35387571 DOI: 10.1080/08964289.2022.2033158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Earlier age at menarche is one of the well-documented antecedents of a range of adverse health effects in adulthood including obesity and psychopathological effects. Yet, few researchers have examined the potential association of menarcheal age with body fat distribution, self-perception, and body image. We retrospectively tested a sample (N = 392) of adult women (18-80 years) to examine the associations of age at menarche with body composition and body image indices. Analyses of covariance and multivariable logistic and linear regression were fitted adjusting for age, physical activity level, smoking, and alcohol consumption. Further adjustment was made for body mass index (BMI) and percentage of fat mass. Earlier age at menarche was associated with slightly increased odds of higher BMI and abdominal fat percentage; of note is the positive correlation with lower body composition indices including hip and calf circumferences/skinfolds. Additionally, earlier age at menarche was associated with higher scores in the negative body image scales, namely overweight preoccupation and self-classified weight, whereas lower risks were found for higher scores in the positive body image scales, namely appearance evaluation and body area satisfaction scales. These findings remained significant after correcting for body fat percentage. The present results showed positive associations for earlier age at menarche with gross indices of obesity with the associations mainly confined to distribution of body fat in the lower part of the body, whereas an increased risk of negative body image was also found. Future research could refine our understanding of the biological and psychological mechanisms underlying these associations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Kanellakis
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria A Karalexi
- Third Department of Pediatrics, General University Hospital "Attikon," National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eftychia Apostolidou
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Estathios Skoufas
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Kontoe
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Flora Bacopoulou
- Center for Adolescent Medicine and UNESCO Chair on Adolescent Health Care, First Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Aghia Sophia Children's Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Georgios Tsitsas
- Counseling Psychology, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Migdanis
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Technology Department, ATEI of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Evangelia Boudouvi
- Third Department of Pediatrics, General University Hospital "Attikon," National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Lissy Canellopoulos
- Department of Psychology, School of Philosophy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Yannis Manios
- Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Harokopio University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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18
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Sex differences in white adipose tissue expansion: emerging molecular mechanisms. Clin Sci (Lond) 2021; 135:2691-2708. [PMID: 34908104 DOI: 10.1042/cs20210086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The escalating prevalence of individuals becoming overweight and obese is a rapidly rising global health problem, placing an enormous burden on health and economic systems worldwide. Whilst obesity has well described lifestyle drivers, there is also a significant and poorly understood component that is regulated by genetics. Furthermore, there is clear evidence for sexual dimorphism in obesity, where overall risk, degree, subtype and potential complications arising from obesity all differ between males and females. The molecular mechanisms that dictate these sex differences remain mostly uncharacterised. Many studies have demonstrated that this dimorphism is unable to be solely explained by changes in hormones and their nuclear receptors alone, and instead manifests from coordinated and highly regulated gene networks, both during development and throughout life. As we acquire more knowledge in this area from approaches such as large-scale genomic association studies, the more we appreciate the true complexity and heterogeneity of obesity. Nevertheless, over the past two decades, researchers have made enormous progress in this field, and some consistent and robust mechanisms continue to be established. In this review, we will discuss some of the proposed mechanisms underlying sexual dimorphism in obesity, and discuss some of the key regulators that influence this phenomenon.
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19
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Taxová Braunerová R, Kunešová M, Heinen MM, Rutter H, Hassapidou M, Duleva V, Pudule I, Petrauskienė A, Sjöberg A, Lissner L, Spiroski I, Gutiérrez-González E, Kelleher CC, Bergh IH, Metelcová T, Vignerová J, Brabec M, Buoncristiano M, Williams J, Simmonds P, Zamrazilová H, Hainer V, Yngve A, Rakovac I, Breda J. Waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio in 7-year-old children-WHO Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative. Obes Rev 2021; 22 Suppl 6:e13208. [PMID: 34402567 DOI: 10.1111/obr.13208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Childhood obesity is a serious global health problem. Waist circumference (WC) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) reflect body fat distribution in children. The objectives of this study were to assess WC and WHtR in 7-year-old children and to determine body mass index (BMI), WC, and WHtR differences in children from 10 selected countries across Europe (Bulgaria, Czechia, Greece, Ireland, Latvia, Lithuania, North Macedonia, Norway, Spain, and Sweden) participating in the World Health Organization (WHO) Europe Childhood Obesity Surveillance Initiative (COSI). The 50th and 90th percentile of WC (according to COSI and "Identification and prevention of Dietary- and lifestyle-induced health EFfects In Children and infantS" (IDEFICS) cutoff values) and WHtR above 0.5 were used as measures of abdominal obesity in a unique sample of 38,975 children aged 7.00-7.99 years. Southern European countries, including Greece and Spain, showed significantly higher BMI, WC, and WHtRin both genders (p < 0.0001) than Eastern and Northern Europe. The highest values for WC were observed in Greece (60.8 ± 7.36 cm boys; 60.3 ± 7.48 cm girls), North Macedonia (60.4 ± 7.91 cm boys; 59.0 ± 8.01 cm girls), and Spain (59.7 ± 6.96 cm boys; 58.9 ± 6.77 cm girls). WC and WHtRin may add an information about the occurrence of central obesity in children.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marie Kunešová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Mirjam M Heinen
- National Nutrition Surveillance Centre, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Harry Rutter
- Department of Social and Policy Sciences, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Maria Hassapidou
- Department of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, International Hellenic University, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Vesselka Duleva
- Department of Food and Nutrition, National Centre of Public Health and Analyses, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Iveta Pudule
- Department of Research and Health Statistics, Centre for Disease and Prevention Control, Riga, Latvia
| | - Aušra Petrauskienė
- Department of Preventive Medicine, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Agneta Sjöberg
- Department of Food and Nutrition, and Sport Science, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lauren Lissner
- School of Public Health and Community Medicine at Institute of Medicine, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Igor Spiroski
- Institute of Public Health, Skopje, North Macedonia.,Faculty of Medicine, Ss. Cyril and Methodius University, Skopje, North Macedonia
| | | | - Cecily C Kelleher
- College of Health and Agricultural Sciences, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Ingunn Holden Bergh
- Department of Health and Inequality, Division of Mental and Physical Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Tereza Metelcová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic.,1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Vignerová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science, Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Marta Buoncristiano
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Julianne Williams
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Philippa Simmonds
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Hana Zamrazilová
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Vojtěch Hainer
- Obesity Management Centre, Institute of Endocrinology, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Agneta Yngve
- Department of Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Studies, Uppsala University, Sweden.,School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Ivo Rakovac
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - João Breda
- World Health Organization (WHO) European Office for the Prevention and Control of Noncommunicable Diseases, Division of Country Health Programmes, WHO Regional Office for Europe, Moscow, Russian Federation
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20
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Anwar MY, Raffield LM, Lange LA, Correa A, Taylor KC. Genetic underpinnings of regional adiposity distribution in African Americans: Assessments from the Jackson Heart Study. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0255609. [PMID: 34347846 PMCID: PMC8336790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0255609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND African ancestry individuals with comparable overall anthropometric measures to Europeans have lower abdominal adiposity. To explore the genetic underpinning of different adiposity patterns, we investigated whether genetic risk scores for well-studied adiposity phenotypes like body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) also predict other, less commonly measured adiposity measures in 2420 African American individuals from the Jackson Heart Study. METHODS Polygenic risk scores (PRS) were calculated using GWAS-significant variants extracted from published studies mostly representing European ancestry populations for BMI, waist-hip ratio (WHR) adjusted for BMI (WHRBMIadj), waist circumference adjusted for BMI (WCBMIadj), and body fat percentage (BF%). Associations between each PRS and adiposity measures including BF%, subcutaneous adiposity tissue (SAT), visceral adiposity tissue (VAT) and VAT:SAT ratio (VSR) were examined using multivariable linear regression, with or without BMI adjustment. RESULTS In non-BMI adjusted models, all phenotype-PRS were found to be positive predictors of BF%, SAT and VAT. WHR-PRS was a positive predictor of VSR, but BF% and BMI-PRS were negative predictors of VSR. After adjusting for BMI, WHR-PRS remained a positive predictor of BF%, VAT and VSR but not SAT. WC-PRS was a positive predictor of SAT and VAT; BF%-PRS was a positive predictor of BF% and SAT only. CONCLUSION These analyses suggest that genetically driven increases in BF% strongly associate with subcutaneous rather than visceral adiposity and BF% is strongly associated with BMI but not central adiposity-associated genetic variants. How common genetic variants may contribute to observed differences in adiposity patterns between African and European ancestry individuals requires further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Y. Anwar
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
| | - Laura M. Raffield
- Department of Genetics, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Leslie A. Lange
- Division of Biomedical Informatics and Personalized Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Adolfo Correa
- Jackson Heart Study, Department of Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi, United States of America
| | - Kira C. Taylor
- School of Public Health & Information Sciences, The University of Louisville, Louisville, KY, United States of America
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SAINI SIMMI, WALIA GAGANDEEPKAUR, SACHDEVA MOHINDERPAL, GUPTA VIPIN. Genomics of body fat distribution. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01281-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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22
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Dong H, Zhao X, Cheng H, Mi J. Childhood adiposity, adult adiposity, and bone health. Pediatr Investig 2021; 5:6-11. [PMID: 33778421 PMCID: PMC7984010 DOI: 10.1002/ped4.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPORTANCE Childhood and adolescence are critical periods for lifelong bone mineral accrual, but few studies have determined the impact of childhood adiposity on adult bone density. OBJECTIVE To determine the long-term impact of childhood adiposity on adult areal bone mineral density (aBMD) and the effect of adult adiposity on this relationship. METHODS We conducted a longitudinal study of 1156 adults (56.3% men), for whom skinfold thickness (SFT) had been measured during childhood (6-18 years) and fat mass percentage (FMP) and aBMD were measured during adulthood (29-43 years). Adult aBMD in the lumbar spine (LS), femoral neck (FN), arms, and legs was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. The direct effect of childhood SFT and its indirect effect through adult FMP on adult aBMD were estimated using general linear regression and a causal steps approach. RESULTS Significant positive associations between childhood SFT and adult aBMD were found in the LS in men (β = 0.089, P = 0.044) and in all the skeletal sites in women. With respect to the adult fat-bone relationship, high adult FMP was associated with low aBMD in most of the sites in men, but with high FN aBMD in women (β = 0.144, P = 0.002). Moreover, suppressive effects of adult FMP on the associations between childhood SFT and adult aBMD in the LS (-34.8%) and legs (-67.1%) of men, and a positive effect on the FN aBMD in women (17.0%) were identified. INTERPRETATION Childhood adiposity appears to have a positive long-term effect on adult aBMD, which may be reduced by adiposity in adult men but reinforced by adiposity in adult women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Dong
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease ManagementBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
| | - Xiaoyuan Zhao
- Department of EpidemiologyCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
| | - Hong Cheng
- Department of EpidemiologyCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
| | - Jie Mi
- Department of Non‐communicable Disease ManagementBeijing Children’s HospitalCapital Medical UniversityNational Center for Children’s HealthBeijingChina
- Department of EpidemiologyCapital Institute of PediatricsBeijingChina
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23
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Heo JW, Kim SE, Sung MK. Sex Differences in the Incidence of Obesity-Related Gastrointestinal Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031253. [PMID: 33513939 PMCID: PMC7865604 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide, with 9.6 million people estimated to have died of cancer in 2018. Excess body fat deposition is a risk factor for many types of cancer. Men and women exhibit differences in body fat distribution and energy homeostasis regulation. This systematic review aimed to understand why sex disparities in obesity are associated with sex differences in the incidence of gastrointestinal cancers. Cancers of the esophagus, liver, and colon are representative gastrointestinal cancers, and obesity is a convincing risk factor for their development. Numerous epidemiological studies have found sex differences in the incidence of esophageal, liver, and colorectal cancers. We suggest that these sexual disparities are partly explained by the availability of estrogens and other genetic factors regulating inflammation, cell growth, and apoptosis. Sex differences in gut microbiota composition may contribute to differences in the incidence and phenotype of colorectal cancer. To establish successful practices in personalized nutrition and medicine, one should be aware of the sex differences in the pathophysiology and associated mechanisms of cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sung-Eun Kim
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
| | - Mi-Kyung Sung
- Correspondence: (S.-E.K.); (M.-K.S.); Tel.: +82-2-2077-7722 (S.-E.K.); +82-2-710-9395 (M.-K.S.)
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Crandall CJ, Diamant AL, Maglione M, Thurston RC, Sinsheimer J. Genetic Variation and Hot Flashes: A Systematic Review. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2020; 105:dgaa536. [PMID: 32797194 PMCID: PMC7538102 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Approximately 70% of women report experiencing vasomotor symptoms (VMS, hot flashes and/or night sweats). The etiology of VMS is not clearly understood but may include genetic factors. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION We searched PubMed and Embase in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidance. We included studies on associations between genetic variation and VMS. We excluded studies focused on medication interventions or prevention or treatment of breast cancer. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS Of 202 unique citations, 18 citations met the inclusion criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 51 to 17 695. Eleven of the 18 studies had fewer than 500 participants; 2 studies had 1000 or more. Overall, statistically significant associations with VMS were found for variants in 14 of the 26 genes assessed in candidate gene studies. The cytochrome P450 family 1 subfamily A member 1 (CYP1B1) gene was the focus of the largest number (n = 7) of studies, but strength and statistical significance of associations of CYP1B1 variants with VMS were inconsistent. A genome-wide association study reported statistically significant associations between 14 single-nucleotide variants in the tachykinin receptor 3 gene and VMS. Heterogeneity across trials regarding VMS measurement methods and effect measures precluded quantitative meta-analysis; there were few studies of each specific genetic variant. CONCLUSIONS Genetic variants are associated with VMS. The associations are not limited to variations in sex-steroid metabolism genes. However, studies were few and future studies are needed to confirm and extend these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn J Crandall
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Allison L Diamant
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | | | - Rebecca C Thurston
- University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine & Graduate School of Public Health, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Janet Sinsheimer
- David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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25
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Williams R, Periasamy M. Genetic and Environmental Factors Contributing to Visceral Adiposity in Asian Populations. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2020; 35:681-695. [PMID: 33397033 PMCID: PMC7803598 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2020.772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity-associated metabolic illnesses are increasing at an alarming rate in Asian countries. A common feature observed in the Asian population is a higher incidence of abdominal obesity-the "skinny-fat" Asian syndrome. In this review, we critically evaluate the relative roles of genetics and environmental factors on fat distribution in Asian populations. While there is an upward trend in obesity among most Asian countries, it appears particularly conspicuous in Malaysia. We propose a novel theory, the Malaysian gene-environment multiplier hypothesis, which explains how ancestral variations in feast-and-famine cycles contribute to inherited genetic predispositions that, when acted on by modern-day stressors-most notably, urbanization, westernization, lifestyle changes, dietary transitions, cultural pressures, and stress-contribute to increased visceral adiposity in Asian populations. At present, the major determinants contributing to visceral adiposity in Asians are far from conclusive, but we seek to highlight critical areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Williams
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF) College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Muthu Periasamy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Central Florida (UCF) College of Medicine, Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, Orlando, FL, USA
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26
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Jungert A, Eichner G, Neuhäuser-Berthold M. Trajectories of Body Composition during Advanced Aging in Consideration of Diet and Physical Activity: A 20-Year Longitudinal Study. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123626. [PMID: 33255771 PMCID: PMC7761400 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This prospective study investigates age-dependent changes in anthropometric data and body composition over a period of two decades in consideration of physical activity and diet in community-dwelling subjects ≥60 years. Overall, 401 subjects with median follow-up time of 12 years were examined. Fat-free mass (FFM) and fat mass (FM) were analyzed using bioelectrical impedance analysis. Physical activity was assessed via a self-administered questionnaire. Dietary intake was examined by 3-day dietary records. Linear mixed-effects models were used to analyze the influence of age, sex, physical activity and energy/protein intake on anthropometric data and body composition by considering year of entry, use of diuretics and diagnosis of selected diseases. At baseline, median values for daily energy and protein intakes were 8.5 megajoule and 81 g and physical activity index was 1.7. After adjusting for covariates, advancing age was associated with parabolic changes indicating overall changes from age 60 to 90 years in women and men in body mass: −4.7 kg, −5.0 kg; body mass index: +0.04 kg/m2, −0.33 kg/m2; absolute FFM: −2.8 kg, −3.5 kg; absolute FM: −1.8 kg, −1.2 kg and waist circumference: +16 cm, +12 cm, respectively. No age-dependent changes were found for upper arm circumference and relative (%) FFM. Dietary and lifestyle factors were not associated with changes in anthropometric or body composition parameters. In summary, the results indicate non-linear age-dependent changes in anthropometric data and body composition, which are largely unaffected by the degree of habitual physical activity and dietary protein intake in well-nourished community-dwelling subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Jungert
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Goethestr. 55, D-35390 Giessen, Germany;
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Biosystems, Land Use and Nutrition (IFZ), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 26-32, D-35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Gerrit Eichner
- Mathematical Institute, Arndtstr. 2, Justus Liebig University, D-35392 Giessen, Germany;
| | - Monika Neuhäuser-Berthold
- Institute of Nutritional Science, Justus Liebig University, Goethestr. 55, D-35390 Giessen, Germany;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)641-99-39067
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27
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Mušo M, Dumbell R, Pulit S, Sinnott-Armstrong N, Laber S, Zolkiewski L, Bentley L, Claussnitzer M, Cox RD. A lead candidate functional single nucleotide polymorphism within the WARS2 gene associated with waist-hip-ratio does not alter RNA stability. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2020; 1863:194640. [PMID: 33007465 PMCID: PMC7695619 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2020.194640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
We have prioritised a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2645294 as one candidate functional SNP in the TBX15-WARS2 waist-hip-ratio locus using posterior probability analysis. This SNP is located in the 3' untranslated region of the WARS2 (tryptophanyl tRNA synthetase 2, mitochondrial) gene with which it has an expression quantitative trait in subcutaneous white adipose tissue. We show that transcripts of the WARS2 gene in a human white adipose cell line, heterozygous for the rs2645294 SNP, showed allelic imbalance. We tested whether the rs2645294 SNP altered WARS2 RNA stability using three different methods: actinomycin-D inhibition and RNA decay, mature and nascent RNA analysis and luciferase reporter assays. We found no evidence of a difference in RNA stability between the rs2645294 alleles indicating that the allelic expression imbalance was likely due to transcriptional regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milan Mušo
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Rebecca Dumbell
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Sara Pulit
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, the Netherlands; Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK; Program in Medical Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Samantha Laber
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Louisa Zolkiewski
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Liz Bentley
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK
| | - Melina Claussnitzer
- The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA; Gerontology Division, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Institute of Nutritional Science, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roger D Cox
- MRC Harwell Institute, Mammalian Genetics Unit, Harwell Campus, Oxfordshire OX11 0RD, UK.
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28
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Causal associations between urinary sodium with body mass, shape and composition: a Mendelian randomization study. Sci Rep 2020; 10:17475. [PMID: 33060734 PMCID: PMC7562909 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-74657-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Observational studies have found associations between urinary sodium (UNa) with obesity, body shape and composition; but the findings may be biased by residual confounding. The objective of this two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) study was to analyze their causal associations in both sex-combined and sex-specific models. Genome-wide association studies of UNa, body mass index (BMI), BMI-adjusted waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), body fat (BF) percentage and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) were identified. We initially extracted fifty SNPs associated with UNa at significance level of 5 × 10–8, but further removed those SNPs with potential horizontal pleiotropy. Univariable and multivariable MR with adjustment for eGFR were performed. Inverse-variance weighted MR was performed as the primary analysis, with MR-Egger methods as sensitivity analysis. The potential bidirectional association between BMI and UNa was investigated. All exposure and outcomes were continuous, and the effect measure was regression coefficients (beta) and their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The total sample size was up to 322 154. UNa was causally associated with increased BMI in both men [eGFR-adjusted beta 0.443 (0.163–0.724)] and women [0.594 (0.333–0.855)]. UNa caused BF percentage increase in men [0.622 (0.268–0.976)] and women [0.334 (0.007–0.662)]. UNa significantly elevated BMI-adjusted WHR in men [0.321 (0.094–0.548)], but not in women [0.170 (− 0.052 to 0.391)]. Additionally, we found that BMI causally increased UNa [0.043 (0.023–0.063)]. UNa increased BMI and BF percentage. Salt intake affects male body shape by increasing BMI-adjusted WHR, but showed no effects on female body shape. The bidirectional association between BMI and UNa suggested that salt reduction measures and weight reduction measures should be implemented simultaneously to break the vicious cycle and gain more health benefits.
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29
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Anderson WD, Soh JY, Innis SE, Dimanche A, Ma L, Langefeld CD, Comeau ME, Das SK, Schadt EE, Björkegren JLM, Civelek M. Sex differences in human adipose tissue gene expression and genetic regulation involve adipogenesis. Genome Res 2020; 30:1379-1392. [PMID: 32967914 PMCID: PMC7605264 DOI: 10.1101/gr.264614.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution and function are associated with sex differences in cardiometabolic disease. While many studies have revealed sex differences in adipocyte cell signaling and physiology, there is a relative dearth of information regarding sex differences in transcript abundance and regulation. We investigated sex differences in subcutaneous adipose tissue transcriptional regulation using omic-scale data from ∼3000 geographically and ethnically diverse human samples. We identified 162 genes with robust sex differences in expression. Differentially expressed genes were implicated in oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. We further determined that sex differences in gene expression levels could be related to sex differences in the genetics of gene expression regulation. Our analyses revealed sex-specific genetic associations, and this finding was replicated in a study of 98 inbred mouse strains. The genes under genetic regulation in human and mouse were enriched for oxidative phosphorylation and adipogenesis. Enrichment analysis showed that the associated genetic loci resided within binding motifs for adipogenic transcription factors (e.g., PPARG and EGR1). We demonstrated that sex differences in gene expression could be influenced by sex differences in genetic regulation for six genes (e.g., FADS1 and MAP1B). These genes exhibited dynamic expression patterns during adipogenesis and robust expression in mature human adipocytes. Our results support a role for adipogenesis-related genes in subcutaneous adipose tissue sex differences in the genetic and environmental regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren D Anderson
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Joon Yuhl Soh
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
| | - Sarah E Innis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Alexis Dimanche
- Physics Department, Southwestern University, Georgetown, Texas 78626, USA
| | - Lijiang Ma
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Carl D Langefeld
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Mary E Comeau
- Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Swapan K Das
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina 27101, USA
| | - Eric E Schadt
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Johan L M Björkegren
- Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York 10029, USA
| | - Mete Civelek
- Center for Public Health Genomics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22908, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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30
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Schlosser KA, Maloney SR, Thielan O, Prasad T, Kercher K, Colavita PD, Heniford BT, Augenstein VA. Outcomes specific to patient sex after open ventral hernia repair. Surgery 2020; 167:614-619. [DOI: 10.1016/j.surg.2019.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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31
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Zhang X, Ehrlich KC, Yu F, Hu X, Meng XH, Deng HW, Shen H, Ehrlich M. Osteoporosis- and obesity-risk interrelationships: an epigenetic analysis of GWAS-derived SNPs at the developmental gene TBX15. Epigenetics 2020; 15:728-749. [PMID: 31975641 PMCID: PMC7574382 DOI: 10.1080/15592294.2020.1716491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A major challenge in translating findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) to biological mechanisms is pinpointing functional variants because only a very small percentage of variants associated with a given trait actually impact the trait. We used an extensive epigenetics, transcriptomics, and genetics analysis of the TBX15/WARS2 neighbourhood to prioritize this region's best-candidate causal variants for the genetic risk of osteoporosis (estimated bone density, eBMD) and obesity (waist-hip ratio or waist circumference adjusted for body mass index). TBX15 encodes a transcription factor that is important in bone development and adipose biology. Manual curation of 692 GWAS-derived variants gave eight strong candidates for causal SNPs that modulate TBX15 transcription in subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) or osteoblasts, which highly and specifically express this gene. None of these SNPs were prioritized by Bayesian fine-mapping. The eight regulatory causal SNPs were in enhancer or promoter chromatin seen preferentially in SAT or osteoblasts at TBX15 intron-1 or upstream. They overlap strongly predicted, allele-specific transcription factor binding sites. Our analysis suggests that these SNPs act independently of two missense SNPs in TBX15. Remarkably, five of the regulatory SNPs were associated with eBMD and obesity and had the same trait-increasing allele for both. We found that WARS2 obesity-related SNPs can be ascribed to high linkage disequilibrium with TBX15 intron-1 SNPs. Our findings from GWAS index, proxy, and imputed SNPs suggest that a few SNPs, including three in a 0.7-kb cluster, act as causal regulatory variants to fine-tune TBX15 expression and, thereby, affect both obesity and osteoporosis risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Zhang
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Kenneth C Ehrlich
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Fangtang Yu
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Xiaojun Hu
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA.,Department of Orthopedics, People's Hospital of Rongchang District , Chongqing, China
| | - Xiang-He Meng
- Laboratory of Molecular and Statistical Genetics, College of Life Sciences, Hunan Normal University , Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hong-Wen Deng
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Hui Shen
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Melanie Ehrlich
- Tulane Center for Bioinformatics and Genomics, Department of Biostatistics and Data Science, School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University , New Orleans, LA, USA.,Tulane Cancer Center, Hayward Human Genetics Program, Tulane University Health Sciences , New Orleans, LA, USA
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32
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Sex-linked changes and high cardiovascular risk markers in the mature progeny of father, mother, or both father and mother consuming a high-fructose diet. Nutrition 2019; 71:110612. [PMID: 31785517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2019.110612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to observe the developmental origins of health and disease affecting offspring owing to the consumption of a diet containing high fructose by the father or mother or both, considering that progeny only received a control diet during postnatal life. METHODS Male (future father) and female (future mother) C57 BL/6 mice were fed a high-fructose diet (HFru; 45% energy) or a control diet (C) for 8 wk before mating until lactation. The offspring was termed according to sex, maternal diet (first acrostic), and paternal diet (second acrostic); and received a balanced control diet until 3-mo of age when they were sacrificed. Body mass (BM), plasmatic leptin, adiponectin, uric acid, and systolic blood pressure (BP) were measured in mature offspring. RESULTS Fasting glycemia and insulin were elevated in HFru fathers and mothers. Although there was no change in BM, fasting glycemia, or insulin of the offspring, those of HFru fathers, HFru mothers, and HFru fathers and mothers presented higher genital fat pad, leptin, uric acid, and BP, and lower adiponectin. The values of leptin and BP were maximized when both parents consumed a HFru diet. Also, there was sexual dimorphism in most of the variables, with the male offspring being affected to a greater extent than the females. CONCLUSIONS Consumption of a fructose-rich diet by the father, the mother, or both negatively affected the adipokines, BP, and uric acid concentrations of mature offspring, with males being more affected than females. It is significant to consider that high BP and plasmatic uric acid correspond to markers of elevated cardiovascular risk in the progeny.
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Huebschmann AG, Huxley RR, Kohrt WM, Zeitler P, Regensteiner JG, Reusch JEB. Sex differences in the burden of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular risk across the life course. Diabetologia 2019; 62:1761-1772. [PMID: 31451872 PMCID: PMC7008947 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-019-4939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
By 2017 estimates, diabetes mellitus affects 425 million people globally; approximately 90-95% of these have type 2 diabetes. This narrative review highlights two domains of sex differences related to the burden of type 2 diabetes across the life span: sex differences in the prevalence and incidence of type 2 diabetes, and sex differences in the cardiovascular burden conferred by type 2 diabetes. In the presence of type 2 diabetes, the difference in the absolute rates of cardiovascular disease (CVD) between men and women lessens, albeit remaining higher in men. Large-scale observational studies suggest that type 2 diabetes confers 25-50% greater excess risk of incident CVD in women compared with men. Physiological and behavioural mechanisms that may underpin both the observed sex differences in the prevalence of type 2 diabetes and the associated cardiovascular burden are discussed in this review. Gender differences in social behavioural norms and disparities in provider-level treatment patterns are also highlighted, but not described in detail. We conclude by discussing research gaps in this area that are worthy of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy G Huebschmann
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS C263, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Rachel R Huxley
- College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- The George Institute for Global Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Wendy M Kohrt
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS C263, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Philip Zeitler
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Judith G Regensteiner
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS C263, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
- Division of Cardiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine (CU-SOM), Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Jane E B Reusch
- Center for Women's Health Research, University of Colorado School of Medicine, MS C263, 12348 E. Montview Boulevard, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Rocky Mountain Regional Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA.
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34
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Zhang X, Xue C, Lin J, Ferguson JF, Weiner A, Liu W, Han Y, Hinkle C, Li W, Jiang H, Gosai S, Hachet M, Garcia BA, Gregory BD, Soccio RE, Hogenesch JB, Seale P, Li M, Reilly MP. Interrogation of nonconserved human adipose lincRNAs identifies a regulatory role of linc-ADAL in adipocyte metabolism. Sci Transl Med 2019; 10:10/446/eaar5987. [PMID: 29925637 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aar5987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 11/27/2017] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Long intergenic noncoding RNAs (lincRNAs) have emerged as important modulators of cellular functions. Most lincRNAs are not conserved among mammals, raising the fundamental question of whether nonconserved adipose-expressed lincRNAs are functional. To address this, we performed deep RNA sequencing of gluteal subcutaneous adipose tissue from 25 healthy humans. We identified 1001 putative lincRNAs expressed in all samples through de novo reconstruction of noncoding transcriptomes and integration with existing lincRNA annotations. One hundred twenty lincRNAs had adipose-enriched expression, and 54 of these exhibited peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) or CCAAT/enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) binding at their loci. Most of these adipose-enriched lincRNAs (~85%) were not conserved in mice, yet on average, they showed degrees of expression and binding of PPARγ and C/EBPα similar to those displayed by conserved lincRNAs. Most adipose lincRNAs differentially expressed (n = 53) in patients after bariatric surgery were nonconserved. The most abundant adipose-enriched lincRNA in our subcutaneous adipose data set, linc-ADAL, was nonconserved, up-regulated in adipose depots of obese individuals, and markedly induced during in vitro human adipocyte differentiation. We demonstrated that linc-ADAL interacts with heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U (hnRNPU) and insulin-like growth factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2 (IGF2BP2) at distinct subcellular locations to regulate adipocyte differentiation and lipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Chenyi Xue
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Jennie Lin
- Feinberg Cardiovascular and Renal Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Jane F Ferguson
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
| | - Amber Weiner
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wen Liu
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Yumiao Han
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Christine Hinkle
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Wenjun Li
- Cardiovascular Institute, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Hongfeng Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Remodeling-Related Cardiovascular Diseases, Beijing Collaborative Innovation Center for Cardiovascular Disorders, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, China.,Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Disease, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Sager Gosai
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Melanie Hachet
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | - Benjamin A Garcia
- Epigenetics Program, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Brian D Gregory
- Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Raymond E Soccio
- The Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - John B Hogenesch
- Divisions of Human Genetics and Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Patrick Seale
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Mingyao Li
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA. .,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Hübel C, Gaspar HA, Coleman JRI, Finucane H, Purves KL, Hanscombe KB, Prokopenko I, Graff M, Ngwa JS, Workalemahu T, O'Reilly PF, Bulik CM, Breen G. Genomics of body fat percentage may contribute to sex bias in anorexia nervosa. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 2019; 180:428-438. [PMID: 30593698 PMCID: PMC6751355 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.b.32709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Anorexia nervosa (AN) occurs nine times more often in females than in males. Although environmental factors likely play a role, the reasons for this imbalanced sex ratio remain unresolved. AN displays high genetic correlations with anthropometric and metabolic traits. Given sex differences in body composition, we investigated the possible metabolic underpinnings of female propensity for AN. We conducted sex-specific GWAS in a healthy and medication-free subsample of the UK Biobank (n = 155,961), identifying 77 genome-wide significant loci associated with body fat percentage (BF%) and 174 with fat-free mass (FFM). Partitioned heritability analysis showed an enrichment for central nervous tissue-associated genes for BF%, which was more prominent in females than males. Genetic correlations of BF% and FFM with the largest GWAS of AN by the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium were estimated to explore shared genomics. The genetic correlations of BF%male and BF%female with AN differed significantly from each other (p < .0001, δ = -0.17), suggesting that the female preponderance in AN may, in part, be explained by sex-specific anthropometric and metabolic genetic factors increasing liability to AN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Hübel
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
| | - Héléna A. Gaspar
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Jonathan R. I. Coleman
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Hilary Finucane
- Schmidt Fellows ProgramBroad Institute of MIT and HarvardCambridgeMassachusetts
| | - Kirstin L. Purves
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Ken B. Hanscombe
- Department of Medical and Molecular GeneticsKing's College London, Guy's HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Inga Prokopenko
- Section of Genomics of Common Disease, Department of MedicineImperial College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | | | - Mariaelisa Graff
- Department of EpidemiologyUniversity of North CarolinaChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Julius S. Ngwa
- Department of BiostatisticsJohns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public HealthBaltimoreMaryland
- Department of BiostatisticsBoston University School of Public HealthBostonMassachusetts
| | - Tsegaselassie Workalemahu
- Epidemiology Branch, Division of Intramural Population Health ResearchEunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMaryland
| | | | | | | | | | - Paul F. O'Reilly
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Cynthia M. Bulik
- Department of Medical Epidemiology and BiostatisticsKarolinska InstitutetStockholmSweden
- Department of PsychiatryUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
- Department of NutritionUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillChapel HillNorth Carolina
| | - Gerome Breen
- Social, Genetic & Developmental Psychiatry CentreInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology & Neuroscience, King's College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- UK National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Biomedical Research CentreSouth London and Maudsley HospitalLondonUnited Kingdom
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Sex-Specific Differences in Fat Storage, Development of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Brain Structure in Juvenile HFD-Induced Obese Ldlr-/-.Leiden Mice. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081861. [PMID: 31405127 PMCID: PMC6723313 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-specific differences play a role in metabolism, fat storage in adipose tissue, and brain structure. At juvenile age, brain function is susceptible to the effects of obesity; little is known about sex-specific differences in juvenile obesity. Therefore, this study examined sex-specific differences in adipose tissue and liver of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced obese mice, and putative alterations between male and female mice in brain structure in relation to behavioral changes during the development of juvenile obesity. METHODS In six-week-old male and female Ldlr-/-.Leiden mice (n = 48), the impact of 18 weeks of HFD-feeding was examined. Fat distribution, liver pathology and brain structure and function were analyzed imunohisto- and biochemically, in cognitive tasks and with MRI. RESULTS HFD-fed female mice were characterized by an increased perigonadal fat mass, pronounced macrovesicular hepatic steatosis and liver inflammation. Male mice on HFD displayed an increased mesenteric fat mass, pronounced adipose tissue inflammation and microvesicular hepatic steatosis. Only male HFD-fed mice showed decreased cerebral blood flow and reduced white matter integrity. CONCLUSIONS At young age, male mice are more susceptible to the detrimental effects of HFD than female mice. This study emphasizes the importance of sex-specific differences in obesity, liver pathology, and brain function.
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Gene-Environment Interactions on Body Fat Distribution. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153690. [PMID: 31357654 PMCID: PMC6696304 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2019] [Revised: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of obesity has been increasing markedly in the U.S. and worldwide in the past decades; and notably, the obese populations are signified by not only the overall elevated adiposity but also particularly harmful accumulation of body fat in the central region of the body, namely, abdominal obesity. The profound shift from “traditional” to “obesogenic” environments, principally featured by the abundance of palatable, energy-dense diet, reduced physical activity, and prolonged sedentary time, promotes the obesity epidemics and detrimental body fat distribution. Recent advances in genomics studies shed light on the genetic basis of obesity and body fat distribution. In addition, growing evidence from investigations in large cohorts and clinical trials has lent support to interactions between genetic variations and environmental factors, e.g., diet and lifestyle factors, in relation to obesity and body fat distribution. This review summarizes the recent discoveries from observational studies and randomized clinical trials on the gene–environment interactions on obesity and body fat distribution.
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Xie J, Xu L, Pan Y, Li P, Liu Y, Pan Y, Xu L. Impact of visceral adiposity on severity of acute pancreatitis: a propensity score-matched analysis. BMC Gastroenterol 2019; 19:87. [PMID: 31195984 PMCID: PMC6567912 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-019-1015-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The relationship between visceral adiposity and acute pancreatitis (AP) has not been completely elucidated. This study evaluated the significance of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) and the ratio of VAT to skeletal muscle tissue (VAT/SMT) in the prognosis of AP patients. Methods Based on a 1:2 propensity score matching, 306 hospitalized patients were enrolled in the study analysis from 2010 to 2017. VAT, subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and SMT were measured using unenhanced computed tomography (CT). Cox proportional hazards models were applied for the analysis. Results VAT and the VAT/SMT ratio were significantly higher in the severe AP (SAP) and moderately severe AP (MSAP) groups compared to the mild AP (MAP) group (both p < 0.001). Intensive care transfer, AP severity, systemic complications, and prognostic scores (Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II [APACHE-II] score ≥ 8, Ranson’s score ≥ 3, Bedside Index of Severity in Acute Pancreatitis [BISAP] score ≥ 3, and the systemic inflammatory response syndrome [SIRS] score ≥ 2) significantly correlated with VAT and the VAT/SMT ratio in AP patients. The multivariate adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for VAT and the VAT/SMT ratio in the relationship of body parameters and AP mortality were 1.042 (95% confidence interval (CI), 1.019–1.066) and 7.820 (95% CI, 1.978–30.917), respectively. Compared with other prognostic scores, VAT had the highest area under the curve of receiver operating characteristics (ROC) (0.943, 95% CI, 0.909–0.976). Conclusion High VAT and VAT/SMT ratio are independent negative prognostic indicators of AP. Trial registration Clinical study registration number: NCT03482921. Date of registration: 03/23/2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiarong Xie
- College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 818, NO, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lu Xu
- College of Medicine, Ningbo University, Fenghua Road, Jiangbei District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, 818, NO, China.,Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yuning Pan
- Department of Radiology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Peifei Li
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yue Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.,Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Lei Xu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Laboratory of Digestive Diseases, Ningbo First Hospital, No.59 Liuting Street, Haishu District, Ningbo, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Santos LP, Santos IS, Matijasevich A, Barros AJD. Changes in overall and regional body fatness from childhood to early adolescence. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1888. [PMID: 30760792 PMCID: PMC6374425 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-38486-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/31/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Children weight gain is mostly due to fat-free mass than fat mass, but the changes in body composition dynamics related to child growth can be attributed to the obesity epidemic. We aimed to assess changes in measures of body composition from 6 to 11 years of age according to sex, and to examine whether changes in these measures are associated with sociodemographic characteristics. A longitudinal study using data from the 2004 Pelotas Birth Cohort was conducted, and assessed body composition and fat distribution through measures of BMI, fat mass index, fat-free mass index, and android and gynoid fat mass percentages from DXA. Changes in body fatness were calculated as the difference between measures collected at 6 and 11 years of age, and linear regression models were used to assess changes in body composition according to sociodemographic characteristics. An increase in mean BMI z-score from 6 to 11 years was observed only in boys and obesity prevalence reached one out of four boys and one out of five girls. There was an increase in fat mass percentage, fat mass index and android fat mass, with this effect more accentuated in boys when compared to girls. Maternal BMI was the most consistent factor associated with change in body fatness. Children from mothers with obesity showed larger increases in fat mass percentage, fat mass index and android fat mass. There was an increase in body fatness and a centralisation of body shape, mostly associated with male sex and maternal obesity. These results may indicate an early risk of non-communicable diseases in children from the Pelotas 2004 Birth Cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Pozza Santos
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil. .,Nutrition School, Federal University of Pampa, Itaqui, Brazil.
| | - Ina S Santos
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
| | - Alicia Matijasevich
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil.,Department of Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine FMUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Aluísio J D Barros
- Post-graduate Program in Epidemiology, Federal University of Pelotas, Pelotas, Brazil
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40
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Mills MC, Rahal C. A scientometric review of genome-wide association studies. Commun Biol 2019; 2:9. [PMID: 30623105 PMCID: PMC6323052 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-018-0261-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 228] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This scientometric review of genome-wide association studies (GWAS) from 2005 to 2018 (3639 studies; 3508 traits) reveals extraordinary increases in sample sizes, rates of discovery and traits studied. A longitudinal examination shows fluctuating ancestral diversity, still predominantly European Ancestry (88% in 2017) with 72% of discoveries from participants recruited from three countries (US, UK, Iceland). US agencies, primarily NIH, fund 85% and women are less often senior authors. We generate a unique GWAS H-Index and reveal a tight social network of prominent authors and frequently used data sets. We conclude with 10 evidence-based policy recommendations for scientists, research bodies, funders, and editors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda C. Mills
- University of Oxford and Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford, OX1 1NF UK
| | - Charles Rahal
- University of Oxford and Nuffield College, New Road, Oxford, OX1 1NF UK
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41
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Kong X, Xing X, Zhang X, Hong J, Yang W. Sexual Dimorphism of a Genetic Risk Score for Obesity and Related Traits among Chinese Patients with Type 2 Diabetes. Obes Facts 2019; 12:328-343. [PMID: 31167208 PMCID: PMC6696887 DOI: 10.1159/000500490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is more prevalent in men than in women in China, especially within the middle-aged population. OBJECTIVES The present study aims to determine the contribution of sexual dimorphisms to obesity and related traits in terms of the mechanisms involving the obesity-related genetic variants among patients of Chinese Han ancestry with type 2 diabetes. METHOD In the Chinese National Diabetes and Metabolic Disorders Study, 2,555 out of 4,036 patients with type 2 diabetes were treatment naive, including 1,142 men and 1,413 women. Single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from 18 genomic loci previously found to be associated with obesity-related traits were successfully genotyped, and a genetic risk score (GRS) was constructed by summing the risk alleles for obesity. RESULTS Single SNP analysis showed that genetic variants in SLC30A10, TMEM18, GNPDA2, PRL, TFAP2B, BDNF, MTCH2, FTO, and MC4R were nominally associated with waist circumference (WC), BMI, and risk for abdominal or general obesity in the untreated patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as in the total group of patients with type 2 diabetes (untreated and treated) (p < 0.05). Interactions between sex and SNP in PRL, MTCH2,and FTO were detected (p < 0.05). In the untreated patients with diabetes, the GRS was nominally associated with WC (β = 0.0032, SE = 0.0011; p = 0.003), BMI (β = 0.0030, SE = 0.0013; p = 0.027), and increased risk for abdominal (OR = 1.08; 95% CI 1.02-1.13; p = 0.004) or general obesity (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.02-1.13; p = 0.011) in men but not in women. GRS-sex interactions were detected in the determinant of WC (p = 0.019) and abdominal obesity (p = 0.016). Among patients aged 30-60 years, GRS was found to be significantly associated with WC (β = 0.0050, SE = 0.0016; p = 0.002) and abdominal obesity (OR = 1.10; 95% CI 1.04-1.17; p = 0.001) and nominally associated with BMI (β = 0.0057, SE = 0.0020; p = 0.005) and general obesity (OR = 1.07; 95% CI 1.01-1.14; p = 0.027) in men, whereas in women none of the associations were detected. GRS-sex interactions were present in the determinant of WC (p = 0.015), BMI (p = 0.032), and abdominal obesity (p = 0.012). Among patients aged 60 years or older, neither an association of GRS with obesity-related traits nor GRS-sex interactions were detected. CONCLUSIONS Genetic factors contribute to obesity-related traits in a sex-dependent pattern among middle-aged Chinese, and men tend to be more susceptible to the genetic risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomu Kong
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoyan Xing
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Xuelian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Hong
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Wenying Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, China-Japan Friendship Hospital, Beijing, China,
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Pulit SL, Stoneman C, Morris AP, Wood AR, Glastonbury CA, Tyrrell J, Yengo L, Ferreira T, Marouli E, Ji Y, Yang J, Jones S, Beaumont R, Croteau-Chonka DC, Winkler TW, Hattersley AT, Loos RJF, Hirschhorn JN, Visscher PM, Frayling TM, Yaghootkar H, Lindgren CM. Meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies for body fat distribution in 694 649 individuals of European ancestry. Hum Mol Genet 2019; 28:166-174. [PMID: 30239722 PMCID: PMC6298238 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddy327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 648] [Impact Index Per Article: 129.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2018] [Revised: 07/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
More than one in three adults worldwide is either overweight or obese. Epidemiological studies indicate that the location and distribution of excess fat, rather than general adiposity, are more informative for predicting risk of obesity sequelae, including cardiometabolic disease and cancer. We performed a genome-wide association study meta-analysis of body fat distribution, measured by waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) adjusted for body mass index (WHRadjBMI), and identified 463 signals in 346 loci. Heritability and variant effects were generally stronger in women than men, and we found approximately one-third of all signals to be sexually dimorphic. The 5% of individuals carrying the most WHRadjBMI-increasing alleles were 1.62 times more likely than the bottom 5% to have a WHR above the thresholds used for metabolic syndrome. These data, made publicly available, will inform the biology of body fat distribution and its relationship with disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara L Pulit
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Department of Genetics, Center for Molecular Medicine, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Charli Stoneman
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Andrew P Morris
- Biostatistics Department, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Andrew R Wood
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Craig A Glastonbury
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Jessica Tyrrell
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Loïc Yengo
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Teresa Ferreira
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
| | - Eirini Marouli
- William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Yingjie Ji
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Jian Yang
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Samuel Jones
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Robin Beaumont
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Damien C Croteau-Chonka
- Channing Division of Network Medicine, Department of MedicineBrigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Thomas W Winkler
- Department of Genetic Epidemiology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Andrew T Hattersley
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Ruth J F Loos
- The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, the Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joel N Hirschhorn
- Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Division of Endocrinology and Center for Basic and Translational Obesity Research, Boston Children's Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter M Visscher
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Timothy M Frayling
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Hanieh Yaghootkar
- University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Royal Devon and Exeter NHS Trust, Exeter, UK
| | - Cecilia M Lindgren
- Big Data Institute, Li Ka Shing Center for Health Information and Discovery, Oxford University, Oxford, UK
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute, Boston, MA, USA
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
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Liefke R, Bokelmann K, Ghadimi BM, Dango S. Enhancer-driven transcriptional regulation is a potential key determinant for human visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2018; 1861:S1874-9399(18)30095-6. [PMID: 29966764 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2018.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Revised: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Obesity is characterized by the excess of body fat leading to impaired health. Abdominal fat is particularly harmful and is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases and cancer. In contrast, subcutaneous fat is generally considered less detrimental. The mechanisms that establish the cellular characteristics of these distinct fat types in humans are not fully understood. Here, we explored whether differences of their gene regulatory mechanisms can be investigated in vitro. For this purpose, we in vitro differentiated human visceral and subcutaneous pre-adipocytes into mature adipocytes and obtained their gene expression profiles and genome-wide H3K4me3, H3K9me3 and H3K27ac patterns. Subsequently, we compared those data with public gene expression data from visceral and subcutaneous fat tissues. We found that the in vitro differentiated adipocytes show significant differences in their transcriptional landscapes, which correlate with biological pathways that are characteristic for visceral and subcutaneous fat tissues, respectively. Unexpectedly, visceral adipocyte enhancers are rich on motifs for transcription factors involved in the Hippo-YAP pathway, cell growth and inflammation, which are not typically associated with adipocyte function. In contrast, enhancers of subcutaneous adipocytes show enrichment of motifs for common adipogenic transcription factors, such as C/EBP, NFI and PPARγ, implicating substantially disparate gene regulatory networks in visceral and subcutaneous adipocytes. Consistent with the role in obesity, predominantly the histone modification pattern of visceral adipocytes is linked to obesity-associated diseases. Thus, this work suggests that the properties of visceral and subcutaneous fat tissues can be studied in vitro and provides preliminary insights into their gene regulatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Liefke
- Institute of Biochemistry, Justus-Liebig-University Giessen, Giessen, Germany; Institute of Molecular Biology and Tumor Research (IMT), Philipps University of Marburg, Marburg, Germany.
| | - Kristin Bokelmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Clinic of Radiotherapy and Radiation Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - B Michael Ghadimi
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Dango
- Department of General, Visceral and Pediatric Surgery, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany; Department of General and Visceral Surgery, Kreisklinikum Siegen, Siegen, Germany
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Zore T, Palafox M, Reue K. Sex differences in obesity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation-A role for the sex chromosomes? Mol Metab 2018; 15:35-44. [PMID: 29706320 PMCID: PMC6066740 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2018.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex differences in obesity and related diseases are well established. Gonadal hormones are a major determinant of these sex differences. However, sex differences in body size and composition are evident prior to exposure to gonadal hormones, providing evidence for gonadal-independent contributions attributable to the XX or XY sex chromosome complement. Large-scale genetic studies have revealed male/female differences in the genetic architecture of adipose tissue amount and anatomical distribution. However, these studies have typically neglected the X and Y chromosomes. SCOPE OF THE REVIEW Here we discuss how the sex chromosome complement may influence obesity, lipid levels, and inflammation. Human sex chromosome anomalies such as Klinefelter syndrome (XXY), as well as mouse models with engineered alterations in sex chromosome complement, support an important role for sex chromosomes in obesity and metabolism. In particular, the Four Core Genotypes mouse model-consisting of XX mice with either ovaries or testes, and XY mice with either ovaries or testes-has revealed an effect of X chromosome dosage on adiposity, hyperlipidemia, and inflammation irrespective of male or female gonads. Mechanisms may include enhanced expression of genes that escape X chromosome inactivation. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS Although less well studied than effects of gonadal hormones, sex chromosomes exert independent and interactive effects on adiposity, lipid metabolism, and inflammation. In particular, the presence of two X chromosomes has been associated with increased adiposity and dyslipidemia in mouse models and in XXY men. The enhanced expression of genes that escape X chromosome inactivation may contribute, but more work is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Temeka Zore
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Maria Palafox
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Karen Reue
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at the University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Peters SAE, Bots SH, Woodward M. Sex Differences in the Association Between Measures of General and Central Adiposity and the Risk of Myocardial Infarction: Results From the UK Biobank. J Am Heart Assoc 2018; 7:JAHA.117.008507. [PMID: 29490971 PMCID: PMC5866342 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.008507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background There are substantial differences in the distribution of adipose tissue between women and men. We assessed the sex‐specific relationships and their differences between measures of general and central adiposity and the risk of incident myocardial infarction (MI). Methods and Results Between 2006 and 2010, the UK Biobank recruited over 500 000 participants aged 40 to 69 years across the United Kingdom. During 7 years of follow‐up, 5710 cases of MI (28% women) were recorded among 265 988 women and 213 622 men without a history of cardiovascular disease at baseline. Cox regression models yielded adjusted hazard ratios for MI associated with body mass index, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and waist‐to‐height ratio. There was an approximate log‐linear relationship between measures of general and central adiposity and the risk of MI in both sexes. A 1‐SD higher in body mass index, waist circumference, waist‐to‐hip ratio, and waist‐to‐height ratio, respectively, were associated with hazard ratios (confidence intervals) for MI of 1.22 (1.17; 1.28), 1.35 (1.28; 1.42), 1.49 (1.39; 1.59), and 1.34 (1.27; 1.40) in women and of 1.28 (1.23; 1.32), 1.28 (1.23; 1.33), 1.36 (1.30; 1.43), and 1.33 (1.28; 1.38) in men. The corresponding women‐to‐men ratios of hazard ratios were 0.96 (0.91; 1.02), 1.07 (1.00; 1.14), 1.15 (1.06; 1.24), and 1.03 (0.97; 1.09). Conclusions Although general and central adiposity measures each have profound deleterious effects on the risk of MI in both sexes, a higher waist circumference and waist‐to‐hip ratio conferred a greater excess risk of MI in women than in men. Waist‐to‐hip ratio was more strongly associated with the risk of MI than body mass index in both sexes, especially in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne A E Peters
- The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Sophie H Bots
- The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Mark Woodward
- The George Institute for Global Health University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,The George Institute for Global Health University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Men are increasingly seeking out cosmetic procedures, especially minimally and noninvasive body-contouring procedures. OBJECTIVE With the relative lack of scientific evidence related specifically to the use of body-contouring procedures in men, there is a need for more education and scientific discussion in this growing group. MATERIALS AND METHODS Understanding the male anatomy and aesthetics, and how body-contouring techniques and new modalities can be used in men, can lead to better outcomes. CONCLUSIONS This review of body contouring in men emphasizes currently available literature and author experiences.
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Hebebrand J, Holm JC, Woodward E, Baker JL, Blaak E, Schutz DD, Farpour-Lambert NJ, Frühbeck G, Halford JG, Lissner L, Micic D, Mullerova D, Roman G, Schindler K, Toplak H, Visscher TL, Yumuk V. A Proposal of the European Association for the Study of Obesity to Improve the ICD-11 Diagnostic Criteria for Obesity Based on the Three Dimensions Etiology, Degree of Adiposity and Health Risk. Obes Facts 2017; 10:284-307. [PMID: 28738325 PMCID: PMC5644953 DOI: 10.1159/000479208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic criteria for complex medical conditions caused by a multitude of both genetic and environmental factors should be descriptive and avoid any attribution of causality. Furthermore, the wording used to describe a disorder should be evidence-based and avoid stigmatization of the affected individuals. Both terminology and categorizations should be readily comprehensible for healthcare professionals and guide clinical decision making. Uncertainties with respect to diagnostic issues and their implications may be addressed to direct future clinical research. In this context, the European Association of the Study of Obesity (EASO) considers it an important endeavor to review the current ICD-11 Beta Draft for the definition of overweight and obesity and to propose a substantial revision. We aim to provide an overview of the key issues that we deem relevant for the discussion of the diagnostic criteria. We first discuss the current ICD-10 criteria and those proposed in the ICD 11 Beta Draft. We conclude with our own proposal for diagnostic criteria, which we believe will improve the assessment of patients with obesity in a clinically meaningful way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hebebrand
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- *Prof. Dr. Johannes Hebebrand, Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Wickenburgstraße 21, 45147 Essen, Germany,
| | - Jens-Christian Holm
- The Children´s Obesity Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Copenhagen University Hospital Holbæk, Holbæk, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Section of Metabolic Genetics, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Euan Woodward
- European Association for the Study of Obesity (EASO), Middlesex, UK
| | - Jennifer Lyn Baker
- Department of Clincal Epidemiology, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, The Capital Region, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ellen Blaak
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM, School for Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Dominique Durrer Schutz
- Service d'enseignement thérapeutique pour maladies chroniques, Département de médecine communautaire, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Genève/Eurobesitas COMs Center, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - Nathalie J. Farpour-Lambert
- Service d'enseignement thérapeutique pour maladies chroniques. Département de médecine communautaire, de premier recours et des urgencies. Hôpitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gema Frühbeck
- Department of Endocrinology & Nutrition, Clínica Univ. de Navarra, IdiSNA, CIBEROBN, Spanish Health Institute Carlos III, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jason G.C. Halford
- Department of Psychological Sciences, Institute of Psychology, Health and Society, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Lauren Lissner
- Section for Epidemiology and Social Medicine (EPSO), Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Dragan Micic
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dana Mullerova
- Department of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, Pilsen, Czech Republic
| | - Gabriela Roman
- Faculty of Medicine, ‘Iuliu Hatieganu’ University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Clinical Center of Diabetes, Nutrition, Metabolic Diseases, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Karin Schindler
- Division for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Hermann Toplak
- Department of Internal Medicine, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tommy L.S. Visscher
- Research Center for Healthy Cities, Windesheim University of Applied Sciences, Zwolle, The Netherlands
| | - Volkan Yumuk
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Department of Medicine, Istanbul University Cerrahpasa Medical Faculty, Istanbul, Turkey
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Cellular Mechanisms Driving Sex Differences in Adipose Tissue Biology and Body Shape in Humans and Mouse Models. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1043:29-51. [PMID: 29224089 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-70178-3_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in adipose tissue distribution and the metabolic, endocrine, and immune functions of different anatomical fat depots have been described, but they are incompletely documented in the literature. It is becoming increasingly clear that adipose depots serve distinct functions in males and females and have specific physiological roles. However, the mechanisms that regulate the size and function of specific adipose tissues in men and women remain poorly understood. New insights from mouse models have advanced our understanding of depot differences in adipose growth and remodeling via the proliferation and differentiation of adipose progenitors that can expand adipocyte number in the tissue or simply replace dysfunctional older and larger adipocytes. A limited ability of a depot to expand or remodel can lead to excessive adipocyte hypertrophy, which is often correlated with metabolic dysfunction. However, the relationship of adipocyte size and function varies by depot and sex. For example, femoral adipose tissues of premenopausal women appear to have a greater capacity for adipose expansion via hyperplasia and hypertrophy; although larger, these gluteal-femoral adipocytes remain insulin sensitive. The microenvironment of specific depots, including the composition of the extracellular matrix and cellular composition, as well as cell-autonomous genetic differences, influences sex- and depot-dependent metabolic and growth properties. Although there are some species differences, studies of the molecular and physiological determinants of sex differences in adipocyte growth and function in humans and rodents are both needed for understanding sex differences in health and disease.
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